aherten_phdseminar_130822.pdf

CP Violation Part I: History
IKP PhD Physics Seminar

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
22 August 2013, Andreas Herten
Outline
CP Symmetries History
Wu experiment
States of neutral Kaon History

Cronin & Fitch experiment Sahkarov conditions
Part II
Transformations
Transformations
Transformations
Transformations
T
3
Transformations
(~ x, e, t)
T
3
Transformations
C
(~ x, e, t)
P
(~ x, e, t)
T
3
Transformations
C
(~ x, e, t)
P
(~ x, e, t)
( ~ x, e, t)
T
3
Transformations
C
(~ x, e, t)
P
(~ x, e, t)
( ~ x, e, t)
T
(~ x, e, t)
3
Transformations
All physic laws are same for C, P, T-transformed particles

Each and therefore also CP, CPT-transformed
C Symmetry P Symmetry T Symmetry
Fundamental symmetries
1957
5
Wu Experiment
60Co @ T = 10 mK Align spin parallel to B (z)
Challenge! Strong B eld needed! Polarization: 60%
PMT
- decay:
60 27 Co *
5 ! 4* + 1/2* + 1/2*
! 60 Ni +e + e . 28
The Wu Experiment
1. Measurement: e- *
*
PMT
* e- Helicity left-handed
The Wu Experiment
*
e
Flip experiment Flip spin
PMT
The Wu Experiment
*
2. Measurement: e- +
+
PMT
+ e+ Helicity right-handed
The Wu Experiment
*
+
PMT
If Parity conserved: 1 = 2
The Wu Experiment
*
+
PMT
If Parity conserved: 1 = 2 But: Only 1 measured Parity violated

The Wu Experiment
*
+
PMT
If Parity conserved: 1 = 2 But: Only 1 measured Parity violated

Weak bosons couple only to left-handed particles / right-handed anti particles

7
The Wu Experiment
counts decrease
counts increase to same warm value
The Wu Experiment
l.3
sotropy. The warm-up time is generally about 6 minutes, and the warm counting rates are independent of the field direction. The observed beta asymmetry does not change sign with reversal of the direction of the demagnetization field, indicating that it is not caused by remanent magnetization in the sample.
GAMMA-AN
SOTROPY
0)
I. I
w A
ld
b)
EQUATORIAL COUNTER POLAR COUNTER

x
I.O
,X
~
~
4
'
x
+ Z
Z
I
0'9
O.8
P Z
o
V
0.7
I
I I
I I
0.3
OPY
CALCULATED
FROM (a)
8(b)
~i~ ) W(0)
W(~up)
0TH POLARIZING
DOWN
F I ELD
O. I
I.20
METRY
(AT PULSE
HEIGHT
IOV)
n,
EXCHANGE GAS IN
cf
Z Q
I.OO
&z 0 ~
O3O
o O
0.80
4
I
6
T ME
I
conservation of parity is violated but als ance under charge conjugation is violat more, the invariance under time reversal decided from the momentum dependence metry parameter P. This effect will be stu The double nitrate cooling salt has a tropic g value. If the symmetry axis of a set parallel to the polarizing field, a sm field vill be produced perpendicular to check whether the beta asymmetry could such a magnetic field distortion, we allow CoC12 solution to dry on a thin plastic disk the disk to the bottom of the same housing the cobalt nuclei should not be cooled produce an appreciable nuclear polarizat the housing will behave as before. The larg mef. Furthermore, Experimental Test of Parity ry was not observed. internal in effects on the possible magnetic Conservation Beta Decay electrons as they find their way to the Wu, Ambler, et al., Phys. Rev. 105, crystal, we prepared another source by r 1413 1415 (1957) solution on the surface of the cooling reasonable amount of the crystal was disso allowed the solution to dry. No beta asy observed with this specimen. 3lore rigorous experimental checks ar ated, but in view of the important implica observations, we report them now in the h Diay stimulate and encourage further investigations on the parity question in hyperon and meson decays. The inspiring discussions held with Pr Lee and Professor C. N. Yang by one of u are gratefully acknowledged. * YVork partially supported by the U. S.
Commission.
~
8
N
IO
M I NU
T ES
l2
I4
16
I8
' T. D. Lee
Ambler,
FIG. 2. Gamma anisotropy and beta asymmetry for polarizing field pointing up and pointing down.
Mag. 44, 216 (1953). ' Lee, Oehme, and Yang, Phys. Rev. (to be pub
and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 104, 2 Grace, Halban, Kurti, Durand, and
Post Wu Experiment
P violated But CP still ok
10
1964
11
Kaons Background
K = ( s, d) 0 = ( s, b ) K
Mass: 497.648 0.022MeV Discovered 1947 in cosmic rays
0
Production by strong force (mostly) Decay by weak force
12
Kaons Background
K = ( s, d) 0 = ( s, b ) K
0
flavour eigenstates
Mass: 497.648 0.022MeV Discovered 1947 in cosmic rays
Production by strong force (mostly) Decay by weak force
12
Kaons Background
K0 & K0 not CP eigenstates:
CP|K i = | K0 1i
C|K i =
0 |K i
So lets create some!:

