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n\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard\ql \li2534\sb0\
sl-612\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2534\sb0\sl-612\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2534\sb0\sl
-612\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2534\ri1802\sb378\sl-612\slmult0\tx4127 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs68 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS \line \tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex76 AND SYSTEMS \par\pard\ql \li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\

pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa


rd\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li15
26\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1526
\sb214\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2
.0 INTRODUCTION \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri1241\sb276\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The term \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 s
ignal \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is generally applied to something that conveys
information. Signals \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 generally convey information
about the state or behavior of a physical system, and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 often, signals are synthesized for the purpose of communicating information b
etween \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 humans or between humans and machines. Altho
ugh signals can be represented in many \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ways, in all
cases the information is contained in some pattern of variations. Signals are \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 represented mathematically as functions of one or mo
re independent variables. For \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 example, a speech sig
nal is represented mathematically as a function of time, and a \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex115 photographic image is represented 'as a brightness function of two s
patial variables. A \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 common convention\u8212?and one
that usually will be followed in this book\u8212?is to refer \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex120 to the independent variable of the mathematical representation of a s
ignal as time, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 although in speciic examples the ind
ependent variable may in fact not represent time. \par\pard\qj \li1507\ri1246\sb
0\sl-288\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 The independent variable in
the mathematical representation of a signal may be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117
either continuous or discrete. \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Continuous-time signa
ls \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are deined along a continuum \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex116 of times and thus are represented by a continuous independent variable.
Continuous-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 time signals are often referred t
o \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 as analog signals. Discrete-time signals \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 are deined at \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 discrete times, an
d thus, the independent variable has discrete values; i.e., discrete-time \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex112 signals are represented as sequences of numbers. Signals
such as speech or images may \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 have either a continuo
us- or a discrete-variable representation, and if certain conditions \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 hold, these representations are entirely equivalent. Besides t
he independent variables \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 being either continuous or
discrete, the signal amplitude may be either continuous or \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 discrete. \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Digital signals \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 are those for which both time and amplitude are discrete. \par\pard\q
j \li1511\ri1252\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Signal-pr
ocessing systems may be classiied along the same lines as signals. That \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex118 is, continuous-time systems are systems for which both the
input and the output are \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex91 8 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs
24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult
0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb107\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx
2606\tx10320 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.1\
tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-7\charscalex100 9\par\pard\qj \li1463\sb0\sl-285\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li146
3\ri1285\sb127\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 continuous-time signa
ls, and discrete-time systems are those for which both the input \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex111 and the output are discrete-time signals. Similarly, a digital sys
tem is a system for which \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 both the input and the ou
tput are digital signals. Digital signal processing, then, deals \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex119 with the transformation of signals that are discrete in both ampli
tude and time. The \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 principal focus in this book is

