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This research note provides an update to the ranking of heads of state engaged on the social media website twitter.com. The DPC has been tracking this activity since 2009, issuing its first report REAL LEADERS TWEET in October 2010 and its third WORLD LEADERS ON TWITTER: RANKING REPORT in August 2011.
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World Leaders on Twitter, Digital Daya's Dec. 2012 Report
This research note provides an update to the ranking of heads of state engaged on the social media website twitter.com. The DPC has been tracking this activity since 2009, issuing its first report REAL LEADERS TWEET in October 2010 and its third WORLD LEADERS ON TWITTER: RANKING REPORT in August 2011.
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This research note provides an update to the ranking of heads of state engaged on the social media website twitter.com. The DPC has been tracking this activity since 2009, issuing its first report REAL LEADERS TWEET in October 2010 and its third WORLD LEADERS ON TWITTER: RANKING REPORT in August 2011.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
Ranking Report December 2012 Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 2
T World Leaders On Twitter How heads of state are engaging their citizens on the World Wide Web
he Digital Policy Councils (DPC) research continues to provide analyses on world leaders and institutions of government employing social media outlets to discover how they govern and connect with their citizenry.
This research note provides an update to the ranking of heads of state engaged on the social media website Twitter.com. The DPC has been tracking this activity since 2009, issuing its first report REAL LEADERS TWEET, its second WORLD LEADERS ON TWITTER: RANKING REPORT in October 2010, and its third WORLD LEADERS ON TWITTER: RANKING REPORT in August 2011. All have examined how heads of state around the world are using this digital platform to engage their citizens.
Updates to World Rankings Rushing to embrace Twitter
In 2012, the Digital Policy Council observed a tremendous growth in the number of governments embracing social media. As more of the world becomes connected online, world leaders now recognize the opportunities social media holds as an informative and engaging tool.
Analyses as of December 2012 reveals that 75%, or three out of four heads of state, were utilizing the social media site Twitter. A total of 123 world leaders out of 164 countries had accounts on Twitter set up in their personal name or through an official government office. In 2011 only 69 out of 164 countries had embraced Twitter. The new figures represent a 78% increase in the number of heads of state and national governments on Twitter from 2011.
Figure 1 - Adoption of Twitter Amongst Heads of State Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 3
#1 O O O O O O O O O O In 2010, the idea that governments had the potential to openly engage their citizens and the global community directly was brought front and center, with President Obamas open government directive. These initiatives work toward building participation and collaboration into the government process. A little over a year later, the Open Government Partnership was formed, as nations made official commitments to improve transparency, openness and civic engagement. Today more than 50 nations are involved in that partnership, striving to empower citizens, fight corruption, and harness new technologies to strengthen governance and support the implementation of multilateral commitments.
In 2012, Twitter continued to be used by political activists to inform, mobilize, create communities, and seek to hold governments accountable. The momentum of 2011s pro-democracy uprisings that swept the Middle East and North Africa, known as the Arab Spring, carried through to 2012 as demonstrators passionately acknowledged the role of social media to solidify their efforts. Twitter provided a platform for people to express their solidarity with others in their region and beyond.
As digital activism becomes more intensified, it is often seen as a threat to governments, but an outcome has been the steady increase in the number of heads of state that are using Twitter, and recognizing the benefits of the vehicle to allow for direct interaction with constituents. Anyone can send an @ message to a world leader and although they might not personally see the tweet, it will likely go to the attention of their staff. Furthermore, with the aid of Twitter a government message has the potential to go viral or reach a worldwide audience.
Noteworthy Changes in the Top 10
The heads of state in the Top 10 list shifted since 2011 seeing two new entrants from Russia and Colombia, along with the exit of some key Twitter enthusiasts due to political administration changeovers.
PRESIDENT OBAMA again maintained the top spot of all world leaders, with a vast 24 million followers, adding 15 million followers in one year. 2012 was an election year, therefore, the Twitter account continued to be managed by the presidential campaign staff. Obama continued to occasionally post his own tweets, signed with his initials.
Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 4
#6 #3 #4 #2 #7 The 2012 re-election of President Obama broke several Twitter records. Following the news that he had been declared the winner, Obamas account sent out the tweet: Four more years along with a photo of himself and the First Lady, which became the most retweeted tweet of all time. Throughout the day, more than 31 million election-related Tweets were sent out, creating the most tweeted-about event in U.S. political history.
PRESIDENT HUGO CHVEZ OF VENEZUELA grew his account by two million followers and maintained the #2 spot, although he had 20 million less followers than President Obama in 2012. When he found himself fighting an election campaign from his sick bed in Cuba, Twitter became his main tool for communicating with the electorate, a tool predominantly used for challenging his opponent and fighting the rampant rumors about his ill-health. Theres no doubt that Twitter had a hand in rallying his 3.8 million followers to secure his re- election in October.
In 2012, PRESIDENT ABDULLAH GL OF TURKEY increased his following by over 2 million people. An early adopter of Twitter, he tweets mainly in Turkish but important statements are also made in English. Following his visit in 2012 to Silicon Valley he tweeted, This is the first time a Turkish president travels to this region of the U.S. Here is where technology that changes our lives is born.
