Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fo rewo rd
T h e b r i ef of t h i s ye a r lo n g p ro j e ct p rov i d e d a st a r t i n g p o i n t fo r re s e a rch w i t h t h e tex t O f O t h e r S p a c e s, H e t e r o t o p i a by t h e Fre n ch p h i lo s o p h e r M i ch e l Fo u c au l t . T h i s 1 9 8 4 s a r t i c le o p e n s u p a l a rge f i e ld of q u e st i o n s re l at i n g to a rch i te ct u re, s o c i o lo g y a n d p h i lo s o p hy t h ro u g h t h e at te m pt of d ef i n i n g t h e s e s p a c e s. I fo c u s e d p ret t y q u i ck ly o n w h at I l ate r c a l le d t h e h ete roto p i a s of c u l t u re, a d ef i n i t i o n w h i ch g at h e rs t h e p u b l i c s p a c e s w h e re c u l t u re i s p e r fo r m e d at l a rge. T h ey a re fo r i n st a n c e t h e m u s e u m s a n d t h e at re s b u t a l s o t h e le s s i n st i t u t i o n a l i s e d o n e s s u ch a s st re et a r t a n d fa i rs. T h ro u g h t h e i r st u d y, I t r i e d to d ef i n e a p ro b le m at i c t h at c o u ld ch a l le n ge t h e c o n c e pt i o n of s u ch s p a c e s i n o rd e r to i l l u st rate s o m e of t h e i s s u e s t h ey m ay h ave. T h u s, t h e d e s i g n s t h at re s u l te d d o n ot p rete n d to p rov i d e a ny k i n d of s o l u t i o n b u t a rat h e r s p e c u l at i ve o r eve n p o et i c m a n i fe st at i o n of t h e c o n c e pt s i n o rd e r to h o p efu l ly s u g ge st a l a rge r d e b ate.
museum
n. A building, place, or institution devoted to the acquisition, conservation, study, exhibition, and educational interpretation of objects having scientic, historical, or artistic value.
muse
n. 1) in ancient Greek mythology any of 9 daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne; protector of an art or science. 2) The spirit that is thought to inspire a poet or other artist; source of genius or inspiration. v. 1) To think or meditate in silence, as on some subject. 2) To meditate on, to reect deeply on a subject. 3) To comment thoughtfully or ruminate upon.
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1.1 T h e m o d e r n c u l t u ra l s p a c e s - C a s e st u d y
What is labelled here as cultural spaces includes three different typologies of spaces. The theater type suits live performances and screenings ; the gallery is adapted to exhibiting videos, pictures and sculptures ; the library sheds documents and medias as well as providing facilities to consult them. Even if each of these types stand as a valid program for a building, modern museums seem to contain all of them and become the cultural hubs of the city. Thus, in order to illustrate their main characteristics, here follows the short case-study of two of them, the Bregenzs Kunsthaus and the Kurosawas Museum. Bregenzs Kunsthaus by Peter Zumthor The rst noticable aspect of this museum built in 1997 in Austria is the two buildings. The smaller one sheds the cafe, the bookshop and the administration while the glazed one is only occupied by the galleries, the theater and the library. The architect separated the cultural spaces from the commercial ones in order to enhance the special and ideal character of the ones that exhibit culture. The galleries follow this thought through providing ideal exhibition conditions where the lighting is highly controllable and the background neutral.
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Library
Gallery
Yard
Gallery
Shop
Gallery
Gallery
Gallery Yard
Gallery Yard
Gallery
Kurosawa 21st Century Museum by SANAA The design of the building illustrates very well the wide range of facilities that a modern museum provides. Each volume sheds a specic function and is then inserted in the surrounding circle to form a covered public space. These spaces work independently from each other yet is a whole that can be explored through innite paths. Built in Japan in 2004, it is the modern museum par excellence.
Event Room Gallery Gallery Theater
Yard Gallery
Gallery
Bookshop
1:1000
Gallery
Courtyard
Theatre
Public Space
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1. 2 O pp o r t u n i t i e s a n d l i m i t at i o n s of t h e c u l t u ra l i n st i t u t i o n
Cultural spaces and especially museums have a special position in society that may prevent them from being properly evaluated. Ideally, they are supposed to bring any culture to any audience in a neutral and objective manner. It is clear that they provide amazing facilities for various cultural manifestations but more importantly, the ressources offered by these spaces can be condition of the realisation of such events (plays or operas for instance). Many of them need so much logistics that they would not happen if people and money were not organised by these institutions. Thus, they have an inuence on the art pieces. It is also not to be forgotten that they remain institutions run by administrations where politics and nances partly draw the curation line. Therefore, the inuence of money and fashion cannot be omitted while studying those spaces.
Seoul
Bilbao
Ottawa
Paris
Tokyo
Copenhagen
Naples
London
Maman, Louise Bourgeois, 2005
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Artists are looking for a new modernity that would be based on translation: What matters today is to translate the cultural values of cultural groups and to connect them to the world network. This reloading process of modernism according to the twenty-rst-century issues could be called altermodernism, a movement connected to the creolisation of cultures and the ght for autonomy, but also the possibility of producing singularities in a more and more standardized world.