Gell-Mann and Pais did
1 0i = p | K0 i | K 2 1 0 0i | K2 i = p | K0 i + | K 2 CP|K0 1i = = 1 0i p CP|K0 i CP|K 2 1 0 i + | K0 i = | K0 p |K 1i 2 1 0i p CP|K0 i + CP|K 2 1 0 i | K0 i = | K0 p |K 2i 2

13
Proof about CP eigenstateness:
0 CP|K2 i
= =
Kaons Background
K0 & K0 not CP eigenstates:
CP|K i = | K0 1i
C|K i =
0 |K i
So lets create some!:

Gell-Mann and Pais did
1 0i = p | K0 i | K 2 1 0 0i | K2 i = p | K0 i + | K 2 CP|K0 1i = =
CP eigenstates
Proof about CP eigenstateness:
0 CP|K2 i
= =
1 0i p CP|K0 i CP|K 2 1 0 i + | K0 i = | K0 p |K 1i 2 1 0i p CP|K0 i + CP|K 2 1 0 i | K0 i = | K0 p |K 2i 2

13
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
! 6!
0 (CP|K1 i (CP|K0 2i
= CP| i) = 6 CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
14
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
14
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
Masses:
K0 1 !
497 MeV - 2m = 217 MeV
K0 2 !
497 MeV - 3m = 77 MeV
14
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
Masses:
K0 1 !
497 MeV - 2m = 217 MeV
K0 2 !
497 MeV - 3m = 77 MeV
fast decay
slow decay
14
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
Masses:
K0 1 !
497 MeV - 2m = 217 MeV
K0 2 !
497 MeV - 3m = 77 MeV
fast decay
slow decay
8.954 10-11 s
14
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
Masses:
K0 1 !
497 MeV - 2m = 217 MeV
K0 2 !
497 MeV - 3m = 77 MeV
fast decay
slow decay 5.116 10-8 s
8.954 10-11 s
14
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
Masses:
K0 1 !
497 MeV - 2m = 217 MeV
K0 2 !
497 MeV - 3m = 77 MeV
fast decay
-11 s ( K0 ) = 8.954 10 S
= ( K0 L)
temporarily
14
Kaons Background
Decay:
0 K1 K0 2
0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)
CP| i =
CP| i = +| i
| i
Masses:
K0 1 !
497 MeV - 2m = 217 MeV
K0 2 !
497 MeV - 3m = 77 MeV
fast decay
-11 s ( K0 ) = 8.954 10 S
= ( K0 L)
temporarily
mass eigenstates
14
Cronin & Fitch Experiment
p+
K0
K02
30 GeV
Brookhaven AGS
Be Target
Collimators, Magnet
Detector
( K0 ~20 m = 300 t(K0s) s)
15
p+
K0
30 GeV
Brookhaven AGS
Be Target
Collimators, Magnet
Spark Chambers: Detect charged particles Magnets: Momentum Scintillators: Triggers for spark chambers Cerenkov: Distinguish Pions from electrons
The experimental layout is shown in relation to the beam in Fig. 1. The detector for the decay products consisted of two spectrometers each composed of two spark chambers for track delineation separated by a magnetic field of 178 kG-in. The axis of each spectrometer was in the horizontal plane and each subtended an average solid angle of 0. 7&& 10 K02 steradians. The squark chambers were triggered on a coincidence between water Cherenkov and scintillation counters posiDetector tioned immediately behind the spectrometers. When coherent K, regeneration in solid materials ( K0 was an anticoincidence counter was being studied, ~20 m = 300 t(K0s) s) placed immediately behind the regenerator. To minimize interactions K2' decays were observed from a volume of He gas at nearly STP.
regenerat K,' meso

have the
K,' beam
'
cay of th was succ along the tor to ap T K, forward 3.4+0.3 these eve
"s.
Water
erage ma tion of 3 the K,o d this mom detector get.
PLAN
I
VIEW
For the
root
+ 0 Measure K0 ! 2
distributio compared Monte C the nature

involved
With 0 being reconstructed by kinematics
VFEEEPEEEEPz
efficiency
57 Ft. to
internal
=
target
Cerenkov
shown in
form-fact
dance
15
17.3 m
0.
FIG.
1.
Eg3 resp
Plan view of the detector arrangement.
been com

The paper which wins a nobel prize (1980)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 was awarded jointly to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
VOLUME
1$, NUMBER 4
P H Y SI CAL
EVIDENCE FOR THE
RE V
I E%'
LETTERS
Km
27 JULY 1964
2rr
DECAY OF THE
MESON*1
J. H.
Christenson,
Princeton University, (Received 10 July 1964)
J. W.
Cronin,
V. L. Fitch, and R. Turlay~ Princeton, New Jersey

