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Las penas del joven Werther
Las penas del joven Werther
Las penas del joven Werther
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Las penas del joven Werther

Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

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«En definitiva, ?Las penas del joven Werther? es una novela clásica muy recomendable para los no iniciados en Goethe, que emociona y que además incita a seguir leyendo el resto de la obra de este genio de la literatura, por su maestría y atemporalidad» Mar López

Publicada en 1774, revisada en 1787, Las penas del joven Werther es quizá una de las obras más influyentes de la literatura universal. El «efecto Werther» no sólo creó tendencias literarias y modas en el vestir, sino también una peculiar oleada de suicidios. Fue libro de cabecera de Napoleón? y también del monstruo de Frankenstein. Todos ?clásicos y románticos? quisieron apropiarse de él: fue icono del sentimentalismo y héroe de la exaltación revolucionaria; también fue, como dijo Thomas Mann, «el horror y el espanto de los moralistas». Al final de su vida, Goethe lamentaba que la mayoría de los jóvenes que peregrinaban a Weimar para visitarlo sólo conocieran esa obra suya. Hoy leer las desventuras de este joven artista burgués que, a raíz de un amor prohibido, descubre su insospechada comunidad con los locos, los humildes, los desdichados y hasta los asesinos no anula ni el distanciamiento ni la identificación. Werther sigue preguntándonos si pactar es una necesidad o una rendición. Sigue apuntando a nuestro yo, y lo que significa conservarlo. Sigue hablando de nosotros mismos.

Este volumen incluye las clásicas ilustraciones de Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki para las primeras ediciones del libro.

LanguageEspañol
Release dateDec 8, 2011
ISBN9788484286905
Las penas del joven Werther
Author

Daniel N. Chodowiecki

Daniel Niklaus Chodowiecki (1726-1801) fue un pintor y grabador polaco y posteriormente alemán con ascendencia hugonote. Fue director de la Academia de Arte de Berlín

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Rating: 3.610294047058823 out of 5 stars
3.5/5

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  • Rating: 1 out of 5 stars
    1/5
    I read this book because I enjoy the poetic language of Goethe. I could barely finish this particular book though. This story is a good example of why men rarely make good friends for women. I've experienced this behavior so much from men, including threats of suicide as a method of manipulation, that I felt disgusted reading the book. If there was poetic language in this book, and there probably was, I was so distracted by the stereotypical bad behavior of the male protagonist that I missed it.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther" certainly has all the underpinnings of novels from the Romantic period -- unrequited love and plenty of rapture about the natural world.In this epistolary novel, Werther falls in love with Charlotte, a young woman who is already engaged to another man. He makes an attempt to befriend the couple after their marriage with disastrous results.I can understand why it made such a sensation when it was published in the 1770's. The pining away for Charlotte got a bit much by the end so I wouldn't say I really enjoyed this book, but I didn't hate it either.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Yes, such is the frailty of man, that even there, where he has the greatest consciousness of his own being, where he makes the strongest and most forcible impression, even in the memory, in the heart of his beloved, there also he must perish,—vanish,—and that quickly.

    It is often difficult to parse someone becoming unhinged in an epistolary novel. It is at the point of dissolution that the reader is forced to accept that the ongoing narrative is actually what someone in such straits would be able to emote through writing. I give Goethe a pass, he was Goethe after all. The next great German would hug a horse and he didn't write many letters, those he did he signed The Crucified.