Nicolas Bourriaud, Art Association of Australia & New Zealand Conference, 2005
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1. 3 Fro m t h e f ra m e to t h e w h i te c u b e
The modern gallery space shows a series of recurrent design characteristics. The space is sober yet adaptable so as to provide a decent atmosphere for the widest range of artwork possible. The light and temperature are controlled, the ceilings are high and there are no windows on the wall. Neutral and practical, these aspects are commonly accepted as the most suitable to welcome artwork, the ones allowing the observer to enjoy the pieces in ideal conditions. Brian ODoherty called it the white cube in 1976 as a reaction to the universality of that typology, a name that has since remained.
The reasons that led to design such a space for art which is now found all around the world seem to be justiable. However, the power relations between the gallery and the artwork have to be questionned. Is the gallery as neutral as it claims to be? May the artwork be designed according to the gallery? Street art stands on an interesting position. Its existence is condition of its frame which is the street, and therefore cannot t in the gallery. May it be, or not, made in order to avoid it is not our debate but it rises several issues as it has always struggled to be accepted as a respectable art form. In the case of street art, from the decay to the exposure, the inuence of the context on the artwork is unclear yet obviously present. It allows to question the neutrality of the white cube gallery as the unique and universal typology of exhibition space. White cube galleries may be very practicle and adapted spaces to host the arts, however their power of inuence has to be kept in mind despite their neutral appearance.
The framing power of the street on one of Banksys piece, London, 2010
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John Soanes Dulwich Picture Gallery, the rst building in the UK designed to exhibit art
The ideal of the gallery is fullled as strongly in [a white cube] as in a salon painting in the 1830s. Indeed, the salon itself implicitly denes what a gallery is, a denition appropriate for the esthetics of the period. A gallery is a place with a wall, which is covered with a wall of pictures. [...] Each picture was seen as a self-contained entity, totally isolated from its slumclose neighbor by a heavy frame around and a complete perspective system within.
Brian ODoherty, Inside the White Cube, the Ideology of the Gallery Space, 1976
An usual white cube gallery, Nottingham, UK
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A s e r i e s of c u l t u ra l i n st i t u t i o n s o n t h e S o u t h b a n k of t h e T h a m e s R i ve r
Article 27 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjot the arts and to share in scientic advancement and its benets. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientic, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
Mankind, which in Homers time was an object of contemplation for the Olympian gods, now is one for itself. Its self-alienation has reached such a degree that it can experience its own destruction as an aesthetic pleasure of the rst order. This is the situation of politics which Fascism is rendering aesthetic. Communism responds by politicizing art.
The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction, Walter Benjamin, 1936 21
2 .1 B r i ef h i sto r y of t h e T h a m e s R i ve r
The Thames River played a major role in the developement of Londons agglomeration. It has been the artery of the city. Being wide and close from the sea, most imported goods to London were brought by the waterway. The convenience of the river surely allowed the British to build and secure their colonial empire, London being the worlds most powerful harbour for a long while. From the Roman empire to the XIXth century, it was also a natural protection from the enemies coming from the South as there was only one bridge i.e. London Bridge. The river and its banks once contained most of the commercial activities of London. Thousands of boats used it on a daily basis for commercial reasons or only transportation and the banks provided hundreds of access points to the water being either piers or just the shore. When the city became a large industrial power during the XIXth century, concrete embankments and many bridges were built. From then on to the Second World War, the Thames river was the industrial axis of London, vital for the British economy. Large industrial buildings and extensive docks covered the banks all the way to the estuary.
From 1950, the rivers trafc tend to discrease while the activities on the banks evolved. All industries left the centre of London and the buildings that remained from the bombings were either converted into or replaced by modern spaces. Cultural activities orished along the river starting from 1951 with the Festival of Britain. The south bank of the meandre by Waterloo bridge welcomed temporary festival celebrating the British power, many leisure facilities were erected such as fairs, parks, exhibitions spaces and theatres. The main cultural ones remained - the National Theatre, the Royal Festival Hall, the Hayward Gallery, the Queen Elizabeth Hall. Besides this area, as tourism was developing, many state and Royal buildings were turned into galleries for instance the County Hall and, on the other side of the bank, Somerset House. By the end of the XXth century, the river banks of the most central portion of London host a large amount of cultural landmarks accessible by foot from one another. London cultural strip starts upstream from Westminster Abbey and Big Ben all the way down to Londons most famous bridge, Tower Bridge.
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Canaletto, 1747
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2 . 2 Ty p o lo g i e s a lo n g t h e st r i p
Tham
er es Riv
United Kingdom
Southbank Skatepark National Theatre British Film Institute Waterloo Bridge Book Market
Hayward Gallery
Christmas Market
Imax Cinema
Greater London
London Eye
River
Thames
London Aquarium
County Hall A
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Th
am
es
Riv er
London Bridge Experience The Hays Gallery London Dungeon Unicorn Theatre
tival of in Area
HMS Belfast
ll
Following the study of cultural spaces in London, it appeared that several of the most important ones were found along the Thames Southbank. They represent a good variety of the typologies explored in the rst chapter. Indeed, several art galleries can be found including the world famous Tate Modern Gallery, there are also several large theaters hosting international representation i.e. the Queen Elizabeth Hall, the National Theater and the British Film Institute. Their proximity and alignment along the Thames River naturally created a lively promenade adequate for several private or/and informal cultural manifestations to cohabitate. The dense and varied cultural activity of Londons Southbank was therefore chosen as the site for the following projects as they both challenge the surrounding institutions.