The analysis program computed the vector momentum of each charged particle observed in the decay and the invariant mass, m*, assuming each charged particle had the mass of the charged pion. In this detector the Ke3 decay leads to a distribution in m* ranging from 280 MeV to -536 MeV; the K&3, from 280 to -516; and the K&3, from 280 to 363 MeV. We emphasize that m* equal to the E' mass is not a preferred result when the three-body decays are analyzed in this way. In addition, the vector sum of the two momenta and the angle, |9, between it and the direction of the K, beam were determined. This angle should be zero for two-body decay and is, in general, different from zero for three-body
This Letter reports the results of experimental studies designed to search for the 2m decay of the K, meson. Several previous experiments have served"~ to set an upper limit of 1/300 for the fraction of K2 's which decay into two charged pions. The present experiment, using spark chamber techniques, proposed to extend this limit. In this measurement, K,' mesons were produced at the Brookhaven AGS in an internal Be target bombarded by 30-BeV protons. A neutral beam was defined at 30 degrees relative to the 1 1 circulating protons by a 1&-in. x 12-in. x 48-in. collimator at an average distance of 14.5 ft. from the internal target. This collimator was followed by a sweeping magnet of 512 kG-in. at -20 ft. . and a 6-in. x 6-in. x 48-in. collimator at 55 ft. A 1~-in. thickness of Pb was placed in front of the first collimator to attenuate the gamma rays in the beam.
'
decays.
calibration of the apparatus and data reduction system was afforded by observing of ' mesons the coherent
An important
16
VOLUME
1), NUMBER 4
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
27 JULY 1964
~ ---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS

VECTOR
484&m"
- 6oo
- 500
-
&
494
-. IO
' -0.5
CALCULATION
400
-1
30
CA
I
0
I I l~ I
- 500 - 200
IQO
20
LU
LLI
500 550 400 450 500 550 600
iJ
494& m~& 504
IO
MeV
X
p
iZ
(b)
504&m" & 5 l4
-- IO
+minvCARLO of "---"MONTECALCULATION
VE CTOR Less than K0 since is not reconstructed

&
0.0 5 f+
-~ )20 "- I IO
~,
IOP
ewe
r-i
y
r-'
$0 sp
90 80
0.9996 0.9997 0.9998

cos 8
0.9999
I.OOOO
I
I
. 20
IO
40 50
5p
FIG. 3. Angular distribution for events with cos0 & 0. 9995.
in three mass ranges
0.998
0, 999
cos g
FIG. 2. (a) Experimental distribution in rn~ compared with Monte Carlo calculation. The calculated distribution is normalized to the total number of observed events. (b) Angular distribution of those events
suits from the more accurate measuring machine. The angular distribution from three mass ranges are shown; one above, one below, and one encompassing the mass of the neutral K meson. The average of the distribution of masses of those events in Fig. 3 with cos8 &0.99999 is found to be 499. 1 + 0.8 MeV. A corresponding
17
VOLUME
1), NUMBER 4
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
27 JULY 1964
~ ---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS

VECTOR
484&m"
- 6oo
- 500
-
&
494
-. IO
' -0.5
CALCULATION
400
-1
30
CA
I
0
I I l~ I
- 500 - 200
IQO
20
LU
LLI
500 550 400 450 500 550 600
iJ
494& m~& 504
IO
MeV
X
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(b)
504&m" & 5 l4
-- IO

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0.0 5 f+
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~,
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y
r-'
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0.9999
I.OOOO
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everything looks ok . 20
IO
40 50
5p
in three mass ranges
0.998
0, 999
cos g
suits from the more accurate measuring machine. The angular distribution from three mass ranges are shown; one above, one below, and one encompassing the mass of the neutral K meson. The average of the distribution of masses of those events in Fig. 3 with cos8 &0.99999 is found to be 499. 1 + 0.8 MeV. A corresponding
17

VECTOR
I
0
I I l~ I
I
---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS
484&m"
- 6oo
- 500
-
&
494
-. IO
' -0.5
CALCULATION
400
-1
30
CA
- 500 - 200
IQO
20
LU
LLI
VOLUME
1), NUMBER 4
500 550 400 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
iJ
494& m~& 504
IO
MeV1964 600 450 500 550 27 JULY
X
p
iZ
~ ---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS

VECTOR
' -0.5
CALCULATION
& 494 484&m" (b)
-. IO
- 6oo
- 500
-
504&m" & 5 l4
-~ )20 "- I IO
-- IO
"---"MONTE- CARLO
VE CTOR
0. 5 f+
&
CALCULATION
400
r-i
y
30
r-' -20
~,
IOP
I
0
I I I
l~
- 500 - 200
IQO
I
I
1
ewe
CA
$0 sp
5p
90 80
0.9996 0.9997 0.9998

cos 8
0.9999
I.OOOO
LU
- LLI 50
40
IO
FIG. 3. Angular distribution in three mass ranges for events with cos0 & 0. 9995.
. 20
1
X
500 550 400 450 500 550 600
iJ
0.998
MeV
494& m~& 504 0, 999
IO
cos g
(b)

