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    Zechariah: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture
    Zechariah: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture
    Zechariah: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture
    Ebook681 pages13 hours

    Zechariah: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture

    By George Klein

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    THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY is for the minister or Bible student who wants to understand and expound the Scriptures. Notable features include: 
    * commentary based on THE NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION; 
    * the NIV text printed in the body of the commentary; 
    * sound scholarly methodology that reflects capable research in the original languages; 
    * interpretation that emphasizes the theological unity of each book and of Scripture as a whole; 
    * readable and applicable exposition.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBH Publishing Group
    Release dateApr 15, 2008
    ISBN9781433672675
    Zechariah: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture

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      Zechariah - George Klein

      Table of Contents

      Zechariah

      Editors' Preface

      Author's Preface

      Abbreviations

      Apocrypha

      Selected Bibliography

      Maps

      Map: Postexilic Judea

      Map: The Persian Empire

      Introduction

      Section I

      I. Introduction (1:1-6)

      Section II

      II. Eight Night Visions and Oracles (1:7-6:8)

      1. The First Vision: The Man On a Red Horse (1:7-17)

      2. The Second Vision: Four Horns and Four Craftsmen (1:18-21 [Hb 2:1-4])

      3. The Third Vision: The Surveyor (2:1-13 [Hb 2:5-17])

      4. The Fourth Vision: The Cleansing of the High Priest (3:1-10)

      5. The Fifth Vision: The Gold Lampstand and Two Olive Trees (4:1-14)

      6. The Sixth Vision: The Flying Scroll (5:1-4)

      7. The Seventh Vision: The Woman in the Basket (5:5-11)

      8. The Eighth Vision: The Four Chariots (6:1-8)

      Section III

      III. Joshua's Crown (6:9-15)

      Section IV

      IV. Questions About Fasting and Future Blessings (7:1-8:23)

      Introduction

      Structure of Zechariah 7-8

      1. A Question About Fasting (7:1-7)

      2. A Call to Repentance (7:8-14)

      3. Future Blessings for Jerusalem (8:1-23)

      Introduction

      Literary Structure

      Section V

      V. Burdens From the Lord (9:1-14:21)

      Introduction

      Structure of Zechariah 9-14

      Genre of Zechariah 9-14

      1. Judgment and Salvation of Surrounding Nations (9:1-8)

      2. Introduction to the King (9:9-10)

      3. Israel's Battle and Ultimate Victory (9:11-10:1)

      4. Idolatry and Judgment (10:2-3)

      5. Israel's Battle and Victory (10:4-12)

      6. Judgment of the Shepherds (11:1-17)

      7. Israel's Battle and Victory (12:1-9)

      8. The Lord's Servant Pierced; Mourning and Purification (12:10-13:1)

      9. Idolatry and Judgment (13:2-6)

      10. Shepherd Struck; Judgment, Purification, and Return to God (13:7-9)

      11. Israel's Battle and Victory (14:1-15)

      12. Judgment and Salvation of All Nations (14:16-21)

      Guide

      Zechariah

      Table of Contents

      titlepage

      General Editor

      E. RAY CLENDENEN

      Associate General Editor, OT

      KENNETH A. MATHEWS

      Associate General Editor, NT

      DAVID S. DOCKERY

      Consulting Editors

      Old Testament

      L. RUSS BUSH

      DUANE A. GARRETT

      LARRY L. WALKER

      New Testament

      RICHARD R. MELICK, JR.

      PAIGE PATTERSON

      B. PAUL WOLFE

      © Copyright 2008 • B&H Publishing Group

      All rights reserved.

