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Version: Public BETA 1.0

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Except as otherwise identifed, all written portions of this book and Statecraft logo 2010 Greg Christopher, all rights reserved. All artwork in this book is in the public domain. Te
mention of, use of, or reference to any company, trademark or product in this book is not a challenge to the trademark or copyright in question. Tis book is not for sale. Download a
free copy at errantgame.blogspot.com.
Dedication
Tis book is dedicated to the people of the RPG blogging community. Te arguments put forward in the community about
elegance of design, importance of player agency, neutrality of gamemastering, and a host of other topics have had a profound
impact on my thinking. Te design of the roleplaying side of this book was strongly infuenced by these ideas.
Furthermore, the RPG blogging community represents the do-it-yourself spirit that is an undercurrent to everything that I have
done. Some things must be done without the support of the RPG industry. Some things are worth doing even if they are not
proftable. It is important to remember that we are human beings, not currency robots.
Game on!
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What is Statecraft?
Statecraft is a Grand Strategy Roleplaying Game designed to simulate
international relations during the early modern period, roughly 1500 to 1900
A.D. Te game can also be used to simulate earlier periods of history if you
wish, although some of the game concepts (like Casus Belli) may not be
entirely appropriate for the time.
In Statecraft, the players take on the mantle of a ruler from history, called a
Sovereign. Te Sovereign is represented using a character design similar to
those in traditional roleplaying games. Sovereigns will be good at some things
and bad at others, just like rulers in real history. Te character design is set up
in a way that encourages real life behavior, including recklessness and short-
sightedness, to create an experience akin to actually commanding nations
from history.
Each Sovereign is in control of a nation or country called a State. Te State is
represented using some basic mechanisms that provide tax revenues, soldiers,
ships, and other resources for your Sovereign to use in pursuit of their goals.
You can use a printed or a digital map as a guide to represent the world you
are shaping, but you are not required to do so. Each Sovereign eventually
dies and you move on to a new Sovereign, passing down a variety of things
including the most important measurement of your success in the game;
Prestige. So even if you manage to totally wreck your economy and end up
under the heel of your most bitter rival, you can choose to pass on not to your
direct heir but to a distant cousin and take up the throne of a diferent State.
One of the players does not control a specifc Sovereign, but instead takes on
the role of the Gamemaster (GM). Te GM is in charge of running all the
States in the game that are not controlled by players, as well as pirates and
rebels. Te GM also has a lot of tools at their disposal to shape and infuence
the game to make it more enjoyable for the players. GMs can introduce events
to stir up chaos, like civil wars and religious conficts. GMs can use Prestige
as a carrot to send players of to the far reaches of the globe in search of glory
and honor. You do not have to rely upon poorly coded AI. Te GM brings
realism and life to the rest of the world in a way that a computer cannot hope
to ever achieve.
Winning the Game
Statecraft is about having fun, not accumulating wealth and power. Te
game is designed so that it is often not in your best interest to take the
most conservative and safe path. Your reward for taking risks and being
ostentatious is Prestige. Tis is your barometer of success in the game. If
you are accumulating large amounts of Prestige, you have probably been
contributing to the fun of everyone in the group. Tere are also opportunities
to spend Prestige to accomplish even more amazing things in the game.
If you want to crown someone
the winner of the game, you can
use Prestige to do so. Simply set a
timeframe for play, such as starting
in 1492 and playing until 1792.
Whoever has accumulated and spent
the most Prestige at the end of that
timeframe is the winner. However,
you will most likely not be concerned
about having a winner by the time
you reach 1792. Winning is ancillary
to enjoying the game. You cannot lose
at Statecraft either. If your State is
totally destroyed, you can move into a
new State with a new Sovereign. You
are never eliminated from play.
What do you need to Play?
Statecraft uses six diferent types of dice; four-sided dice (d4), six-sided dice
(d6), eight-sided dice (d8), ten-sided dice (d10), twelve-sided dice (d12), and
twenty-sided dice (d20). However, since the game is designed to be played
on an internet forum or using e-mail to distribute game information, you can
simply use online die rolling software for this. If you choose to play at a table,
it will be tricky to keep everything secret and you will need physical dice.
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The Sovereign
& The State
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Attributes:
Attributes defne the abilities of
the Sovereign to accomplish tasks.
Tis aspect of the Sovereign is
completely random and represents
the hand that fate has dealt for you.
Do not worry about whether your
Sovereign is good or bad based on
whether they can succeed or fail
at tasks. Ultimately, you are not
rewarded based on your ability to
succeed or fail, but if you succeed or
fail spectacularly.
Each attribute has a value from 3 to 18, determined by rolling three six-sided
dice and adding the results together. You will need to make seven rolls to get
a value to assign to each attribute. Rolls must be assigned to each attribute in
turn as rolled, not assigned by the players to whatever attributes they wish.
Te Sovereign:
Each player in Statecraft controls a bloodline of political rulers called
Sovereigns. A Sovereign lives one lifetime, hopefully an exciting and fulflling
one, but like other mortals they fall victim to the ravages of time and damage
to the body. When their current Sovereign dies, the player moves on to a new
Sovereign. Troughout the game and across the lives of many Sovereigns,
you will track a variable called Prestige. Tis is the ultimate measure of your
contribution to the game as a player and you should make every attempt
to accumulate more Prestige. Each Sovereign is merely a vessel to use in
achieving the goal of maximizing your Prestige. We will talk more about
exactly how to do that very shortly.
Tis section will walk you through how to create manage your Sovereigns.
Each one has eight Attributes and seven Measures which serve for the basis
of roleplaying and for interacting with the game mechanics.
Attributes
Acumen Ability to Manage
Authority Ability to Inspire
Fertility Ability to Procreate
Fortune Te Favor of Fate
Grace Ability to Charm
Guile Ability to Deceive
Strategy Ability to Wage War
Vigilance Ability to Anticipate
Attribute Tests
Attributes are tested frequently during play by rolling a 20-sided die. If the
die result is lower than the attribute, the test is a success. If the result is lower
than the attribute being test, then the test is a failure.
Many rolls are also afected by several potential modifers. Tese modifers
are applied to the attribute, not the die result. Tus if you are making an
Authority test with a +2 bonus and you have an Authority of 12, you make
the tests as if you had an Authority of 14 instead.
Opposed Rolls
An opposed roll is when you are competing against another player or the
GM in the action you are undertaking. In these cases, simply succeeding is
not enough. You must succeed by a larger margin than your opponent. If you
needed to roll a 14 or less and you rolled a 10, your margin of success is 4. If
your opponent only succeeded by a margin of 2, you are victorious.
If you wish to attempt something not covered by the game rules as written,
the GM may allow you to test an attribute to determine the actions success.
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Attributes (continued):
Acumen
Acumen is the administrative skill of your Sovereign. Tis is a rough measure
of their ability to make organizations function properly. Acumen not only
represents good money management skills, but also the ability to efectively
utilize the work of subordinates. Sovereigns with high Acumen have more
efcient governments, make more money, and keep their armies better
supplied in the feld. Acumen is used for Growth and Decline rolls every year
and the amount of supplies available to your forces on the battlefeld.
Authority
Authority is the social presence of your Sovereign. Tis is a rough measure of
their ability to maintain loyalty even in the face of disagreement. Authority
represents both the personal charismatic presence of the individual but
also the ability to manipulate others so that they are serving your interests
by pursuing their own. Sovereigns with high Authority have more loyal
followers, more political stability, and fewer rebellions against them. Authority
is used for the annual Control roll and in keeping the loyalty of military forces
that might otherwise rebel against your rule, either due to your own fnancial
insolvency or the nefarious bribes of others.
Fertility
Fertility is the natural strength of your reproductive system. It is only tested
in one instance, at the death of the Sovereign, to determine if there are eligible
heirs to continue ruling the state.
Fortune
Fortune is the natural luck of your Sovereign. Tis is a rough measure of
their ability to come out on top when the chances are against them. Fortune
represents your raw talent for survival in the face of adversity. Sovereigns with
high Fortune have better luck when exploring the world for new regions to
colonize, manage to emerge from the jaws of defeat unscathed, and just tend
to have longer lifetimes. Fortune directly afects your rate of Vitality loss over
the years and rolls made when personally commanding armies to avoid injury
and death on the battlefeld.

Grace
Grace is the charm and infuence of your Sovereign. Tis is a rough measure
of their ability to get others to see things from their perspective without
resorting to the use of coercion. Grace represents a lightness of social presence
as well as a talent for seduction. Sovereigns with high Grace have more friend
and allies, as well as an easier time negotiating peaceful solutions to disputes.
Grace directly afects success at converting the populace to your religion,
claiming titles, extracting information via royal marriages, and increases the
pain a Sovereign endures when refusing generous peace terms that you ofer.
Guile
Guile is the cunning and treachery of your Sovereign. Tis is a rough measure
of their ability to deceive and manipulate others. Guile represents talent for
manipulating and using others in pursuit of your own ends. Sovereigns with
high Guile have an easier time acquiring secret information and enjoy the
company of spies, thieves, and pirates. Guile directly afects your success in
many Targeted Actions, such as Infltrate and Piracy.
Strategy
Strategy is the military prowess of your Sovereign. Tis is a rough measure
of their ability to make decisive tactical decisions on the battlefeld. Strategy
represents both tactical and strategic competence in military afairs of every
kind. Sovereigns with high Strategy have a better chance of winning battles,
both on land and sea. Strategy directly afects all combat rolls.