&
0.0 5 f+
-~ )20 "- I IO
~,
IOP
ewe
r-i
y
r-'
$0 sp
90 80
I
I
IO
40 50
5p
0.998
0, 999
cos g
iZ rn~ comFIG. 2. (a) Experimental distribution in p pared with Monte Carlo calculation. The calculated distribution is normalized to the total number of observed events. (b) Angular distribution of those events -- IO & 5 l4 MeV. The calculated in the range 504&m" curve 490 &m*&510 is normalized to the number of events in the complete sample. 0 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999 I.OOOO with a form-factor ratio /f+ =-6.6. The data 8 = are not sensitive the choice to=1 of form factors coscos forward but do3. discriminate the scalar against in three massinteracFIG. Angular distribution ranges 490 < m < 510 MeV inv tion. & with for events cos0 0. 9995. Figure 2(b) shows the distribution in cos8 for those events which fall in the mass range from suits machine. accurate from more 490 to 510the MeV with measuring the corresponding together from calculation. three mass ranges The angular result from distribution the Monte Carlo Those encomone and one one are below, above, shown; events within a restricted angular range (cos8 Ksomewhat thewere mass of the neutral meson. passing &0.9995) more remeasured on a The the distribution of masses of average precise measuring machine and recomputed ofusing events in Fig. 3 with program. is those cos8 &0.99999 of The results an independent computer + 1 8 MeV. A found be 499. 0.are the same corresponding these to two within the re-
Angular distribution of counts f
suits from the more accurate measuring machine. The angular distribution from three mass ranges are shown; one above, one below, and one encompassing the mass of the neutral K meson. The average of the distribution of masses of those events in Fig. 3 with cos8 &0.99999 is found to be 499. 1 + 0.8 MeV. A corresponding calculation has been made for the tungsten data resulting in a mean mass of 498. 1 + 0.4. The difference is 1.0+0.9 MeV. Alternately we may take the mass of the E' to be known and compute the mass of the secondaries for two-body decay. Again restricting our attention to those events with cos0&0. 99999 and assuming one of the secondaries to be a pion, the mass of the other particle is determined to be 137.4+ 1.8. Fitted to a Gaussian shape the forward peak in Fig. 3 has a standard deviation of 4.0 + 0.7 milliradians to be compared with 3.4+ 0.3 milliradians for the tungsten. The events from the He gas appear identical with those from the coherent regeneration in tungsten in both mass and angular spread. 17 The relative efficiency for detection of the three-body

VECTOR
I
0
I I l~ I
I
---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS
484&m"
- 6oo
- 500
-
&
494
-. IO
' -0.5
CALCULATION
400
-1
30
CA
- 500 - 200
IQO
20
LU
LLI
VOLUME
1), NUMBER 4
iJ
494& m~& 504
IO
MeV1964 600 450 500 550 27 JULY
X
p
iZ
~ ---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS

VECTOR
' -0.5
CALCULATION
& 494 484&m" (b)
-. IO
- 6oo
- 500
-
504&m" & 5 l4
-~ )20 "- I IO
-- IO
"---"MONTE- CARLO
VE CTOR
0. 5 f+
&
CALCULATION
400
r-i
y
30
r-' -20
~,
IOP
I
0
I I I
l~
- 500 - 200
IQO
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I
1
ewe
CA
$0 sp
5p
90 80
0.9996 0.9997 0.9998

cos 8
0.9999
I.OOOO
LU
- LLI 50
40
IO
FIG. 3. Angular distribution in three mass ranges for events with cos0 & 0. 9995.
. 20
1
X
500 550 400 450 500 550 600
iJ
0.998
MeV
494& m~& 504 0, 999
IO
cos g
(b)

&
0.0 5 f+
-~ )20 "- I IO
~,
IOP
ewe
r-i
y
r-'
$0 sp
90 80
I
I
IO
40 50
5p
0.998
0, 999
cos g
iZ rn~ comFIG. 2. (a) Experimental distribution in p pared with Monte Carlo calculation. The calculated distribution is normalized to the total number of observed events. (b) Angular distribution of those events -- IO & 5 l4 MeV. The calculated in the range 504&m" curve 490 &m*&510 is normalized to the number of events in the complete sample. 0 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999 I.OOOO with a form-factor ratio /f+ =-6.6. The data 8 = are not sensitive the choice to=1 of form factors coscos forward but do3. discriminate the scalar against in three massinteracFIG. Angular distribution ranges 490 < m < 510 MeV inv tion. & with for events cos0 0. 9995. Figure 2(b) shows the distribution in cos8 for those events which fall in the mass range from suits machine. accurate from more 490 to 510the MeV with measuring the corresponding together from calculation. three mass ranges The angular result from distribution the Monte Carlo Those encomone and one one are below, above, shown; events within a restricted angular range (cos8 Ksomewhat thewere mass of the neutral meson. passing &0.9995) more remeasured on a The the distribution of masses of average precise measuring machine and recomputed ofusing events in Fig. 3 with program. is those cos8 &0.99999 of The results an independent computer + 1 8 MeV. A found be 499. 0.are the same corresponding these to two within the re-
Angular distribution of counts f wait a second
suits from the more accurate measuring machine. The angular distribution from three mass ranges are shown; one above, one below, and one encompassing the mass of the neutral K meson. The average of the distribution of masses of those events in Fig. 3 with cos8 &0.99999 is found to be 499. 1 + 0.8 MeV. A corresponding calculation has been made for the tungsten data resulting in a mean mass of 498. 1 + 0.4. The difference is 1.0+0.9 MeV. Alternately we may take the mass of the E' to be known and compute the mass of the secondaries for two-body decay. Again restricting our attention to those events with cos0&0. 99999 and assuming one of the secondaries to be a pion, the mass of the other particle is determined to be 137.4+ 1.8. Fitted to a Gaussian shape the forward peak in Fig. 3 has a standard deviation of 4.0 + 0.7 milliradians to be compared with 3.4+ 0.3 milliradians for the tungsten. The events from the He gas appear identical with those from the coherent regeneration in tungsten in both mass and angular spread. 17 The relative efficiency for detection of the three-body