      ISBN 978-0-8054-9494-5

      Dewey Decimal Classification: 224.1

      Subject Heading: BIBLE O.T. ZECHARIAH

      Printed in the United States of America

      12 11 10 09 08 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      LB

      Unless otherwise stated all Scripture citations are from the Holy Bible, New International Version© 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Publishing House. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked HCSB have been taken from the Holman Christian Standard Bible© Copyright 1999, 2000, 2003 by Holman Bible Publishers. Used by permission. Scripture citations marked TEV are from Today's English Version, Second Edition Copyright © 1966, 1971, 1976, 1992 American Bible Society. Used by permission. Scripture citations marked RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible copyrighted 1946, 1952 © 1971, 1973 by the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. and used by permission. Scripture citations marked NASB are from the New American Scripture Bible© The Lockman Foundation, 1960, 1962, 1968, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977. Used by permission. Scripture citations marked NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture citations marked NKJV are from the New King James Version, copyright © 1979, 1980, 1982, Thomas Nelson, Inc. Publishers. Scripture citations marked NLT are from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright © 1996. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers. Inc., Wheaton, Illinois 60189. All rights reserved. Scripture quotations marked ESV are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version, copyright ©2001 by Crossway Bibles, a division of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Scripture citations marked NED are from New English Bible. copyright © The Delegates of the Oxford University Press and the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1961, 1970. Reprinted by permission. Scripture citations marked LB are from the Revised English Bible Copyright © 1989 by Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press. Reprinted by permission. Scripture citations marked LB are from The Living Bible. Copyright © Tyndale House Publishers, Wheaton Illinois, 1971. Used by permission. Scripture quotations marked NJPS are from TANAKH: A New Translation of THE HOLY SCRIPTURES According to the Traditional Hebrew Text. Copyright © The Jewish Publication Society, 1985, Used by permission. Scripture quotations marked NET are from The NET Bible: The Translation That Explains Itself® Copyright ©2 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 by Biblical Studies Press, L.L.C. Used by permission Scripture quotations marked NJB are from The New Jerusalem Bible, Copyright © 1996 by Darton Longman & Todd, Ltd. and Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. Used by permission.

      For

      My devoted wife, Denise Edwards Klein,

      God's greatest earthly blessing in my life, and

      the apple of my eye

      (Zech 2:8b)

      and

      My daughters, Heather, Meghan, and Ashley,

      extraordinary women in every respect, and

      an undeserved heritage from the Lord

      (Ps 127:3)

      Editors' Preface

      God's Word does not change. God's world, however, changes in every generation. These changes, in addition to new findings by scholars and a new variety of challenges to the gospel message, call for the church in each generation to interpret and apply God's Word for God's people. Thus, THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY is introduced to bridge the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This new series has been designed primarily to enable pastors, teachers, and students to read the Bible with clarity and proclaim it with power.

      In one sense THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY is not new, for it represents the continuation of a heritage rich in biblical and theological exposition. The title of this forty-volume set points to the continuity of this series with an important commentary project published at the end of the nineteenth century called AN AMERICAN COMMENTARY, edited by Alvah Hovey. The older series included, among other significant contributions, the outstanding volume on Matthew by John A. Broadus, from whom the publisher of the new series, Broadman Press, partly derives its name. The former series was authored and edited by scholars committed to the infallibility of Scripture, making it a solid foundation for the present project. In line with this heritage, all NAC authors affirm the divine inspiration, inerrancy, complete truthfulness, and full authority of the Bible. The perspective of the NAC is unapologetically confessional and rooted in the evangelical tradition.

      Since a commentary is a fundamental tool for the expositor or teacher who seeks to interpret and apply Scripture in the church or classroom, the NAC focuses on communicating the theological structure and content of each biblical book. The writers seek to illuminate both the historical meaning and contemporary significance of Holy Scripture.

      In its attempt to make a unique contribution to the Christian community, the NAC focuses on two concerns. First, the commentary emphasizes how each section of a book fits together so that the reader becomes aware of the theological unity of each book and of Scripture as a whole. The writers, however, remain aware of the Bible's inherently rich variety. Second, the NAC is produced with the conviction that the Bible primarily belongs to the church. We believe that scholarship and the academy provide an indispensable foundation for biblical understanding and the service of Christ, but the editors and authors of this series have attempted to communicate the findings of their research in a manner that will build up the whole body of Christ. Thus, the commentary concentrates on theological exegesis while providing practical, applicable exposition.

      THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY'S theological focus enable the reader to see the parts as well as the whole of Scripture. The biblical books vary in content, context, literary type, and style. In addition to this rich variety, the editors and authors recognize that the doctrinal emphasis and use of the biblical books differs in various places, contexts, and cultures among God's people. These factors, as well as other concerns, have led the editors to give freedom to the writers to wrestle with the issues raised by the scholarly community surrounding each book and to determine the appropriate shape and length of the introductory materials. Moreover, each writer has developed the structure of the commentary in a way best suited for expounding the basic structure and the meaning of the biblical books for our day. Generally, discussions relating to contemporary scholarship and technical points of grammar and syntax appear in the footnotes and not in the text of the commentary. This format allows pastors and interested laypersons, scholars and teachers, and serious college and seminary students to profit from the commentary at various levels. This approach has been employed because we believe that all Christians have the privilege and responsibility to read and seek to understand the Bible for themselves.