Vigilance
Vigilance is the awareness and perception of your Sovereign. Tis is a rough
measure of their ability to take the initiative and move to defend before
they are even attacked. Vigilance represents the ability to anticipate, to put
complex data together, and to see the overall picture. Sovereigns with high
Vigilance tend to position their armies in advantageous locations on the
battlefeld and succeed when making tactical retreats. Vigilance directly afects
the detection of enemy forces on the march, whether your army can take up
an advantageous Position before a battle, the ability to retreat from combat
successfully, and defends against Targeted Actions.
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Gold
Gold represents the total amount
of money available in liquid form to
be spend on other expenditures at
the Sovereigns discretion. It is the
accumulated result of Tax Income
over time. Wars and diplomacy are
two ways to quickly relieve yourself
of gold. Te GM will give you a
starting value for this condition
based on the scenario design.
Honor
Honor is a measure of the dignity of the Sovereign. Keeping your word,
defending your allies, and living up to your treaty obligations will raise your
honor. Failure to do so will reduce it. Whenever issues of trust arise, such
as when writing a diplomatic agreement, your honor will be tested. Honor
cannot be greater than 20 or less than 0. Your frst Sovereign begins play with
10 Honor to represent the neutrality of opinion on their behavior.
When a Sovereign dies, their heir inherits half of accumulated honor,
rounded down. Tis is the classic assumption that the apple does not fall
far from the tree. You may notice that this rule will result in a gradual loss
of honor over time by your family if you take no actions to raise it. Tis is
because honor is something that must be continually maintained. If the player
moves to a new State, honor is reset to 10.
Manpower
Manpower represents the current pool of available men to recruit into the
military. It is the accumulated result of Recruitment over time. It will decrease
when you raise new military forces. Te maximum amount of manpower you
can have is equal to fve times your Recruitment.
Measures
Gold Te Treasury
Honor Trust of Your Peers
Manpower Human Resources
Prestige Legacy of Greatness
Religion Your Faith
Vitality Life Remaining
Measures:
Measures are the changing aspects of the Sovereigns life. Tey are fuctuating values that change frequently as a result of your decisions. In many ways, measures
represent the your Sovereigns personality and how they are perceived. Measures are not rolled against, however they can be spent to accomplish some actions
and they can be lost or gained as a result of certain behavior.
Prestige
Prestige is a measure of the greatness of the player. Prestige accumulates
from only one source; the GM. Te GM awards Prestige when you engage
in great roleplaying. Brilliant successes on the battlefeld, the signing of great
treaties, the construction of great colonial empires, dramatic betrayals, and
any other exceptional act should result in the awarding of Prestige, regardless
of the negative consequences that might result. A great failure can be as
spectacular as a great success. Prestige is fully inherited by the player to their
next Sovereign. It can sometimes be taken away if you cannot pay a price in
the traditional way and it must be used to fuel some diplomatic actions. It can
accumulate to any value without limit. Your frst Sovereign begins play with
10 Prestige.
Religion
Religion is a measure of the religion that the Sovereign enforces in their
State. All Sovereigns inherit the religion of their predecessors when they
are created. Tere are opportunities for Conversion to bring parts of your
nation in line with your faith, just remember to prepare to deal with the
consequences if the people refuse. Religion is also afected by special rules,
such as the Papacy. You can change your personal religion at any time, but
you will lose 2d6 Stability doing so.
Vitality
Vitality is a measure of the life remaining in your physical body. Roll 1d8
when creating the Sovereign to get the initial Vitality value. Every year, you
must make a Fortune test to determine if this measure falls. If you fail the
roll, lower your Vitality by 1. It is possible to lose Vitality in other ways, such
as defeat on the battlefeld. Tis measure cannot be negative. If vitality is
reduced to zero, the Sovereign dies and a new one must be created.
Even with a positive Vitality, no Sovereign can cheat death forever. If you are
lucky enough to survive long enough to experience it, life will end on your
80th birthday.
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Capital
Every State has a designated capital
city. It represents a fxed point on
the map that must be defended to
retain control of your State. Even
though combat and land ownership
is abstracted to a great degree in
Statecraft, the Capital represents
one particular piece of land that
you need to monitor. Te territories
around your capital can never be
ceded by a treaty.
Te capitals of other States may become vital in your eforts to defeat them
militarily or annex them completely. Te mere chance that your Army may be
on the verge of capturing an opponents capital can quickly bring them to the
peace table. If your capital falls into enemy hands, your rule can come to an
end rather quickly.
Centralization
Tis condition determines how much autonomy is possessed by local
government ofcials, expressed as a value from 0 to 10. A setting of 0
represents perfect feudalism where the central government controls nothing
save the military forces and diplomatic services. A setting of 10 represents
perfect absolutism where the central government makes all possible decisions.
Most States lies somewhere between those positions.
Centralized States have a stronger role in economic development and can
grow economically at a rapid rate. However, this comes at a political cost.
Highly centralized states create dissatisfaction in their societies and are
vulnerable to political instability.
g
Positive Modifer to Growth rolls
g
Negative Modifer to Control rolls
g
You can change by one unit every ten years at a cost of 1d6 Stability
Decay
Tis condition is the accumulated result of economic decline. No State
remains on top of the heap forever. Decay is a kind of drag efect that will
slowly bring down your State over time. If you are able to grow at a faster rate
than you decay, then your State will become strong and prosperous. If you are
not, your State will fall by the wayside.
g
Accumulates from Decline rolls over the years
g
Subtracted from Tax Income every year during tax collection
Te Conditions of the State:
Te State represents the political entity which is controlled by the Sovereign. It provides all the resources at the Sovereigns disposal and the means through
which those resources can be used. Te State is managed through a set of Conditions. Initial values are always determined by the scenario design provided by the
GM. As the game unfolds, this data will change signifcantly with the ebb and fow of gameplay. Conditions are transferred seamlessly to new Sovereigns.
Conditions
Capital Location of the Government
Centralization Degree of Autonomy Delegated to Local Authorities
Decay Degree of Economic Decline
Investment Percentage of Tax Income Invested Internally
Readiness Military Mobilization and Combat Preparedness
Recruitment Annual Military Recruitment
Stability Degree of Internal Harmony
Tax Income Annual Tax Collection
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Investment
Tis condition determines how much of tax income is invested internally,
expressed as a percentage from 0% to 100% in 10% increments. A setting
of 0% represents no investment at all and a setting of 100% represents all
income being spent on investment. Most States lies somewhere between
those positions. Tis policy represents a trade-of between money today and
growth for the future.
g
Positive Modifer to Growth rolls
g
You can change by 10% every year at a cost of 1 Stability
Readiness
Tis condition determines how much money is being spent on combat
preparedness, expressed as value from 1 to 3. Readiness is tracked separately
for naval & land units. You can have a high degree of naval readiness while
having a low degree of land readiness. Starting land and naval readiness is
determined by scenario design.
A value of 1 represents minimal preparedness. Your military units exist
almost exclusively on paper. While at this setting, your military forces cannot
engage in combat and will automatically retreat if engaged. However, you only
have to pay half the normal Upkeep cost of all your units.
A value of 2 represents average preparedness. Troops are engaged in regular
training with all of their equipment, ships are on defensive patrols, and
everyone is prepared for war. While at this setting, your military forces
function normally.
A value of 3 represents extreme preparation for war. Troops are prepared
for ofensive operations, magazines are in place, supply wagons have been
requisitioned, ships are in forward combat positions, and everyone is ready
to open fre at the slightest provocation. While at this setting, your military
forces function at a +5 bonus to all Combat Rolls. However, you have to pay
double the normal Upkeep cost of all your units.
g
You can change by one unit every season at no cost, however changes require
a full season to take efect
Recruitment
Recruitment represents the annual addition to the pool of available men for
the military. Every year, this value is added to your Manpower to represent
the growing population under your control. Some nations have more people
at their disposal than they can aford to put on the battlefeld while others
have so few men that they must resort to mercenary forces to make up for the
shortfall. Te degree to which your recruitment value compares with your
Tax Income value will determine your capacity in this regard.
Stability
Stability represents the current
condition of State loyalty, expressed
as a value from 0 to 10. A value of 0
represents the most chaotic situation
short of complete state collapse.
A value of 5 represents average
loyalty of the population to the
State. A value of 10 represents the
strongest imaginable loyalty to the
State. A large number of diplomatic
and military outcomes lower your
Stability. Any incurred loss that
would lower Stability below 0 instead
triggers a rebellion, as described
under Foment. Every year, there is an
annual Control roll that can improve
the situation or slide further down.
Tax Income
Tax Income represents the taxes collected annually. Every year, this value
reduced by Decay, then reduced by your Investment condition, and the
remainder is then added to Gold. Tis process is called tax collection.
For example, if you have a Tax Income of 120, 20 points of Decay, and an
Investment of 60%, then you will add 40 to your Gold each year.