    This was a cautionary tale. Like the Quixote--we learn that reading too many books softens the faculties. One then shouldn't woo women already engaged. Or at least accept the inevitable. I liked the interlude towards the end with the recitation of poetry. Romanticism is shorn of its ideals and forced to kneel in all-too-human failure.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This novella was the work that first established the reputation of the great German author, though he repudiated it in later life. It is a book of two halves. In the first half Werther reflects philosophically about the nature of beauty in the countryside he visits and envies the certainties in the lives of the peasant families he meets. His love for Charlotte here seems an innocent and healthy one, despite her being engaged to Albert. In the second part, however, his unrequited passion grows into an obsession that eventually destroys him, distorting his healthy outlook on the world. As Charlotte perceptively observes, "Why must you love me, me only, who belong to another? I fear, I much fear, that it is only the impossibility of possessing me which makes your desire for me so strong.” This second part lacked the simplicity and beauty of the first half and was harder to read. Werther is an unattractive character by the end and I am afraid his suicide evoked little sympathy in me. This short book was a key point in the development of European literature in the 1770s.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    Werther is a sensitive and passionate youung artist who ventures to the countryside to practice his art. Unfortunately for him, he is destined to meet a young lady and fall in love. This is unfortunate because she has already been claimed by a worthy gentleman and the issues grow as Werther's passions begin to consume him and possibly descend into obsession. He attempts to assuage this passion by moving away and following the familial urgings to go into a true working arena in the government, but as he tires of the quotidian dealings and unnecessary drama, Werther is drawn back to the countryside where is love resides with her now husband. I'm surprisingly willing to make a bold statement about the themes that reside in this novel. Normally I swish back and forth and ease into such things, but here I go...This book is undeniably about passion. No specific emotion involved, because there is the base level, the level at which I believe Werther sadly exists, that is not anger or lust or anything of the sort, but rather a seething cauldron of emotional turbulence. [Which, as I type, brings back to mind the chapter on psychoanalytic criticism from class...] It is the burning inner sensation that drives him from one world to another, easily slipping through mindsets. Styled as an epistolary novel, Werther allows a singular look into the young man's violent mood swings revolving around his dealings with this turbulence and Lotte, his angel of perfection. We see his attitude shifting through the degrees of love and obsession, jealousy, acceptance and hatred. Something odd about the novel, however, is that is is not purely the letters written by Werther to his friend [Wilhelm most of the time, but also to Lotte]. Towards the end, the unnamed narrator, who has gathered the letters and apparently taken time to assemble them, feels the need to step in and explain the last few days [or is it weeks? I have trouble following the space of the time...] of the book, in which Werther's mind was too turbulent to properly share, and then ***SPOILERS*** of course, when he kills himself, there are few ways to acceptably demonstrate this in written form. All in all, the book provided more than a few lovely quotes and sentiments that I took care to jot down. Werther being a poet, he frequently allowed himself to wax poetical, as it were, and crafted some beautiful thoughts. It's not a particularly dificult read, but a little bogging when he waxes for a while, and even more so when we read through his translation of a writer--as supplied by the Narrator. It's not a favorite, and probably not a second-read for quite some time, but not bad. Not bad at all for a famous author.
  • Rating: 2 out of 5 stars
    2/5
    Interessant als historisch document dat de opgeklopte overgevoeligheid van de Romantiekers illustreert, maar absoluut ongeloofwaardig en literair maar matig genietbaar.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    The quintessential romantic novel, it could easily be mistaken for a handbook on how to express your most intimate feelings as far as the things of the heart are concerned. However it's the superlative skills of the author that really counts: that Goethe is considered one of the greatest writers that ever lived come as no surprise after a few pages of this marvel. To read and reread forever.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    What a thing is the heart of man!- Goethe, The Sorrows of Young WertherIn The Sorrows of Young Werther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe opens a window into the soul of his young protagonist, allowing the reader to witness first hand his tragic destiny. Young Werther suffers from a hopeless love for the enchanting Charlotte who is engaged to an older man. In a series of letters to his friend Wilhelm, Werther reveals the depths of his anguish. The Sorrows of Young Werther is a beautifully told tale of the interior of a human heart in conflict.First published in 1774, Goethe's epistolary novel has many of the hallmarks of literary romanticism: unattainable love, a passionate and sensitive protagonist, feelings bared open to the world, and a deep appreciation for nature. In his book The Novel 100, Daniel Burt calls The Sorrows of Young Werther "One of the defining works of European Romanticism."Werther is a young artist who moves to the village of Walheim where he meets the lovely Charlotte, daughter of the local judge. Charlotte's mother has died, leaving her to care for her brothers and sisters, and Werther becomes enamored of her, despite knowing that she is engaged to Albert, a man eleven years her senior. As he spends more time with Charlotte and Albert, Werther's love for Charlotte increases, and so does his torment at knowing she is unattainable. The letters Werther writes to his friend Wilhelm express both the intensity