on discrete-time (rather than digital) signals and systems. \up0 \expndtw0\chars


calex113 However, the theory of discrete-time signals and systems is also exceed
ingly useful for \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 digital signals and systems, parti
cularly if the signal amplitudes are inely quantized. The \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex111 effects of signal amplitude quantization are considered in Sections 4.8,
6.7-6.9, and 9.7. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri1276\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex112 Discrete-time signals may arise by samping a continuous-time
signal, or they may \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 be generated directly by some
discrete-time process. Whatever the origin of the discrete\up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex110 time signals, discrete-time signal-processing systems have many attractiv
e features. They \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 can be realized with great lexibil
ity with a variety of technologies, such as charge \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
transport devices, surface acoustic wave devices, general-purpose digital comput
ers, or \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 high-speed microprocessors. Complete signal
-processing systems can be implemented \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 using VLSI t
echniques. Discrete-time systems can be used to simulate analog systems \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex120 or, more importantly, to realize signal transformations tha
t cannot be implemented \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 with continuous-time hardwa
re. Thus, discrete-time representations of signals are often \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 desirable when sophisticated and lexible signal processing is required
. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1266\sb9\sl-286\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
112 In this chapter, we consider the fundamental concepts of discrete-time signa
ls and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 signal-processing systems for one-dimensiona
l signals. We emphasize the class of linear \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 time-in
variant discrete-time systems. Many of the properties and results that we derive
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 in this and subsequent chapters will be similar to
properties and results for linear time\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 invariant co
ntinuous-time systems, as presented in a variety of texts. (See, for example, \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Oppenheim and Willsky, 1997.) In fact, it is possible
to approach the discussion of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 discrete-time system
s by treating sequences as analog signals that are impulse trains. This \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex113 approach, if implemented carefully, can lead to correct res
ults and has formed the basis \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 for much of the class
ical discussion of sampled data systems. (See, for example, Phillips \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 and Nagle, 1995.) However, not all sequences arise from sampli
ng a continuous-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 signal, and many discrete-time
systems are not simply approximations to corresponding \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 analog systems. Furthermore, there are important and fundamental difference
s between \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 discrete- and continuous-time systems. Th
erefore, rather than attempt to force results \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 from
continuous-time system theory into a discrete-time framework, we will derive \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 parallel results starting within a framework and with
notation that is suitable to discrete\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 time systems.
Discrete-time signals will be related to continuous-time signals only when \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 it is necessary and useful to do so. \par\pard\ql \li143
5\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1435\sb107\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.1 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS: SEQUENCES \par
\pard\qj \li1468\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1468\ri1290\sb3\sl-290\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-time signals
are represented mathematically as sequences of numbers. A se\up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex119 quence of numbers \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 in which the nth number in the sequence is denoted \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 x \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 [n],1 is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 formal
ly written as \par\pard\li4339\sb23\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx6024\tx9969 \dn2 \expnd
tw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x = \{x[n]),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex101 \u8212?oo < n < oo,\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.1)\par\pard\ql \li1463\sb62\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is an in
teger. In a practical setting, such sequences can often arise from periodic \par
\pard\qj \li1463\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\ri1317\sb58\sl-240\slmul

t0\fi590 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1A sequence is


simply a function whose domain is the set of integers. Note that we use [ ] to
enclose \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 the independent variable of such functions,
and we use ( ) to enclose the independent variable of continuous\up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex110 variable functions. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16
820{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\li2063\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li
2063\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li2063\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li2063\sb227
\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6931\tx10396 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Dis
crete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\par
d\qj \li2059\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2059\ri694\sb109\sl-280\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sampling of an analog signal. In this case, the nume
ric value of the nth number in the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 sequence is equa
l to the value of the analog signal, xa\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (t), \ul0\nos
upersub\cf3\f4\fs22 at time \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 nT; \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 i.e., \par\pard\li4713\sb175\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx5467\tx6849\tx10560 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex112 x\u8222?(nT),\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u8212?oo < n < oo.\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (2.2)\par\pard\qj \li2044\ri690\sb148\sl-286\sl
mult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The quantity
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is called the \ul0\nos
upersub\cf4\f5\fs22 sampling period, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and its recipro
cal is the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 sampling fre-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex113 quency. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Although sequences do not always aris
e from sampling analog waveforms, it is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 convenient
to refer to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as the
"nth sample" of the sequence. Also, although, strictly \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
112 speaking, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 denot
es the nth number in the sequence, the notation of Eq. (2.1) is often \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex116 unnecessarily cumbersome, and it is convenient and unambiguou
s to refer to "the se-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 quence \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 x[n]" \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 when we mean the entire sequence,
just as we referred to the "analog signal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 xa(t)." \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-time signals (i.
e., sequences) are often depicted graphically as shown in \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex112 Figure 2.1. Although the abscissa is drawn as a continuous line, it is im
portant to recog-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 nize that \ul0\nosupersub\cf
4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is defined only for integer values of
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 It is not correct to
think of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex114 being zero for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 is not an integer; \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] is \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 simply undeined for noninteger values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\
f5\fs22 n.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3330\colsr20\colno2\colw
2663\colsr160\colno3\colw5597\colsr160\ql \li2884\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li2884\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2884\sb128\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-9\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x [-2,\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
8 ]\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb229\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xpll\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 x[ox_ \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 _\par\pard\ql \li92\sb102\sl-230\s
lmult0\tx289\tx783\tx1047 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex82 [1]\par\pard\column \ql \li4363\sb0\sl-230\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li4363\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb66\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 x [n] \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4363\sb0\sl180\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ix \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 [2]\
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harscalex222 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul i I I \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10

0 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex167 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1 I\ul0