      Consistent with the desire to produce a readable, up-to-date commentary, the editors selected the New International Version as the standard translation for the commentary series. The selection was made primarily because of the niv's faithfulness to the original languages and its beautiful and readable style. The authors, however, have been given the liberty to differ at places from the niv as they develop their own translations from the Greek and Hebrew texts.

      The NAC reflects the vision and leadership of those who provide oversight for Broadman Press, who in 1987 called for a new commentary series that would evidence a commitment to the inerrancy of Scripture and a faithfulness to the classic Christian tradition. While the commentary adopts an American name, it should be noted some writers represent countries outside the United States, giving the commentary an international perspective. The diverse group of writers includes scholars, teachers, and administrators from almost twenty different colleges and seminaries, as well as pastors, missionaries, and a layperson.

      The editors and writers hope that THE NEW AMERICAN COMMENTARY will be helpful and instructive for pastors and teachers, scholars and students, for men and women in the churches who study and teach God's Word in various settings. We trust that for editors, authors, and readers alike, the commentary will be used to build up the church, encourage obedience, and bring renewal to God's people. Above all, we pray that the NAC will bring glory and honor to our Lord who has graciously redeemed us and faithfully revealed himself to us in his Holy Word.

      SOLI DEO GLORIA

      The Editors

      Author's Preface

      The book of Zechariah brims with enigma and paradox. The longest of the Minor Prophets, the New Testament writers quote from it more than almost any other Old Testament book. Unfortunately, readers today rarely examine its contents. It is a tragedy that a biblical book that influenced the Gospel writers so greatly, not to mention other portions of the New Testament, as much as any other Old Testament volume remains a closed book to so many in the Church today. As we will see in this commentary, Zechariah provides readers present and future unparalleled insights into the ways of God, with particular emphasis upon the work of the Messiah and the nature of the future Kingdom.

      I wish to acknowledge a profound debt to the generations of biblical scholars who have pored over Zechariah, yielding insights upon which every successive generation depends. I stand on the shoulders of these giants, desiring to further the understanding of Zechariah and to elicit greater interest in this grand biblical book. I invite you to discover the broad horizons of Zechariah studies by also examining some of the works cited in this volume.

      Further, I would be remiss if I failed to express appreciation to all those who have provided such important aid through the years in which I have prepared this commentary. My Doktorvater, Professor Stephen Geller, opened new doors to me in a doctoral seminar on apocalyptic that devoted significant attention to Zechariah. Numerous colleagues have extended countless insights and expressions of encouragement. Ray Clendenen, NAC General Editor and commentator, has lent suggestions for more years than either of us would care to acknowledge. Likewise, Ken Mathews, Associate General Editor and commentator, has provided equal measures of sage advice and friendship for a comparable length of time.

      With the press of ministry assignments, it would have taken far longer to complete the wonderful task of preparing this commentary than it did without many tangible means of assistance offered by the trustees and administration of Southwestern Seminary. A special word of gratitude is due to Paige Patterson, NAC New Testament editor, commentator, and president of Southwestern for his support of the sabbatical I received. Craig Blaising, Provost, as well as David Allen, NAC commentator and Dean at Southwestern, could not have helped me more than they did. In the same vein, Paul Wolfe, NAC New Testament editor and Assistant Dean at Southwestern, has given me great assistance throughout the years.

      Several others have given significant energy that provided me with helpful comments on the manuscript at varying stages of completion. My doctoral student, Perry Oakes, has read the manuscript and offered numerous recommendations. My assistants, Mike Belue and David Hutchison, have also demonstrated servanthood in countless ways. Mr. Dong Cho gave me significant assistance with the references to the Church Fathers. Notwithstanding the profound aid from many, the responsibility for every error and inadequacy of this volume rests solely with the author.