QUEEN RANIA, THE QUEEN CONSORT OF THE KING OF JORDAN, grew her account by over one million followers despite the fact that she continued to scale back her public activities since facing criticism that she was playing too prominent a role in running Jordan. On her Twitter account, followed by more than two million people, she describes herself as a mum and a wife with a really cool day job.
A fresh entry into the top ten in 2012 was RUSSIAN PRESIDENT DMITRY MEDVEDEV. He chooses to tweet in his native language and in English, with separate accounts for each. In 2010, a personal account in the presidents name was established in both languages and currently his Russian language @MedvedevRussia has the largest following. Following this trend, 2012 saw several other leaders open Twitter accounts in both their native language and English in order to reach a larger audience. These leaders are the prime ministers of Japan, Thailand, and Kazakhstan, the presidents of Azerbaijan and Turkey; and the governments of Serbia and Montenegro.
PRESIDENT DILMA ROUSEFF OF BRAZIL remained at spot #6 in 2012. At the time of her election in 2011 she had already 330,000 followers and while her activity dwindled after the election, her account continued to gain followers, indicating a desire on the part of the people of Brazil to connect with their leader.
When ARGENTINEAN PRESIDENT CRISTINA FERNNDEZ DE KIRCHNER appeared on Twitter in 2010, Argentine politics were utterly transformed as Twitter was quickly established as the central battleground between politicians and citizens. During the re-election of Chvez in 2012, the Argentine president sent five messages in quick succession, congratulating Venezuela with Your victory is also ours.
#5 Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 5
#8 #9 #10
COLOMBIAS PRESIDENT JUAN MANUEL SANTOS was new to the Top 10 in 2012. At number 8, President Santos had grown his followers by well over 1 million since 2011. When the previous president lvaro Uribe handed on the presidency to Santos, he expected his former defense minister to continue his policies. Uribe became a fixture on Twitter, proclaiming his record on security, education and helping the poor. As President Santos began to make it clear that he had his own agenda for Colombia in 2012, the tweets got tougher -- today the president must stay attuned to Uribes tweets and respond to his citizens accordingly.
Remaining in the top ten in 2012 even though the country elected a brand new leader, is PRESIDENT ENRIQUE PEA NIETOIN OF MEXICO, in December. His tweet on election day, Now is the time to start a new stage of work, for the good of Mexico, was widely shared.
HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH MOHAMMED, PRIME MINISTER OF THE UAE AND RULER OF DUBAI ranked #10 of the world leaders using Twitter. In 2012 His Highness Sheikh Mohammed gained 910,000 followers in just one year to surpass 1 million followers. In a recent study, he was ranked as the second most connected Twitter user in the country. He regularly shared his thoughts, future plans, attended events and various achievements. Some saw his tweets as an image of equality, encouragement and comfortable interaction with citizens. On the sixth anniversary as Ruler of Dubai he tweeted: "I dont wish to be celebrated personally. Instead, each year, a deserving group in our society shall be recognised. Last year, we celebrated the orphans. This year, we shall celebrate mothers, the force behind all our successes.
State Fragility Now Less of a Determining Factor
The DPC's analyses showed that 61% of the countries on the list are considered politically stable, reconfirming that heads of state who are confident in their leadership role and assured of their political legitimacy are most comfortable with social media -- regardless of the form of government whether they serve in democracies, autocracies or monarchies. However, this percentage fell since 2011 when 80% of the tweeting countries were politically stable. In fact, out of the total that tweets, there were 42 countries that are non-democratic in 2012, up from 16 countries in 2011.
Tellingly, 87% of democratic countries had a leader utilizing Twitter in 2012. The political leadership of most fragile nations, or those with a high degree of political instability, continued to view social media as a threat, though. Notable new exceptions to this included the fragile nations of Ghana, India, and Egypt all with Klout 1 scores above 68, exhibiting that people interacted regularly with the leaders content.
