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    Diagnosis and Treatment of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
    Diagnosis and Treatment of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
    Diagnosis and Treatment of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
    Ebook86 pages1 hour

    Diagnosis and Treatment of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

    By Elizabeth McMahon Griffith, Laura Grofer Klinger, Frances Karnes and Kristen Stephens

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    About this ebook

    This new series offers timesaving books on critical topics for educating students with autism spectrum disorders. The four books in this series are filled with practical information and advice, thus making them an ideal resource for classroom teachers, preservice teachers, and graduate students.


    This book provides an overview of the screening procedures and diagnostic criteria for students with autism spectrum disorders. The most current, research-based treatment therapies for students with this diagnosis also are presented.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherSourcebooks
    Release dateApr 1, 2009
    ISBN9781593637811
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      Book preview

      Diagnosis and Treatment of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders - Elizabeth McMahon Griffith

      THE PRACTICAL STRATEGIES SERIES IN AUTISM EDUCATION

      series editors

      FRANCES A. KARNES & KRISTEN R. STEPHENS

      Diagnosis and Treatment

      of Children With Autism

      Spectrum Disorders

      Sarah E. O’Kelley, Ph.D.

      Elizabeth McMahon Griffith, Ph.D.

      Laura Grofer Klinger, Ph.D.

      Sarah Ann McCurry

      PRUFROCK PRESS INC.

      Copyright ©2009 by Frances A. Karnes and Kristen R. Stephens-Kozak

      All rights reserved.

      No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

      Printed in the United States of America.

      ISBN-13: 978-1-59363-781-1

      At the time of this book’s publication, all facts and figures cited are the most current available. All telephone numbers, addresses, and Web site URLs are accurate and active. All publications, organizations, Web sites, and other resources exist as described in the book, and all have been verified. The authors and Prufrock Press Inc. make no warranty or guarantee concerning the information and materials given out by organizations or content found at Web sites, and we are not responsible for any changes that occur after this book’s publication. If you find an error, please contact Prufrock Press Inc.

      Contents

      Series Preface

      Acknowledgements

      Introduction

      Screening and Diagnosis for Autism Spectrum

      Disorders in Children With Suspected

      Developmental Delays

      Diagnosis in Children With Suspected

      Autism Spectrum Disorders

      Treatment Approaches for Children

      With Autism Spectrum Disorders

      Conclusions

      Resources

      References

      About the Authors

      Series Preface

      The Practical Strategies Series in Autism offers teachers, counselors, administrators, parents, and other interested parties up-to-date information on a variety of issues pertaining to the characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and education of students with autism spectrum disorders. Each guide addresses a focused topic and is written by an individual with authority on the issue. Several guides have been published. Among the titles are:

      An Introduction to Children With Autism

      Diagnosis and Treatment of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

      Educational Strategies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

      For a current listing of available guides within the series, please contact Prufrock Press at 800-998-2208 or visit http://www.prufrock.com.

      Acknowledgements

      Support for the literature review contained in this volume was provided by the Alabama Council for Developmental Disabilities through the activities of the Alabama Autism Collaborative Group (AACG) and statewide needs assessment team, of which each author was a member. The authors sincerely acknowledge the AACG members for their comments and input on an earlier version of this document. Special thanks and acknowledgement is offered to Karen Bowen Dahle, Ed.D., for her comments and contributions regarding the integration and understanding of educational law and procedures in framing this review. Additional appreciation is extended to Beverly Mulvihill, Ph.D., for her leadership and coordination of the AACG efforts and for her contributions to the literature review. Finally, we thank Angie Barber, Ph.D., for her comments and contributions regarding the early screening and diagnosis of autism.

      Introduction

      Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) are a category of neurodevelopmental disorders that includes diagnoses of autism, Asperger’s syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), which involve impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, impaired social skills, and a restricted range of activities and interests (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). The term autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a relatively new term meant to convey the heterogeneity of symptom presentation and functional impairment in individuals with PDD (Schopler, 2001). The term ASD also implies that these disorders occur along a continuum or spectrum. The level of skills and impairments varies across diagnosis and across individuals, as does the response to intervention. For example, recent estimates suggest that approximately 40–60% of individuals with ASD also have mental retardation (see Fombonne, 2005, for a review; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007) while the other 40–60% have average or above-average intelligence. Currently, the cause of ASD is known to be genetic with likely gene-environment interactions due to early environmental insult (e.g., hypotheses include an infection in utero or maternal exposure to a toxin). Although the genetic cause of autism in some individuals is known (e.g., related to genetic disorders including Fragile X or Tuberous Sclerosis), the exact genetic cause is unknown in the majority of individuals with autism (see O’Roak & State, 2008, for a review). Autism spectrum disorders occur in all racial and ethnic groups and in persons from all economic backgrounds. The gender ratio is approximately 3–4 males for every 1 female with ASD. Prevalence estimates are rising dramatically, with current rates estimated to be 1 in 150 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). Thus, this group of disorders represents the fastest growing neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers ASD to be an urgent public health concern.

      This publication examines the current available research regarding screening, diagnosis, and treatment of children with a known or suspected ASD. One of the challenges of this review is to summarize the large number of academic publications related to these topics in an easily accessible format; thus, this volume should be considered solely a summary of these topics. In addition, it is of note

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