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2 . 3 T h e m a i n c u l t u ra l i n st i t u t i o n s of S o u t h b a n k
Tate Modern Gallery Since 2000, the Tate Modern is Britains national gallery of international modern art and forms. It is the most-visited modern art gallery in the world with around 4.7 million visitors per year. It is based in the former Bankside Power Station and provides several different gallery spaces - The Tate Collection exhibition, major temporary exhibitions (3-4 months), cutting-edge temporary exhibitions (2-3 months) and the Turbine Hall used to display specially-commissioned works by contemporary artists. There are also an auditorium, seminar rooms, education center, several shops and cafe/bars as well as ofce space for administration. An extension is under planning.
National Theatre The Royal National Theatre in London is one of the UKs main publicly funded theatre companies. It houses three separate auditoria. The Olivier Theatre is the main auditorium, it seats 1160 people and features high-tech scenery devices. The Lyttelton Theatre can accommodate an audience of 890. The Cottesloe Theatre is a small, adaptable studio space holding up to 400 people depending on the seating conguration. The riverside forecourt is used for regular open-air performances. The terraces and foyers of the theatre complex are open to the public, with a bookshop, restaurants, bars and exhibition spaces. They also welcome ad hoc theatrical performances.
Queen Elizabeth Hall The Queen Elizabeth Hall (1967) is a music venue that hosts daily classical, jazz and avant-garde music and dance performances. Part of Southbank Centre arts complex, it stands alongside the Royal Festival Hall, which was built for the Festival of Britain of 1951, and the Hayward Gallery. The main auditoria has over 900 seats and the Purcell Room, a linked but smaller venue for recitals, has 370 seats. The undercroft of the foyer building has been popular in Londons street life since the early 70s. The area is used by skateboarders, BMXers, grafti artists, taggers, photographers, buskers, and performance artists, among others.
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Royal Festival Hall The Royal Festival Hall is a 2,900-seat concert, dance and talks venue. The hall was built as part of the Festival of Britain was opened on 3 May 1951. Since the late 1980s the hall has operated an open foyers policy, opening up the substantial foyer spaces to the public throughout the day, even if there are no performances. Besides the main hall, the building consists of the Clore Ballroom, the Southbank Centre Shop, a Poetry Library, bars and several shop and catering units on the riverside walk.
British Film Institute The British Film Institute is a charitable organisation which concentrate on developing the appreciation of moving image and lmic art. The complex shelters four at-screen cinemas showing historical & specialised lms, the IMAX which is the largest screen in the UK. It is also home of the worlds largest lm and television archive that is explorable from the mediatheque. The institution contains also a gallery, a lm store, a bar&kitchen, a caf and administration ofces. An informal Book Fair happens quite often opposite the BFI Caf where a large selection of second-hand book can be found. Waterloo Bridge protect them from bad weather.
Hayward Gallery The Hayward Gallery is an art gallery opened on 9 July 1968, part of the Southbank Center. The Hayward hosts three/four major temporary exhibitions each year and does not house any permanent collections. The exhibition often extend out of the gallery onto the complex building facade inviting the visitors to have a walk in.
County Hall The County Hall is home of various programmes. While most of them are businesses, others could be considered as cultural being some of Londons major touristic attractions, i.e. the London Sea Life Aquarium. The London Eye is next to County Hall, and its visitor centre is inside the building. There is also a suite of exhibition rooms where used to be the Saatchi Gallery and is now home for the London Film Museum. Other parts of the building house two hotels (a budget Premier Inn & a 5 star Marriott Hotel), Namco Station amusement arcade, several restaurants and some ats. Various spaces are available for hire for exhibition and functions. Until January 2010 the Dali Universe was also in the building.
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2 . 4 C u l t u ra l p e r fo r m a n c e s o u t s i d e t h e i n st i t u t i o n s
Cultural institutions provide services that are the condition of existence of some cultural performances. The facilities, technologies and staff provided is considerable. However, these appearance also happen in private and public space, informally and organically. In that respect, the Thames promenade is a vital spot in London. Being a pedestrian walkway with a lot of space, several of these performances take place every day. Some of them having now an ofcial status. The Southbank Book Fair uses waterloo bridge as a cover and takes place pretty much every day all year long. The Southbank Skatepark is located under the Queen Elizabeth Hall. Ramps and block made it adapted for street sports like skateboarding, it was adopted immediately by the riders community and is known worldwide as Londons best skate spot and an urban art forum. Films were made to keep it when it was set to close, graftis cover the walls. On the walkway, musicians and dancers often show their skills to the strollers. Sculptors sometimes build temporary forms on Upper Ground Parks beach that people can see from the promenade. These public performances are collateral to the strip of cultural institutions yet they may not be able to exist within them.
Could Banksys grafti be showed in a museum whilst maintaining its message ? To what extent are instutionalised spaces necessary to the performance of culture?
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Londons most famous skate park under the Queen Elizabeth Hall
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I assume that denitions of a situation are built up in accordance with principals of organization which govern events [] and our subjective involvement in them; frame is the word I use to refer to such of these basic elements as I am able to identify.
Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, 1974
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3 .1 F i l l i n g t h e st r i p a n d ex te n d i n g i t o n t h e r i ve r
The site of this rst project is located between the cultural institutions of the Festival of Britain and the Tate Modern Gallery. This portion of the strip is bare of cultural landmarks and the Upper Ground Gardens allow the sun to light the notch of the bank. Several stairs access to the riverbed and a couple of piers already step onto it.
The pier
BLACKFRIARS RAILWAY
WESTMINSTER BRIDGE
RIVER BANK
London Aquarium London Jubilee Gardens Eye Dali Universe County Hall Gallery
Tate Modern
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MILLENIUM FOOTPATH
BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE
WATERLOO BRIDGE
River Thames
Beach Pier
Beach
Tate Modern
Southbank Center
1:2000
SOUTHWARK BRIDGE
LONDON BRIDGE
TOWER BRIDGE
Globe Theater
Hays Gallery
HMS Belfast
London CityHall
Design Museum
RIVER BANK
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3 . 2 A c r i t i c a l g a l le r y o n S o u t h b a n k
The ideal gallery subtracts from the artwork all cues that interfere with the fact that it is art. The work is isolated from everything that would detract from its own evaluation of itself. This gives the space a presence possessed by other spaces where conventions are preserved through the repetition of a closed system of values. [] So powerful are the perceptual elds of force within this chamber that, once outside it, art can lapse into secular status.
Brian ODoherty, Inside the White Cube, the Ideology of the Gallery Space, 1976
Superstudio wanted to remove all commercially driven clutter from the object or architecture in order to achieve a non-design community where every one would be able to nd the full development of his possibilities. Therefore they rejected the known notions of design, architecture and town planning and dened the square block as the rst and ultimate act in the history of ideas and architecture. It was an attempt to criticize the irrelevance and excesses of consumer culture.
Peter Lang and William Menking, Superstudio: Life without objects, 2003
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An art pavilion is completing Londons cultural strip. Located on the unfriendly part of the South Bank, on the riverbed, it presents itself as the shadow of the other institutions. Like them, the exhibition space is a white cube gallery. However, it is surrounded by a disproportionate empty space that embodies the framing power of modern galleries. The visitor has to experience the frame to get to the art. The visitor wonders why. The frame and the walls of the gallery isolates yet values the inner volume while hopefully does not hide its effect. The gallery aims to be more honest to the visitor. Detached from the bank, right on the wild dirty sand, it questions the positions of the surrounding cultural institutions.
BANK RIVER
BANK RIVER
ART
ART
The gallery has a frame, like the painting
ART
ART
ART
ART
ART
ART
ART
ART
ART
The gallery completes the cultural strip, but does not mix with the other institutions Like Superstudio, the frame lets every one nd the full development of his possibilities
ART
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3 . 3 A w h i te c u b e w i t h i n a f ra m e
FRAMING SPACE
GALLERY SPACE
Top View
High tide
FRAMING SPACE
GALLERY SPACE
Low tide
Section A-A
Section B-B
1:500
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Looking North-West
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3 . 4 T h e f ra m e, a t ro u b l i n g b u f fe r s p a c e
RIVE
RBED
FRAMING SPACE
GALLERY SPACE
HIG
IDE TT HES
LOW
EST
TID
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The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act.
Marcel Duchamps, The Creative Act (Lecture), 1957
To frame is to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem denition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation.
Robert M. Entman, Framing: Toward Clarication of a Fractured Paradigm, 1993
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4 .1 T h e p ote n t i a l l a n d of t h e R i ve r T h a m e s
River Thames Frost Fairs were held on the Tideway of the River Thames in the heart of London between the 15th and 19th centuries when the river froze over. During that time the British winter was more severe than now and the Thames was broader, shallower and slower. Moreover, old London Bridge, which carried a row of shops and houses on each side of its roadway, was supported on many closely-spaced piers where large pieces of ice would lodge against, gradually blocking the arches and acting like a dam for the river at ebb tide. Being temporarily covered, the Thames became a surreal place of attraction gathering excited Londoners and foreigners from any background.
Fair on the Thames, drawn by Luke Clenell, engraved by George Cooke, Feb. 1814
Both men, women, and children walked over, and up and down in such companies, that I verily believe, and I dare almost swear it, that one half (if not three parts) of the people in the City, have been seen going on the Thames. The river shows not now (neither shows it yet) like a river, but like a eld where archers shoot at pricks, while others play at football. It is a place of mastery, where some waddle, and some run, and he that does best is apt to take a fall. It is an alley to walk upon without dread, albeit under it be most assured danger. The gentlewoman that trembles to pass over a bridge in the eld, doth here walk boldly: the citizens wife that looks pale when she sits in a boat for fear of drowning, thinks that here she treads as safe now as in her parlour. Of all ages, of all sexes, of all professions this is the common path: it is the roadway between London and Westminster, and between Southwark and London Thirst you for Beer, Ale, wine, or victuals? There you may buy it, because you may tell an other day how you dined upon the Thames. Are you cold with going over? You shall ere you come to the midst of the river, spy some ready with pans of coal to warm your ngers. If you want fruit after you have dined, there stands Coffermongers to serve you at your call. And thus do people leave their houses and the streets, turning the goodliest river in the whole kingdom, into the broadest street to walk in.