1 Klout is a company based out of San Francisco, USA providing social media analytics. The Klout Score measures influence on a scale of 1 to 100, with 100 being the most influential. Social influence measurement is an evolving field with standards yet to be agreed upon and the scores currently remain volatile. Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 6
National Offices In addition to a head of state using Twitter, some countries also had their national office represented with a Twitter account such as the White House, Mexicos federal government, @KremlinRussia, and the United Kingdoms @number10gov, among many. Also of note, out of the 123 tweeting heads of state, 32 of these were national offices. However, for some countries, their national office Twitter account was the main or even sole Twitter voice for that government, including the accounts in the top half such as El Salvador, Uruguay, and Croatia that recently came on the scene. Even government portals continued to establish Twitter accounts, such as the E-portals of Malta, Bahrain, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Regional Concentrations Europe Several European leaders had finally begun tweeting actively such as France, Switzerland, Spain, Netherlands, and Finland, with most entering in the top 30. All of these countries have high polity scores and low fragility. On the other hand, Denmark and Ireland let their accounts go inactive in 2012. One world leader who experienced a change of heart toward social media was the UK prime minister who, in October 2012, finally adopted a Twitter handle in his own name @David_Cameron. The account clocked up more than 50,000 followers within hours of his debut. For several years, Cameron had been reluctant to follow in the footsteps of many other high profile politicians in joining Twitter, making disparaging remarks about the platform in 2009. In his first tweet via @david_cameron, the prime minister wrote: Im starting Conference with this new Twitter feed about my role as Conservative Leader. I promise there won't be 'too many tweets. When questioned by the media as to why he was at long last utilizing Twitter, he said, In this modern world you have got to use every means to try and communicate your message and explain to people why you are doing it. Youve got to get with the programme, I suppose. The Middle East In the wake of the Arab Spring, 2012 saw the addition of Egypts President Mohamed Morsi at number 14. In September, Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi logged what he said was his first post on Twitter, which he dedicated to martyrs of the Egyptian uprising in 2011 and to the people of Syria. In his first tweet, Morsi wrote: Want to dedicate 1st tweet to martyrs of #Jan25 revolution and brave #Syrians... Muhammed #Morsi. Interestingly, Morsi was watched closely from another online tool, analyzing how close he is working on internal Egyptian affairs. Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 7
Social media watchdog website Morsi Meter monitored Morsis achievements and how they measure up to the 100-day pledge he made before he assumed office earlier in the year. In 2012, five out of the top 15 heads of state using Twitter were Muslim/Middle Eastern countries. Arab Spring players such as Libya, Tunisia, and Iraq also had their heads of state adopt Twitter, and new government offices in this region included Qatar and the Presidential Palace of Afghanistan. Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati is one leader who reportedly engages personally with his 78,000 followers. A majority of his tweets were replies and he held regular Twitter chats with his followers. Latin America South American nations continued to dominate the Twitterverse, which was likely due to the almost 90% of Latin American internet users engaged with at least one social media platform in 2012. Currently the region ranked second only to North America in adoption of this passing fad turned digital revolution. In fact, 2012s largest jumps in the ranking included heads of state from Latin American countries, with President Rafael Correa from Ecuador (up to 15 from 27), President Danilo Medina of the Dominican Republic (up to 29 from 47), and President Otto Prez Molina of Guatemala (up from 52 to 41). Citizens saw newly elected leaders take to social media more readily than the last, asking for feedback and listening to their constituents a little closer. Leaders tweeting in this region are known for trumpeting their governments achievements, publicizing new policies, imparting positive economic information, or passing comments on important issues of the day. Latin American leaders all tend to have very high Klout scores in the 70- 80 range. (President Obama had the highest Klout score at the writing of this report at 99, followed by El Salvador, Canada, Australia, France, and Israel.) Those with Klout scores from 70-80 are thought leaders that are not only referring content, but creating original content and ideas. Eighty and above reflects that the personality is extremely well known. They are followed not only by those who are directly affected by their governance, but even in broader areas and usually by a more global audience. New additions in this region include the leaders of Paraguay, Honduras, the Bahamas and Jamaica.
Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 8
Conclusion The data we have been tracking for the last three years shows an amazing 93% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in adoption of Twitter by Heads of State. Based on these growth rates, the Digital Policy Council anticipates penetration on Twitter for world leaders to be nearing 100% in 2013. This would render Twitter as a de facto communication tool for all heads of state. For a leader who a short time ago threatened to shut down social media services in London in the wake of rioting, Prime Minister Camerons reversal -- Youve got to get with the programme -- is quite telling. The sheer popularity that social platforms like Twitter possess make it clear that traditional media channels are no longer adequate or in some cases, even effective. Leaders seek to be where their people are, and are recognizing, more than ever, that the options for communicating with their electorate have been redefined. Platforms like Twitter have emboldened users to think global in a highly connected global society. Will this type of social interaction transform leaders -- the way they think, and the way they govern? In turn, it is predicted that 21st century social technologies will continue to foster innovation and spur progress toward highly evolved methods of communication. We are also confident that a global political system with all its leaders connected to the public through social media will yield more open, participative and accountable governments.
Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 9
Appendix APPENDIX A DETAILED RANKINGS OF HEADS ON STATE ON TWITTER
APPENDIX B EXPLANATION OF POLITICAL FRAGILITY SCORES Appendix A: World Leader Rankings Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter - December 2012 A:1
Note: Fragility Score [0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility"]: State Fragility Index measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability (Stable are scores 0-11 => Little to Moderate Fragility, Fragile are scores 12-25 => Serious to Extreme Fragility) Polity Score [-10 to -6 "Autocracy", -5 to +5 "Anocracy", +6 to +10 "Democracy"]: Measures degree of democracy on 21 point scale (-10 to +10) ranging from monarchy to fully institutionalized democracy 2012 RANKING NAME COUNTRY POLITY SCORE REGIME TYPE FRAGILITY TWEETING SINCE FOLLOWERS DEC 2012 HANDLE LINK KLOUT 2011 RANKING 1 President Barack Obama United States 10 DEM 3 3/5/2007 24,611,982 BarackObama http://twitter.com/Bar ackObama 99 1 2 President Hugo Chavez Venezuela -3 AUT 11 4/28/2010 3,802,177 chavezcandanga http://twitter.com/cha vezcandanga 80 2 3 President Abdullah Gul Turkey 9 DEM 10 12/9/2009 2,576,101 cbabdullahgul http://twitter.com/cba bdullahgul 83 11 4 Queen of Jordan Rania Al Abdullah Jordan -3 AUT 6 4/29/2009 2,459,935 QueenRania http://twitter.com/Qu eenRania 80 4 5 President Dmitry Medvedev Russia 4 ANO 7 6/9/2010 2,070,287 MedvedevRussia http://twitter.com/me dvedevrussia 73 8 6 President Dilma Rousseff Brazil 8 DEM 6 4/10/2010 1,752,669 dilmabr http://twitter.com/dil mabr 79 6 7 President Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner Argentina 8 DEM 1 4/30/2010 1,461,245 CFKArgentina http://twitter.com/CFK Argentina 82 9 8 President Juan Manuel Santos Colombia 7 DEM 12 8/11/2009 1,455,179 JuanManSantos http://twitter.com/Jua nManSantos 83 14 9 President Enrique Pea Nieto Mexico 8 DEM 4 3/29/2007 1,361,667 EPN http://twitter.com/EP N 84 5 10 UAE Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab Emirates -8 AUT 3 6/3/2009 1,342,864 HHShkMohd http://twitter.com/HH ShkMohd 78 12 11 President Benigno Aquino III Philippines 8 DEM 11 8/27/2009 1,215,023 noynoyaquino http://twitter.com/noy noyaquino 80 7 12 Prime Minister Mohd. Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak Malaysia 6 DEM 5 9/21/2008 1,081,464 NajibRazak http://twitter.com/Naj ibRazak 78 16 13 President Sebastin Piera Chile 10 DEM 2 2/18/2008 931,327 sebastianpinera http://twitter.com/seb astianpinera 77 10 14 President Mohamed Morsi Egypt -2 AUT 13 11/20/2011 786,651 MuhammadMorsi http://twitter.com/Mu hammadMorsi 78 20 15 President of Ecuador Rafael Correa Ecuador 5 DEM 12 10/29/2010 636,954 MashiRafael http://twitter.com/Ma shiRafael 85 27 16 President Franois Hollande France 9 DEM 1 1/9/2009 502,752 fhollande http://twitter.com/fho llande 86 29 Appendix A: World Leader Rankings Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter - December 2012 A:2
Note: Fragility Score [0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility"]: State Fragility Index measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability (Stable are scores 0-11 => Little to Moderate Fragility, Fragile are scores 12-25 => Serious to Extreme Fragility) Polity Score [-10 to -6 "Autocracy", -5 to +5 "Anocracy", +6 to +10 "Democracy"]: Measures degree of democracy on 21 point scale (-10 to +10) ranging from monarchy to fully institutionalized democracy 2012 RANKING NAME COUNTRY POLITY SCORE REGIME TYPE FRAGILITY TWEETING SINCE FOLLOWERS DEC 2012 HANDLE LINK KLOUT 2011 RANKING 17 President Ollanta Humala Peru 9 DEM 7 6/2/2010 451,028 Ollanta_HumalaT http://twitter.com/Oll anta_HumalaT 71 23 18 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Brey Spain 10 DEM 1 7/27/2011 390,590 marianorajoy http://twitter.com/ma rianorajoy 78 18 19 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh India 9 DEM 13 1/22/2012 342,612 PMOIndia http://twitter.com/PM OIndia 80 20 Prime Minister Julia Gillard Australia 10 DEM 2 7/4/2010 319,882 JuliaGillard http://twitter.com/Juli aGillard 88 19 21 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Canada 10 DEM 0 7/11/2007 276,060 pmharper http://twitter.com/pm harper 89 17 22 President Ricardo Martinelli Panama 9 DEM 4 2/10/2011 275,762 rmartinelli http://twitter.com/rm artinelli 69 21 23 Prime Minister David Cameron United Kingdom 10 DEM 0 1/8/2010 189,192 David_Cameron http://twitter.com/Dav id_Cameron 79 3 24 President Jacob Zuma South Africa 9 DEM 8 5/9/2011 187,129 SAPresident http://twitter.com/SA President 67 28 25 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway 10 DEM 2 2/13/2009 185,908 JensStoltenberg http://twitter.com/jen sstoltenberg 83 24 26 President Laura Chinchilla Miranda Costa Rica 10 DEM 0 1/9/2009 153,503 Laura_Ch http://twitter.com/Lau ra_Ch 70 25 27 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands 10 DEM 0 6/14/2010 139,185 MinPres