Ex: 120 - 20 = 100 * (100% - 60%) = 40
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Example of Sovereign Creation: Charles I: King of England
Example Attribute Assignment:
Roll 1 : 6 + 5 + 3 = 14 Roll 5 : 5 + 2 + 5 = 12
Roll 2 : 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 Roll 6 : 5 + 6 + 2 = 13
Roll 3 : 4 + 5 + 4 = 15 Roll 7 : 4 + 4 + 2 = 10
Roll 4 : 3 + 2 + 3 = 8 Roll 8 : 2 + 6 + 3 = 11
Example Measures:
Gold : GM gave out 120 based on scenario design
Honor : All frst Sovereigns begin with a value of 10
Manpower : GM gave out 70 based on scenario design
Prestige : All frst Sovereigns begin with a value of 10
Religion : Te English people may be Protestant, but Charles is Catholic
Vitality Roll : 5
Example Conditions:
All Determined based on Scenario Design provided by GM
Attributes
Acumen 14
Authority 10
Fertility 15
Fortune 8
Grace 12
Guile 13
Strategy 10
Vigilance 11
Measures
Gold 120
Honor 10
Manpower 70
Prestige 10
Religion Catholic
Vitality 4
Conditions
Capital London
Centralization 5
Decay 0
Investment 40%
Readiness 2
Recruitment 40
Stability 6
Tax Income 85
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Life and Death of Sovereigns:
Eventually a Sovereigns Vitality will run out. Death claims us all. When
this occurs, you must make Fertility test. Tis is the only time in the entire
game when you will test this attribute, but it is of vital importance to the
stability of your dynasty. Add a +1 bonus to this test for every fve years of
power enjoyed by your sovereign in their lifetime. If you succeed on the test,
you become your Sovereigns eldest child and seize power. Play continues
normally. If you fail this test, you experience a Succession Crisis.
Succession Crisis
A succession crisis is an invitation for other States to intervene in your
dynastic transition. Te death of a Sovereign without a clear successor creates
an opportunity for any other Sovereign with the slightest claim on your
throne to do so. Any State with which you share a Royal Marriage can make
a Claim against you for half the normal cost, rounded down. Tis may result
in the loss of control over your State. In that case, you must change States as
described to the right.
Once any claims have been resolved, you may roll up a new Sovereign and
play continues normally.

Changing States
You will likely have worked hard to improve the State which you are ruling
and you probably have a lot of diplomatic agreements in place. However,
sometimes things do not go as you wanted them to. Perhaps your State is on
the verge of collapse or has been reduced to a low political status that you are
unwilling to accept. Perhaps you simply yearn for a change of pace. Perhaps
you are being forced to change States due to a succession crisis. Whatever the
case, you may choose to abandon your current Sovereign lineage and move
to a diferent State which you do not currently control. You become a distant
cousin of your Sovereign that has risen to power elsewhere.
You will need to negotiate with your GM about which alternative State
you would like to play. Preferably, you should have these discussions before
your Sovereign actually dies, so you do not waste a lot of valuable game time
discussing it. In general, you should be moving to a State with less power and
resources than your current one. It should also not be a State that you have
been overly generous with in the past, nor should it be a State that is too far
away from the rest of the players. It should be a viable State, but with a lot of
work necessary to bring it up to speed as a great power.
For example, you may feel that England is no longer a State that you want
to play. You still want to play a naval-oriented nation, but England is getting
too complex for you to enjoy. You talk to the GM and decide that Denmark
is a good transition State for you. It has a similar style of play to England,
but it is both militarily weaker and has a smaller economic base. When
your Sovereign dies, you inform the rest of the group that your cousin has
inherited the throne of Denmark and you are now the King of Denmark
instead of the King of England. From that point on, England would be ruled
by a Sovereign under GM control.
Becoming A General
A fnal path beyond death is to take up service under another monarch as a
General. Tis should probably be negotiated beforehand so that there is a
smooth transition.
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Economics
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Te Flow of Time:
Statecraft is a game that is played out over very long periods of history. Te basic unit of game time is the Season, which represents the
natural weather cycles of the year. Te Season is primarily a unit of accounting and performing actions in the Spring instead of the Fall
usually does not occur any diferently. Te one exception to this is Supplies, which can be profoundly impacted by weather. Most actions
that occur during a Season are related to unit movement and combat. Most economic activity is resolved on an annual basis. Of course,
diplomatic activity will occur at all times.
Order of Seasonal Activity:
Pay Upkeep on all Military Units
Submit Movement orders for all Military Units in secret to GM
Resolve Combats that occur
Calculate Supplies and remove units lost to Attrition
Activity that can occur at any time:
All diplomatic activity, including Targeted Actions
Funding of Explorers
Order of Annual Activity:
Resolve the entire Winter Season frst
Accrue Gold
Accrue Manpower
Make a Growth roll
Make a Conversion roll (optional)
Make a Control roll
Make a Decline roll
Make a Death roll
Pay interest on all Loans
Begin Spring Season
Seasons
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Loans:
It is possible that a Season may begin and you lack the funds to pay for your
military. So make up for this shortfall, you can take out loans from capital
markets, which in this time period means primarily banking families. Tese
markets will loan out money in increments of 100 Gold with an interest rate
determined by the GM based on an assessment of how risky you are based
on your previous fnancial management. Te standard starting interest rate is
5% per year. Interest is paid every year out of your Gold. If you cannot pay the
loan interest with available gold, you must take out another loan to pay for it.
You can repay the loan principle at any time to terminate the loan.
Bankruptcy:
If you feel that you can no longer aford to pay the amount of interest that
you owe, you can default on all your debts instead of pay. Tis is called
Bankruptcy. When you declare bankruptcy, you must make an Authority
test with Decay applied as a penalty. If you fail this test, the GM may have
some armies and navies under your control rebel against your command. Te
degree to which this happens is based on your margin of failure. Armies that
rebel in this manner function as if they have just been created by Foment.
Navies that rebel in this manner become Pirates.
Even if you succeed on your Authority test and retain control of your military,
declaring bankruptcy always causes 2d20 Decay. Bankruptcy is a powerful
blow to even the mightiest of empires and a bellwether of decline.
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Annual Calculations:
Gold:
At the end of every winter season, a State gains Gold equal to Tax Income
multiplied by Investment.
Manpower:
At the end of every winter season, a State gains Manpower equal to
Recruitment.
Te Growth Roll:
Every year, you make an Acumen test called a Growth roll. For every 10%
spent on Investment that year, you get a +1 bonus to this test. If the test is
successful, raise your Tax Income or Recruitment by the margin of success.
You may elect to not make a Growth roll, instead using your economic
growth to create a Colony in an undeveloped part of the world that you have
already explored.
For example, if you had an Acumen of 12 and 60% investment, you would
make a roll as if you had an 18. With a die result of 11, that would be a
margin of success of 7. Tis would raise your Tax Income or Recruitment by
7 or you could have built a Colony in newly discovered Madagascar.

Te Conversion Roll:
Each year you have a chance to convert a portion of your populace to your
own religion. Tis process increases control over your populace, but at a steep
fnancial cost. Te conversion process involves making a Grace test. If you
succeed by a margin of 5 or more, you gain 1 Stability but lose an amount
of Tax Income equal to the margin of success. If you succeed, but not by 5
or more, you lose Tax Income equal to the margin of success but do not gain
any Stability in the process. If you fail, nothing happens except in the case of
extreme failure in which the GM may decide that a religious uprising occurs,
creating an army as described under Foment. Tis roll is entirely optional.
Te Control Roll:
Each year, you may gain or lose favor in the eyes of your populace due to the
accumulation of minor slights or kindnesses. Te Control roll is an Authority
test to represent this shift. If you succeed on the test by a margin of 5 or more,
your Stability improves one step (e.g. from 3 to 4). If you fail by a margin of
5 or more, you lose one point of Stability. If you are in between these two
extremes, nothing of importance really changes.
Te GM can apply penalties to this roll if you have a large portion of religious
minorities within your State. For example, the Ottoman Empire should sufer
a penalty for controlling lots of Orthodox Christians and not Sunni Muslims.
However, over successive Conversion rolls the GM should reduce this penalty.
Te Decline Roll:
Te Decline roll is an Acumen test you must make a roll every year to
determine the change to your nations fortunes that occurs from the normal
passing of time. For every 10% that was not spent on Investment that year,
you get a -2 penalty to this test. If you succeed on the test, you lose Decay
equal to the margin of failure. If you fail the test, you gain Decay equal to the
margin of failure.
Te Death Roll:
Te Death roll is a Fortune test. Failure reduces your Vitality by 1.
15
Exploration:
All States have access to knowledge about what is called the Known World.
Tis may be an actual map that the GM maintains and updates for the group
as a whole or it may simply be the ability to ask the GM questions about what
is going on in the world at the moment. At the start of the Age of Exploration
scenario for example, the Known World is limited to the European continent,
the shoreline of North Africa, and a portion of the Middle East. Everything
beyond this area are considered unexplored. Te players have no information
about it at all. Te only way to acquire information about the regions beyond
the Known World is through exploration. As States explore these areas over
time, they will become common knowledge and eventually appear in the
Known World.
Finding New Lands:
A Sovereign who wishes to explore the world beyond their current knowledge
can commission an Explorer to venture into the unknown. Te player simply
declares their desire to do so and a rough cardinal direction in which to travel,
such as West or Southeast. Te GM will quote them a price in Gold to do so.
If the Sovereign is willing to pay the price, the GM will make a secret
Fortune roll on behalf of the player. Based on that roll and their judgment,
a few seasons later the GM will provide the player with information on
what new lands were discovered by their explorer. Sometimes this may
include knowledge of new foreign states. For now, the player can keep this
information to themselves or share it as they wish, however it is the only
record of what lies beyond the Known World. Te GM will not inform other
players about what has been discovered.
Undeveloped parts of the world, such as the Americas, can be developed as
Colonies though Growth rolls. Until the knowledge of the region spreads into
the Known World, these developments can remain secret (unless revealed
through espionage or a royal marriage). Multiple Sovereigns may have secret
knowledge of the same locations or foreign States and not even realize it.