February Frost Fair - Crown of Anker by John Frost, George Cruikshank, 1838
Anonymous Pamphlet, The Great Frost. Cold doings in London, except it be at the Lotterie. With Newes out of the Country. A Familiar talke between a Country-man and a Citizen touching this terrible Frost and the great Lotterie, and the effects of them., 1608
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4 . 2 Re c l a i m i n g Lo n d o n e r s R i ve r b e d
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With modernity, the Thames has been devoided from any interaction - the embankments make the riverbed inaccessible, the boat trafc disappeared, the pollution is unfriendly to bathing. But the river is still in all minds, at least there is the constant ooding risk that hangs over the city. The Thames is the main factor that made London what it is now. For a long time it protected the city from invaders and then it allowed the country to become the major colonial power with London as a main harbour. Now, the river is still the artery of London. Possibly because it is
the only wild natural element left in London whose rhythm and power have never been called into question. The only one that hasnt been domesticated by modernity, which has only managed to contain it and turn it into a postcard. Bringing it back to the city, letting the Londoners engage with the only piece of land that has remained unaffected is therefore an excellent metaphorical cure. It has a history of creation of possibilities. It is Londons geographical and historical context.
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4 . 3 T h e r i ve r s m ate r i a l i t i e s
Drawer Handle
Wood
Welding Remains
Rusty Nail
Being located in central London, which has been occupied by humans for thousands of years, there are many artefacts remaining on the riverbed. They can be found at low tide. The erosion reveals other objects regularly, and because of the clay soil, some of them are very well preserved.
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Carved stone
Concrete
Sand
Soil
Most of the time, when a horizontal surface found in the Thames is man-made - stones, planks of wood, concrete - the water doesnt drain, it is wet, muddy and covered with seaweed. It is very slippery and dirty. However, when it is sand or gravels, it is still humid but the water drains. Seaweed cannot grow on these because the waves rub the sendiments onto each other which cleans them up. Mud particules are also washed away with the stream. The original riverbed is the one and only self-cleansing material found in the river.
Chiseled Stone
Rough Stone
Cut Stone
Brick
The vertical textures along the bank all show a similar gradient of decay and dirt due to the movements of the tide. The bottom is very wet and muddy while the top is covered with seaweed because of the regular exposure to the air.
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4 . 4 T h e r i ve r s r hy t h m s
London is not exactly located on a river as it sees the effect of astronomical tide, it is located on a tidal waterway. It makes the study of the tide slightly difcult because less predictable. Being close enough to the sea, the tides manage to come into the estuary, pass London, up to the Teddington Lock. In that portion of the river, the tides are inuenced by several other factors that cannot be predicted properly. First, there is the riverow. According to the amount of precipitations gathered upstream all along the Thames valley, the level of the river changes. Second and more important, the storm surges. When a storm blows from East to West in the North Sea, the seawater is pushed into the funnel formed by Thames Estuary. It can have such a large inuence that it became a serious ooding risk for the city. The Thames Barrier was built in order to prevent such scenario. These latter parameters do not follow the same predictable periodic nature of the astronomical factors and therefore are not included in tidal predictions.
Tide marks on Southbank Embankment
Central London
North Sea
Teddington Lock
The water comes in and out of the tideway two times a day. It takes about 6h
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Time
Hours
Max Surcharge
Time
Hours
Min Surcharge -1
-2
Astronomical tide The astronomical tide is the change in water level due primarily to the relative motions and the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. London has a mixed tide. It consists of two highs and two lows per lunar day (24h50m). The maximum amplitude at London Bridge is 7.1 meters. The site is close enough to this location to use this data but, one must keep in mind that the level hardly goes over 6 meters under usual conditions.
The water owing down the Thames after being gathered in the Thames valley (surcharge) and the storm surges inuence the water level. Londons tides are not periodical. This uncertainty is not major but is enough to turn a regular rhythm into a random pattern that sometimes becomes a threat to the city.
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4 . 5 T h e p owe r of t h e st re a m - S c o u r i n g ef fe ct
Rivers have shaped a large part of the lands on the surface of the planet Earth through the process of erosion. The owing water excavates and carries away material from the bed and banks of streams creating holes and heaps that form the landscape. Scour is the hole left behind when sediment (sand and rocks) is washed away from the bottom of a river. The rates of scour in different materials and under different ow conditions depend on the erosive power of the ow, the erosion resistance of the material, and a balance between sediment transported into and out of a section.
Erosion and scouring usually have slow and therefore minor consequences but may also be devastating. For instance, bridge scour is one of the main cause of bridge failure. Indeed, when an object becomes an obstacle for the waterow, it creates turbulences that lift the sediments. This process enhances the scouring effect, scoops out scour holes and may compromise the integrity of a structure. This phenomenon is common around bridges abutments and piers, but happens to any structures left in a water way.
The shape of the obstacles and the conscequent scouring are entirely related. Some shapes create more eddies lifting the particules whereas other dont disrupt much the ow of the uid. The lexicon of scouring on the opposite page is an intuitive summary of a series of scientic studies about scouring. It shows the consequences of scouring when a liquid ows constantly fom left to right around an obstacle. It attempts to provide a set of design rules in relation to this phenomenon.