http://twitter.com/Mi nPres 79 26 28 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel 10 DEM 8 10/30/2008 128,297 netanyahu http://twitter.com/net anyahu 86 31 29 President Danilo Medina Dominican Republic 8 DEM 6 4/26/2009 119,690 DaniloMedina http://twitter.com/Da niloMedina 81 47 30 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 7 DEM 7 5/20/2011 107,347 PouYingluck http://twitter.com/Po uYingluck 67 15 31 Office of the President South Korea 8 DEM 0 4/14/2010 101,613 BlueHouseKorea http://twitter.com/Blu ehouseKorea 66 22 32 President Moncef Marzouki Tunisia -88 __ 8 3/7/2011 99,725 Moncef_Marzouki http://twitter.com/Mo ncef_Marzouki 62 33 Prime Minister Raila Odinga Kenya 8 DEM 12 5/18/2011 96,995 odinga_raila http://twitter.com/odi nga_raila 80 62 34 President Paul Kagame Rwanda -4 AUT 17 5/4/2009 92,477 PaulKagame http://twitter.com/Pau lKagame 82 34 Appendix A: World Leader Rankings Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter - December 2012 A:3
Note: Fragility Score [0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility"]: State Fragility Index measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability (Stable are scores 0-11 => Little to Moderate Fragility, Fragile are scores 12-25 => Serious to Extreme Fragility) Polity Score [-10 to -6 "Autocracy", -5 to +5 "Anocracy", +6 to +10 "Democracy"]: Measures degree of democracy on 21 point scale (-10 to +10) ranging from monarchy to fully institutionalized democracy 2012 RANKING NAME COUNTRY POLITY SCORE REGIME TYPE FRAGILITY TWEETING SINCE FOLLOWERS DEC 2012 HANDLE LINK KLOUT 2011 RANKING 35 European Council President Herman Van Rompuy European Union __ __ __ 9/30/2010 89,662 euHvR http://twitter.com/eu HvR 85 36 Federal Government of Germany Germany 10 DEM 0 1/5/2011 81,977 RegSprecher http://twitter.com/Reg Sprecher 80 30 37 Prime Minister Najib Mikati Lebanon 7 DEM 6 1/22/2010 77,841 Najib_Mikati http://twitter.com/Naj ib_Mikati 79 38 President Ilham Aliyev Azerbaijan -7 AUT 12 7/27/2010 70,729 azpresident http://twitter.com/azp resident 56 40 39 Prime Minister John Key New Zealand 10 DEM 0 11/14/2008 69,289 johnkeypm http://twitter.com/joh nkeypm 72 32 40 Curators of Sweden Sweden 0 DEM 0 1/28/2009 67,914 sweden http://twitter.com/sw eden 78 41 President Otto Prez Molina Guatemala 8 DEM 10 11/18/2009 62,987 ottoperezmolina http://twitter.com/ott operezmolina 71 52 42 Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo Belgium 8 DEM 2 4/15/2007 57,084 eliodirupo http://twitter.com/elio dirupo 77 33 43 Prime Minister Antonis Samaras Greece 10 DEM 1 1/10/2010 51,088 PrimeministerGR http://twitter.com/Pri meministerGR 62 39 44 President Goodluck Jonathan Nigeria 4 DEM 17 7/6/2010 48,317 JGoodlucktweets http://twitter.com/JGo odlucktweets 54 36 45 President Federico Franco Paraguay 8 DEM 8 4/12/2010 44,271 fedefrancopy http://twitter.com/fed efrancopy 67 46 President Michel Martelly Haiti -77 DEM 18 1/20/2010 43,301 MichelJMartelly http://twitter.com/Mic helJMartelly 69 37 47 President Jakaya Kikwete Tanzania -1 DEM 12 3/21/2011 42,934 jmkikwete http://twitter.com/jmk ikwete 81 48 Prime Minister Shinz Abe Japan 10 DEM 0 1/18/2012 42,677 AbeShinzo http://twitter.com/Ab eShinzo 66 13 49 President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Mongolia 10 DEM 8 1/14/2011 36,928 Elbegdorj http://twitter.com/Elb egdorj 45 48 50 Prime Minister Donald Tusk Poland 10 DEM 0 7/17/2009 34,897 PremierRP http://twitter.com/Pre mierRP 61 49 51 Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili Georgia 6 DEM 8 10/14/2011 28,791 B_Ivanishvili http://twitter.com/B_I vanishvili 49 52 President Sauli Niinist Finland 10 DEM 0 5/4/2009 28,363 niinisto http://twitter.com/niin isto 51 38 53 Government of El Salvador El Salvador 8 DEM 5 11/9/2009 23,223 presidencia_sv http://twitter.com/pre sidencia_sv 89 Appendix A: World Leader Rankings Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter - December 2012 A:4
Note: Fragility Score [0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility"]: State Fragility Index measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability (Stable are scores 0-11 => Little to Moderate Fragility, Fragile are scores 12-25 => Serious to Extreme Fragility) Polity Score [-10 to -6 "Autocracy", -5 to +5 "Anocracy", +6 to +10 "Democracy"]: Measures degree of democracy on 21 point scale (-10 to +10) ranging from monarchy to fully institutionalized democracy 2012 RANKING NAME COUNTRY POLITY SCORE REGIME TYPE FRAGILITY TWEETING SINCE FOLLOWERS DEC 2012 HANDLE LINK KLOUT 2011 RANKING 54 Office of the President Indonesia 8 DEM 10 12/12/2009 22,534 PRESIDEN_RI http://twitter.com/PR ESIDEN_RI 52 55 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore -2 DEM 2 4/23/2009 20,928 leehsienloong http://twitter.com/lee hsienloong 60 56 Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis Latvia 8 DEM 0 6/24/2009 18,148 VDombrovskis http://twitter.com/vdo