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    Understanding the Bouguer Anomaly: A Gravimetry Puzzle
    Understanding the Bouguer Anomaly: A Gravimetry Puzzle
    Understanding the Bouguer Anomaly: A Gravimetry Puzzle
    Ebook246 pages5 hours

    Understanding the Bouguer Anomaly: A Gravimetry Puzzle

    By Roman Pasteka, Jan Mikuska and Bruno Meurers

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    About this ebook

    Understanding the Bouguer Anomaly: A Gravimetry Puzzle addresses the geophysical and geodetic applications of gravity field interpretation, taking into account the evaluation of the Bouguer anomaly. Containing several contributions that deal with persistent questions in gravity data processing and providing verified workflows, the book covers historical and practical aspects of the Bouguer anomaly.

    Geophysicists and exploration geologists will gain advanced knowledge in gravimetry, physical geodesy and an understanding of the evaluation and impact of the Bouguer anomaly in gravity field measurement.

    • Covers multiple aspects of the Bouguer anomaly, including definition, historical developments and evaluation
    • Provides verified workflows for gravity data processing, which can be applied across research and industry
    • Organized with a logical flow that begins with a definition, then continues to describe state-of-the-art and advanced approaches to terrain corrections evaluations
    • Includes an example of national gravity database organization and re-processing
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateFeb 10, 2017
    ISBN9780128129142
    Understanding the Bouguer Anomaly: A Gravimetry Puzzle
    Author

    Roman Pasteka

    Roman Pasteka is an expert in applied geophysics, head of the Department of Applied Geophysics at Comenius University, and Associate Editor in the editorial board of the journal Geophysical Prospecting. He is the author and co-author of many important publications (papers) in peer-reviewed, high-ranked scientific journals.

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      Book preview

      Understanding the Bouguer Anomaly - Roman Pasteka

      Republic

      Chapter 1

      Introduction

      Roman Pašteka¹, Ján Mikuška² and Bruno Meurers³,    ¹Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic,    ²G-trend, s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovak Republic,    ³University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

      Measurement of gravity acceleration (together with estimation of the gravitational constant) was among the first physical experiments, and until today it retains high importance—in areas of theoretical physics to physical geodesy and applied geophysics. As it is typical in most physical experiments, the final result is dependent on two fundamental aspects—on the measurement itself and the results after generally accepted processing of the acquired experimental data. From the viewpoint of applied geophysics (which we define as the study of the subsurface structure of the Earth using physical measurements), the processing of gravity data plays a very important role. The reason for that is that gravity acceleration values themselves are strongly dependent on various nongeological phenomena (latitude, height, influence of topography), which mask the manifestation of subsurface density inhomogeneities in the measured gravity field. Therefore the main output from gravity data processing, in our efforts to make the data suitable for geophysical interpretation, is always a gravity anomaly. The gravity anomaly is defined as the difference between the observed and the theoretical or predicted vertical acceleration of gravity (Hinze et al., 2013, p. 143). We find a very similar definition (even more concrete) in LaFehr and Nabighian (2012, p. 90): A gravity anomaly is defined as the difference between measured gravity and theoretical gravity based on a defined earth model. Through this process of elimination of unwanted, nongeological, gravity effects we are able to interpret anomalous gravity with the aim to recognize and describe the geological sources of this field. At this point it is good to emphasize that the removal of these unwanted nongeological effects is accomplished using a mathematical description of the synthetic gravity field for the defined Earth model.

      Several different definitions exist for describing various gravity anomalies. The most important are the so-called free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies. Free-air anomalies are, in general, not suitable for geological interpretations, owing to their strong correlation with topography. Several authors use the term Faye anomaly as a synonym for free-air gravity anomaly (e.g., Pick et al., 1973; Telford et al., 1990), while many others distinguish among these two kinds of anomalies (for details, see Table 1.1). The Bouguer anomaly (BA) is a very important tool for geological interpretation. It was named after Pierre Bouguer (1698–1758), a well-known French astronomer, geodesist, and physicist, who was one of the pioneers in gravimetry. This publication is focused on several selected topics from the area of BA evaluation. A general definition of BA can be written in the form of a simple equation (e.g., LaFehr, 1991):

      where g0 is the latitude-dependent theoretical value of gravity at the vertical reference datum, gf is the elevation-dependent free-air term, and gB is the elevation- and topography-dependent Bouguer term (later in the book we will discuss more precise equations, see Chapter 2: The Physical Meaning of Bouguer Anomalies—General Aspects Revisited and Chapter 7: National Gravimetric Database of the Slovak Republic). It is important to mention here that during the removal of the g0 term, the effect of centrifugal acceleration (due to the rotation of the Earth) is removed from the processed gravity acceleration value and the final BA value is consequently understood as a component of gravitational acceleration.

      Table 1.1

      Summary of Basic Terms and Aspects of Bouguer Anomaly Definition in Various Textbooks and Monographs

      When discussing the various aspects of the BA evaluation in the past, readers can come across numerous discrepancies in its definition expressed either in textbooks or monographs (sometimes even including modern texts), which have been published within the last 25 years. In almost all contributions to this topic it is clearly stated that measured gravity has to be processed in the way that unwanted nongeological influences on gravity acceleration must be removed, but the way it is done and mainly understood is, in general, not unified. Discrepancies are mainly in the area of:

      1. the understanding of the position of BA evaluation (the problem of a possible relocation of processed gravity values to some different reference height datum),

      2. technical aspects (e.g., different height systems—use of ellipsoidal vs orthometric heights) and selection of all evaluated corrections (e.g., atmospheric correction),

      3. improper, or at least, inconsistent use of terminology and notation in BA evaluation (corrections vs reductions, anomaly vs disturbance, mathematical expression of BA equation).

      Thanks to important discussions among US experts in the beginning of this millennium (Hinze et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006; Keller et al., 2006; together with other important papers—e.g., LaFehr, 1991; Chapin, 1996; Talwani, 1998; LaFehr, 1998; Li and Götze, 2001), which have been connected with the setting of new BA calculation standards in North America, many aspects have been made clearer and defined in a more correct way—from the scope of applied geophysics. Textbooks and monographs, published during the last several years (e.g., Jacoby and Smilde, 2009; LaFehr and Nabighian, 2012; Hinze et al., 2013; Long and Kaufmann, 2013; Fairhead, 2016) were written from these aspects in a much better way and BA evaluation is defined correctly from the viewpoint of applied gravimetry. In Hinze et al. (2013, pp. 145–151) readers can find several modifications of BA evaluation for different acquisition situations (a good overview for a planar approximation is also given in the NGA Report, 2008, p.

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