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Scouring
Sedimentation
Deep
Shallow
4 . 6 Low d e pt h a re a a lo n g S o u t h b a n k
Rift
Site
Flood Tide
Southbank Center
Rift
2
Low Depth Area
Because of its inertia, the water tends to run along the external bank, it accelerates and a create this typical disymetrical prole.
1
Rift
Ebb Tide
Direction of the water
Upstream
Site
1:1250
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City
Park
Walkway
Waterway
Contraction Scour
This scouring effect is due to the daily in&out ow of the Thames at this curving point. The force of inertia of the water is tangent to the ow. Thus, when there is a turn, the water tends to keep going straight and only gets diverted through the action of the landscape on its trajectory. In a similar way to a car in a turn, the water passes through the exterior of the turn, moving the rift of the river to the edge. Through scouring, a deep area is created there and a beach usually appears in the internal side of the turn. But in this case, because of the embankment, this effect is minor. However, a shallower area is noticeable.
This regular scouring effect takes place on the site creating a low depth area along the Southbank. This area of the river is not deep enough which makes it inproper for navigation. It is noticeable that boats are moored in a line far enough from the shore to have enough water depth even at low tide. The notch on the bank allow the beach to be revealed and accessed. The park allows the south light to reach the beach. This area is the site for the architectural intervention.
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4 .7 S i te a n a lys i s
Because of the curve of its path, the river is not deep enough for the boats on a 100 meter wide band along the Southbank, right in front of the site of the rst project. This area seems to be ideal for an intervention on the riverbed as the trafc of the boat wont suffer from it.
-1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2
-1
-1
Low Depth Ar ea
Limit
-1
0 +1
Waterway
0 +1
The Upper Ground park is in front of the notch in the bank. This open space has to be considered because the absence of building allow the sun rays to reach the site most of the day, even close the to bank. However, despite few people venturing on the riverbed, the access remains reduced and the embankment is only a linear pedestrian path.
1:500
The shore
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Offices
Offices
Barge House St
Offices
nd rou rG pe Up
Offices
1:500
50 m 120 m
Sunny area
1:500
1:500
North Bank
Southwark
-1
-2
-2
+1
+1 +2 +3 +4
Section A-A
1:200
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4 . 8 T h e l a n d s c a p e le a p s i n to t h e r i ve r
The rst part of the intervention modies the relationship between London and the Thames. Instead of the abrupt vertical embankment preventing the Londoner from approaching the riverbed, the idea is to create a transitional area that goes from the pathway to the river. The uncontrolable and dangerous water seems immediately friendlier. It is not contained, neither is the stroller. The conceptual model attemps to replace the one-step embankment by a series of smaller steps.
6 hours/tide underwater
8 hours/tide underwater
Original Ba nk
x Low Tide Low Water
Original Ba nk
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The articial landscape sits between land and water, covered at high tide and revealed at low tide. This surface is constantly evolving. Areas remain underwater longer if they are lower, some area retain water like pools and others let the water ow freely. The water becomes one of the architectural substance and the building lives at the rhythms of the river. The playful potential of such a landscape is wide but the design must take into consideration the power of the river.
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4 . 9 A n ot h e r c u l t u ra l i n st i t u t i o n
The second part of the intervention is completing the cultural strip along Thames Southbank. It is a gallery similar in many ways to the neighbouring international institutions, but this ones sits on the riverbed, on the unfriendly side of the bank. It seems to be an outsider compared to the other pristine and efcient spaces. There are too many constraints. The presence of the river is overwhelming on this man-made structure. The space is accessible at low-tide only. The water takes over the space at high tide. It belongs to the river as much as the city, it is shared between the two.
County Hall
Haward gallery
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Flooded spaces
Thames
river
riv er
Tate Modern
Th
am
es
Southbank Center
Cultural spaces
National Theater
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4 .1 0 A r t i f i c i a l t i d a l l a n d s c a p e s h a p e d by t h e st re a m
Upstream
Downstream
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10 8 7 6 5 34 12 7 8 4 1 8 532 76 45 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 11 13 14 12
9 8 76 54 32
4 65 78 9 1 10
1 32
12 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5
5 6
8 6 8 6 7 123 4 5 11 10 3 5 4 7 8 9 9 12 13 10 1 2 6 7 12 10 11 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
89
10 11 12 13 9
1 23 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 8 9
1 2 3
6 1 2 3 5 6
54 8 9
1 32
14
10 11
10 8 7 6 5 34 12 7 8 4 1 8 532 76 45 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 11 13 14 12
9 8 76 54 32
4 65 78 9 1 10
1 32
12 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5
5 6
8 6 8 6 7 123 4 5 11 10 3 5 4 7 8 9 9 12 13 10 1 2 6 7 12 10 11 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
89
10 11 12 13 9
1 23 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 8 9
1 2 3
6 1 2 3 5 6
54 8 9
1 32
14
10 11
The design of the buildings and the landscape reect the importance of the river. The shapes obtained house the programme but are mainly due to the dreadful environment. They play with the scouring effect of the ow, theoretically letting it happen in certain places and using sedimentation in others. The landscape is created by inserting retaining walls into the riverbed. The walls are placed in order to form 3 islands carrying a building each and several steps and pools along the banks. The intervention is mainly vertical. The modication of the surface level is only due to natural scouring and sedimentation. The horizontal textures remains the original ones of the riverbed.