mbrovskis 77 44 57 President Mohamed Waheed Hassan Maldives __ DEM n/a 1/31/2011 16,531 presidencymv http://twitter.com/pre sidencymv 60 65 58 Government of the Republic of Croatia Croatia 9 DEM 3 12/22/2011 11,904 VladaRH http://twitter.com/Vla daRH 45 51 59 President Porfirio Lobo Sosa Honduras 7 DEM 9 4/4/2011 11,864 PEPE_LOBO http://twitter.com/PEP E_LOBO 60 60 President Yoweri Museveni Uganda -1 AUT 17 3/27/2010 10,625 KagutaMuseveni http://twitter.com/Kag utaMuseveni 61 55 61 President Toomas Hendrik Ilves Estonia 9 DEM 0 5/14/2012 9,604 IlvesToomas http://twitter.com/Ilve sToomas 63 62 eGoverment Portal of Bahrain Bahrain -8 AUT 4 10/15/2009 9,567 eGovBahrain http://twitter.com/eG ovBahrain 51 63 President Alassane Ouattara Cte d'Ivoire 4 DEM 20 10/29/2009 8,943 adosolutions http://twitter.com/ado solutions 50 53 64 Government of Uruguay Uruguay 10 DEM 1 9/27/2011 7,570 Scpresidenciauy http://twitter.com/Scp residenciauy 60 65 President John Dramani Mahama Ghana 8 DEM 14 7/30/2012 6,867 JDMahama http://twitter.com/JD Mahama 68 61 66 President Macky Sall Senegal 7 DEM 9 10/1/2010 6,649 macky_sall http://twitter.com/ma cky_sall 56 67 eGovernment Portal of Morocco Morocco -4 AUT 6 4/11/2011 6,607 Maroc_eGov http://twitter.com/Ma roc_eGov 40 68 President Dalia Grybauskait Lithuania 10 DEM 1 5/14/2009 6,080 Dgrybauskaite http://twitter.com/Dgr ybauskaite 43 56 69 Government of the Czech Republic Czech Republic 8 DEM 1 7/8/2010 5,626 strakovka http://twitter.com/str akovka 52 50 70 Government Portal of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia -10 AUT 10 1/3/2011 5,271 Saudiportal http://twitter.com/Sau diportal 49 71 Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Zimbabwe 1 DEM 17 11/11/2011 5,211 MRTsvangirai http://twitter.com/MR Tsvangirai 58 72 Government of South Sudan South Sudan 0 __ __ 7/8/2011 5,075 RepSouthSudan http://twitter.com/Re pSouthSudan 43 Appendix A: World Leader Rankings Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter - December 2012 A:5
Note: Fragility Score [0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility"]: State Fragility Index measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability (Stable are scores 0-11 => Little to Moderate Fragility, Fragile are scores 12-25 => Serious to Extreme Fragility) Polity Score [-10 to -6 "Autocracy", -5 to +5 "Anocracy", +6 to +10 "Democracy"]: Measures degree of democracy on 21 point scale (-10 to +10) ranging from monarchy to fully institutionalized democracy 2012 RANKING NAME COUNTRY POLITY SCORE REGIME TYPE FRAGILITY TWEETING SINCE FOLLOWERS DEC 2012 HANDLE LINK KLOUT 2011 RANKING 73 Government of Montenegro Montenegro 9 DEM 3 6/1/2011 4,791 MeGovernment http://twitter.com/Me Government 53 64 74 President Mohammed Magariaf Libya -77 __ 7 4/27/2011 4,364 Almagariaf http://twitter.com/Al magariaf 52 75 Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Trinidad and Tobago 10 DEM 4 10/10/2011 4,320 PMKamla http://twitter.com/PM Kamla 50 69 76 Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai Nepal 6 DEM 15 7/24/2011 4,275 baburamb http://twitter.com/bab uramb 42 77 Government of Qatar Qatar -10 AUT 6 3/16/2011 4,247 HukoomiQatar http://twitter.com/Hu koomiQatar 53 78 President Paul Biya Cameroon -4 AUT 16 5/18/2011 4,207 PR_Paul_Biya http://twitter.com/PR _Paul_Biya 52 79 Prime Minister Victor Ponta Romania 9 DEM 4 6/16/2010 4,040 Victor_Ponta http://twitter.com/Vic tor_Ponta 59 80 President Borut Pahor Slovenia 10 DEM 0 7/13/2012 3,819 BorutPahor http://twitter.com/Bor utPahor 61 81 Presidency of Portugal Portugal 10 DEM 0 2/25/2011 3,809 prcavacosilva http://twitter.com/prc avacosilva 61 35 82 Government of Andorra Andorra __ __ __ 3/12/2010 3,809 GovernAndorra http://twitter.com/Go vernAndorra 51 83 eGovernment Portal of Kuwait Kuwait -7 AUT 3 3/26/2012 3,483 egovkuwait http://twitter.com/ego vkuwait 50 84 Presidential Palace of Afghanistan Afghanistan -66 __ 22 11/15/2011 3,233 ARG_AFG http://twitter.com/AR G_AFG 51 85 Government of Botswana Botswana 8 DEM 3 6/12/2011 2,791 BWGovernment http://twitter.com/BW Government 58 86 Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn Ethiopia 1 DEM 21 5/30/2011 2,697 HailemariamD http://twitter.com/Hai lemariamD 41 87 Government of Monaco Monaco __ __ __ 1/23/2012 2,479 GvtMonaco http://twitter.com/Gvt Monaco 49 88 Government of Serbia Serbia 8 DEM 6 3/3/2012 2,346 srpskavlada http://twitter.com/srp skavlada 45 89 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Palestine __ __ __ 10/5/2009 2,152 SalamFayyad_pm http://twitter.com/sal amfayyad_pm 45 57 90 Federal Council Spokesman Andr Simonazzi Switzerland 10 DEM 1 6/6/2011 2,079 BR_Sprecher http://twitter.com/BR _Sprecher 50 Appendix A: World Leader Rankings Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter - December 2012 A:6