VECTOR
---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS
484&m"
- 6oo
- 500
- 400 REVIEW LETTERS PHYSICAL
&
494
-. IO
' -0.5
CALCULATION
VOLUME
1), NUMBER I 4
0
I I l~ I
I
30 27 JULY 1964
CA
- 500 - 200 - 6oo

-1
20
LU
LLI
---- MONTE-CARLO
VECTOR
I
QATA: 52ll EVENTS
484&m"
&
494
-
VOLUME
1), NUMBER 4
iJ
' -0.5
I
- IQO CALCULATION
-. IO
IO
494& m~& 504
MeV 600 450 500 550 27 JULY - 1964 500
X
p
I
~ ---- MONTE-CARLO
400
504&m" & 5 l4
30
CA
iZ
QATA: 52ll EVENTS

VECTOR
' -0.5
CALCULATION
& I 494 484&m" (b) I l~
-. IO
- 500 - 200
-- IO -- 20
1
- 6oo
- 500
-
LU
LLI
400
"---"MONTE- CARLO CALCULATION -~ -)20 IQO " IO 5 0. VE CTOR f+ IOP iJ 30 90

&
I
0
I I I
l~
500 550 400 450 500 550 600 ~,
494& m~& 504 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999

cos 8
I.OOOO
IO
- 500 - 200
r-i
y
ewe
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r-' -20
CA
80 $0 sp
5p
MeV
X
iZ p in three mass ranges
LU
(b)
IQO
- LLI
-
. 20
IO
40 50
500 550 400 450 500 550 600
iJ
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MeV
494& m~& 504 "---" 0, 999
IO
MONTE- CARLO
(b)
Less than K since is not reconstructed

r-i
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0.0 5 f+
&
-~ )20 "- I IO
~,
IOP
ewe
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0, 999
cos g
iZ - IOP rn~ comFIG. 2. (a) Experimental distribution in p 90 pared with Monte Carlo calculation. The calculated- 80 ewe distribution is normalized to the total number of ob$0 r-- events sp served events. (b) Angular distribution of those r-i -- IO ' 5p & 5 l4 MeV. The calculated in the range 504&m" curve 490 &m*&510 40 - 50 is normalized to the number of events in the complete . 20 sample. IO 0 9999 I.OOOO 0.9997 0.9998 0,0. 0.99960.998 999 1 with a form-factor ratio /f+ =-6.6. The data cos g of form factors 8 = cos are not sensitive the choice to=1 cos forward in rn~ comdistribution FIG. 2. (a) Experimental but do discriminate the scalar against in distribution three massinteracFIG. 3. Angular ranges 490 < m < 510 MeV calculated with Monte Carlo calculation. The inv pared tion. & with for events cos0 0. 9995. number of obdistribution shows is normalized to the total in cos8 for the distribution Figure 2(b) served events. (b) Angular distribution of those events those events which fall in the mass range from in the range 490 &m*&510 MeV. The calculated curve suits machine. accurate from more measuring 490isto 510the MeV with of the corresponding together events in the complete normalized to the number from calculation. three mass ranges The angular result from distribution the Monte Carlo Those sample. encomone and one one are below, above, shown; events within a restricted angular range (cos8 Ksomewhat thewere mass of the neutral meson. passing &0.9995) more remeasured on a =-6. form-factor 6. The with ratio /f+ data a The the distribution of masses of average machine and recomputed ofusing measuring precise are the cos8 choice not sensitive form is factors of &0. 99999 events in Fig. 3 to with those of The results an independent computer program. interacbut do discriminate the scalar against 8 MeV. A corresponding found be 499. 1 + 0.are these to two the same within the re~,
~
CALCULATION -~ )20 cos g X "- IO VE CTOR 0. 5 f+