      The greatest gratitude belongs to my family, however. My grandmother, Thelma Linam Webber, recently gone to be with the Lord, first instilled within me a deep love for the Old Testament and an appreciation for its application to my life. My mother, Faye Klein, similarly modeled a love for God's Word and has given encouragement throughout the years of preparing this study. My daughters, Heather, Meghan, and Ashley, gave great love, encouragement, and patience. Most importantly, my wife Denise offered love and support as only a godly wife can offer. Words could never adequately express my love and admiration for her and for our lives together, including the labor we share.

      The writer of any commentary well understands how much he leaves out, not to mention how much remains to be understood. Furthermore, any commentator must resist the compulsion to say what there is not time to mention. Nonetheless, it is my prayer that the readers of this commentary will become enthralled with the book of Zechariah and will study it far more widely than this lone volume.

      George L. Klein

      Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary

      Ft. Worth, TX

      Abbreviations

      Bible Books

      Commonly Used Sources

      Apocrypha

      Selected Bibliography

      Commentaries

      Achtemeier, Elizabeth. Nahum-Malachi. Interpretation. Atlanta: John Knox, 1986.

      Amsler, Samuel. Aggée Zacharie 1-8. Neuchatel: Delachaux et Niestlé", 1981.

      Baldwin, Joyce G. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Introduction and Commentary. TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1972.

      Barker, Kenneth L. Zechariah. In The Expositor's Bible Commentary, Vol. 7, ed. F. E. Gaebelein, 593-697. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983.

      Baron, David. The Visions and Prophecies of Zechariah. Reprint ed. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1972.

      Beuken, W. A. M. Haggai-Sacharja 1-8. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1967.

      Bewer, J. A. The Book of the Twelve Prophets. Vol. 2. New York: Harper & Row, 1949.

      Boda, Mark J. The niv Application Commentary: Haggai, Zechariah. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.

      Chisholm, Robert B. Interpreting the Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989.

      Clark, David J. and Howard A. Hatton. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. UBS Handbook Series. New York: United Bible Societies, 2002.

      Cohen, A. The Twelve Prophets. New York: Soncino, 1948.

      Conrad, Edgar W. Zechariah. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.

      Dentan, R. C. Zechariah 9-14. IB. 6. New York: Abingdon, 1956.

      Dods, Marcus. The Post-Exilian Prophets: Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1879.

      Driver, S. R., ed. The Minor Prophets. New York: Oxford University Press, 1904.

      Elliger, Karl. Das Buch der zwölf kleinen Propheten II: Die Propheten Nahum, Habakuk, Zephanja, Haggai, Zacharja, Maleachi. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975.

      Ewald, Heinrich. Die Propheten des Alten Bundes. Stuttgart: A. Krabbe, 1840.

      Feinberg, Charles L. God Remembers: A Study of the Book of Zechariah. Portland, OR: Multnomah, 1965.

      _____. The Minor Prophets. Chicago: Moody, 1976.

      Ferreiro, Alberto, ed. The Twelve Prophets. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2003.

      Floyd, Michael H. Minor Prophets, Part 2. FOTL. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.

      Gaebelein, A. C. Studies in Zechariah. New York: Our Hope Publishers, n.d.

      Hanhart, Robert. Sacharja 1-8. Neukirchener-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1998.

      Ironside, H. A. Notes on the Minor Prophets. New York: Loizeaux, 1928.

      Jones, Douglas R. Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi. London: SCM, 1962.

      Keil, C. F. and F. Delitzsch. The Minor Prophets. Translated by J. Martin. Reprint ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980.

      Kimchi, D. Commentary upon the Prophecies of Zechariah. Translated by A. M'Caul. London: James Duncan, 1837.

      Kodell, Jerome. Lamentations, Haggai, Zechariah, Second Zechariah, Malachi, Obadiah, Joel, Baruch. Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1982.

      Laetsch, Theodore. The Minor Prophets. St. Louis: Concordia, 1956.

      Lamarche, Paul. Zacharie IX-XTV. Paris: Librairie Lecoffre, 1961.

      Leupold, H. C. Exposition of Zechariah. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1965.

      Lowe, W. H. Zechariah. HSC. London: Macmillan, 1882.

      Luck, G. Coleman. Zechariah. Chicago: Moody, 1964.

      Luther, Martin. Lectures on Zechariah. The German Text, 1527. In Luther's Works, Vol. 20: Lectures on the Minor Prophets III: Zechariah, ed. H. C. Oswald, 153-347. Saint Louis: Concordia, 1973.