Each building sits on its own island, each of them at a different height with a unique bridge. The tide times dene the access to each island. Each island on the side support a gallery based on the design of a standard white cube. However, they get ooded twice a day by the river. A venue is buried inside the central island. The door and skylights are the only visible objects. It get cut-off from the land at high tide twice a day. Performances happen when people get locked in. It lasts from 4 to 6 hours. The programme varies according to the time of the lock-in.
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4 .1 1 E n c ro a ch i n g u p o n t h e R i ve r b e d
The intervention remains withtin the low-depth area along the South Bank. It doesnt disrupt the boat trafc on the rest of the tide. The visible impact of such construction is quite minimal as they are below the level of the walkway.
South Bank
South Bank
Modified RIverbed
120 metres
Oxo Tower
Former Riverbed
Bridge
Tidal Space
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Waterway
160 metres
North Bank
Central London
High Tide
Low Tide
1:750
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4 .1 2 Fro m low to h i g h t i d e - T h e st re a m t h ro u g h t h e l a n d s c a p e
The site and the building live at the rhythm of the tide. The water comes in and out twice a day. The accessibility of the riverbed and the spaces depends on the height of the water. The diagrams below are calculated for a standard tide going for low to high in 6 hours. The intensity of the tide and storm surges may vary the actual water level as well as the timing. They also represent the power of the stream according to the time.
Water Height
Meter
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0
Datum Datum Min High Tide Max Water Level Max High Tide
6h 7m 4h 5.5m
9/12
5h 6.5m
11/12
12/12
4 3h 4m
6/12
3 0h 1m
0/12
2h 2.5m
3/12
1h 1.5m
1/12
el Lev r e t Wa
Max Low Tide
Time
Hours
10 8 7 6 5 4 3 8 3 5 84 76 9 10 11 13 14 12 9 8
8 76
54 3
4 65 78 9 0 10 9 8 11
34 5 6 7
0 10 11 12
6 6 8 7 34 5 11 0 10 9 7
54 3 8
6 7
8 9
3 4 5 6 7
3 4 5 67 8 4 14
34 9
56
78
6 4 5 6 7 7
54
45678 2 12 13
8 9 1 11 01 10 1
9 12 13 13
2 12 10 11 0 10 1
1 - Low Tide - 0 hour / 1 meter For an average tide, the lowest water level is 1 meter above the Zero. The riverbed is fully accessible at low tide, the land available is at its maximum.
13
68
10 8 7 6 6 7 8 876 9 10 11 13 14 12 9 8
87 6
6 78 9 0 10 9 8 0 10 11 12 13 4 14 9
6 6 8 7 11 7 0 10 9 8 2 12 9 10 12 13 13
6 7
8 9
6 7
67 8
11
67
2 - Mid-Low Tide - 2 hours / 2.5 meters As the tide comes up, 2 hours after the low tide, the level of the water is 2.5 meters above the Zero. All the spaces are still accessible, the available riverbed has reduced nonetheless without major change.
6 6 7 7 8 9 1 11 01 10 1
678 2 12 13
10 11
10 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 1 0 11 10 1 2 12 13 9 10 11 13 14 12
0 10 9 8 8 9 11 0 10 11 12 13 4 14 9 8 9 8
8 8
11
0 10
9 12 13 13
2 12 10 11 10
3 - Mid Tide - 3 hours / 4 meters At mid-tide, which happens about 3 hours after the low tide, the water is 4 meters above the Zero. While some of the spaces are already flooded, the others are about to be as well. This the moment of transition when the water goes up the quickest, fl th f t t d th th i h
11 2 12 11 12 13 13 11 12 13 4 14
4 - Mid-High Tide - 4 hours / 5.5 meters At mid-tide, which happens about 3 hours after the low tide, the water is 4 meters above the Zero. The is only a disconstructed portion of land that remains available. The three buildings are visible, they are 3 concrete shapes coming out of the water.
11 11 11 12
2 12 13
13 14
14
At mid-tide, which happens about 3 hours after the low tide, the water is 4 meters above the Zero. The riverbed is fully covered, the stairs acceding to it lead into the water. The 3 buildings are still visible, but dont seem high enough to shelter anything. S k t f th i th iddl
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4 .1 3 T h re e i s l a n d s, t h re e s p a c e s, o n e l a n d s c a p e
Tidal Venue
5 m above chart datum, it remains accessible for about 5 to 6 hours two times a day, and cut-off for two times 6 to 7 hours in a row.
Covered Gallery
4.5 m above chart datum, it remains accessible for about 4 to 5 hours two times a day.
Buildings
While the galleries come out as large concrete blocks, covered with the rivers dirt, the venue space is mostly undergroud. Only the entrance and the light chimney come out.
Access
The access to the riverbed is eased with long and wide steps inviting the pedestrian onto the Thames.
Landscape
The modied toppograpy and the few follies along the riverbed may be used to exhibit art or only to stroll around or as a playground.
Textures
Only the topography of the riverbed changes. The textures remains the same, sediments cover the whole landscape even the bridges.