&
I
I

f
-- IO 504&m" & 5 l4 suits from the more accurate measuring machine. The angular distribution from three mass ranges are shown; one above, one below, and one 0encomK meson. 0.9998 I.OOOO neutral0.9999 0.9997 the mass of the 0.9996 passing The average of the distribution of masses of 8 cos8 &0.99999 is with those events in Fig. 3cos in three mass ranges 3. 499. Angular 1 + 0.distribution 8 MeV. A corresponding found FIG. to be & 0. 9995. withbeen for events has cos0 made for the tungsten data calculation of 498. 1 + 0.4. The difresulting in a mean mass ference 1.0+0.9 MeV.accurate Alternately we maymachine. suits is from the more measuring E' take the mass of the to be known and compute The angular distribution from three mass ranges the mass of the secondaries for two-body inv one and decay. one encomare shown; one above, below, our attention to events those Again restricting passing the mass of the neutral K meson. with cos0&0. 99999 and assuming one of the secThe average of the distribution of masses of ondaries to be a in mass of the other parpion, 3 with those events cos8 &0.99999 is Fig.the 4+ ticle determined is to be 137. 1.8. Fitted to a found to be 499. 1 + 0.8 MeV. A corresponding Gaussian shape the forward peak in Fig. 3 has a calculation has been made for the tungsten data standard deviation of 4.0 + 0.7 milliradians to be resulting in a mean mass of 498. 1 + 0.4. The difcompared with 3.4+ 0.3 milliradians for the tungference is 1.0+0.9 MeV. Alternately we may sten. The events from the He gas appear identitake the mass of the E' to be known and compute cal with those from the coherent regeneration in the mass of the secondaries for two-body decay. tungsten in both mass and angular spread. Again restricting our attention to those events 17 The relative efficiency for detection of the with cos0&0. 99999 and assuming one of the secthree-body
Closer look at dierent m ranges

VECTOR
---- MONTE-CARLO
QATA: 52ll EVENTS
484&m"
- 6oo
- 500
- 400 REVIEW LETTERS PHYSICAL
&
494
-. IO
' -0.5
CALCULATION
VOLUME
1), NUMBER I 4
0
I I l~ I
I
30 27 JULY 1964
CA
- 500 - 200 - 6oo

-1
20
LU
LLI
---- MONTE-CARLO
VECTOR
I
QATA: 52ll EVENTS
484&m"
&
494
-
VOLUME
1), NUMBER 4
iJ
' -0.5
I
- IQO CALCULATION
-. IO
IO
494& m~& 504
MeV 600 450 500 550 27 JULY - 1964 500
X
p
I
~ ---- MONTE-CARLO
400
504&m" & 5 l4
30
CA
iZ
QATA: 52ll EVENTS

VECTOR
' -0.5
CALCULATION
& I 494 484&m" (b) I l~
-. IO
- 500 - 200
-- IO -- 20
1
- 6oo
- 500
-
LU
LLI
400
"---"MONTE- CARLO CALCULATION -~ -)20 IQO " IO 5 0. VE CTOR f+ IOP iJ 30 90

&
I
0
I I I
l~
500 550 400 450 500 550 600 ~,
494& m~& 504 0.9996 0.9997 0.9998 0.9999

cos 8
I.OOOO
IO
- 500 - 200
r-i
y
ewe
I
I
r-' -20
CA
80 $0 sp
5p
MeV
X
iZ p in three mass ranges
LU
(b)
IQO
- LLI
-
. 20
IO
40 50
500 550 400 450 500 550 600
iJ
0.998
MeV
494& m~& 504 "---" 0, 999
IO
MONTE- CARLO
(b)
Less than K since is not reconstructed

r-i
y
VE CTOR 0
0.0 5 f+
&
-~ )20 "- I IO
~,
IOP
ewe
r-'
$0 sp
90 80
I
I
IO
40 50
5p
0.998
0, 999
cos g
iZ - IOP rn~ comFIG. 2. (a) Experimental distribution in p 90 pared with Monte Carlo calculation. The calculated- 80 ewe distribution is normalized to the total number of ob$0 r-- events sp served events. (b) Angular distribution of those r-i -- IO ' 5p & 5 l4 MeV. The calculated in the range 504&m" curve 490 &m*&510 40 - 50 is normalized to the number of events in the complete . 20 sample. IO 0 9999 I.OOOO 0.9997 0.9998 0,0. 0.99960.998 999 1 with a form-factor ratio /f+ =-6.6. The data cos g of form factors 8 = cos are not sensitive the choice to=1 cos forward in rn~ comdistribution FIG. 2. (a) Experimental but do discriminate the scalar against in distribution three massinteracFIG. 3. Angular ranges 490 < m < 510 MeV calculated with Monte Carlo calculation. The inv pared tion. & with for events cos0 0. 9995. number of obdistribution shows is normalized to the total in cos8 for the distribution Figure 2(b) served events. (b) Angular distribution of those events those events which fall in the mass range from in the range 490 &m*&510 MeV. The calculated curve suits machine. accurate from more measuring 490isto 510the MeV with of the corresponding together events in the complete normalized to the number from calculation. three mass ranges The angular result from distribution the Monte Carlo Those sample. encomone and one one are below, above, shown; events within a restricted angular range (cos8 Ksomewhat thewere mass of the neutral meson. passing &0.9995) more remeasured on a =-6. form-factor 6. The with ratio /f+ data a The the distribution of masses of average machine and recomputed ofusing measuring precise are the cos8 choice not sensitive form is factors of &0. 99999 events in Fig. 3 to with those of The results an independent computer program. interacbut do discriminate the scalar against 8 MeV. A corresponding found be 499. 1 + 0.are these to two the same within the re~,
~
CALCULATION -~ )20 cos g X "- IO VE CTOR 0. 5 f+

