INEQUALITY CONTEST FOR JUNIORS

Solutions to 2
nd
Round Problems
Bi 1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c =

5. Tm gi tr
ln nht ca biu thc
P = (a
2
b
2
)(b
2
c
2
)(c
2
a
2
).
Li gii.
tm gi tr ln nht ca P, ta s xt biu thc P
2
. Ta c
P
2
= (a
2
b
2
)
2
(b
2
c
2
)
2
(c
2
a
2
)
2
= (a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
(a b)
2
(b c)
2
(c a)
2
.
S dng bt ng thc hin nhin (a+b)(b+c)(c+a) (a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca),
ta thy ngay
P
2
5(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a b)
2
(b c)
2
(c a)
2
.
Ti y, khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s c = min{a, b, c}. D dng
nhn thy
(b c)
2
b
2
, (c a)
2
a
2
.
Tip theo, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta thu c
P
2
5a
2
b
2
(a b)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
5
_
(a b)
2
+2ab +2(ab + bc + ca)
5
_
5
5
_
(a + b + c)
2
5
_
5
= 5.
Vy ta chng minh c P
2
5. Do , P |P|

5. ng thc xy ra khi
v ch khi (a, b, c) =
_
5 1
2
,

5 +1
2
, 0
_
v cc hon v tng ng.
1
Bi 2. Chng minh bt ng thc sau ng vi mi s thc dng a, b, c,
ab + bc + ca +1
(a + b + c +1)
2
+
3
8
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
1.
Chng minh.
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(a + b + c +1)
2
(ab + bc + ca +1)
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+1
_
,
t suy ra
ab + bc + ca +1
(a + b + c +1)
2

1
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+1
=
abc
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
+ abc
.
Tng t, bng cch p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz dng
(a + b + c +1)
2
(ac + ba + c b +1)
_
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
+1
_
,
ta cng suy ra c
ab + bc + ca +1
(a + b + c +1)
2

abc
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a + abc
.
Nh th, ta c
2(ab + bc + ca +1)
(a + b + c +1)
2

abc
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a + abc
+
abc
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
+ abc
=
4abc
(a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a + abc) + (ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
+ abc)
=
4abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
,
hay
ab + bc + ca +1
(a + b + c +1)
2

2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
.
Bi ton c quy v chng minh
2
t
3
+
3t
8
1,
2
trong t =
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
.
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
2
t
3
+
t
8
+
t
8
+
t
8
4
4
_
2
t
3

_
t
8
_
3
= 1.
Bi ton c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
3
Bi 3. Cho n l mt s t nhin khng nh hn 2, v a, b, c l cc s thc dng
sao cho a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
= 3. Chng minh rng
a
n+1
b + b
n+1
c + c
n+1
a 3.
Chng minh.
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
a
n+1
b = a
n
ab a
n

2(ab)
n
2
+ n 2
n
=
2a
3n
2
b
n
2
+ (n 2)a
n
n
.
T y suy ra
a
n+1
b + b
n+1
c + c
n+1
a
2(a
3n
2
b
n
2
+ b
3n
2
c
n
2
+ c
3n
2
a
n
2
) + (n 2)(a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
)
n
=
2(a
3n
2
b
n
2
+ b
3n
2
c
n
2
+ c
3n
2
a
n
2
) +3(n 2)
n
.
V vy, ta ch cn chng minh c
a
3n
2
b
n
2
+ b
3n
2
c
n
2
+ c
3n
2
a
n
2
3,
hay
3(a
3n
2
b
n
2
+ b
3n
2
c
n
2
+ c
3n
2
a
n
2
) (a
n
+ b
n
+ c
n
)
2
,
hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc Cirtoaje.
Ch . Bt ng thc Cirtoaje c pht biu nh sau: Vi mi s thc x, y, z,
ta c
(x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
)
2
3(x
3
y + y
3
z +z
3
x).
Ta c th chng minh bt ng thc ny bng cch s dng bt ng thc c
bn
(m+ n + p)
2
3(mn + np + pm).
Tht vy, chn m = x
2
x y + yz, n = y
2
yz +zx v p = z
2
zx +x y, ta c
m+ n + p = x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
,
v
mn + np + pm =

(x
2
x y + yz)( y
2
yz +zx) = x
3
y + y
3
z +z
3
x,
nn theo bt ng thc trn ta c ngay
(x
2
+ y
2
+z
2
)
2
3(x
3
y + y
3
z +z
3
x).
4
Bi 4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
abc

ab + bc + ca
(a + b + c)
2

ab
ab +2c
2
+
bc
bc +2a
2
+
ca
ca +2b
2
.
Chng minh.
Cch 1. Theo bt ng thc Chebyshev, ta c
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3

(a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
.
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM th
ab + bc + ca 3
3
_
a
2
b
2
c
2
=
3abc
3

abc

9abc
a + b + c
.
Kt hp hai nh gi ny li, ta thu c
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)(ab + bc + ca)
abc(a + b + c)
2

3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b + c)
2
.
Ta cn chng minh
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b + c)
2

ab
ab +2c
2
+
bc
bc +2a
2
+
ca
ca +2b
2
.
Do
ab
ab +2c
2
= 1
2c
2
ab +2c
2
nn bt ng thc ny c th c vit li thnh
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b + c)
2
+2
_
a
2
2a
2
+ bc
+
b
2
2b
2
+ ca
+
c
2
2c
2
+ ab
_
3.
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
a
2
2a
2
+ bc
+
b
2
2b
2
+ ca
+
c
2
2c
2
+ ab