Spreading Map Knowledge:
Twenty years after being discovered, the other Sovereigns are informed that
new land has been found. Tey are not given the exact location or the ability
to build Colonies in the area, but they are aware that the lands exist. Tis
allows them to make directed attempts to discover them with Explorers
that should usually succeed, subject to GM judgment. Fifty years after being
discovered, a location is added to the Known World.
Colonies:
Colonies can be built using Growth rolls. Each attempt to build a colony
triggers a Fortune roll against a difculty set by the GM based on the
suitability of the terrain. Te presence of land units in the area may result in
a bonus from the GM. If you fail this roll, the colony is lost. Building colonies
in Western Australia is signifcantly harder than in Cuba.
If this Fortune test succeeds, it is followed by a Discovery roll. Te GM will
inform you of a number of dice to roll based on the inherent wealth of the
area you are colonizing. For example, 3d6 might be a value for a colony in
Virginia while a colony in Greenland may only net 1d4. Te result of the
Discovery roll is added to your Tax Income. Once a colony is built, the area is
considered a part of your State.
16
Diplomacy
17
Diplomacy:
Te majority of gameplay will typically be spent engaged in diplomacy. A
large portion of this will be conducted in secret by sending secret messages to
the GM or other players.
Maintenance of Honor:
Honor is gained from upholding treaties. It represents your word in the eyes
of the international community. Relations between Sovereigns and States is
highly dependent upon trust and reliability. A Sovereign needs to believe that
their ally will come to their defense, that terms of treaties will be upheld, and
that they can depend upon certain things to occur that have been promised.
If you do not stand by your word, you will not be trusted. Te GM and other
players will use your Honor as a measure of your truthfulness. You can gain
Honor by taking actions that are expected of you. You can lose Honor by
failing to take those actions. Often, there is no middle ground to tread. You
must stand up for yourself or be viewed as a coward. To fail is a better fate
than to have never tried.
Te Papacy:
If appropriate for the time period, the Papal State is a State which is always
under GM control unless annexed by a player. Te Papacy can confer Fidei
Defensor status on a single Sovereign at a time. Fidei Defensor is a Latin term
meaning Defender of the Faith. Te Sovereign who has this status gets +2
on their Conversion rolls and +1 to all combat values while engaged in battles
against States of a diferent religion.
Te Papacy can also Excommunicate Catholic States that are acting against
the expressed will of the Pope. Tis causes the loss of 5 Stability and the
Papacy will not discourage war against that State until the Sovereign dies.
Further, the Papacy can declare a Crusade against a non-Catholic State of
their choice. All Catholic nations are considered to have a Casus Belli on that
State while the Crusade lasts. Te Pope can end the Crusade at any time, but
it cannot last longer than 10 years. Of course, if the targeted State is annexed
then the Crusade will end naturally.

Casus Belli:
Casus Belli is a Latin expression meaning the cause for war. It implies that
there are reasonable and unreasonable causes for war, legitimate grievances
that justify war, and ingrained with a concept of honor and respect between
States. If you have a Casus Belli, you can declare war on another nation at a
much reduced Stability cost. You typically gain a Casus Belli against someone
who violates a treaty they signed with you or when someone commits some
act of espionage against you. Te GM can also grant a Casus Belli to any
Sovereign that they feel has a legitimate grievance against another State that
would not normally be granted by the game mechanics.
To protect their personal honor, any Sovereign with a Casus Belli should
declare War in an attempt to right the wrong that has been done to them.
Tis represents a social obligation to redress grievances, therefore a Sovereign
declaring war with a Casus Belli will receive 2 Honor and all Stability losses
from declaring war are ignored. Failure to declare War within a year of
receiving the Casus Belli will result in the loss of 1 Honor and 1 Stability,
because no one respects a coward. Te Casus Belli is removed immediately
after use and rendered unavailable for future declarations of war.
Annexation:
If you control a States Capital, you may attempt to Annex that state. Tis
involves an opposed Authority test against the other Sovereign. You may only
make one such attempt per year. If successful, you will lose Stability based on
GM judgement of the relative size of the territory being annexed.
At the time of annexation, any portions of that nation under your control
are immediately transferred to your ownership. Any portions that you do not
yet control either declare their independence as new States, subject to GM
judgment, or also transfer to your ownership.
For example, you may annex Great Britain, but if you do not control their
American colonies they might refuse to join you, instead choosing to form
their own new State; the United States of America.
18
Treaty Conditions:
Sovereigns are free to write treaties using any language they wish, so long
as that language does not violate the rules of the game. Tese conditions
may include requirements to use Targeted Actions against specifed States
(or to abstain from them). However, the conditions listed here have specifc
consequences to violation. Any terms that are agreed to by the players
are subject to GM judgment regarding what specifc game obligations are
involved and how they afect Honor, Prestige, and Stability.
Coalition:
A Coalition is when more than two States enter into a collective agreement
to wage war against a common enemy. Tis enemy must be specifed in the
treaty. One State in the coalition is designated the Coalition Leader and
the Sovereign of that State negotiates with the chosen enemy on behalf
of the entire coalition. Te treaty may provide stipulations that limit the
ability of the Coalition Leader to negotiate, however they cannot demand
active oversight by the Coalition members. For example, the treaty in a war
to restore a State that has been annexed by the enemy may specify that the
Coalition Leader cannot sign a peace treaty that does not restore that State.
Te treaty does not immediately result in war when signed, nor does it
provide a Casus Belli. Each member must declare war separately. Te timing
of these declarations and size of forces committed may be specifed in the
treaty. Te coalition automatically dissolves once a Peace treaty is signed.
Members may leave the Coalition at any time, including to avoid signing a
peace treaty that the Coalition Leader has secured, however this is considered
a violation. When the Peace is signed, the coalition members vote on whether
or not the Coalition Leader lived up to their promises. If the majority agrees,
the Coalition Leader is awarded 3 Honor.
Treaty Conditions Violation Penalty (Stability & Honor)
Coalition 1d6
Defense Pact 1d6
Exchange 1d6
Military Access 1
Non-Aggression Pact 2d6
Peace 2d6
Protectorate 2d6
Royal Marriage 1
Treaties:
Treaties are the method of formalized diplomatic relations. A treaty must be actually written out and formally signed by all parties involved to be valid. Once
signed, the GM is the sole arbiter of what is a violation of the terms. If a treaty is violated, the GM will then reduce both Stability in the State and the Honor of
the Sovereign by the amounts listed in the Treaty Conditions chart as a penalty for violating the treaty. If the State lacks the Stability or Honor to pay the full
price for the violation, excess is taken out of Prestige. Violating secret treaties is not a public disgrace and thus carries no mechanical costs, however it absolutely
destroys any trust extended from the parties to the treaty.
19
Defense Pact:
A Defense Pact is a bilateral agreement involving two States. Each State must
make a reasonable attempt to come to the defense of the other if a third party
declares war on either of them. Once signed, both parties will always have a
Casus Belli to declare war on anyone attacking the other. Stipulations can be
added to limit application (e.g. will not be forced to fght against France). If
violated, the other party to the treaty gains a Casus Belli on the violator.
Exchange:
An exchange is the immediate transfer
of land ownership, money, military
units, or manpower between two
states. Stipulations may be amended
to the treaty that control the return
of these resources. For example, a
State may give another State several
military units to assist in a war with
the stipulation that they are return
once peace is signed or if the lending
State is itself attacked, provided they
survive the war intact. Te exceptions
to this is manpower, which can never
be returned, and mercenary units
which can never be traded between
States under any circumstances.
Since the exchange is generally done
immediately, the only way to violate
this treaty is to fail to live up to any
stipulations added. Note that you can
only exchange land that you own.
Military Access:
Military Access is the right of one State to move military units through
regions belonging to another State. Tis may be limited to only naval access
to ports for resupply or only land access for armies if desired. Access may also
be further limited to specifc lands, such as allowing another States to only
move troops through Normandy.
Non-Aggression Pact:
A Non-Aggression Pact is a bilateral agreement involving two States. Te
terms stipulate that each State will refrain from taking any ofensive action
toward the other. Certain targeted actions that are exposed can sometimes
be considered violations of these terms (e.g. Destabilize). A Sovereign who
upholds the treaty even when greatly tempted, subject to GM judgment, will
receive 1 Honor. A great temptation might be the other Sovereign sufering
major defeats in an ongoing war and presenting an easy target. If violated,
any other State that also has a Non-Aggression Pact with the violator gains a
Casus Belli on them.
Peace:
A Peace term in a treaty ends a War. Violation of any other conditions
attached to a Peace treaty are considered violations of the Peace as well and
render the entire agreement void if violated.
Tere may be times when you are making what you feel are reasonable ofers
of peace that are being refused by your opponent out of stubbornness. You
can attempt to override the Sovereign and appeal to their population instead.
Inform the entire gaming group that you are going to make generous terms
and lay out those terms in public. Te other players then vote by submission
of a secret ballot to the GM whether they believe you are ofering generous
terms or not. Anyone involved in the war is not given a vote, including
the player ofering the terms. Te GM always gets their own vote as well,
regardless of their involvement in the war.
If a majority believe the terms are generous considering the degree of your
victory on the battlefeld, the GM informs the player being ofered the terms
that they are generous and refusal will carry a penalty. Te player being
ofered the terms can either accept them or refuse them, however refusal
results in Stability loss equal to half your Grace attribute. Tis represents
the internal dissent against the Sovereign caused by refusing generous ofers.
Te GM will also award Prestige and Honor to the generous Sovereign in
proportion to the actual generosity of the act.
