Magnetic Measurements

Objective of Magnetic Measurement

The measurement of magnetic field strength. Determination of B-H curve and hysteresis loop for soft ferro - magnetic materials. Testing of permanent magnet. Determination of eddy current and hysteresis losses for soft ferro - magnetic materials when they are subjected to A.C. magnetic fields.

Types of Test: Ballistic test: These tests involves sudden changes in magnetization and usually include measurements of corresponding changes in magnetizing force H and flux density B. The change in magnetic flux density is measured by a flux meter or a ballistic galvanometer. These tests are generally employed for the determination of B-H curves and hysteresis loop of ferromagnetic materials. A.C. test: These may be carried out at power audio or radio frequencies and are usually intended to give information about power loss in the material. Steady-state test: These are performed to obtain the steady value of flux density existing in the air gap of the magnetic circuit.

Measurement of flux density:

= Flux linking of the search coil R = Resistance of the Ballistic Galvanometer Circuit N = Number of turns in the search coil t = Time taken to reverse the flux Kq= Galvanometer Constant Average emf induced in the search coil

e=N

d = 2N dt t
i = 2N

Average Current through the Ballistic Galvanometer Charge passing through Galvanometer coil

Rt

Q = it = 2 N

If 1 throw of the galvanometer due to flow of charge Charge indicated by ballistic galvanometer = Kq1

2 N = K q1 R

Flux Density

RK q1 2N

RK q1 Flux = = B= Area As 2 NAs

Observed value of flux =True value of flux in specimen + flux in the air space between specimen and search coil

B' As = BAs + o H ( Ac As )
True value of flux density

Ac B = B' o H 1 A s

Measurement of value of magnetizing force (H)

Magnetic potentiometer A = Area of the strip (m2) n = Number of turns per unit length of the strip H1 = tangential component of the magnetizing force A/m R = resistance of the ballistic galvanometer circuit Flux linkage of a small infinitesimal part of strip of length dl = Flux turns

( o H 1 A)ndl = o H 1 Andl
Total flux linkage of the strip

H 1 Andl = o An H 1 dl

When the current in the magnetizing winding is reversed, change in flux linkages

= 2 o An H1dl

 H 1dl = M

= Magnetic potential difference between A and B

Change in flux linkages Charge

= 2 o AnM

2 o AnM 2 o AnM e Q = it = t = t= R Rt R

Charge indicated by the deflection of galvanometer Magnetic potential difference

Q = K q 1

M =

RK q1 2 o An

The value of constant of galvanometer can be found with the help of a calibrating circuit.

Determination of B-H curve i. Method of reversals ii. Step by step method

Determination of Hysteresis loop of B-H curve i. Step-by step method ii. Method of reversal

Permeameter
a. Hopkinson permeameter (Bar and Yoke method)

This device measures the magnetizing force or field intensity inside a specimen of bar shape.

N = Number of turns on the magnetizing winding I = Current in the magnetizing winding l = Length of the bar specimen between two halves of the yoke As = Area of cross section of the specimen s = Permeability of the specimen when the magnetizing current is I. Ry = Reluctance of the yoke Rj = Reluctance of the joints between the bar specimen and the yoke = Flux in the magnetic circuit

Reluctance of the specimen

l Rs = s As
NI l Ry + R j + A s s

Flux,

mmf = = reluctance of magnetic circuit

Flux density in the specimen

NI B= = As As ( R y + R j + l / s As ) B

Magnetizing force

H=

NI s As ( R y + R j + l / s As )

Let

reluctance of (yoke + joints) R y + R j s As m= = = (Ry + R j ) reluctance of specimen l / s As l

NI H = l (1 + m)

H=

NI (1 m) l

b. Ewing double bar permeameter

nlI 1 H1 = = nI 1 l
H2 = nl / 2 I 2 = nI 2 l/2

n = Number of turns per unit length of magnetizing coil, I1 = Current in the coils when the specimen length is l I2 = Current in the coils when the specimen length is l/2 H1 = Apparent magnetizing force for sample of length l H2 = Apparent magnetizing force for sample of length l/2 M = mmf required for yokes and the joints B = Flux density in specimen

c. The National Physical laboratory permeameter

A.C. Magnetic testing A magnetic material is subjected to an a.c. magnetic field, loss in power occurs owing to hysteresis & eddy currents. This loss is called iron or core loss. Hysteresis loss may be computed from the hysteresis loop test carried out & D.C. connection. The eddy current loss can be measured only under a.c. condition. The iron loss in ferromagnetic material depends on the maximum operating flux density, freq. of a.c. magnetization, geometrical thickness of the material. A typical iron loss/kg vs. flux density for different thickness

Epstein Square

The ferromagnetic materials are shaped into this rectangular sheet. Four stacks are formed by these thin sheets. The individual sheets are insulated from each other & are slipped into from magnetizing coils of equal no. of turns. The ends of the four stacks are interleaved & clamped corners so that a square specimen is formed.

