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    Algebra & Trigonometry I Essentials
    Algebra & Trigonometry I Essentials
    Algebra & Trigonometry I Essentials
    Ebook148 pages1 hour

    Algebra & Trigonometry I Essentials

    By Editors of REA

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    About this ebook

    REA’s Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. Algebra & Trigonometry I includes sets and set operations, number systems and fundamental algebraic laws and operations, exponents and radicals, polynomials and rational expressions, equations, linear equations and systems of linear equations, inequalities, relations and functions, quadratic equations, equations of higher order, as well as ratio, proportion, and variation.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherResearch & Education Association
    Release dateJan 1, 2013
    ISBN9780738670195
    Algebra & Trigonometry I Essentials

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      Book preview

      Algebra & Trigonometry I Essentials - Editors of REA

      VARIATION

      CHAPTER 1

      SETS AND SET OPERATIONS

      1.1 SETS

      A set is defined as a collection of items. Each individual item belonging to a set is called an element or member of that set. Sets are usually represented by capital letters, elements by lowercase letters. If an item k belongs to a set A, we write k ∈ A (k is an element of A). If k is not in A, we write k ∉ A (k is not an element of A ) . The order of the elements in a set does not matter:

      {1,2,3} = {3,2,1} = {1,3,2}, etc.

      A set can be described in two ways: 1) it can be listed element by element, or 2) a rule characterizing the elements in a set can be formulated. For example, given the set A of the whole numbers starting with 1 and ending with 9, we can describe it either as A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 } or as { the set of whole numbers greater than 0 and less than 10}. In both methods, the description is enclosed in brackets. A kind of shorthand is often used for the second method of set description; instead of writing out a complete sentence in between the brackets, we write instead

      A = {k |0 < k < 10, k a whole number}

      This is read as the set of all elements k such that k is greater than 0 and less than 10, where k is a whole number.

      A set not containing any members is called the empty or null set. It is written either as Φ or { } .

      1.2 SUBSETS

      Given two sets A and B, A is said to be a subset of B if every member of set A is also a member of set B . A is a proper subset of B if B contains at least one element not in A. We write A ⊆ B if A is a subset of B, and A ⊂ B if A is a proper subset of B.

      Two sets are equal if they have exactly the same elements; in addition, if A ⊆ B then A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.

      e.g. Let

      A = {1,2,3,4,5}

      B = {1,2}

      C = {1,4,2,3,5}

      Then 1) A equals C, and A and C are subsets of each other, but not proper subsets and 2) B ⊆ A, B ⊆ C, B ⊂ A, B ⊂ C (B is a subset of both A and C. In particular, B is a proper subset of A and C.)

      A universal set U is a set from which other sets draw their members. If A is a subset of U then the complement of A, denoted A’ or A⁰, is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not elements of A.

      e.g. If U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,...} and A = {1,2,3}, then A’= {4,5,6,... }.

      Figure 1.1 illustrates this concept through the use of a Venn diagram.

      Fig. 1.1

      1.3 UNION AND INTERSECTION OF SETS

      The union of two sets A and B, denoted A ∪ B, is the set of all elements that are either in A or B or both.

      The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted A ∩ B, is the set of all elements that belong to both A and B.

      If A = {1,2,3,4,5} and B = { 2,3,4,5,6 } then A ∪ B = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and A ∩ B = { 2,3,4,5}.

      If A ∩ B = φ, A and B are disjoint. Fig. 1.2 and 1.3 are Venn diagrams for union and intersection. The shaded areas represent the given operation.

      Fig. 1.2

      Fig. 1.3

      1.4 LAWS OF SET OPERATIONS

      If U is the universal set and A is any subset of U, then the following hold for union, intersection, and complement:

      IDENTITY LAWS

      IDEMPOTENT LAWS

      COMPLEMENT LAWS

      COMMUTATIVE LAWS

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