of his love and the pain it causes him.Goethe's novel is beautifully written and groundbreaking in its portrayal of a human soul. German literary scholar Karl Viëtor writes about the novel's significance:Among European novels Werther is the first in which an inward life, a spiritual process and nothing else, is represented, and hence it is the first psychological novel....The scene is the soul of the hero. All events and figures are regarded only in the light of the significance they have for Werther's emotion.One thing that stands out in the novel is the likability of all of its characters. This is a novel with no clear antagonist, no evil villain. Not only is Charlotte beautiful, but she is also kind, charming, and generous. Albert is a good man who loves Charlotte. Werther himself is a passionate, sensitive young man whose feelings for Charlotte are pure and innocent. And yet there is conflict in the novel. The reader feels it almost from the very first page. What should Werther do about his passionate feelings for Charlotte? Ignore them? Act on them? Suppress them and move on? What should Charlotte do, and Albert?These questions raise even deeper questions and invite the reader to reflect on his or her own beliefs about love and passion. What is love, and where does it come from? What is the role of emotion in relationships and what is the role of intellect?The Sorrows of Young Werther is well worth a read, not only for its beautiful prose, but also for its attempt to grapple with issues of love and passion.
  • Rating: 2 out of 5 stars
    2/5
    Soo, I know this is part of a historical period, and it's very representative of a literary movement and yada yada yada. But seriously, dude - man up already. And I mean this in a very non-sexist way.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    I expected to dismiss this book, having read others' reviews in advance. Goethe himself often wished it forgotten after he wrote it, when it still haunted his legacy. Maybe he felt embarrassed by the biographical aspect and his own youthful foolishness. He was too hard on himself. It may be easy to deride Werther's sorrows and weakness, but Goethe did a fine job of capturing youth's irrational passions. There's a reason why it's so hard for adults to relate to teenagers, and I think this classic sums it up perfectly.Werther has to start high before he can fall, and he begins very high. His adoration of a pastoral scene is enough to trigger tears of happiness in him, demonstrating how commanded he is by emotional highs and lows. A storm is brewing - literally, as he is about to meet Charlotte for the first time. At first he is merely an admirer, desirous of her company but not overly wounded that she is engaged to Albert. He is still full enough of life that he can argue with Albert that moroseness is a sin: extreme dramatic irony on a re-read. But gradually admiration turns to obsession, as he begins to idealize his love and then encounters hardships with his attempt at a career, doubled by the impending marriage of Charlotte and Albert becoming fact. After that it's a swift slide to the bottom.Interesting arguments surface. Werther compares a wounded heart to dying of a disease; that there can only be so much pain before one's endurance is overcome, no matter how determined the mindset. Here he clearly ranks emotion above reason as the force which commands him. With this imbalance locked in, no appeal can save him. At this point the reader's loathing is liable to be set in as well. Just snap out of it! Accept what is, and move on! It's compounded by Werther being directionless and possibly too proud and lazy for his own good. He lives off his mother's allowance, and how old is he? Clearly I'm thinking like a parent, or at least a mature adult. To understand this character, I need to cast my mind further back.Can I never recall admiration for an unobtainable girl that led beyond reason? It would be a cold, hard life I've led if I could not. In youth our passions command us. We can hear and speak reason, but only within the context of values largely determined by our feelings. Urgency comes from desiring the company of an ideal vision of the opposite sex, unaware how much we are projecting onto the nearest target and value accordingly beyond what reason dictates. Puppy love transgresses into puppy idolization, to the detriment of the worshiper and the worshiped. I choose to pity Werther out of sympathy, but only up to the point where he contemplates suicide. That state is only obtainable by the sustaining of blind romantic notion far beyond anything I achieved. It is a reality that some are not so lucky. To deride Werther is to deride all youth who give way to irrational despair. Understand him, and you may perceive a life to be saved.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Werther was one of the first cult novels in European history, arguably the book that put the novel solidly in place as the dominant literary form for the next couple of centuries. It was condemned by the older generation, provoked a new trend in men's fashion, was blamed for a wave of teenage suicides, and generally had all the attributes we now attach to fads like Pokemon Go and self-driving cars...It's probably a book you need to read in your teens. Re-reading it in later life, it's difficult to feel much sympathy for Werther, who insists on falling in love with a young woman who is already engaged to someone else, makes a nuisance of himself by stalking her, and then makes everyone's life even more miserable by killing himself. In the final pages of the novel, he acts like a tenor in the last act of an opera - every time you think he's finished and is about to pull the trigger, he steps back and adds a couple more paragraphs to his already voluminous suicide note. "Enough already!", readers have been wanting to shout for the last two centuries. It's an exasperating and profoundly foolish book in many ways, but it also has some very beautiful passages, so not a complete waste of time, but it's definitely best-read when you're in the mood for the love-lorn.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Call me slightly vengeful, but I enjoyed a male character on the other side of coin in romance. I generally avoid romance novels, but if a story line is psychologically intriguing, unpredictable for me, I will stick with it to the end. Enjoyed very much, even though the tragic end was spoiled by some reviews I read approx two months ago.