Lloyd-Fisher Square The ferromagnetic materials are shaped into strips of usually 25cm long & 5-6cm wide. These strips are built up into 4 stacks. Each stack is made up of two types of strips one cut in the direction of rolling & the other cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling.

The strips are stacked together in such a manner that the plane of each strip is perpendicular to the plane of the square. The magnetic circuits completed by bringing the 4 stacks together in the form of a square and joining them at the corners. The corner joints one made by a set of standard right angled corners pieces. The corner pieces one of the same materials as strips. There is an overlapping of corner piece and strips at the corners due to which crosssection of iron is doubled at the corners.

Test setup

Kf = Form Factor m = Maximum Flux linking the secondary coils. As = Effective cross-section of the specimen. N2 = No. of turns of secondary winding

Induced secondary voltage E = 4 kf m f N2 = 4 Kf Bm As f N2 Maximum flux density Bm = Actual value of flux density in the specimen
E 4 K f AS fN 2

AC 1 Bm = Bm H m AS
'

Ac = cross-section area of coil. Hm = magnetizing force corresponding to maximum density Pi = total iron loss occurring in the specimen. P = wattmeter reading. V = voltage applied to wattmeter pressure coil. E = voltmeter reading = Voltage induced in coil S2. rp = resistance of wattmeter pressure coil. rs = resistance of coil S1. Ip = current in the pressure coil circuit

Since, the voltage induced in S1 is equal to the voltage induced in S2 since both of them have equal no. of turn and they link with the same flux. Voltage induced in S1 coil = E
If the leakage reactance of coil S1 & pressure coils are neglected then E = Ip (rp + rs)

Total iron loss in specimen + total copper loss in the secondary circuit = P. Total copper loss in the secondary circuit

E V

E2 = rP + rS

Total iron loss in the specimen

rS E E2 E2 Pi = P. = P 1 + r r +r V rP + rS P P S

Separation of Iron Losses Hysteresis loss per unit volume

= Hysteresis co-efficient. K = Steinmets co-efficient (1.6 to 2).

Ph = fBm k
Eddy current loss per unit volume
Pe = 4 K f f 2 Bm t 2 3
2 2

Kf = Form factor of a.c. voltage t = Thickness of specimen = Resistivity of material

Total iron loss per unit volume Pi = Ph + Pe Total iron loss in a specimen Pi = (AS I)Ph + Pe
2 2 4 K f f 2 Bm t 2 2 Pi = ( AS I )fBm + 3

l = Mean length of the magnetic circuit formed by the specimen. As = Cross section of the specimen

= K h fBm + K e K f Bm
k 2

K h = AS I

AS I 4t 2 Ke = 3

Variation of frequency Kf , Bm constant and f varied Total Iron Loss Pi = K1f + K2f2

where K1 = KhBmk & K2 = KeKf2Bm2 are constants

Pi = K1 + K 2 f f
Hysteresis Loss Ph = K1f1 Eddy Current Loss Pe = K2f12

Variation of Form factor Bm , f constant and Kf varied Total Iron Loss Pi = K3 + K4Kf2

where K3 = KnfBmk , K4 = Kef2Bm2 are constants

Hysteresis Loss Ph = K3 & Eddy Current Loss Pe = K4Kf12

Bridge Method

Resistance & Inductance

R RS = 3 (R2 + r2 ) R4
Effective Resistance

R3 LS = L2 R 4
RS

(P + I =
i

1 2 1

RW

Total Iron Loss

Pi = I1 (RS + RW )
2

At Balance voltage drop

I1 R3 = I 2 R4 = (I I1 )R4
R4 I1 = R + R I 4 3

Total Iron Loss

R4 = I 2 R + R (RS RW ) 4 3

Iron Loss Measurement using A.C. Potentiometer