(a + b + c)
2
(2a
2
+ bc) + (2b
2
+ ca) + (2c
2
+ ab)
.
T bi ton c quy v chng minh
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b + c)
2
+
2(a + b + c)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + ab + bc + ca
3.
Do
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b + c)
2
=
2[2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + ab + bc + ca]
(a + b + c)
2
1,
5
nn bt ng ny tng ng vi
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + ab + bc + ca
(a + b + c)
2
+
(a + b + c)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + ab + bc + ca
2,
hin nhin ng theo AM-GM. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Cch 2. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, d dng chng minh
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)(ab + bc + ca) (a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)(a + b + c).
Do , bi ton quy v
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
abc(a + b + c)

ab
ab +2c
2
+
bc
bc +2a
2
+
ca
ca +2b
2
.
rng
a
2
b
2
abc(a + b + c)

ab
ab +2c
2
=
ab(c a)(c b)
c(a + b + c)(ab +2c
2
)
,
do vy bt ng thc trn c th c vit li thnh
bc(a b)(a c)
a(2a
2
+ bc)
+
ca(b c)(b a)
b(2b
2
+ ca)
+
ab(c a)(c b)
c(2c
2
+ ab)
0,
hay
(a b)(a c)
a
2
(2a
2
+ bc)
+
(b c)(b a)
b
2
(2b
2
+ ca)
+
(c a)(c b)
c
2
(2c
2
+ ab)
0.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c. Do
(a b)(a c)
a
2
(2a
2
+ bc)
0,
nn ta ch cn chng minh c
(b c)(b a)
b
2
(2b
2
+ ca)
+
(c a)(c b)
c
2
(2c
2
+ ab)
0,
hin nhin ng do (c a)(c b) (a b)(b c) 0 v
1
c
2
(2c
2
+ ab)

1
b
2
(2b
2
+ ca)
.
6
Bi 5. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn
c(a
2
b
2
)(a + c)(b + c) = 0.
Chng minh rng
_
a
b + c
_
3
+
_
b
c + a
_
3
+
_
c
a + b
_
3
+
8(a + b)
3
(b + c)
3
(c + a)
3
(ac bc)
2
(a + b + c)
5
4.
Chng minh.
Cch 1. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta thy rng kt qu bi ton c suy
ra trc tip t bt ng thc mnh hn
2(a + b)
3
(b + c)
3
(c + a)
3
(ac bc)
2
(a + b + c)
5
_
a
3
(b + c)
3
+
b
3
(c + a)
3
+
c
3
(a + b)
3
_
1,
hay
2

a
3
(a + b)
3
(a + c)
3
c
2
(a b)
2
(a + b + c)
5
.
Ta c
(a + b)(a + c) = a(a + b + c) + bc a(a + b + c),
t suy ra

a
3
(a + b)
3
(a + c)
3

a
6
(a + b + c)
3
= (a
6
+ b
6
+ c
6
)(a + b + c)
3
.
V vy ta ch cn chng minh c
2(a
6
+ b
6
+ c
6
) c
2
(a b)
2
(a + b + c)
2
.
y l mt bt ng thc i xng i vi a, b, v vy khng mt tnh tng qut,
ta c th gi s a b. Ta c
0 (a b)(a + b + c) = a
2
b
2
+ c(a b) a
2
+ ac,
do
c
2
(a b)
2
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
c
2
(a + c)
2
.
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz,
2(a
6
+ b
6
+ c
6
) 2(a
6
+ c
6
) (a
3
+ c
3
)
2
.
S dng hai bt ng thc ny, ta quy c bi ton v chng minh
a
3
+ c
3
ac(a + c),
7
tng ng
(a + c)(a c)
2
0.
Php chng minh c hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = c v b = 0,
hoc b = c v a = 0.
Cch 2. t x =
a
b + c
, y =
b
c + a
v z =
c
a + b
. Ta c
x
3
+ y
3
+z
3
x
3
+ y
3
+z
3
3x yz
=
(x + y +z)[(x y)
2
+ ( y z)
2
+ (z x)
2
]
2
.
Li c
x + y +z =
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(a + b + c) +3abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(a + b + c)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
,
v
(x y)
2
+ ( y z)
2
+ (z x)
2
=

(a b)
2
(a + b + c)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
=
(a + b + c)
2
(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2

(a
2
b
2
)
2
,
nn t trn ta c
x
3
+ y
3
+z
3

(a + b + c)
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)[(b
2
c
2
)
2
+ (c
2
a
2
)
2
+ (a
2
b
2
)
2
]
2(a + b)
3
(b + c)
3
(c + a)
3
.
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)[(b
2
c
2
)
2
+ (c
2
a
2
)
2
+ (a
2
b
2
)
2
]
[a(b
2
c
2
) + b(c
2
a
2
) + c(b
2
a
2
)]
2
= (a b)
2
(c
2
+ ab + bc + ca)
2
(a b)
2
[c(a + b + c)]
2
.
T nh gi ny v bt ng thc va thu c trn, ta suy ra
_
a
b + c
_
3
+
_
b
c + a
_
3
+
_
c
a + b
_
3

c
2
(a b)
2
(a + b + c)
5
2(a + b)
3
(b + c)
3
(c + a)
3
.
Cui cng, ta ch cn chng minh
c
2
(a b)
2
(a + b + c)
5
2(a + b)
3
(b + c)
3
(c + a)
3
+
8(a + b)
3
(b + c)
3
(c + a)
3
c
2
(a b)
2
(a + b + c)
5
4.
Tuy nhin bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng theo AM-GM.
8