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    I couldn't quite bring myself to enjoy this short tragedy by Goethe. It wasn't even 200 pages, but it took me longer than I had been expecting to get through it.It is the story of a young man in 1700's Germany named Werther. He falls in love with a young woman named Lotte, but she is already engaged to another man. Even after she is married, Werther continues to love her, and they form a friendship, which is both heavenly and torturous to the despairing Werther. The main thing that I disliked here was that I just wanted Werther to grow up and get over it. Reading the paragraph above, I must admit it is relatively sad, but really now. It doesn't even sound like the plot of a tragedy, just perhaps an unfortunate sub-plot. Werther sees negativity in everything, and is constantly wishing he was dead and dwelling on suicide and weeping over his letters / journal. I have to admit that sometimes, the idea of a tragic, heartbroken man braving the sorrows of life can be appealing in some strange way. But rather than suffer in silence and gather his strength, Werther suffers loudly and wants everyone to know it. Rather than gathering strength from his ordeals, he lets them weaken him into a weepy fool. I couldn't like him or feel any sympathy for him.This book would have been utterly atrocious if not for Goethe's skillful brilliance. He is, of course, one of the greatest writers of all time, and even in a book I can't particularly say I liked, he still manages to write beautifully and evocatively. His prose is majestically awe inspiring at times, though it does tend to ramble on a bit and sometimes wander and become pointless. I noticed while looking for quotes to collect here that I found plenty of gorgeous paragraphs, but couldn't seem to spot a single sentence or short phrase that caught my eye. And I'm not writing down a whole paragraph on my bookmark.I wasn't familiar with the story of "Sorrows of Young Werther" at all coming into it, and as I tend to start imagining possible directions a book could go as I'm reading it, it somehow became set in my mind that Werther should become a poet.Goethe's beautiful writing is here attributed to his character, since the book is Werther narrating in the form of letters he is writing. So the man's letters prove he can write, and I can certainly imagine him turning his sorrows into great material. He even loves poetry, and is a fan of Ossian (who is mentioned quite a few times). Just a thought.I couldn't say I liked this book, despite the author.
  • Rating: 2 out of 5 stars
    2/5
    Nope. Life is too short. Next!
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    I had somehow mentally classified Goethe as "difficult to read classics" and had avoided him thus far. But somehow when I saw this charming little volume at my beloved bookstore's "going out of business" sale, I couldn't resist it.And it was charming. And not difficult to read at all. Told mostly in letters, and letters only from Young Werther, we get none of the replies at all -- we get not only a one-sided but a "how I want to represent myself to my friend" side of a young man's descent into romantic obsession with a woman he cannot have. Part of what makes it so fascinating is how many chances and choices he had along the way -- to realize this path would never make him happy, could only end in misery, to choose to go somewhere else, give himself a chance to love someone else. But at the same time, making those different choices would make him a different person. So do any of us really have any choice at all?
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This is of course a great classic, which had a profound impact on the culture of its time. Sometimes, I truly appreciate great classics, for themselves as works of art, not just as for artifacts of culture. But sometimes, I can't make the breakthrough and get really involved with a work -- I observe it, rather than experience it. "The Sorrows of Young Werther", for me, was such a book. I am glad I finally read it (I have certainly read enough about it, over the years) but I won't do so again. Perhaps if I read German, or perhaps if I were a third as old as I am ----- .
  • Rating: 2 out of 5 stars
    2/5
    This book was OK, therefore not the most memorable and favourite book of mine, but for the sake of general knowledge worth of reading. I was somehow expecting more from Goethe, maybe more drama and action so to speak and this book kinda left me cold. Can't help but give the book only two stars.
  • Rating: 1 out of 5 stars
    1/5
    Wow. I do not even know where to start with this.Yes, there are spoilers. Beware!Werther is, in so many words, a stalker. Mourning the death of a young woman (girlfriend? arranged match?), he falls for an engaged woman, Charlotte. He stays at her house as invited, ingratiates himself to her father (a family friend?) and young siblings. Her mother is deceased, she has no female guidance.She marries. He hangs about. Her husband tolerates him. Makes polite upper-class efforts to get him to go away.She tries to get him to not come around.He comes around anyway.A man in the area kills a rival for a woman's affection. Werther actively defends him.Werther admits that he has considered murdering Charlotte's husband, because he just knows he and Charlotte are perfect for each other. At least he knows this is the wrong course of action.He doesn't, which is the only good thing about this book.I very rarely give a book one star. Especially if I have read the whole thing, I will quit a book if it is that bad. But this is a 1001 books list book, not long, and not difficult. Just infuriating. How can we be feeling for this sort of man, still?! I feel no sympathy for him. I feel sympathy for the murdered man and the poor woman caught in the middle. I feel sympathy for Charlotte, caught in something she doesn't want to be part of. I feel for her husband, Albert, who wants Werther gone but is so trapped by upper class mores that he can effectively do little. But sympathy for Werther? No.