      McComiskey, Thomas. Zechariah. In The Minor Prophets, Vol. 3, ed. T. E. McComiskey, 1003-1244. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.

      Mason, Rex. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. CBC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

      Meyers, Carol L. and Eric Meyers. Haggai-Zechariah 1-8. AB. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1987.

      _____. Zechariah 9-14. AB. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1993.

      Merrill, Eugene H. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Chicago: Moody, 1994.

      Miller, Stephen R. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Holman Old Testament Commentary. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 2004.

      Mitchell, H. G., J. M. P. Smith, and J. A. Bewer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, and Jonah. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1937.

      O'Brien, Julia M. Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Nashville: Abingdon, 2004.

      Ollenberger, Ben C. Zechariah. In The New Interpreters Bible, vol. 7. ed. L. Keck, 733-840. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996.

      Orelli, Conrad Von. The Twelve Minor Prophets. Translated by J. S. Banks. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1893.

      Otzen, Benedikt. Studien über Deuterosacharja. Copenhagen: Prostand Apud Munksgaard, 1964.

      Petersen, David L. Haggai and Zechariah 1-8. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1984.

      _____. Zechariah 9-14. OTL. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1995.

      Petitjean, A. Les oracles du Proto-Zacharie. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1969.

      Pusey, E. B. The Minor Prophets. Vol. 2. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1886.

      _____. The Minor Prophets: A Commentary. 2 vols. Reprint ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1950.

      Redditt, Paul L. Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. NCBC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

      Robinson, George L. The Prophecies of Zechariah. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1896.

      _____. The Twelve Minor Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1952.

      Rudolph, W. Haggai, Sacharja 1-8; Sacharja 9-14. Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn, 1976

      Saebø, Magne. Sacharja 9-14. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1969.

      Smith, Ralph L. Micah-Malachi. WBC. Waco, TX: Word, 1984.

      Speers, Theodore C. Zechariah. Nashville: Abingdon, 1956.

      Stuhlmueller, Carroll C. P. Haggai & Zechariah: Rebuilding with Hope. ITC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.

      Sweeney, Marvin A. The Twelve Prophets, Vol. 2: Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Berit Olam. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical, 2000.

      Tatford, Frederick. A. A Prophet of the Myrtle Grove. Eastbourne: Prophetic Witness, 1974.

      Thomas, D. W. and R. C. Dentan. The Book of Zechariah. IB 6. Nashville: Abingdon, 1956.

      Unger, Merrill F. Commentary on Zechariah. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1962.

      Watts, John D. W. Zechariah. In The Broadman Bible Commentary, Vol. 7, ed. C. J. Allen, 308-65. Nashville: Broadman, 1972.

      Wright, C. H. H. Zechariah and His Prophecies. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1879.

      Special Studies

      Ackroyd, Peter R. The Book of Haggai and Zechariah I-VIII. JSS 3 (1952): 151-56.

      _____. Exile and Restoration. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968.

      _____. The Old Testament Historical Problems of the Early Persian Period. JNES 17 (1958): 14-27.

      Adams, John. The Man Among the Myrtles: A Study in Zechariah's Visions. Edinburgh: T & T. Clark, 1913.

      Amsler, S. Zacharie et l'origine d'apocalyptique. VTSup 22 (1972): 227-31.

      Bailey, J. The Usage of the Post Restoration Period Terms Descriptive of the Priest and High Priest. JBL 70 (1951): 217-25.

      Barthélemy, Dominique, et al., ed. Preliminary and Interim Report on the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project. 5 vols. New York: United Bible Societies, 1980.

      Ben Zvi, Ehud. Twelve Prophetic Books or The Twelve': A Few Preliminary Considerations." In J. W. Watts and P. R. House, eds., Forming Prophetic Literature: Essays on Isaiah and the Twelve in Honor of John D. W. Watts, 125-56. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.

      Bewer, Julius A. Two Suggestions on Prov 30:31 and Zech 9:16. JBL 67 (1948): 61-62.

      Blank, Sheldon H. The Death of Zechariah in Rabbinic Literature. HUCA 12-13 (1937-38): 327-46.

      Blocher, Henri. Zacharie 3: Josue et le Grand Jour des Expiations. Etudes Theologiques et Religieuses 54 (1979): 264-70.

      Blomberg, Craig L. The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1987.

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