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Thames River
Light chimney
im
Tidal Venue
nc e
Ch
ne
tra
Gallery
Covered
Gallery
Open Air
En
Pier
Walkway
Platform
s Bas
in
Pier
Steps
OXO tower
ay Walkw
Ste
ps
Media center
Gabriels Wharf
1:1000
4 .1 4 N i g ht at h i g h t i d e, l ate a f te r n o o n at low t i d e
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4 .1 5 A r t i f i c i a l ly s h a p e d r i ve r b e d - D et a i l s
Bridge covered with sediments after remaining under water for more than 50 years in a reservoir, USA
The bridge and the sheet pile have the same rusty texture. The bridge is layered with sediments for grip and continuity of texture.
100
68 130 600
Low Tide
Steel
Maintenance Network
Despite the modications of the area surrounding the three buildings, the articial landscape remains relatively natural. Sheet piles, pools and bridges are the structures shaping the place, yet the main building material is the river soil itself and the main building tool is the stream. The riverbed is the oor texture all over the area. The galleries and the bridges are also padded with soil for continuity and for better grip and drainage.
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The bridges connecting the islands to the ground get submerged when the tide comes in. They are made out of steel and behave as a beam. They carry the energy and water supply for the spaces as well as bring back the brown water to London sewage system. They are designed to have little inuence on the ow while maintaining their properties. The bridges are 6 metres wide and 1 metre deep for a span from 10 to 13 metres.
Former Ri verbed
Bridge
At low-tide the landscape is fully accessible and the venue space is inactive. The area becomes an extension of the promenade with several follies laid around.
Former Ri verbed
Tidal Space
When the tide comes in, the water chases people to the secure land on the bank or otherwise, some voluntary prisoners accept to be locked in the cut-off venue for several hours and experience the performances.
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4 .1 6 I n s i d e t h e f lo o d e d g a l le r y
The ooded galleries house art shows in the same way that a white cube gallery does. Temporary installation by invited artists are exposed, visitors can have a look at the show during opening hours. The difference is that the characteristics of the space are not exactly from the ones of a traditional gallery. Due to the daily ooding of the place, the walls are damp and covered with seaweeds, the oor is the Thames riverbed which is a wet mix of stones and sand and, nally, the artwork also gets ooded. The artist may or may not produce his artwork considering the ooding event as much as he may or may not shape his artwork according to the traditional situation of the white cube. Some claim that the ooding is unecessarily constraining. Others argue that it is just a different constraint from the white cubes one, and that, at least, doesnt pretend to be not constraining.
Anthony Gormley, Another place, 1997
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Sectional collage of the ooded covered gallery at low tide. Looking East.
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4 .1 7 T h e t wo g a l le r i e s
The open-air ooded gallery Besides the tide constraining the access to the gallery and ooding the space leaving marks on the artwork, the volume is deprived from a ceiling. The weather also affect the visitors experience. A lighting system is featured all around the top edge of the cube to allow the gallery to be visited at night. The lights are high enough to remain out the water anytime. The dimension of the inner room and the lighting quality are potentially the ones of a standard white cube gallery. The building is made out of concrete and the outer shell is designed considering the river ows. It is supposed to reduce eddies and prevent the sediments on the island from being scoured away. The shape of the island is also designed according to the waterow. The oor of the gallery space is 3.5 meters above chart datum. It remains accessible for about 3 to 4 hours two times a day.
N
Max Water
Chart Datum
78
The covered ooded gallery The covered gallery is similar to the open-air one in many ways. The main difference is that it has a ceiling. It is protected from bad weather and the lighting is different. The light quality is similar to the one found in Zumthors museum in Bregenz. The whole ceiling acts as a diffused light source thanks to a layer of transculent glass placed between the gallery space and the neon light source. The lights are high enough not to be ooded. The ceiling is detached from the supporting walls in order to let the space breath and dry at low tide. However, the enclosed volume is supposed to have a different atmosphere due to smell and Thames depot. The design of the outter shell is also slightly different due to different ows happening at this point. The oor of the gallery space is 4.5 meters above chart datum. It remains accessible for about 4 to 5 hours two times a day.
Max Water
Chart Datum
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4 .1 8 T h e t i d a l ve n u e
Theatre
Forum
Maintenance Cloakroom
Entrance
To the Bank
1:500
Unlike the galleries, the tidal venue can be visited at high and low tide. The visitors comes inside when the water is out and no performance happen. Just before the tide cuts the island off the land, a loud siren warns people that they either have to leave or nd refuge inside the venue. The volontary prisoners then attend the shows and remain there until the river free them out. This lock-in happens twice a day and lasts from 5 to 6 hours. According to the time of the day or night it gets locked in, the programme changes - talk, concert, play, dance, nap, ... The space is a large concrete box buried into the island. The volume is divided into two main areas, the amphitheater and the forum. The
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theaters stage doesnt have a front or a back, performers and visitor are welcome to merge. It is the lowest surface and is visible from any point inside - it is the brightest and highest area. The high steps surrounding the stage are the informal seating, they lead to the forum where people can seat, eat and drink around the main replace at tables or in the alcoves cast in the concrete shell. A series of smaller replaces separate the theatre from the forum. From outside, the venue is mostly underground the island and its south facing beach. Only the concrete blocks of the light cannon, the chinmey and the door appear. Sometimes, lights and sounds come out too.
4 .1 9 Low a n d h i g h t i d e a lo n g S o u t h b a n k