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    This book is spectacular. The prose of Goethe is stunning and the depth of emotion is amazing. Do not read this book if you are in a melancholy mood; it will intensify those emotions and may pull you from melancholy to despair. Despite that negativity it is a stellar exploration of human love, affection, friendship and emotion.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Amazing book about a platonic love that can't be lived by the force of destiny.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    To put it simply, Sorrows of Young Werther is about a young, impressionable artist who moves to a new, yet fictional town. He is enamored with his surroundings and shares his new-found joy with his friend, Wilhelm, through enthusiastic, vividly descriptive letters. For the first month the letters contain glorious accounts of the landscape, the sights, the sounds, and the people - everything around him. After that first month though, Werther's entire focus centers on a young woman he met at a party. It's obsession at first sight and he can think of nothing else but to be with her constantly. Unfortunately, Werther's affections are doomed as the object of his affection, Charlotte, is already engaged to be married to a "worthy" gentleman. In an effort to remain near to Charlotte, Werther befriends her husband-to-be. Things becomes complicated (as they also do in this kind of situation). Of course this love triangle cannot last and ultimately ends in tragedy.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    1149 The Sufferings of Young Werther, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (read 9 Jan 1972) The translator, Harry Steinhauer, admits he has toned down much which'd strike the modern reader as maudlin--so I wonder if I'd prefer an older translation. But this translation sounds great to me. It is a novel in the form of letters, dated May 4, 1771, to Dec. 20, 1772. I was struck by Werther's discovery of Ossian: "What a world it is into which the glorious poet leads me! To wander over the heath, with the tempestuous winds roaring about you, carrying the spirits of your ancestors in steaming mists by the half light of the moon. To hear the dying groans of the spirits issue from their caves in the mountains, amid the roar of the brook in the forest, and the lamentations of the maiden, grieving her life away by the moss-covered, grass-over-grown stones on the tomb of her lover, nobly slain in battle...." To the question 'Why has Werther survived?' the answer is suggested: "it is incomparably superior to all its progeny. Despite its passages of intolerable sentimentality, it is richly endowed in its structure, psychological penetration, its fresh, vigorous imagery and diction..."
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    I feel a little phoney writing a review for a classic. But anyway...I first read Werther when I was about seventeen and I have to say that it went completely over my head. Alas, I thought it was dull. I reread it recently and thought it was brilliant!Werther is a love and loss story. The odd thing about it is that the main protagonist (Werther) falls in and out of love with life, whilst the relationship with the love interest, Lotte, remains constant. The novel takes the form of a briefmarken, allowing the reader acquaint his or herself with Werther's ruminations (predominantly ethical and aesthetic), which become increasingly despairing as the novel progresses, and the development of his affections toward Lotte.Werther is a disaffected youth, lofty and sincere - a romantic - who struggles to come to terms with the rather uninspired world of petite-bourgeois aspirations and conventions he encounters throughout the novel. Goethe's depiction of Werther's descent from a loftly-minded pollyanna to a disaffected outsider is subtle, poignant and thought provoking.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    One of those classics that actually deserves the name. A brilliant psychological meditation.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Obsession, elation, depression, murder, rustic scenes, distance-blurred mountains and wind-swept moors, despair and suicide. A compelling psychological novel.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    This is one of the best tales of unrequited love I've ever readTruly a masterpiece and often overlooked
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    For being written in 1774, this German novella is a timeless classic. It is often described as a romance or tragic love story, but I'd have to disagree with that description. What I experienced was a case study in severe depression and angst, not "love." But that's just semantics. Goethe wrote the book as a series of letters from Werther to his friend Wilhelm. Werther finds himself "in love" (obsessed) with a girl, Charlotte, who is engaged to another man, Albert. He is consumed with complex and extreme emotions, loneliness, frustration, and constant thoughts of death. The majority of the time, he comes across as overly dramatic and extremely whiny, and the reader finds herself wishing that he would just "get a grip." Forshadowing of the climax begins on the first page and continues frequently throughout the text. Even though Werther comes across as pathological, anyone who has ever experienced a broken heart or a situation of unrequited love will be able to relate to his experience. This is one of the must read fictional masterpieces, but be warned that it is very dark and very disturbing and probably isn't a good choice post break-up.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    I didn't love this - until the end, when it becomes amazing. Advice: don't read this translation, get a newer one. And read Trilling's Sincerity and Authenticity.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    A sensitive youth and suffering artist, Werther is one of Goethe's greatest creations. The book is a bit dated but still evokes the power of emotion that captivated young readers when it was first published. This new translation by Burton Pike is excellent.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    I find it hard to properly review a book that says ‘classics’ on the cover so I’ll only add that I liked reading about the destructive nature of passionate, one-sided love. It’s a perfect remedy to love can conquer all writing when you can see the pain and violence that often goes hand in hand with love.

