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    U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy
    U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy
    U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy
    Ebook580 pages6 hours

    U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy

    By Richard B. Freeman

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    About this ebook

    Since the late 1950s, the engineering job market in the United States has been fraught with fears of a shortage of engineering skill and talent. U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy brings clarity to issues of supply and demand in this important market. Following a general overview of engineering-labor market trends, the volume examines the educational pathways of undergraduate engineers and their entry into the labor market, the impact of engineers working in firms on productivity and innovation, and different dimensions of the changing engineering labor market, from licensing to changes in demand and guest worker programs.

    The volume provides insights on engineering education, practice, and careers that can inform educational institutions, funding agencies, and policy makers about the challenges facing the United States in developing its engineering workforce in the global economy.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherUniversity of Chicago Press
    Release dateApr 20, 2018
    ISBN9780226468471
    U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy

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      Book preview

      U.S. Engineering in a Global Economy - Richard B. Freeman

      MA.

      1

      The Engineering Labor Market

      An Overview of Recent Trends

      Daniel Kuehn and Hal Salzman

      1.1   Introduction

      The role of engineers in developing infrastructure, technology, and innovation has long made the economic health of the profession an issue of concern for public policy. In the Great Depression, engineers were critical in developing the New Deal public infrastructure that boosted employment. In World War II, engineers were critical in advancing military technology and deploying it in the field, which raised national security concerns about bottlenecks due to limited supply (Allen and Thomas 1939). After the war, many saw engineers and scientists as vital to national security and economic prosperity. In 1945, Vannevar Bush (an engineer himself) articulated the need for a strong science and engineering workforce in his famous statement on the Endless Frontier of scientific and technological progress (Bush 1945). For most of the next several decades, policymakers worried about shortages of engineers and scientists.¹ Shortage fears reached a crescendo in 1957, when the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik seemed to threaten U.S. technological preeminence. But economists found little evidence of a classic market shortage in labor market data on wages, employment, and graduates (Arrow and Capron 1959; Blank and Stigler 1957; Hansen 1967). Ensuing work recognized that the labor market for engineers functions differently from labor markets where demand and supply clear markets quickly because engineering education requires intensive and highly prescribed curriculum, causing supply to lag demand, and that because firms cannot easily find substitutes for engineering skills, wages may be driven up considerably in the short term, producing resultant cobweb-type cycles not found in most labor markets (Freeman 1975, 1976; Ryoo and Rosen 2004).

      Still, labor shortage fears have persisted into the twenty-first century (Teitel baum 2014), perhaps most notably in the National Academy of Science and National Research Council’s report, Rising above the Gathering Storm. Invoking Churchill’s characterization of Germany’s threat to Europe in his book, The Gathering Storm, the report was written to raise an alarm about the growing threat to the United States by the rise of other nations’ science and technology capabilities and insufficient U.S. investment in its own research and development (R&D). Warning that The nation must prepare with great urgency to preserve its strategic and economic security (National Academy of Science et al. 2007, 4), the report recommended increasing the number of engineering graduates to keep up with the large numbers graduating in countries such as China. As with the earlier post–World War II cries of shortage and calls for more engineers, these recommendations lacked clear and convincing evidence of unmet domestic

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