20
Protectorate:
A Protectorate is a bilateral agreement involving the domination of one State
by another. Te dominating state is called the Suzerain and the dominated
state is called the Vassal. Te Vassal is not able to sign Treaties without
the consent of their Suzerain. Any declaration of War on the Vassal is also
considered a War on the Suzerain. Tis efect does not work in reverse and
the Suzerain may be engaged in a war without involving the Vassal. Tis
treaty condition is almost always attached to some form of Exchange as well,
such as a regular monetary payment. Te only way to escape from this status
is via the terms of a treaty or by the Vassal declaring war on the Suzerain,
which costs an additional 2 Honor beyond any other Honor loss that occurs
from the violation of related treaty conditions. However, you will probably
gain a lot of Prestige if you can break free of your vassalage.
A Sovereign may release a piece of land as a new State that begins play as
a Protectorate. Tis costs 1 Prestige, 1 Honor, and 1 Stability per region
released in this manner, since it implies that you lack the power to govern
the territory properly by yourself. However, it can be useful for managing
religious issues. For example, Austria may feel that Protestantism is hurting
their Stability in the long term, so they release Bohemia as a vassal. Te exact
Tax Income loss for performing this action is up to the GM.
Royal Marriage:
A Royal Marriage is a bilateral agreement to a marriage involving one
infuential member of the ruling elite from each nation. Tis provides each
side of the agreement with an advocate inside the other nation to ensure their
views are presented more accurately. Each State receives a +3 bonus to any
attempt to Destabilize, Foment, Infltrate, or Infuence the other. Whenever
a secret treaty or discussion takes place that involves one State, but not the
other, the GM may allow the uninvolved Sovereign to make a Grace test,
perhaps with a penalty for really secret information, to learn what happened.
Te only way of violating this condition is by declaring war on the other
State. Doing so is an egregious ofense of honor and causes double the Honor
loss rolled instead of the same amount (Stability loss occurs normally).
Te act of signing a Royal Marriage results in a gain of 1 Honor to both
Sovereigns. When formed, a Royal Marriage receives a random Vitality value
that falls as if it were a Sovereign. When it ends, both sides gain 1 Honor.
21
Targeted Actions:
Sovereigns can take Targeted Actions at any time, though they cost resources
to perform, usually either Stability or Prestige. If you lack the ability to pay
the cost, you cannot perform the action. For example, you probably will not
be able to declare War on anyone at 0 Stability nor can you make a Claim
with zero Prestige.
Some actions carry a risk of being caught. If you are caught performing these
actions, you lose Honor equal to the amount listed in the chart to the right.
Te State being targeted will also receive a Casus Belli against you. Any costs
paid to take actions is not returned if the action fails. Other efects may be
listed in the descriptions.
Claim:
A Claim is an attempt to grab the title of a deceased Sovereign for yourself or
one of your family members. Whenever a Sovereign dies, you can claim that
someone else is the true inheritor of their State, either yourself or someone in
your royal line. Multiple Sovereigns can make claims against the same State.
If you are claiming the title for yourself, you must pay an amount of
Prestige determined by the GM, based on the strength of the title you are
attempting to claim. For example, making a claim against Spain should cost
more than Portugal. If you are making the claim on behalf of one of your
family members, you only need to pay half this amount. However, the family
member will be rolled up by the GM and their newly rolled Grace will
be used in the next step of the process. If you are making a claim during a
Succession Crisis, you only have to pay half the normal amount of Prestige
required, rounded down.
Once a list of claimants is assembled, they must all make an Grace test. After
dice rolls are made, any Sovereign may pay Prestige voluntarily to support one
of the claimants, adding the same amount to the claimants Grace as Prestige
paid. Tese payments can be made multiple times as a kind of bidding war. In
the end, the Sovereign with the highest margin of success is allowed to Annex
the targeted State. All other claimants gain a Casus Belli on the inheritor.
Targeted Actions Discovery Penalty (Honor)
Claim -
Destabilize 1d6
Foment 2d6
Infltrate 1
Infuence -
Piracy 1d6
War Special
Destabilize:
Destabilize is an attempt to reduce Stability
in a target State. Tis is done by declaring
your intent to the GM via a secret note.
Be sure to list your Guile and the amount
of Prestige you are paying on your note.
Te GM will announce there has been
an attempt to destabilize that State and
ask the Sovereign how much Prestige
they are willing to spend to stop the
attempt. Te GM will then make a Guile
test on your behalf against the opposing
Sovereigns Vigilance, adding spent Prestige
to the attributes as bonuses. Results are
adjudicated as indicated on the below table:
Destabilize Roll Results Outcome
Both tests succeed,
but the defender has a
lower margin of success
Defender loses Stability equal to
the diference between the two
margins of success
Attacker succeeds,
Defender fails
Defender loses Stability equal to
the attackers margin of success
All other results Nothing happens
22
Foment:
Foment is an attempt to raise a rebel army inside another State to topple their
government. You must pay an amount of Prestige equal to ten minus the
Stability of the target State, though you can choose to pay more. You must
further make a monetary payment in Gold to give to these rebels. Tis is done
by declaring your intent to the GM via a secret note. Be sure to list your Guile
and the amount of money and Prestige you are paying on your note.
Te GM will announce there has been an attempt to foment rebellion that
State and ask the Sovereign how much Prestige they are willing to spend to
stop the attempt. Te GM will then make a Guile test on your behalf against
the opposing Sovereigns Authority, adding spent Prestige to the attributes.
If their margin of success is at least twice yours or you fail your test, the GM
will reveal you were making the attempt.
If you are successful, the GM will roll up a new Sovereign and purchase an
army for them using the money you have provided. Tis army will then be
placed in an appropriate location (never the capital) by the GM and function
as any other army.
Tey are immediately declared a new State with their capital located within
the initial lands that they control. Other Sovereigns can being diplomatic
relations with them, including exchanges to assist them in their war. Tey are
automatically at war with their former owner and do not have to declare war.
Te new State has Conditions determined by the GM and Gold equal to the
remaining unspent money.
Infltrate:
Infltrate is an attempt to acquire information from a targeted State. Tis
is done by declaring your intent to the GM via a secret note. Be sure to list
your Guile and the amount of Prestige you are paying on your note. Te
next time a secret treaty or discussion takes place that involves that State, but
not the infltrating State, the GM will roll a Guile test against the defending
Sovereigns Vigilance to learn the secret information. If successful, the GM
will reveal the information. If their margin of success is at least twice yours
or you fail your test, the GM will reveal you were making the attempt. You
receive a number of chances to learn information equal to the amount of
Prestige paid. Once you have used up your chances, the GM will no longer
make tests for you. Of course, you can re-infltrate by spending more Prestige.
Infuence:
Infuence is an attempt to afect the decisions of any other Sovereign. Tis
represents the personal appeal of the Sovereign to their peer. At any time and
with respect to any decision in the game, you can declare that you want to
infuence another Sovereign. Express how you would like to see the decision
made and declare how many points of Prestige you are willing to pay to
the Sovereign if they change their mind. Tey may propose a compromise
solution or wrangle over price or duration of the efect.
For example, Englands Sovereign may see that France is declaring war on
the Netherlands, yet wish to stop it. Tey ofer 5 Prestige to France to not
declare war on the Netherlands, either now or for the next 10 years. Frances
Sovereign could counter, asking for 7 Prestige to hold of for so long. Tey
might agree upon 6 in the end.
Once an agreement has been reached, the Prestige is transferred. If the terms
of the agreement are ever violated, subject to GM judgement, double the
original amount of Prestige is removed from the violating Sovereign and the
amount paid is returned to payor.
23
Piracy:
Piracy is an attempt to cause mayhem in a sea using pirates. You must pay 1
Prestige per attempt. You must further make a monetary payment in Gold to
outft the pirate feet. Tis is done by declaring your intent to the GM via a
secret note. Be sure to list your Guile, the amount of money you are paying
on your note, and what general area you wish to cause piracy in (ex. Greater
Antilles in the Caribbean or the Western Mediterranean).
Te GM will announce there has been a surge of piracy in this area and ask
the Sovereigns with regions neighboring that area if they are willing to spend
1 Prestige to discover the source of the attempt. If so, the GM will then make
a Guile test on your behalf against the opposing Sovereigns Vigilance. If a
defending Sovereigns margin of success twice your total or more. Otherwise,
they learn nothing.
Te GM will construct a feet of pirates using your money and place that
feet in the area. While present, the pirate feet reduces the Tax Income of
all States neighboring that area by an amount equal to the number of ships
in the pirate feet. Any navy can engage the pirates as any other hostile naval
force and thereby remove the penalty.
War:
War is the most extreme diplomatic action available. Declare war in front
of the entire game group and specify the target of the declaration. Te GM
will then determine the total Stability and Honor loss from violating any
applicable treaties. If the fnal costs cannot be paid, Prestige is paid instead to
make up the diference. A Casus Belli may negate these losses.
Te GM will then give all States that would be obligated to join the war
the chance to do so. If two treaties contradict, such as when a State with a
Non-Aggression Pact with another State declares war on a third State that
has a Defense Pact with the other State, the Sovereign must make a choice
of which treaty to honor. Penalties for violating the other treaties are then
applied. Let this serve as a stern warning to avoid signing too many treaties
that could potentially overlap.
Once war is declared, you may move your armies into land controlled by your
enemies and engage in combat. Any opposed navies that meet at sea engage in
combat. Tis condition remains in efect until ended by a Peace.