Book preview

Las penas del joven Werther - Daniel N. Chodowiecki

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Nota al texto

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El editor al lector

Notas

Créditos

Alba Editorial

JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE, hijo de una familia de la alta burguesía, nació en Fráncfort en 1749, y murió en Weimar en 1832, universalmente reconocido y admirado. Entre una fecha y otra no sólo se extienden dos grandes revoluciones históricas, sino que la Ilustración, a través del Sturm und Drang y del clasicismo, ha dado paso al Romanticismo, que marcará el rumbo del hombre moderno. La vida de Goethe no se limitó a ser un reflejo privilegiado de todas estas conmociones, sino que participó activamente en casi todas ellas. Su novela de juventud Las penas del joven Werther (1774) causó sensación en toda Europa. En 1775 se estableció como consejero del duque Karl August en Weimar, ciudad que ya sólo abandonaría ocasionalmente. Un viaje a Italia (17861788), durante el cual versificó su Ifigenia en Táuride (1787), y la amistad con Schiller moderaron su ímpetu juvenil, asentando el ideal humanista del clasicismo de Weimar que constituye una de las cumbres de la literatura alemana. Pero su curiosidad abarcó también la geología, la biología, la botánica, la anatomía y la mineralogía, como se ve en obras como La metamorfosis de las plantas (1790) o Teoría de los colores (1810). Su obra maestra en dos partes, Fausto (1772-1831), aglutina espléndidamente todas las etapas de su carrera. En Poesía y Verdad (1811-1830; ALBA CLÁSICA MAIOR núm. III) dejó testimonio de su juventud. Alba ha publicado también, a modo de crónica de su vejez, El hombre de cincuenta años/Elegía de Marienbad (1807; ALBA CLÁSICA MAIOR núm. LVI), y su delicioso libro boccacciano Conversaciones de emigrados alemanes (1795; ALBA CLÁSICA MAIOR núm. LXXXV).

NOTA AL TEXTO

La primera edición de Las penas del joven Werther vio la luz en 1774 en la editorial de Weygand en Leipzig con el título de Die Leiden des jungen Werthers. Ese mismo año la obra vio dos reimpresiones, y aunque un año después, en 1775, la Comisión del Libro del Electorado de Sajonia prohibió su publicación por inmoral, Friedrich Himburg volvió a editarla con unas pequeñas correcciones de errores de imprenta y dos grabados del famoso ilustrador Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki (los dos medallones con los retratos idealizados de los protagonistas). Rápidamente la novela se convirtió en el libro más vendido en Alemania.

En 1824, con ocasión del 15º aniversario de su publicación, Weygand preparó una nueva edición en la que eliminó la forma del genitivo del nombre del protagonista, debilitando la flexión tal como Goethe acostumbraba a hacer en años posteriores. Fue este nuevo título, Die Leiden des jungen Werther, el que se adaptó ya definitivamente para la segunda versión de la novela llevada a cabo por el autor con motivo de la edición histórico-crítica de 1787, conocida como «edición de Weimar», y que presenta ciertas alteraciones respecto de la primera, pues el autor eliminó algunos pasajes, al tiempo que añadió otros y algunas notas explicativas a pie de página. El resto de los grabados que Chodowiecki hizo para ilustrar la obra, y que acompañan la presente edición, aparecieron en diferentes ediciones: en la traducción francesa de 1776 (Werther, traduit de l’allemand), en la tercera edición de la novela que Himburg realizó en 1779 y en la edición de las obras completas de 1787.

Las penas del joven Werther es una novela con un fuerte sustrato autobiográfico. Tras licenciarse en Derecho, Goethe, enamorado platónicamente de la joven Charlotte Buff (1753-1828), que estaba prometida a Johann Christian Kestner (1753-1828), fue destinado a la localidad de Wetzlar para realizar unas prácticas en la Cámara de Justicia por indicación de su padre. Poco interesado por las cuestiones jurídicas y más por la literatura, Goethe entabló contacto con la sociedad de la pequeña ciudad y sus tertulias literarias. En la presente edición hemos señalado en notas al pie las referencias a personajes y lugares relacionados con la biografía del autor.

