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    Joint RES and Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under a Demand Response Framework
    Joint RES and Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under a Demand Response Framework
    Joint RES and Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under a Demand Response Framework
    Ebook185 pages1 hour

    Joint RES and Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under a Demand Response Framework

    By Javier Contreras, Miguel Asensio, Pilar Meneses de Quevedo and

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    About this ebook

    Joint RES and Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under a Demand Response Framework explains the implementation of the algorithms needed for joint expansion planning of distributed generation and distribution network models, discussing how to expand the generation and distribution network by adding renewable generation, demand response, storage units, and new assets (lines and substations) so that the current and future energy supply in islands is served at a minimum cost, and with quality requirements.

    This book discusses the outcomes of the models discussed, including factors such as the location and size of new generation assets to be installed. It also introduces other issues relevant to the planning of insular distribution systems, including DR and hybrid storage. DR and ESS will play a much more significant role in future expansion planning models, where the present study stresses their relevance, including additional considerations to the planning model.

    • Investigates the costs and benefits of deploying energy storage systems (ESS) and DR
    • Explores distribution and generation expansion planning
    • Analyzes and addresses power flow constraints and the impact of real time pricing mechanisms
    • Details the RES integration challenge at length
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateApr 27, 2016
    ISBN9780081009536
    Joint RES and Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under a Demand Response Framework
    Author

    Javier Contreras

    Javier Contreras (IEEE SM’05, IEEE F’15) received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain, in 1989, the M.Sc. degree from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, in 1992, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1997. He is currently Full Professor at the University of Castilla – La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain. His research interests include power systems planning, operations and economics, and electricity markets.

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      Book preview

      Joint RES and Distribution Network Expansion Planning Under a Demand Response Framework - Javier Contreras

      MPS

      Chapter 1

      Introduction

      Abstract

      An energy system usually consists of generation units, transmission networks, distribution networks, consumption centers, and control, protection, and regulation equipment. Distribution networks are an important part of the electrical system, since they supply energy from distribution substations to end users. Distribution networks are typically three-phased and the standard operating voltages are 30, 20, 15, and 10 kV. Furthermore, most distribution networks, even though they are topologically meshed, work in a radial way since this is the cheapest and simplest method from the planning, design, and system protection viewpoints. These networks have been designed with wide operating ranges, which allows them to be passively operated resulting in a more economical management.

      Islands and isolated regions are highly reliant on imported fossil fuels to generate electricity. Volatile electricity prices create economic development challenges which can be mitigated to some extent through affordable and locally produced energy. Driven by these techno-economic and environmental factors, there is a global drive to integrate more distributed energy resources (DERs) in power systems, particularly at the distribution level. These typically include distributed generation (DG), storage technologies, and demand side management. This trend is more likely to continue in the years to come due to the advent of emerging solutions such as active management of distribution networks, which are expected to alleviate existing technical limitations, and facilitate smooth integration of DG. Within this framework, there is an increasing need to review and improve traditional planning models in order the adequately account for these new resources.

      Keywords

      Substation; network; expansion; planning; ESS

      An energy system usually consists of generation units, transmission networks, distribution networks, consumption centers, and control, protection, and regulation equipment [1]. Electric power systems have developed along more or less the same lines in all countries, converging toward a very similar structure and configuration. Electric power systems are conditioned by the fact that generation and demand must be in instantaneous and permanent balance. Distribution networks are an important part of the electrical system, since they supply energy from distribution substations to end users. Distribution networks are typically three-phased, and the standard operating voltages are 30, 20, 15, and 10 kV. The structure of this medium-voltage network may vary, but its operation is always radial. Substations normally house circuit-breakers that protect the so-called feeders, ie, lines running to other transformer stations where the voltage is stepped down again to supply low-voltage power. These networks have been designed with wide operating ranges, which allows them to be passively operated resulting in a more economical management.

      Distribution substations are fed through one or several medium-voltage networks, although sometimes, can be directly connected to high-voltage networks. Each distribution substation meets the energy by means of one or several primary feeders. Generally, a distribution substation contains: (1) protection devices, (2) measure devices, (3) voltage regulators, and (4) transformers [2].

      From a centralized standpoint, distribution companies are responsible for operation and planning. Distribution companies must satisfy the growing demand with quality and in a secure fashion. Therefore, planning models are used to obtain an optimal investment plan at minimum cost meeting the security and quality imposed requirements. These planning models are based on capacity distribution network expansion considering: (1) replacement and addition of feeders, (2) reinforcement of existing substations and the construction of new substations, and (3) installation of new transformers [3].

      Diesel and heavy fuel oil generation units currently dominate the generation mix in small islands. The natural increasing load factors in peak periods are putting stress on real systems, leading to the use of peak load plants to cover those consumption peaks and, therefore, incurring higher costs for the whole system. Islands will face in the future considerable challenges in order to meet their energy needs in a sustainable, affordable, and reliable

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