24
Military Units
25
Military Units:
Wars must be fought with force of arms. Military units represent these
forces. Tere are two types of units; Land and Naval. Te only real diference
between the types from a mechanical perspective is that they operate in
mutually exclusive spheres. Obviously, naval combat can only occur at sea
and land combat can only occur on land. Other than this distinction, the two
types operate identically in the game.
A group of land units moving around on the map is referred to as an Army.
A group of naval units moving around on the map is referred to as a Navy.
Te number of actual soldiers per unit is left to the GM and may change
over the course of play, usually increasing in size over time. In the early
medieval period, a single unit may represent only a few hundred men. In the
Napoleonic period, a single unit may number in the thousands. Te exact
ratio has no real bearing on the game mechanics and is purely for adding
favor to the game experience.
Recruiting Units:
Units are created by a recruitment process takes two seasons to complete (e.g.
units constructed in the Spring will be ready at the start of the Fall season).
Each unit costs 2 Gold and 2 Manpower. Tis price must be paid at the
beginning of recruitment.
Additionally, the creator must specify to the GM a city in their territory
where the units are being constructed. Obviously, for naval units this must
be a coastal city. If the city is captured by the enemy before recruitment is
complete, the attempt fails but any Gold and Manpower paid is still lost.
Upkeep:
At the start of every Season, you must pay 2 Gold per unit in Upkeep. For
example, if your entire armed forces consisted of 12 units, you would have
a total upkeep of 24. Tis value is modifed by two factors; your Readiness
condition and whether a unit is a mercenary.
Mercenaries:
If you lack the manpower to create land units but have excess money to
spend, you can purchase Mercenaries on the international market. Each
mercenary unit costs 5 Gold to recruit. Te number of Mercenaries that
you can purchase and the amount of time it will take for them to relocate to
your desired location are left to the GM. Mercenaries charge double Upkeep,
so be prepared to pay signifcant sums to keep them in the feld. Note
that the doubling efect of Mercenary status is applied after the Readiness
modifcation. Naval units cannot be raised in this manner.
Privateers:
Naval units that you have already recruited by normal methods can be
converted into Privateers to attack enemy shipping lanes. Privateers function
as if they were Pirates in terms of damaging the tax incomes of other States
with their presence in neighboring areas and in operating under GM control.
However, your naval units can only be converted into Privateers during
wartime and they return to your control when the war is over. Privateers are
most useful when you have a sizeable feet that you do not wish to risk in
direct naval battle with the enemy, but that you would like to use to harass the
enemy as much as possible instead.
26
Military Leadership:
By default, all Armies and Navies are led by generic unnamed Ofcers.
Until these ofcers engage in a combat, they do not have any attributes. At
the beginning of their frst battle, the GM will roll two attributes for them,
assigning them in the order rolled to Strategy and Vigilance. Tese values
will then be used for the combat. Ofcers use a 1 for their Acumen when
calculating Supply for their forces. While engaged in combat, the decision to
retreat or keep fghting will be left to the GM. Once the combat is over, you
can choose to remove the ofcer from command or keep them in place. After
every battle, the GM rolls makes a Fortune test on their behalf using their
Sovereigns attribute. If they fail this roll, the ofcer is killed. If their force is
destroyed, they are killed automatically without a roll.
Alternatively, you can appoint a General or Admiral to command an Army
or Navy respectively, if you have a player to take that character. Tese
commanders roll up a full character as if they were preparing a Sovereign,
however unlike a Sovereign they can assign their two highest rolls to Strategy
or Vigilance if they so choose. Tese commanders can make decisions to
retreat or keep fghting when that issue arises in combat. Additionally, these
commanders use their Acumen to assist in providing Supply for their forces.
Like a generic ofcer, they must also make a Fortune test after every battle to
determine if they are injured in battle. Tey use their own Fortune instead
of yours and even if they fail this test, they only lose 1 Vitality. If their force
is destroyed, they are not killed automatically like an Ofcer. Instead, they
merely make the standard Fortune test for a lost battle.
A Sovereign may choose to award a General or Admiral their own State as a
reward for excellent service. Tis may even be negotiated beforehand to secure
service in the frst place. Tis new State must be released as a Protectorate.
Normal Prestige and Stability costs for releasing a Protectorate do not have
to be paid in this instance. Te General or Admiral then leaves the service of
their former Sovereign to become a Sovereign in their own right.
Finally, the Sovereign can command armies personally just as if they were a
General or Admiral. However, this does place them at risk of being injured or
killed using the same rules.
Military Intelligence:
Once per year, a player may tell the GM they want to look into a particular
region, make a Guile test, and the GM will tell them what they believe is
going on in that region from a military standpoint. Tis information will not
be perfect, but it can be useful. No unit can remain completely hidden from
view unless it is outside of the Known World.
Awareness:
Whenever a large amount of units is recruited, a large amount of units is on
the move, or there is a major battle, the GM will inform other players that this
is occurring. Complete secrecy during the time period covered by the game
is essentially impossible. You cannot hide an army of 100,000 men marching
through an area. However, this information will not be 100% accurate.
Field Intelligence:
A General, Admiral, or Sovereign
can acquire active intelligence about
the surrounding areas when they are
commanding from the feld. Tis can be
highly accurate, but is limited in geographic
scope. Once again, it involves making a
Guile test and the GM will tell them what
they believe is going on around them.
In fact, while commanding from the
feld, a Sovereign may have a much
better grasp of what is going on in their
immediate vicinity compared to other
parts of their nation. Tey may receive
delayed reports from subordinates with
updates on the homefront. For example,
a French Sovereign that has invaded Italy
may receive a report from Paris in the Fall
informing them of an English army landing
in Aquitaine earlier that Summer.
27
Example Supply Modifers
Spring +0
Summer +1
Fall +2
Winter -3
Plains +2
Forests & Lowlands +1
Mountains & Tundra -3
Deserts, Islands, & Jungle -5
Surrounded by Enemies -10
Military Movement:
All movement orders are submitted to the GM in secret. Armies can generally
move up to 500 kilometers every Season. An army may only be able to move
half as far, or perhaps even less, through Deserts & Jungles. Navies can
generally move up to 5,000 kilometers every Season. Te maximum distance
you can travel and what region you ultimately reach is up to the GM.
Naval Transport:
Naval units can carry a number of land units equal to half their number. Tus
a Navy consisting of 6 naval units could carry up to 3 land units. Land Units
can only board and disembark while in a coastal city.
Devastation:
When an Army stands essentially unopposed in enemy territory, they can
choose to devastate it. Tis is an Strategy test with the number of land units
in the Army applied as a bonus. If successful, the enemy State is temporarily
denied Tax Income equal to the margin of success for the next 2 annual tax
collections. Additionally, the Sovereign of the devastating army gains half
the amount stolen in Gold. Tis represents the process of essentially stealing
everything you can carry with you.
Te GM may impose a maximum amount that can be gained from
devastating a particular area, regardless of the roll result, based upon the
inherent value of the region. For example, no one can loot the Scottish
Highlands for vast sums of money. It just isnt there for the taking.
Blockades:
A Navy can blockade the ports of an enemy by positioning themselves in the
adjacent seas and declaring their intent to blockade. Tis is an unmodifed
Strategy test. If successful, the enemy State is temporarily denied Tax Income
equal to the margin of success for the next tax collection. As with devastation,
the Sovereign of the blockading force gains half the amount stolen in Gold
and the GM may also impose a maximum amount to be gained. Any navy
attempting to leave port while under a blockage is automatically detected and
the blockading navy always gets the Weather Gauge in such an engagement.
Supply:
All units are dependent upon Supply to function. Supply represents the
availability of essential materials such as gunpowder, shot, food, water, and
horses. Units without access to these things can sufer casualties simply out of
hardship. If the GM feels that your army is operating in a manner that would
result in supply shortages, they can call for a Supply roll. Tis is an Acumen
test subject to a modifer provided by the GM representing the challenge of
the environment. For example, an Army operating in Champagne would have
a much easier time than one in Algeria. Due to the unforgiving nature of the
sea, naval forces should roll for supplies on any trip of signifcant distance.
Land forces should generally only roll when operating in enemy territory or in
extreme physical environments like deserts.
If you fail the Supply roll, your force takes casualties equal to the margin of
failure. Tus a General with an Acumen of 15 could roll a 19 on the test, and
with no modifers fail it. Tis would cause that Army to lose 4 units. If you
succeed on the Supply roll, your force takes no losses.
Te below chart is provided merely a guidepost for you and the GM, not the
last word. Circumstances dictate supply. An army taking refuge in a burned-
out snow-covered Moscow could experience a penalty of epic proportions.
28
Battle Adjudication:
Contact:
It is possible that two armies or navies may cross paths during movement.
If the GM feels like contact is likely between two forces, they will have each
force make a Vigilance test. Use the below table to determine results.
One side of the combat may enjoy a Position bonus from their Contact Roll.
Tis represents making the best tactical choices on where the battle takes
place. Tis bonus applies to all combat rolls made in the coming battle. If a
navy has a Position bonus of +5 or greater, they have the Weather Gauge.
Having the Weather Gauge means that you are upwind of the enemy Navy
and can choose to engage in battle or not. When you have the Weather
Gauge, your opponent cannot retreat from battle and must fght to the death.
Combat:
When two or more armies make contact, a battle occurs. Battles are broken
into Rounds of combat. Each round, each commander makes a Strategy
test and adds the number of units in their force as a bonus, along with any
relevant Position bonus and any other modifers (e.g. Readiness).