&
I
I

f
-- IO 504&m" & 5 l4 suits from the more accurate measuring machine. The angular distribution from three mass ranges are shown; one above, one below, and one 0encomK meson. 0.9998 I.OOOO neutral0.9999 0.9997 the mass of the 0.9996 passing The average of the distribution of masses of 8 cos8 &0.99999 is with those events in Fig. 3cos in three mass ranges 3. 499. Angular 1 + 0.distribution 8 MeV. A corresponding found FIG. to be & 0. 9995. withbeen for events has cos0 made for the tungsten data calculation of 498. 1 + 0.4. The difresulting in a mean mass ference 1.0+0.9 MeV.accurate Alternately we maymachine. suits is from the more measuring E' take the mass of the to be known and compute The angular distribution from three mass ranges the mass of the secondaries for two-body inv one and decay. one encomare shown; one above, below, our attention to events those Again restricting passing the mass of the neutral K meson. with cos0&0. 99999 and assuming one of the secThe average of the distribution of masses of ondaries to be a in mass of the other parpion, 3 with those events cos8 &0.99999 is Fig.the 4+ ticle determined is to be 137. 1.8. Fitted to a found to be 499. 1 + 0.8 MeV. A corresponding 0 a Gaussian shape the forward peak in Fig. 3 has calculation has been made for the tungsten data standard deviation of 4.0 + 0.7 milliradians to be resulting in a mean mass of 498. 1 + 0.4. The difcompared with 3.4+ 0.3 milliradians for the tungference is 1.0+0.9 MeV. Alternately we may sten. The events from the He gas appear identitake the mass of the E' to be known and compute cal with those from the coherent regeneration in the mass of the secondaries for two-body decay. tungsten in both mass and angular spread. Again restricting our attention to those events 17 The relative efficiency for detection of the with cos0&0. 99999 and assuming one of the secthree-body
Closer look at dierent m ranges theres an excess at K mass

+ K0 ! 2
BER 4

P H Y SI CAL
RE V
I E%'
LETTERS
Km
27 JULY 1964
EVIDENCE FOR THE
2rr
DECAY OF THE
MESON*1
J. H.
Christenson,
Some of the K 2 seem to decay into 2 Pions reports the results of experimental The analysis program computed the vector momentum of each charged particle observed in the Of 22 700 K decays: 45 9 events decay and the invariant mass, m*, assuming
J. W.
Cronin,
ental
layout is shown in relation to ig. 1. The detector for the decay isted of two spectrometers each
d to search for the 2m decay of the 0 everal previous experiments have 2 et an upper limit of 1/300 0 for the + ( K ! 's which decay BR into two2 charged pient experiment, using spark champroposed to extend this limit. urement, K, mesons were proBrookhaven AGS in an internal Be ed by 30-BeV protons. A neutral ned at 30 degrees relative to the 1 1 otons by a 1&-in. x 12-in. x 48-in. an average distance of 14.5 ft. from rget. This collimator was followed magnet of 512 kG-in. at -20 ft. . -in. x 48-in. collimator at 55 ft. A s of Pb was placed in front of the r to attenuate the gamma rays in
'
each charged particle had 3 the mass of the = ( 2. 0 0.4In ) this 10detector the Ke3 decay charged pion. leads to a distribution in m* ranging from 280 MeV to -536 MeV; the K&3, from 280 to -516; and the K&3, from 280 to 363 MeV. We emphasize that m* equal to the E' mass is not a preferred result when the three-body decays are analyzed in this way. In addition, the vector sum of the two momenta and the angle, |9, between it and the direction of the K,' beam were determined. This angle should be zero for two-body decay and is, in general, different from zero for three-body decays. An important calibration of the apparatus and data reduction system was afforded by observing the decays of K,' mesons produced by coherent regeneration in 43 gm/cm' of tungsten. Since the K,' mesons produced by coherent regeneration
18
BER 4

P H Y SI CAL
RE V
I E%'
LETTERS
Km
27 JULY 1964
EVIDENCE FOR THE
2rr
DECAY OF THE
MESON*1
J. H.
Christenson,
Some of the K 2 seem to decay into 2 Pions reports the results of experimental The analysis program computed the vector momentum of each charged particle observed in the Of 22 700 K decays: 45 9 events decay and the invariant mass, m*, assuming
J. W.
Cronin,
d to search for the 2m decay of the 0 everal previous experiments have 2 et an upper limit of 1/300 0 for the + ( K ! 's which decay BR into two2 charged pient experiment, using spark champroposed to extend this limit. urement, K, mesons were pro0 in an internal Be Brookhaven AGS 2 ed by 30-BeV protons. A neutral ned at 30 degrees0 relative to the 0 1 1 L otons by a 1&-in. x 12-in. x 48-in. 2 an average distance of 14.5 ft. from rget. This collimator was followed magnet of 512 kG-in. at -20 ft. . -in. x 48-in. collimator at 55 ft. 0 A 0 | KS i i s of Pb was placed in / front |K of1the r to attenuate the gamma rays in 0 0
each charged particle had 3 the mass of the )= ( 2. 0 0.4In ) this 10detector the Ke3 decay charged pion. leads to a distribution in m* ranging from 280 MeV to -536 MeV; the K&3, from 280 to -516; and ' the K&3, from 280 to 363 MeV. We emphasize that m* equal to the E' mass is not a preferred result when the three-body decays are analyzed in this way. In addition, the vector sum 0 of the two momenta and the angle, |9, between 2it and the direction of the K,' beam were determined. This angle should be zero for two-body decay and is, in general, different from zero for three-body decays. | K0 i important calibration of the apparatus 2An and 3 || 2.afforded 3 10 by observing data was 0 reduction system | KL i / | K1 i + | K the 2 i decays of K,' mesons produced by coherent ental layout is shown in relation to 1 in 43 gm/cm' of tungsten. Since the regeneration q' for the decay ig. 1. The detector 2 mesons produced by coherent regeneration Normalization factor: K,1 + || isted of two spectrometers each
K seems not to be a pure CP eigenstate
K is not K ! But a CP-violating mix of K and a bit K01
18
Post Cronin & Fitch Experiment

