Legends and Stories for a Compassionate America

LEGENDS AND STORIES FOR A COMPASSIONATE AMERICA

Copyright © 2014 Luigi Morelli.

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ISBN: 978-1-4917-2745-4 (sc)

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iUniverse rev. date: 5/2/2014

Contents

Introduction

Part I: Legends and Stories: Giving Shape to the American Dream

Chapter 1: From Tamanend and Washington: The Dream of Freedom

Tamanend: The Birth of a Legend

From King to Saint: From Tamanend to Washington

Recurring Themes in George Washington’s Life

American Cultural Heroes: Washington and Franklin

Chapter 2: From Longhouse and Lodge: The Dream of Equality

The Iroquois League: The Message and the Form

What Can the Legend Teach Us Now?

A New Look at the American Revolution: Franklin and Washington

Chapter 3: From Squanto and Pocahontas: The Dream of Brotherhood

First Americans: Links of Destiny

Colonialism: Blotting Out Brotherhood

Chapter 4: What Can We Save from the Past?

The Promise of a New Culture

The Call for Equality: A Contrast between Two Revolutions

The Yearning for Brotherhood

Under the Shadow of the American Dream

Part II: Stories: Resisting the Nightmare

Chapter 5: Martin Luther King Jr.: Moral and Cultural Leader

Martin Luther King Jr. Day

Promoting Cultural Power

From the Depths to the Heights: Two Sides of King

King’s Relevance for the Future of America

Chapter 6: Women: The Long Struggle for Equality

Renewing the Declaration Seventy-Two Years Later

Forging the Triumvirate

Launching the Women’s Movement

Reaching the Goal

Chapter 7: Earth Day: The Quest for Global Solidarity

The Birth of a Global Holiday

A Blend of Spirit and Politics

A New Thanksgiving for Mother Earth

Conclusion Moving into the Future

Notes and References

Bibliography

Introduction

I believe that we are lost here in America, but I believe we shall be found. And this belief, which mounts now to the catharsis of knowledge and conviction, is for me—and I think for all of us—not only our own hope, but America’s everlasting, living dream.

—Thomas Wolfe

The thesis embraced in this book continues in time a previous research into the major turning points of Native North American history, seen through the eyes of the Maya, Aztecs, and Iroquois. The approach taken in that attempt is more imaginative since it seeks the correspondence between modern history and the myths and legends of Maya, Iroquois, and Aztecs. It is titled Spiritual Turning Points of North American History, and it takes a more specialized approach than the present volume.

A second theme intersects the first. What emerges from these pages is not turned to a nostalgic past, to a mere remembrance of old glories. As an early graduate of environmental sciences, I have been engaged in all aspects of right livelihood, from organic agriculture to socially responsible investments, alternative medicine, conscious consumerism, and communal living. In the American dream, themes of history and future intersect, chief of all being the yearning for a wholesale renewal of culture. It is clear that we are at the point of juncture of events and evolutionary possibilities that concern nation and globe.

From this intersection emerged the work I titled A Revolution of Hope, in which cultural renewal is approached as a key aspect of a paradigm shift that touches on all aspects of the human experience, including the spiritual. In that book, the examples of twelve step program, nonviolent communication, and social technology—so emblematic of the American soul—were explored for their deeper implications. The early concern for understanding the links between past and present, between historical foundations and an evolutionary future, is present in this further attempt.

The specific motivation for this work originated from my encounter with three works of art that crossed my path within a year, the same year in which I had moved from the West Coast to the East Coast. Each artistic expression (a movie, a legend, and a statue), not necessarily of great merit in and of itself, opened questions for which I simply wanted answers to put my curiosity to rest. The first set of questions to meet me was called up by the movie Squanto: A Warrior’s Tale, a piece that did not impress me for its artistic achievements; the story, however, gripped me. The second questions came from a chance reading of a simplified version of the Iroquois legend of The White Roots of Peace, retracing the birth of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois League. Finally, the last question stands as a riddle in plain sight at Philadelphia’s Penn’s Landing in the form of the statue of Tamanend, so-called patron saint of the Pennsylvania colonists. With each encounter, I thought I would find answers simply by reading the appropriate book. But full answers were not forthcoming—or what I found did not exhaust my intellectual restlessness. On the contrary, the desire to know more was spurred each time, and I found myself becoming a researcher in the field of American legends, history, and biographies.

What precipitated this intense search lay in my biography. I was born in Washington, DC, but my father worked first for the World Bank, then for the United Nations, and then the European Common Market (now the European Union). So as a child I traveled the world, and then settled for most of my youth in Belgium. In my teenage years, an unspecified but persistent yearning always pulled at me from this side of the Atlantic. And finally, my return to the United States at age twenty-six (more specifically, landing in Santa Cruz, California) was the answer to that continuous pull.