Margins of success are compared and the diference is applied to the army
with the lower result as casualties, meaning that many units are killed in
action. One fourth of the diference is applied to the army with the higher
result as casualties. Nobody escapes combat unscathed. Casualties are
removed from the battle before moving on to the next round.
Contact Roll Results Outcome
Both tests succeed:
Each force notices the other
Highest margin of success gains
Position bonus equal to diference
between the two roll results
One test succeeds:
Successful force can choose to
either initiate or avoid combat
If they choose to initiate, successful
force gains Position bonus equal to
margin of success rolled.
Neither test succeeds:
Forces do not notice each other
Nothing occurs
Retreat:
Before the battle even begins or at the end of each round of combat, either
commander may decide to retreat from battle. Tey make an opposed
Vigilance test against their opponent (the Position bonus applies to this roll).
If the force remaining on the feld succeeds on this test by a higher margin
than the retreating force, they infict pursuit damage on the retreating force
equal to the diference between the two margins.
A retreating force moves to a nearby location of their choice. If they have been
trapped, such as by pushing them to the tip of a peninsula (or inlet in the case
of naval units), the force is destroyed and all units are removed from play.
An Army that remains after a battle can keep their Position bonus result as
long as it remains in the immediate area. It can use this bonus against any
army that attacks that area in the future.
29
Gamemastering
30
Te Role of the Gamemaster:
Te primary job of the GM is to adjudicate the rules in a fair and neutral
manner. Tey are responsible for keeping the game moving forward in
time, including everything from calling for movement orders every season
to overseeing tax collection. Te GM is also responsible for maintaining
the unplayed States and Sovereigns in the game in a believable and realistic
manner. Finally, there are some mechanisms by which the GM can proactively
intervene in the game itself.
Time Management:
Te GM can conduct their tasks within whatever real time intervals that
are appropriate for the group. Typically this involves setting a regular fow of
time, such as 1 day of real time to turn in your military movement orders for
the season via e-mail. Te game is designed to be played over the internet, so
if you want a game with a faster or slower pace, make your own adjustments.
A Season can technically be resolved in a matter of seconds, if everyone is at
peace and all military units are in supply. However, you may want to build
in some time for people to discuss basic matters and make proposals to one
another. No matter what timetable you are using, a player should have the
right to ask for a temporary stoppage so that they can conduct emergency
diplomacy. Te GM must be careful not to let this right be abused as a
method of stalling.
Setting Difculty:
Te GM is given the task in some instances of imposing a penalty to refect
difculty. In these instances, the range of possibilities is so large that it is
impossible for us to set a standard in every case.
For example, the GM can set a difculty penalty for a piece of secret
information to be learned through a Royal Marriage. Te range of potential
secret information is massive. Tus, the GM must rely upon their judgment
to determine how likely it would be for someone to get access to the secret
information that is being discussed.

Representing other Nations:
Te GM is responsible for all Sovereigns and States that are not run by a
player, as well as pirates and rebel armies. Te GM can simply set whatever
Conditions they desire in one of their States, they can create Armies and
Navies in any unit amounts that they wish, and they can kill Sovereigns
under their control whenever they like. Tey are free to do essentially
anything they want within these States, so long as it is realistic and serves the
purpose of the game.
In general, these entities should be passive and relatively unambitious unless
threatened by unusual circumstances. Te game is about the rise and fall
of the States played by the players, not a vehicle for a GMs power trip. Te
GM has an ethical duty to run the game so that it is enjoyable to everyone
and thus should refrain from abusing their power for their own amusement.
Forces under GM control should generally be used as obstacles, boundaries,
and pawns for the players to interact with, not as serious rivals to their
existence. Tere can be exceptions if you have the consent of the players.
Te Papacy:
Te GM can use the Papacy and its signifcant fnancial backing to infuence
player politics and to encourage religious strife between Catholics and other
religions, particularly Islam and Protestantism. Te GM can use the threat
of Excommunication to discourage Catholic players from taking actions that
the Papacy frowns upon, such as declaring war on peaceful Catholic minor
powers. Te GM can also use the declaration of Crusades to encourage
the players to work towards common goals. In general, it should minimize
confict among Catholics and encourage it with other religions.
Before Protestantism, the GM should use their power to slightly annoy
the players, while being careful not to threaten player autonomy. After
Protestantism, the Papacy should become supportive and useful to keep
Catholicism strong.
As with everything under GM control, exercise appropriate restraint.
31
Giving Out Prestige:
Te goal of every game should be to have fun. Te ability of the GM to give out Prestige is the most powerful tool they have to accomplish this goal. You should
give Prestige to players that engage in the kind of play that makes the game more fun, even if that play hurts their Sovereign or State. Te guidelines below exist
for you to use when making decisions about your own game.
Great Tings to Give Prestige For:
g
Acting on impulse, even when it is to your detriment
g
Doing something unexpected and surprising everyone
g
Doing something extremely sneaky and not getting caught
g
Stunning betrayals that have been planned for a long time
g
Aggressive defense of your Sovereigns Honor
g
Good roleplaying of your Sovereign
g
Recovering lost territory because it is rightfully yours
g
Coordinating a complex treaty involving many terms and/or multiple states
g
Accomplishing Challenging Tasks for the glory of having completed them
g
Attempting something despite high risk because it is daring and bold
g
Letting an opportunity pass despite low risk because it is weak and cowardly
Prestige Rewards:
Te GM can use Prestige Rewards to encourage exciting gameplay. A Prestige
Reward is informing the players ahead of time and you are going to be
granting Prestige for accomplishing a particular task. Te details of the task
are left to the GMs imagination, but must be fully disclosed in advance to all
the player. Te player who accomplishes the task frst gets the reward added
to their Prestige.
Ideas for Prestige Awards:
g
Discover a Sea Route around Africa
g
Discover the Americas
g
Get a colony in the New World built up into a developed region
g
Conquer a particular foreign State (ex. Aztec Empire)
g
Conquer a particularly difcult-to-invade region (ex. Malta)
g
Drive a Religious Enemy out of an area (ex. Moors out of Spain)
g
Consolidate political control over a large area (ex. Unify Italy)
g
Discover a far-of location (ex. Discover Australia)
g
Build a Trading Post in a difcult location (ex. Shanghai)
g
Control trade over a large area (ex. India)
g
Accomplish a seemingly impossible goal (ex. Liberate Israel)
g
Become the frst Protestant State
32
Events:
Events represent the most powerful and unique way that the GM can shape
and infuence the game. Te GM should come to the table with a number of
events prepared ahead of time. Tese events represent a potential situation
that could occur in any country, for example a political scandal involving
prominent elites. An event that would only make sense for a few of the played
States, such as only Islamic States, would be inappropriate because everyone
gets a chance to receive the event. Many GMs will want to create their own
custom events to make their game more interesting. However, you can just as
easily rely upon the template events found in the Events chapter.
Every event should be either positive or negative. If there is a high level of
ambiguity about whether the event would ultimately be helpful or hurtful,
you should probably not use it. When a player learns of the event, they should
be able to instantly discern whether they would want the event to occur to
them or not. Template events are sorted in this way for easy reference.
Introducing Events:
Te GM is free to introduce an event at any time in the game. Introducing an
event in the midst of a moment of extreme uncertainty, such as a few seasons
into a major war, could add an extra layer of tension to the bidding process.
Te GM informs everyone that an event is up for bidding and reads the
event description out loud to the group. Players should submit the amount
of Prestige that they want to bid to the GM. Even if they are bidding zero,
players should still submit that to the GM.
If the event is positive, the players are bidding Prestige to RECEIVE the
event. Te event occurs for whichever player bids the most Prestige, with
ties broken by an opposed Fortune test. Only the winner actually loses the
amount of Prestige they bid.
If the event is negative, the players are bidding Prestige to AVOID the event.
Te event occurs for whichever player bids the least Prestige, with ties broken
by an opposed Fortune test. All players lose the amount of Prestige they bid.

Technology:
Te advance of technology throughout the game is handled by events. Each
event represents a chance to acquire a technological advance frst, before
your opponents can adopt it. It confers a temporary bonus of some kind to
represent the leading edge that your State enjoys in this feld. Technology
events are always positive and they share some common characteristics.
g
Technology always grants some kind of specifc efect, such as a bonus to
combat rolls on open plains.
g
Technology efects always last for specifc number of years. After that time,
the technology is assumed to be spreading to other nations and thus no
longer confers any special advantage.
g
Technology events are bid upon with Gold instead of Prestige.
g
Technology events take away all the Gold bid from all players, in the same
way that a negative event takes away Prestige.
Global Events:
Certain things occur in history that
instantly change things for everyone,
not just a single recipient. Tese
events are based upon the period of
history you are dealing with, but the
clearest example is Protestantism.
Martin Luther will nail is 95 theses
on the church door in 1517. Tis
changes the religious climate in
Europe permanently. From that
point on, a Sovereign could convert
to Protestantism, albeit at a social
cost. When these events occur, the
GM will inform the entire table
about the nature of the global event
and what it means for the game
going forward.
33
Scenarios
34
Scenario Design:
Te GM is responsible for providing the scenario for the game. A scenario is
the starting point of the game and defnes the fxed elements from which the
players to make their early choices.
Starting Date:
Tis is the year in which play begins. For example, 1492 A.D.
Primary States:
Te GM should choose a number of States and present them as
recommended choices for the players. Placing a player in each of these States
is essential to having a quality game. For example, the Age of Exploration
scenario suggests a choice from England, Spain, France, and Portugal. Tese
nations exemplify the colonial eforts of Europe during this time frame. In
the scenario design, the GM should provide a listing of all the details for each
State, such as their starting military forces and Conditions.