C violated, P violated CP violated But, maybe, CPT still ok?
But then: T must also be violated
19
1967
20
Andrei Sakharov Conditions

Baryogenesis: The universe exists of matter, not antimatter Sakharov postulated 3 needed conditions for this
1. Baryon number violating interaction 2. Interactions out of thermal equilibrium 3. C and CP violation
Practical application of CP violation Spoiler: Standard Model CP violation is too little to

account for a universe made of matter
21
1973
22
Theory! Next CP lecture
23
Theory! Next CP lecture

CP viol in decay CP viol in mixing CP viol in
interference of decay w/o mixing and decay w/ mixing
1.5
excluded area has CL > 0.95
exc lud ed at C L>
1.0
md & ms md
0.9 5
sin 2
0.5
K
0.0
Vub
-0.5
-1.0
CKM
K
sol. w/ cos 2 < 0 (excl. at CL > 0.95)
fitter
FPCP 13
-1.5 -1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2 q M (i/2) 12 = p M12 + (i/2)
12 12
@ A
1
3
/2 1
2
A /2
2
(1
i )
( i ) A. A 2 1
23
The End
24
Resources Used in This Talk

[3] Cat by Marco Hernandez / The Noun Project [3] Clock by Tobias Klepp / The Noun Project [4] Pyramids by Arthur Schmitt / The Noun Project [6] Sketch of Wu experiment from German Wikipedia [8] Notes of Ms. Wu NIST history site The Fall of Parity [9] Graphs of Wu experiment from original Wu paper [12] Meson nonet by E2m in the Wikimedia commons [15, 16, 17] Experimental setup, paper text, and graphs from original Cronin, Fitch, et al. paper [25] Unitarity triangle by the CKM tter collaboration [25] Kaon box diagram by Maksim/NikNas in the Wikimedia commons [25] Standard Model of Particle Physics overview by MissMJ in the Wikimedia commons
25

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CP Violation Part I: History

IKP PhD Physics Seminar

22 August 2013, Andreas Herten

States of neutral Kaon History

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

All physic laws are same for C, P, T-transformed particles

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

C Symmetry P Symmetry T Symmetry

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

If Parity conserved: 1 = 2 But: Only 1 measured Parity violated

If Parity conserved: 1 = 2 But: Only 1 measured Parity violated

Weak bosons couple only to left-handed particles / right-handed anti particles

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

counts increase to same warm value

EQUATORIAL COUNTER POLAR COUNTER

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Production by strong force (mostly) Decay by weak force

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mass: 497.648 0.022MeV Discovered 1947 in cosmic rays

Production by strong force (mostly) Decay by weak force

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

So lets create some!:

1 0i = p | K0 i | K 2 1 0 0i | K2 i = p | K0 i + | K 2 CP|K0 1i = = 1 0i p CP|K0 i CP|K 2 1 0 i + | K0 i = | K0 p |K 1i 2 1 0i p CP|K0 i + CP|K 2 1 0 i | K0 i = | K0 p |K 2i 2

Proof about CP eigenstateness:

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

So lets create some!:

Proof about CP eigenstateness:

1 0i p CP|K0 i CP|K 2 1 0 i + | K0 i = | K0 p |K 1i 2 1 0i p CP|K0 i + CP|K 2 1 0 i | K0 i = | K0 p |K 2i 2

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)

0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)

0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)

slow decay 5.116 10-8 s

0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)

slow decay 5.116 10-8 s

0 (CP|K1 i = CP| i) (CP|K0 2 i = CP| i)

slow decay 5.116 10-8 s

Cronin & Fitch Experiment

( K0 ~20 m = 300 t(K0s) s)

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

Cronin & Fitch Experiment

regenerat K,' meso

erage ma tion of 3 the K,o d this mom detector get.

Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft

distributio compared Monte C the nature

With 0 being reconstructed by kinematics

Plan view of the detector arrangement.

Cronin & Fitch Experiment

Princeton University, (Received 10 July 1964)

V. L. Fitch, and R. Turlay~ Princeton, New Jersey