La edición publicada en 1973 por la editorial Insel de Fráncfort recoge el texto de la de 1787, y es en ella en la que nos hemos basado para la presente traducción.

ISABEL HERNÁNDEZ

He reunido con esmero todo lo que he podido encontrar sobre la historia del pobre Werther y os lo ofrezco aquí a sabiendas de que me lo agradeceréis. No podréis negar a su espíritu y a su carácter ni vuestra admiración ni vuestro cariño, como tampoco a su destino vuestras lágrimas.

Y tú, alma cándida, que, como él, sientes los mismos impulsos, saca consuelo de sus penas y deja que este librito sea tu amigo si, por mera casualidad o por tu propia culpa, no puedes hallar otro más cercano.

LIBRO PRIMERO

4 de mayo de 1771

¡Qué contento estoy de haberme marchado! Querido amigo: ¡lo que es el corazón del hombre! ¡Abandonarte a ti, a quien tanto quiero, de quien yo era inseparable, y estar contento! Sé que tú me lo perdonas. ¿Acaso mis otras amistades no fueron bien escogidas por el destino para atemorizar a un corazón como el mío? ¡La pobre Leonore¹! Y, sin embargo, yo no tuve la culpa. ¿Qué podía yo hacer si, mientras los singulares encantos de su hermana me procuraban un grato entretenimiento, estaba encendiéndose una pasión en su pobre corazón? Y, aun así, ¿soy del todo inocente? ¿Acaso no alimenté sus sentimientos? ¿Acaso no me he regocijado con esas expresiones tan sinceras y espontáneas, que nos hacían reír tan a menudo, aun sin tener nada de divertido? ¿Es que no…? ¡Oh, lo que es el hombre, que es capaz de lamentarse de sí mismo! Quiero, querido amigo, te lo prometo, quiero enmendarme, ya no quiero volver a masticar esa pizca de mal que el destino nos depara, como he hecho siempre; quiero disfrutar lo presente, y que lo pasado sea pasado para mí. Claro que tienes razón, mi buen amigo: las aflicciones de los hombres serían menores si no se empeñasen con tanta imaginación (¡Dios sabrá por qué los ha hecho así!) en rememorar los males pasados en lugar de soportar un presente anodino.

Ten la bondad de decirle a mi madre que me ocuparé de sus asuntos lo mejor que pueda y que en breve la informaré al respecto. He hablado con mi tía y ni remotamente he encontrado en ella a la malvada mujer por la que la tenemos. Le aclaré la disconformidad de mi madre sobre la parte de la herencia retenida; ella me expuso sus razones, sus motivos y las condiciones en las que estaría dispuesta a darlo todo, e incluso más de lo que nosotros exigimos… En fin, ahora no quiero seguir escribiendo de esto; tan sólo dile a mi madre que todo irá bien. Y, mi querido amigo, con motivo de este pequeño asunto he vuelto a comprobar que los malentendidos y la pereza ocasionan si cabe más extravíos en el mundo que la astucia y la maldad. Al menos es cierto que estas dos últimas son más raras. Por cierto, aquí me encuentro muy bien; la soledad es un bálsamo exquisito para mi corazón en esta comarca paradisíaca, y esta joven estación del año calienta con toda su fuerza mi a menudo vacilante corazón. Cada árbol, cada seto es un ramo de flores, y uno quisiera ser un abejorro para revolotear entre ese mar de fragancias y poder hallar en él todo su alimento.

La ciudad en sí no es agradable; en cambio, a su alrededor, la naturaleza es de una belleza inenarrable. Eso fue lo que llevó al difunto conde de M.², a disponer su jardín sobre una de las colinas que se cruzan entre sí con gran belleza y diversidad, conformando unos valles de lo más adorable. El jardín es sencillo y, nada más entrar, se nota que el diseño no lo ha trazado un botánico instruido³, sino un corazón sensible, que pretendía disfrutar allí de sí mismo. Muchas lágrimas he vertido ya por el difunto en el pequeño cenador en ruinas que fuera su lugar predilecto, y que también es el mío. Pronto seré el señor del jardín; en los pocos días que llevo aquí el jardinero me ha cogido cariño, y no le parecerá mal.