Alternate States:
Te GM may designate certain States as possible alternative choices to
the primary selections. Tese States may be infuential in the afairs of the
primary states or they may be minor States that present a more challenging
game. If you have additional players who wish to join in the game, they can
choose from these States.
Late Emergence States:
Te GM may designate certain States as not existing yet, but as future
possibilities. Tese States emerge during play and represent a possible choice
for a player in the future. For example, the Netherlands revolts from Spain
during the late 1500s. A player may choose to start the game as a General
if they know they can move to one of these States later on. Unlike alternate
States, descriptions are not provided for these States in the scenario templates
and must be drawn up by the GM when the time arises.
35
Age of Exploration:
Starting Date: 1492 A.D. Alternate States: Austria & Venice
Primary States: England, Spain, France, & Portugal Late Emergence States: the Netherlands & Brandenburg-Prussia
England
Measures Conditions
Gold 55 Capital London
Manpower 20 Centralization 4
Armies Decay 0
London 5 Investment 60%
Calais 2 Readiness 1
Navies Recruitment 12
Bristol 3 Stability 7
London 8 Tax Income 34
Measures Conditions
Gold 120 Capital Toledo
Manpower 45 Centralization 2
Armies Decay 0
Castile 18 Investment 30%
Naples 5 Readiness 2
Navies Recruitment 25
Cadiz 15 Stability 5
Naples 4 Tax Income 54
Measures Conditions
Gold 85 Capital Paris
Manpower 52 Centralization 1
Armies Decay 0
Paris 15 Investment 40%
Gascogne 8 Readiness 2
Navies Recruitment 34
Brest 3 Stability 5
Marseilles 12 Tax Income 60
Spain France
Portugal
Measures Conditions
Gold 35 Capital Lisbon
Manpower 12 Centralization 3
Armies Decay 0
Lisbon 1 Investment 80%
Sao Tome 3 Readiness 2
Navies Recruitment 8
Lisbon 4 Stability 9
Sao Tome 6 Tax Income 28
Measures Conditions
Gold 72 Capital Vienna
Manpower 34 Centralization 4
Armies Decay 0
Vienna 12 Investment 50%
Flanders 4 Readiness 2
Navies Recruitment 30
Stability 6
Tax Income 43
Measures Conditions
Gold 150 Capital Venice
Manpower 15 Centralization 6
Armies Decay 0
Venice 10 Investment 70%
Crete 2 Readiness 2
Navies Recruitment 18
Venice 22 Stability 8
Crete 4 Tax Income 48
Austria Venice
Diplomacy: Ireland is a Vassal,
Royal Marriage with Spain
Diplomacy: Royal Marriage with Portugal,
Defense Pact with Portugal
Diplomacy: Defense Pact with Scotland & Venice,
Brittany is a Vassal, Royal Marriage with Savoy
Diplomacy: Royal Marriage with Spain,
Defense Pact with Spain
Diplomacy: Holy Roman Emperor,
Royal Marriage with Hungary
Diplomacy: Defense Pact with France,
Royal Marriage with Genoa
36
Events
37
Event Design:
Te GM is responsible for providing events during the game. An event
provides an opportunity to add interesting favor to the game and take things
in new directions if play stagnates.
Types:
Tere are four types of events; Global, Technologies, Positive, and Negative.
Year:
For most events, this is a recommendation for when to implement the event.
For Global events, this is an exact year in which this event will occur.
Description:
Te GM must read this text aloud to the players when introducing the event.
Efects:
Whoever receives the event (in the case of Global events, everyone) will
experience the listed efects when the event occurs. Te exact efects should
NOT be read to the players before the bidding process.
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
THAT THE EVENTS IN THIS CHAPTER
ARE PROVIDED AS EXAMPLES AND THE
GAMEMASTER IS STRONGLY ENCOURAGED
TO WRITE THEIR OWN EVENTS!
38
Example Technology Events:
Heavy Cavalry:
Type: Technology
Year: ~ 100 B.C.
Description: Armorers are developing heavy mail that can be used on horses
as a form of barding. When combined with a heavily armorer rider, this
allows you to feld a new kind of soldier with unparalleled combat strength.
Efects: You gain +5 to all Combat rolls. If you do not have a Position bonus,
reduce your opponents bonus by 2 to represent the ability to charge through
an arrow bombardment. Tis efect remains exclusively yours for 50 years.
Long Distance Sailing Ships:
Type: Technology
Year: ~ 1450 A.D
Description: Shipwrights are beginning to experiment with long-distance
ocean-crossing ships capable of exploring previously inaccessible parts of the
world. Tis has resulted in new designs such as the Caravel and Carrack.
Efects: You can send explorers and colonists over considerable distances,
such as from Europe to the Americas or around the tip of Africa. Tis efect
remains exclusively yours for 40 years.
Gunpowder Weapons:
Type: Technology
Year: ~ 1500 A.D
Description: Inventors are beginning to experiment with using gunpowder to
propel bullets over considerable distances. Although in an infant stage now,
this technology will become a centerpiece in the future of warfare.
Efects: You gain +5 to all Combat rolls. If you have a Position bonus, add
+2 to that bonus to represent the shock efect of fring into incoming troops.
Tis efect remains exclusively yours for 25 years.
Example Global Events:
Te Conquest of Mecca:
Type: Global
Year: 629 A.D
Description: Muhammed has conquered Mecca with the armies of Islam.
Tis is the beginning of a new era of religious fervor.
Efects: Any Sovereign can convert to Islam if they are willing to pay the price.
Islamic religious events can also occur now.
Te Great Schism:
Type: Global
Year: 1054 A.D
Description: Due to growing irreconcilable diferences, the Eastern and
Western churchs of Christianity have split into two distinctive groups.
Efects: All Christian Sovereigns must choose between Catholicism and
Orthodox. Catholic and Orthodox religious events can also occur now.
Te Black Death:
Type: Global
Year: 1348 A.D
Description: Te Black Plague has been unleashed on Europe. It will kill
roughly half of Europes population and leave chaos in its wake.
Efects: All European nations lose a quarter of their Tax Income and half of
their Recruitment.
Te Reformation:
Type: Global
Year: 1517 A.D
Description: Martin Luther has posted his 95 theses on the church door
in Wittenburg, Germany. Tis has triggered an unraveling of Catholic
intellectual authority.
Efects: Any Sovereign can convert to Protestantism if they are willing to pay
the price. Protestant religious events can also occur now.
39
Example Negative Events:
Economic Contraction:
Type: Negative
Year: Any time
Description: Your land is sufering through hard times. Harvest yields are
falling, the people are unhappy, and the value of coinage is falling. Tere is a
palatable sense that something is wrong and the future outlook is poor.
Efects: Increase Decay by 1d20.
Civil War:
Type: Negative
Year: Any time
Description: Your people are deeply divided over many issues. A prominent
military leader has used this as an excuse to rebel against your authority.
Efects: A General takes roughly half of the States military and declares
himself the true heir to the throne. Give a random portion of Sovereigns gold
is transferred to this general. Use your judgement to pick a General that is a
reasonable distance from the Capital, you dont want to cripple the Sovereign
instantly. If one doesnt exist at the proper distance, feel free to create one and
provide them with newly recruited forces.
Independent Title:
Type: Negative
Year: Any time
Description: One of your lesser land titles has unfortunately fallen to an
individual with only partial fealty to your State. Tis individual has chosen to
assert their independence from your rule.
Efects: Take a modest portion of the State and give it to a new title holder.
Roll up a new Sovereign for the new State, which enters play as a vassal of the
Sovereign receiving the event. Alternatively, take an existing vassal and make
them completely independent.
Example Positive Events:
Rising Prosperity:
Type: Positive
Year: Any time
Description: Your land is prospering under your wise leadership. Harvest
yields are increasing, the people are happy, and life is good. Tere is a
palatable sense that things are going very well and the future outlook is good.
Efects: Reduce Decay by 3d20.
Colonial Dynamism:
Type: Positive
Year: Any time after 1450
Description: Your people are yearning for colonial expansion. Tere is a
strong desire to go out into the world and fnd new lands and peoples.
Efects: Reduce all exploration costs by half. Gain a +5 bonus to all Discovery
rolls and all Fortune rolls made in conjunction with colonial development.
Fortunate Inheritance:
Type: Positive
Year: Any time
Description: Te Sovereign of a nearby State is near the end of their life. It
has been recently discovered that you have a strong supportable claim on the
title for yourself.
Efects: Annexation of a nearby minor State of the GMs choice without
Stability loss.
Policy Shift:
Type: Positive
Year: Any time
Description: A stubborn local political fgure who had been standing in your
way has met an unfortunate end. Tis has made it possible for you to make
some internal political changes without opposition.
Efects: Gives the Sovereign their choice of one of the following; +1 Stability,
+1 to Centralization, or shift Investment by 20% in either direction without
Stability loss.
40
Attributes
Acumen
Authority
Fertility
Fortune
Grace
Guile
Strategy
Vigilance
Measures
Gold
Honor
Manpower
Prestige
Religion
Vitality
Sovereign: ____________ State: _______________
Conditions
Capital
Centralization
Decay
Investment
Readiness
Recruitment
Stability
Tax Income
Casus Belli
State End Date
Public Information
Coalitions
Defense Pacts
Military Access
Non-Aggression Pacts
Protectorates
Royal Marriages
War
Excommunicated
Crusade Targets
Technology Bonuses
Player: ______________
Military Forces
Commander Type Units
Birth: __________ Death: __________