Guide to Aquatic Insects & Crustaceans
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Guide to Aquatic Insects & Crustaceans - Izaak Walton League of America
Copyright © 2006 by The Izaak Walton League of America, Inc.
Published by
STACKPOLE BOOKS
5067 Ritter Rd.
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
www.stackpolebooks.com
All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Stackpole Books, 5067 Ritter Road, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
This is a revised and updated edition of the book Monitor’s Guide to Aquatic Macroinvertebrates, originally published in 1992 by the Izaak Walton League of America.
Staff Contributors
Illustrations by Daryl Ratajczak
Cover design by Caroline Stover
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Watson-Ferguson, Kami.
A guide to aquatic insects and crustaceans / The Izaak Walton League of America ; [text by Kami Watson-Ferguson ; editors, Cindy Han, Jason McGarvey, Leah Miller].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8117-3245-1 (alk. paper)
eISBN: 978-0-8117-4467-6
1. Aquatic insects—East (U.S.)—Identification. 2. Crustacea—East (U.S.)—Identification. I. Han, Cindy. II. McGarvey, Jason. III. Miller, Leah. IV. Izaak Walton League of America. V. Title.
QL475.E27W38 2006
595.71760974—dc22
2005037914
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Water Quality Monitoring
Using this Guide
Key to Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Groups
Aquatic Macroinvertebrates
Insects
Stoneflies
Mayflies
Caddisflies
Dobsonflies/Hellgrammites/Fishflies/Alderflies
Dragonfly and Damselfly Larvae
Aquatic Beetles
True Bugs
Aquatic Pyralid Moth Larvae
True Flies
Crustaceans
Crayfish
Freshwater Shrimp
Scuds
Sowbugs
Snails
Clams and Mussels
Leeches
Aquatic Worms
Planarians or Flatworms
Appendix A: Izaak Walton League Volunteer Stream Monitoring Protocol
Appendix B: Save Our Streams Stream Quality Survey
Appendix C: Safety and Fun in Your Watershed
Glossary
Bibliography
Additional Izaak Walton League Resources
Index
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank those who volunteered their time to review and comment on this guide. Their shared knowledge and comments have greatly contributed to making this guide possible. The Izaak Walton League of America thanks the following people:
• Phil Emmling, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison
• Phillip Ray Gibson, Director of Research and Community Outreach, Environmental Leadership Center, Warren Wilson College
• Stephen Hiner, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
• Chris Riggert, Stream Team Biologist, Fisheries Division, Stream Unit, Missouri Department of Conservation
• J. Reese Voshell Jr., Ph.D., Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Introduction
In 1992, the Izaak Walton League of America, one of the nation’s oldest and most respected community-based conservation organizations, published the first edition of its Monitor’s Guide to Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. This guide was written to help volunteers monitor the quality of their local streams and rivers using the League’s Save Our Streams method of biological monitoring. Using this method, the general health of the water can be determined by measuring the amount of certain aquatic insects and crustaceans. The Monitor’s Guide to Aquatic Macroinvertebrates lists these organisms, includes descriptions for identifying them, and provides information regarding their sensitivity to pollution.
Now in its second edition—fully updated with a new publisher and a new title—A Guide to Aquatic Insects and Crustaceans is intended to assist volunteers monitor biological water quality. It is also aimed at those who are interested in aquatic macroinvertebrates for other purposes, such as fly-fishermen trying to match hatches, naturalists exploring local waters, and educators and students.
Whatever your interest, this guide will help you learn more about the insects and crustaceans that live in freshwater streams, lakes, and rivers. Within these pages, you will discover an excellent resource for biological monitoring as well as a helpful tool to assist you in your underwater exploration and discovery.
Get curious, look closer, and have fun.
The Izaak Walton League of America
Founded in 1922, the Izaak Walton League of America is dedicated to common-sense conservation that protects America’s outdoor heritage, relying on solution-oriented conservation, education, and the promotion of outdoor recreation for the benefit of our citizens. The League has more than 40,000 members and supporters in 21 state divisions, and more than 300 local chapters in 32 states.
At the community level, League members engage in hands-on conservation action, such as monitoring streams, protecting and restoring wetlands, picking up litter, and planting trees. At the regional and national levels, the League works toward better laws, funding for conservation, and public education. For more than 30 years, the League has developed innovative watershed education programs through Save Our Streams and Protect Our Wetlands.
Citizen action at the community level makes a difference. We invite you to become an active steward of our nation’s streams, rivers, and wetlands. To help you, the League has developed a variety of handbooks and videos about stream monitoring, habitat restoration, and wetland stewardship. This is just one of the many tools designed to assist your watershed stewardship program. If you would like to learn more about our educational resources, League chapters active in your community, or how to get started as a watershed steward, please contact the League at (800) BUG-IWLA or visit online at www.iwla.org.
Izaak Walton League of America
707 Conservation Lane
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Phone: (301) 548-0150
Fax: (301) 548-0146
Assistance with watershed conservation questions:
(800) BUG-IWLA (284-4952)
E-mail: sos@iwla.org
Website: www.iwla.org
Water Quality Monitoring
Water quality monitoring is the measurement or observation of