Communicating with the World of Islam
By A. Ross Johnson and George P. Shultz
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Communicating with the World of Islam - A. Ross Johnson
A project of the
ANNENBERG FOUNDATION TRUST AT SUNNYLANDS
in partnership with the
HOOVER INSTITUTION
COMMUNICATING WITH THE WORLD OF ISLAM
Edited by
A. ROSS JOHNSON
Principal Report by
GEORGE P. SHULTZ
Report for the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands.
HOOVER INSTITUTION PRESS
Stanford University
Stanford, California
The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, founded at Stanford University in 1919 by Herbert Hoover, who went on to become the thirty-first president of the United States, is an interdisciplinary research center for advanced study on domestic and international affairs. The views expressed in its publications are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, officers, or Board of Overseers of the Hoover Institution. www.hoover.org
Hoover Institution Press Publication No. 556
Copyright © 2008 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.
First printing, 2008
14 13 12 11 10 09 08 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Manufactured in the United States of America
∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Communicating with the world of Islam / edited by A. Ross Johnson; principal report by George P. Shultz; report for the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands.
p. cm.—(Hoover Institution Press publication ; 556)
ISBN-13: 978-0-8179-4822-1 (alk. paper)
1. International broadcasting—United States. 2. Communication in politics—Islamic countries. 3. Communication in politics—Middle East. 4. Communication in politics—Soviet Union—History. 5. Radio broadcasting policy—United States. I. Johnson, A. Ross. II. Shultz, George Pratt, 1920–
HE8697.45.U6C664 2008
384.54'4088297—dc22 2007019824
ISBN 978-0-8179-4823-8 (electronic)
CONTENTS
Preface
Communicating with the World of Islam
GEORGE P. SHULTZ
Appendix A. Dilemma of the Middle East: Policy and Prospects for Public Diplomacy
Rapporteur's Summary of Rancho Mirage Seminar Discussion
GREGORY MITROVICH
Appendix B. Briefing on Cold War International Broadcasting: Lessons Learned
A. ROSS JOHNSON AND R. EUGENE PARTA
Index
PREFACE
This publication was inspired by discussions at a seminar, Communicating with the Islamic World,
sponsored by the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands and held at the Lodge at Rancho Mirage, California, on February 4–6, 2005. Former Secretary of State George P. Shultz chaired the seminar, which brought together a number of other former officials responsible for public diplomacy and experts on the region. The purpose was to review key developments in the Islamic world, including attitudes toward the United States, to examine lessons learned from the success of Western broadcasting—one key element of public diplomacy—during the Cold War, and to suggest how the United States could more effectively counter extremism, promote democracy, and improve understanding of itself in the Islamic world. A rapporteur's summary of the seminar discussions is provided in Appendix A.
Communicating with the Islamic world involves a number of programs and instruments—visitorships, fellowships, area and language expertise, exhibits, publications, and broadcasting. The seminar focused primarily on broadcasting (using the term to cover all electronic media). It did not attempt to evaluate current U.S.-supported broadcasting efforts.
The Rancho Mirage seminar, and this publication, were also informed by the proceedings of an earlier conference, Cold War Broadcasting Impact,
held at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, on October 13–15, 2004. That conference was organized by the Hoover Institution and the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars with support from The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands and the Bernard Osher Foundation. It brought together experts from the West and from former Communist countries, veteran Western broadcasting officials, and leading former Communist officials and dissidents. The combination of new documentation from Communist-era and