Meeting America turned out to be completely different from any preconceived ideas I had harbored in my mind as a liberal-minded youth. With growing interest and a sense of discovery, I started to live the experience of being in this country, not only immersing myself in the new experiences that were offered to me, but also researching the history and mythos that informs much of what lives in the collective psyche of this country. Since everything was new for me, I could look at American history with freshness, unencumbered by the stereotypes and clichés that many Americans have met in their education, so much so that they have reached a saturation point. This freshness was a gift that allowed me to come to American history with curiosity and openness. Saturation reached me only much later, after I had had time to look at the commonly known and accepted history under a different lens.

Practically speaking, this book endeavors to combine both historical/scientific and artistic/intuitive perspectives. Legends, myths, and even biographies can be analyzed and dissected, and that is perfectly appropriate, but they can also be approached like holograms, like entities that can reveal their own gestures and intimate significance when we can live long enough with them without seeking to analyze their meaning. At some point, inspiration can come in, through which facts start speaking out of themselves and new images emerge. And that emergence should be perceived as a real discovery by the writer/researcher.

Naturally I became interested in what the American dream has to offer or conceal. With time I came to accept an image that I had met: that this much-vaunted dream is like a precious antique painting that has been covered over with successive layers of paint of inferior quality. The new layers are all the interpretations, omissions, and deletions that have accumulated through two centuries of American history. At times the dream recedes so far from the national consciousness that it may much more resemble a nightmare—as it does at present in many ways. And the initial dream may be exploited for opportunistic reasons, to influence us in one direction or the other. Truth be told, the dream is barely alive for most of American society. So how can we recapture it? In this effort, I want to give voice to something deeper than interpretations: to the power that is present in images, legends, the threads of remarkable biographies, and the work of remarkable pioneers who could lead us into a new and enlivened future.

This book has had two phases, two geneses. In its first edition, it was called Hidden America: The Spiritual Legacy of the Nation’s Founding Fathers and the Nation’s Native Ancestors. In its original form, the book contained only three sections, which focused on the past of the nation’s history (the first three chapters of part I). As I set out to revise, three chapters were added, and what was begun as a look into the past expanded into the present. These three additional chapters follow American history up to the twentieth century (part II).

Even though this book moves from the past into the present, it is not conceived, nor meant to be read, as a chronological sequence; rather, it is intended as a series of tableaux or vignettes. Each chapter is conceived as an aspect of the American dream: America as the land of the free, America as the land where all men are created equal, and America as the land of opportunity. These could be called the yearning for freedom, for equality under a fuller democracy, and for economic justice. These themes come in recurring forms over the centuries, no matter how alive or spent the dream may be in its manifest form.

Three themes come from the past origins of the nation or earlier (part I); the same three themes are followed up, continued, and renewed in three other stories (part II), emblematic of the whole development that has led us into the twentieth century.

This book has gone through a long gestation since I first started it more than ten years ago. I repropose it now, after many changes and much re-elaboration, sensing that its message is timely, that it is not too late for a compassionate America to truly find itself anew. And I offer it because images and stories speak louder than elaborate interpretations. None of the images offered could possibly be exhausted by what particular coloration may be given here. Therefore it is my hope that they will continue to live in you, the readers, and inspire you in the pursuit of a kinder future for the United States of America.

Part I:

Legends and Stories: Giving Shape to the American Dream

Fellow citizens, the signers of the Declaration of Independence were brave men. They were great men too—great enough to give fame to a great age. It does not often happen to a nation to raise, at one time, such a number of truly great men.

—Frederick Douglass

Chapter 1

From Tamanend and Washington: The Dream of Freedom

The usual hero adventure begins with someone from whom something has been taken, or who feels there is something lacking in the normal experience available or permitted to the members of society. The person then takes off on a series of adventures beyond the ordinary, either to recover what has been lost or to discover some life-giving elixir. It’s usually a cycle, a coming and a returning.

—Joseph Campbell

At the eastern end of Market Street in Philadelphia, overlooking the Delaware River at Penn’s Landing, is a ten- or twelve-foot bronze statue, green with time, of a Native American with long flowing hair. Standing on his shoulder is an eagle that holds the famous wampum belt of the Great Peace Treaty signed by William Penn with the Lenni-Lenape in 1682. An inscription indicates that this is Tamanend, the American patron saint held in great esteem by the colonists, whose feast is celebrated yearly on May 1.