Note: Fragility Score [0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility"]: State Fragility Index measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability (Stable are scores 0-11 => Little to Moderate Fragility, Fragile are scores 12-25 => Serious to Extreme Fragility) Polity Score [-10 to -6 "Autocracy", -5 to +5 "Anocracy", +6 to +10 "Democracy"]: Measures degree of democracy on 21 point scale (-10 to +10) ranging from monarchy to fully institutionalized democracy 2012 RANKING NAME COUNTRY POLITY SCORE REGIME TYPE FRAGILITY TWEETING SINCE FOLLOWERS DEC 2012 HANDLE LINK KLOUT 2011 RANKING 91 Government portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan -9 AUT 13 9/18/2009 2,062 GOVuz http://twitter.com/GO Vuz 44 60 92 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan -6 AUT 10 5/19/2012 1,841 nazarbaevnur http://twitter.com/naz arbaevnur 48 41 93 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia (FYROM) 9 DEM 5 5/16/2011 1,778 GruevskiNikola http://twitter.com/Gru evskiNikola 45 94 Prime Minister Nguyn Tn Dng Vietnam -7 AUT 8 2/11/2011 1,617 nguyen_tandung http://twitter.com/ngu yen_tandung 37 59 95 President Blaise Compaor Burkina Faso 0 AUT 17 4/25/2012 1,609 compaore_blaise http://twitter.com/co mpaore_blaise 51 96 President Almazbek Atambaev Kyrgyzstan 7 DEM 14 5/4/2010 1,520 atambayev http://twitter.com/ata mbayev 39 46 97 President Armando Guebuza Mozambique 5 DEM 14 1/18/2010 1,442 ArmandoGuebuza http://twitter.com/Ar mandoGuebuza 37 98 Prime Minister Portia Simpson-Miller Jamaica 9 DEM 4 12/18/2011 1,408 PSimpsonMiller http://twitter.com/PSi mpsonMiller 49 99 President Yayi Boni Bnin 7 DEM 12 12/30/2009 953 DrBoniYAYI http://twitter.com/DrB oniYAYI 43 63 100 Prime Minister Vlad Filat Moldova 8 DEM 10 1/23/2011 851 Vlad_Filat http://twitter.com/Vla d_Filat 35 58 101 Government of Somalia Somalia -77 __ 25 11/15/2012 765 TheVillaSomalia http://twitter.com/The VillaSomalia 48 102 Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki Iraq 3 DEM 17 1/2/2012 738 NKMaliky http://twitter.com/NK Maliky 41 103 eGovernment Portal of Oman Oman -8 AUT 5 8/30/2010 726 eomanportal http://twitter.com/eo manportal 45 67 104 Government of Grenada Grenada __ __ __ 6/23/2009 675 govgd http://twitter.com/gov gd 33 105 Office of the Prime Minister Fiji -4 AUT 7 10/21/2011 666 FijiPM http://twitter.com/Fiji PM 44 106 Acting President Dioncounda Traor Mali 7 DEM 14 10/26/2011 665 Dioncounda2012 http://twitter.com/Dio ncounda2012 32 107 Government of Burundi Burundi 6 DEM 18 7/14/2010 573 BurundiGov http://twitter.com/Bur undiGov 37 108 Government of Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda __ __ __ 7/13/2010 568 antiguagov http://twitter.com/ant iguagov 40 Appendix A: World Leader Rankings Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter - December 2012 A:7
Note: Fragility Score [0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility"]: State Fragility Index measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability (Stable are scores 0-11 => Little to Moderate Fragility, Fragile are scores 12-25 => Serious to Extreme Fragility) Polity Score [-10 to -6 "Autocracy", -5 to +5 "Anocracy", +6 to +10 "Democracy"]: Measures degree of democracy on 21 point scale (-10 to +10) ranging from monarchy to fully institutionalized democracy 2012 RANKING NAME COUNTRY POLITY SCORE REGIME TYPE FRAGILITY TWEETING SINCE FOLLOWERS DEC 2012 HANDLE LINK KLOUT 2011 RANKING 109 President Faure Gnassingb Togo -2 AUT 13 8/27/2012 506 FGNASSINGBE http://twitter.com/FG NASSINGBE 49 110 Government Portal of Hungary Hungary 10 DEM 0 1/12/2011 436 kormany_hu http://twitter.com/kor many_hu 42 66 112 Office of the Prime Minister Kosovo 8 DEM 7 11/2/2011 381 pmkosovo http://twitter.com/pm kosovo 42 111 President Taur Matan Ruak East Timor 7 DEM 13 9/19/2011 381 TaurMatanRuak http://twitter.com/Tau rMatanRuak 26 113 Government of Vanuatu Vanuatu __ DEM __ 11/22/2010 251 govofvanuatu http://twitter.com/gov ofvanuatu 29 70 114 Government of Liechtenstein Liechtenstein __ __ __ 2/21/2010 234 regierung_fl http://twitter.com/regi erung_fl 34 115 Prime Minister Perry Christie Bahamas __ __ __ 12/1/2010 217 pgchristie http://twitter.com/pgc hristie 30 116 President of the High Transitional Authority Andry Rajoelina Madagascar 3 AUT 14 2/6/2012 214 andryrajoelina http://twitter.com/and ryrajoelina 39 117 President Emomali Rahmon Tajikistan -3 AUT 12 4/3/2011 189 EmomaliRahmon http://twitter.com/Em omaliRahmon 30 118 Government of Angola Angola -2 AUT 16 9/14/2011 157 CasaCivilPRA http://twitter.com/Cas aCivilPRA 23 119 President Mahamadou Issoufou Niger 6 DEM 18 6/30/2012 149 MahamadouIssouf http://twitter.com/Ma hamadouIssouf 40 120 eGovernment Portal of Malta Malta __ __ __ 8/8/2011 85 eGovMalta http://twittwer.com/e GovMalta 26 121 Office of the Prime Minister Chad -2 AUT 22 3/21/2012 64 PMTCHAD http://twitter.com/PM TCHAD 12 122 President Michael Sata Zambia 7 DEM 15 2/24/2011 49 michaelsata http://twitter.com/mic haelsata __ 123 President Yahya Jammeh Gambia -5 AUT 15 3/13/2012 37 jammehofficial http://twitter.com/jam mehofficial __
Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 B:1
APPENDIX B: Guide to Political Scores The Polity Spectrum of Governance
Government Types
The Polity IV Project, a well-respected research group, tracks the characteristics and transitions of regime characteristics to quantify and compare political schema over time, and on a global scale.
Begun in 1975, Polity is based on foundational research conducted by the collaborative work of Harry Eckstein in his seminal thesis, Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry. Since its inception, Polity has tracked trends in governance on a worldwide scale, and has become the most widely-used data resource for studying regime change and the effects of regime authority.
The most recent rendition, the Polity IV Project, collates data through 2010 at the Center for Systemic Peace and George Mason University, with its main campus located in Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.
The Polity IV dataset covers all major, independent states in the global system (i.e., states with total population of 500,000 or more in the most recent year).
The Polity approach to analysis employs a unique methodology, examining concomitant qualities of democratic and autocratic authority in institutional governments, assigning a quantifiable score based on a 21-point scale that ranges from hereditary monarchies, which are scored at -10, to con- solidated and stable democracies which are given a score of +10.
Polity Score: > -10 to -6 "Autocracy" -5 to +5 "Anocracy" +6 to +10 "Democracy"
The organization makes no value judgments in its scoring model. It is simply a means by which change can be measured, evaluated and assessed and data collated. It should be considered an index a measurement used to compare the status quo over time. As governments evolve, as new regimes gain or lose power, their scores change, providing a measureable means of tracking change in the way countries govern their people.
Today, 93 of the 164 states recognized by the United Nations (57%) are considered to be fully democratic, or to put it another way, more than half the worlds population lives under a consolidated democracy as free citizens with a say in the role of their governments.
In 1940, the number of autocratic nations far outweighed the number of democratic governments. When compared with todays data, there is a clear trend toward a more democratic world a trend that continues to grow as social media expands its sphere of influence.
Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 B:2
Stability of Government
The data set collated by the most recent publication of Polity covers 164 countries currently recognized by the United Nations and spans the time frame from 1800 through 2010.
In addition to the creation of a tracking index to measure change in how states are governed, Polity also develops what it calls its State Fragility Index. This index is a yardstick of how stable current regimes are how entrenched the system of government is.
States with high fragility scores are more inclined to change than governments of countries with low fragility scores, indicating that governance around the world is in a constant state of flux.
The map below, developed by Polity, shows those countries that are most stable in terms of governance. The map indicates those countries that are most and least stable in 2009. Countries with high fragility scores are more susceptible to change, either peaceful change or revolutionary change, but change nonetheless.
Aspects of fragility include such elements as factionalism, important policy changes that affect broad segments of the population, autocratic backsliding, auto-coups and the collapse of the state government (state failure).
Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 B:3
A quick review of the map indicates that world governance is in a constant state of evolution. The State Fragility Index ranges from > 0="Highly Stable" to 25="Extreme Fragility" measuring the country's Political, Economic, Social, and Security stability.
The Center for Systemic Peace and Center for Global Policys fragility index points us toward a more stable world. Measuring each countrys political, economic, social and security stability, this organizations fragility index (see map above) indicates that about 36% of all countries have serious to extreme fragility.
Fragility Score: 0-11 Little to Moderate Fragility 12-25 Serious to Extreme Fragility
In other words, approximately two-thirds of the worlds population lives under stable or somewhat stable government structures based on the criteria employed by this respected think tank. The trends toward democratization and social and economic stability are increasing.
Research Note: World Leader Rankings on Twitter December 2012 9
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