10 de mayo

Se ha apoderado de mi alma una maravillosa serenidad, semejante a esas dulces mañanas de primavera de las que disfruto de todo corazón. Estoy solo y me alegro de vivir en esta comarca, creada para almas como la mía. Soy tan feliz, mi buen amigo, estoy tan sumido en las sensaciones de esta tranquila existencia que mi arte se resiente. Ahora no podría dibujar siquiera una línea, y jamás he sido tan gran pintor como en estos momentos. Cuando el ameno valle extiende su neblina en torno a mí y el sol en su cenit descansa por encima de la impenetrable oscuridad de mi bosque, y apenas unos rayos aislados consiguen colarse en el interior de mi santuario, entonces me tumbo sobre la alta hierba junto al arroyo que fluye y así, tan cerca de la tierra, me llaman la atención mil hierbecillas diferentes; cuando siento cerca de mi corazón el zumbido de ese pequeño mundo entre las cañas, las incontables e insondables formas de los gusanillos, de los mosquitos, y siento la presencia del Todopoderoso que nos creó a su imagen y semejanza, el aliento de su infinito amor que nos sostiene y sustenta en eterna dicha, ¡amigo mío!, después, cuando se hace de noche en torno a mis ojos y el mundo que me rodea y el cielo entero descansan en mi alma como la imagen de una amada… entonces a menudo siento nostalgia y pienso: «¡Ay! ¿Serías capaz de volver a expresar, de insuflar al papel todo lo que vive en tu interior con tanta calidez, con tanta plenitud, y convertirlo en espejo de tu alma, igual que tu alma es el espejo del infinito Dios?». Amigo mío… pero entonces me hundo y sucumbo al poder de la magnificencia de estas imágenes.

12 de mayo

No sé si por esta comarca vagan unos espíritus burlones o si es en mi corazón donde anida la cálida fantasía celestial que hace que todo cuanto me rodea parezca tan paradisíaco. Aquí, nada más llegar a este paraje, hay un manantial, un manantial que me tiene hechizado como a Melusina y sus hermanas⁴. Desciendes por una pequeña colina y te encuentras ante una bóveda a la que conducen unos veinte escalones; al fondo el agua más cristalina mana de unas rocas de mármol. El pequeño muro que bordea el recinto, los altos árboles que lo cubren por todas partes, la frescura del paraje, todo tiene algo de incitante, de estremecedor. No pasa un solo día sin que me siente allí al menos una hora. Entonces llegan las muchachas de la ciudad a coger agua, la tarea más inocente y más necesaria, que antaño desempeñaban incluso las hijas de los reyes. Estando allí sentado revive en mí con enorme fuerza la idea patriarcal, como si todos los patriarcas se hicieran amigos y galantearan junto al manantial y como si, en torno a los manantiales y fuentes, vagaran espíritus benefactores. ¡Ay! Quien nunca se haya reconfortado en el frescor del manantial tras una dura caminata veraniega no podrá comprenderlo.

13 de mayo

Me preguntas si tienes que enviarme mis libros. Querido amigo, te ruego, ¡por el amor de Dios!, que los apartes de mi vista. No quiero que me guíen, ni que me animen ni me enardezcan, este corazón ya se excita bastante por sí solo; lo que necesito son canciones de cuna y de éstas he encontrado en abundancia en mi Homero. Cuán a menudo he tenido que arrullar mi sangre enardecida para que se calme, porque jamás habrás visto algo tan inconstante, tan impaciente como este corazón. ¡Querido amigo! ¿Acaso tengo necesidad de decírtelo a ti, que tantas veces has soportado la carga de verme pasar de la aflicción a la disipación y de la dulce melancolía a la fatídica pasión? Yo también tengo a mi corazoncito por un niño enfermo: todos sus deseos le son concedidos. No se lo digas a nadie: hay gente que me lo tomaría a mal.

15 de mayo

Las gentes sencillas del lugar ya me conocen y me quieren, sobre todo los niños. Al principio, cuando me acercaba a ellos y les preguntaba amablemente cualquier cosa, algunos creían que trataba de burlarme de ellos y me despachaban con mucha grosería. No es que esto me contrariara, pero percibí con fuerza lo que ya he observado a menudo: la gente de cierta posición guarda siempre fríamente las distancias con el pueblo llano, como si creyera que iba a perder algo acercándose a él, y cuando algunos pillos, vanidosos y pérfidos, fingen rebajarse ante ellos, estas pobres gentes se vuelven aún más sensibles a su arrogancia.

Sé bien que no somos iguales ni podemos serlo, pero considero que quien crea necesario distanciarse de la plebe para seguir inspirando respeto es tan reprochable como un cobarde que se esconde de sus enemigos porque teme ser derrotado.

Hace poco fui a la fuente y encontré a una joven criada que había dejado su cántaro en el escalón más bajo y miraba a su alrededor por si venía alguna de sus compañeras para ayudarla a ponérselo en la cabeza. Yo bajé y la

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