One sunny day while walking around Penn’s Landing, I came across this statue. Although I had lived in the Philadelphia area for more than a year, I had never heard of Tamanend, but seeing the statue stirred something in me that was hard to define. Here was a Native American held in high esteem, celebrated as a patron saint. I wanted to know more and decided to inquire first of all in the libraries and bookstores. The most common response was, Who? I would repeat, just as incredulously, that there was a large statue in a prominent spot in the city that represented Tamanend, but at first my search yielded nothing. I expanded my search from the public libraries into college libraries. This was before the days of the Internet, so my interest directed me toward old manuscripts and microfilms. What little I found spurred my interest and imagination further.

The figure of Tamanend was linked over time to that of George Washington. A cultural leader of the past was associated with a cultural leader of the time, even if the latter was primarily a man of action. The American Revolution gathered truly exceptional individuals at a unique time in history. Benjamin Franklin towered above them all, and was an even greater American cultural figure than Washington. We will return to him at the end of this chapter, and we will revisit both Washington and Franklin in the next.

Tamanend: The Birth of a Legend

There is little historical record to substantiate much more than Tamanend’s physical existence. He is most likely a conglomerate of historical figure, legend, and popular folklore. The following will offer a taste.

On a microfilm in a university library, I found a myth created and recorded in 1795 by an early American scholar, Samuel Latham Mitchill.¹) In this narrative, Tamanend (called Tammany in this source) faced seven tests, overcoming seven states of evil, and thereby became a spiritual initiate and civilizing hero. The first three ordeals involved natural catastrophes, which Tamanend overcame through the use of natural remedies. Mitchill’s version follows:

The evil spirit, Makimanito, first spread poison sumac and stinging nettle all over the land in such density that it choked all other plants; the poisoning of the air also affected all the tribes. But Tamanend caused a drought, and consequently was able to extinguish the poisonous plants through fire. In the suddenness of Tamanend’s attack, the evil spirit was caught unguarded and remained singed by the fire. For the second test, the evil spirit turned to the animal kingdom, and brought from the north herds of mammoths and other carnivorous animals that nourished themselves on human flesh. None of the weapons the natives used could cause the animals any significant wound. Tamanend knew that these monsters liked salt, and he asked the tribes to procure vast quantities of it. They spread it over large areas, and in that way they could easily corner the animals and trap them. The evil spirit then turned to the help of the elements, particularly water. It fell in abundance and flooded the whole territory. The waters rose high above the normal level in the lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan. From there the waters would have poured in abundance toward the south. But Tamanend received word of what was happening, and opened dams through which the waters would flow into the Allegheny, Miami, and Wabash Rivers; he also cut a ditch that turned into the present Ohio River. The remaining Niagara Falls are a witness to this mighty attack of the evil one and Tamanend’s wisdom.

The fourth attack came in the form of war declared by neighboring tribes. Tamanend vanquished the attackers, and then showed them clemency; he reconciled them with unexpected generosity and brought about a lasting peace.

In the turning point of the myth, the evil one, Makimanito, decided to treacherously attack Tamanend, attempting to drown him in the waters of the Ohio River. After a fifty-day battle, Tamanend subjugated the foe, but without totally vanquishing him. Makimanito was banished to the cold regions of the far north.

Tamanend dedicated himself to the arts of peace: the introduction of new agricultural practices, such as growing corn and beans, making bread from corn, and using tobacco infusions to repel flies and mosquitoes. To these was added the apple that evolved from the native crab-tree. Nor was Tamanend idle in the technological field; he introduced the use of birch bark and resin that allowed the building of waterproof canoes. Likewise he offered improvements in the making of bows and arrows.

After some years, chief Tamanend’s reputation spread far and wide. He was called upon to journey to offer his wisdom to the young Inca nation. Reluctantly, the tribes accepted that they must let go of their spiritual leader He made sure that every safeguard would be in place for the preservation of his people in his absence. While he was away, Makimanito attacked the tribes’ moral fiber. Idleness and depravity gave rise to illness and disease. Returning, Tamanend healed the people through his knowledge of the properties of medicinal herbs, such as dogwood bark and sarsaparilla. And this is how he became an initiate of the Medewiwin, a civilizing hero.

Before the advent of the Iroquois League in the 1400 to 1500s, the Lenape had formed a league. Tamanend’s reign occurred at a time when the Lenni-Lenape had lost their splendor and had been subjugated by the Iroquois. His name rarely appears in any official document, although presumably he was the sachem, leader of the Lenni-Lenape, the people who brought about the Great Peace Treaty with William Penn. But no historical documents give proof of it. The peace resulting from the treaty lasted beyond