\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\par\pard\column \ql \li1574
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1574\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li59\s
b118\sl-207\slmult0\tx285\tx1518\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I\ul0\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex243 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1 It t \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 7\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f
10\fs18\ul 8\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\u
l 9 10 11\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw5491\colsr110\colno2\colw
145\colsr110\colno3\colw1156\colsr160\colno4\colw4608\colsr160\ql \li1574\sb76\s
l-207\slmult0\tx4343\tx4598\tx4842\tx5097\tx5347 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8212?9 \u8212?8 \u8212?7 \u8212?6 \u8212?5 \u8212?4
\u8212?3 \u8212?2 \u8212?1 0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
6\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 \u9830?\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb130\sl-136\slmult0\
tx279 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 1\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex220 1 i \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 i\par\pard\column \qj \li20
\ri645\sb102\sl-176\slmult0\tx466 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 n \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Graphical representation of
\line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 a discrete-time signal. \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone \qj \li2059\ri689\sb239\sl-280\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex111 As an example, Figure 2.2(a) shows a segment of a speech signal correspon
ding to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 acoustic pressure variation as a function o
f time, and Figure 2.2(b) presents a sequence \par\pard\ql \li5712\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5712\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li5712\sb178\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs18 32 ms \par\pard\ql \li5832\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex108 (a)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5105\colsr160\coln
o2\colw148\colsr40\colno3\colw6317\colsr160\ql \li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li820\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li820\sb140\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 nin\par\pard\ql \li4473\sb0\sl-12
8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex54 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 "1 ll I\par\
pard\column \ql \li5265\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5265\sb0\sl-184\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li5265\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5265\sb0\sl-184\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li5265\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5265\sb0\sl-184\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li5265\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb25\sl-184\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul II\par\pard\colu
mn \ql \li6047\sb0\sl-552\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1081\sb457\sl-552\slmult0\tx16
52\tx2737\tx3337 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs48 ill\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs44\ul ,111111111\ul0\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs44\ul )1 II,\ul0\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs48\ul ,11\par\pard\ql \li3
111\sb0\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex46 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs32
ilit\par\pard\ql \li624\sb0\sl-496\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf14\f15\fs62 11\par\pard\qj \li20\ri5254\sb298\sl-374\slmult0\tx409 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 256 samples \line\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex109 (b) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1766\sb0\sl-230\slm
ult0\par\pard\li1766\sb19\sl-230\slmult0\fi4\tx2419\tx2932\tx7358 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
06 2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (a) Segment
of a continuous-time speech signal.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (b) Sequen

ce of samples\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1766\sb1\sl-242\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \e


xpndtw-2\charscalex100 obtained from part (a) with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T
= \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 As.\par\pard\sect
\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\li147
8\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb144\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2620\tx10233 \up0 \expndtw
-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc
alex100 Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 11\pa
r\pard\qj \li1473\sb0\sl-285\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\ri1295\sb123\sl-285\slm
ult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 of samples of the speech signal. Although
the original speech signal is deined at all \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 values
of time \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 t, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the sequence
contains information about the signal only at discrete \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
115 instants. From the sampling theorem, discussed in Chapter 4, the original si
gnal can be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 reconstructed as accurately as desired
from a corresponding sequence of samples if the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sam
ples are taken frequently enough. \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li1488\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf2\f3\fs24 2.1.1 Basic Sequences and Sequence Operations \par\pard\qj \li1468\r
i1285\sb157\sl-285\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 In the analysis of discrete-time signal-processing systems, sequences ar
e manipulated \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 in several basic ways. The product an
d sum of two sequences \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are deined
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 as the sample-by-sample product and sum, respective
ly. Multiplication of a sequence \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 by a number \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
22 a \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is defined as multiplication of each sample val
ue by \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A sequence \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 is said to be a delayed or shifted version of a sequence \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 if \par\pard\li5068\sb253\sl-264\slm
ult0\fi0\tx9974 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] =
x[n \u8212? no],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2
.3)\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb126\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 where
no is an integer. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1285\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex118 In discussing the theory of discrete-time signals and system
s, several basic se\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 quences are of particular import
ance. These sequences are shown in Figure 2.3 and are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
11 discussed next. \par\pard\ql \li2049\sb18\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex112 The \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 unit sample sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 (Figure 2.3a) is defined as the sequence\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\c
ols3\colno1\colw5345\colsr40\colno2\colw4439\colsr160\colno3\colw1786\colsr160\q
l \li4905\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4905\sb164\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-7\charscalex100 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n]\par\pard\column \ql \li585
1\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li486\sb10\sl-253\slmult0\tx927\tx1388 \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 n\tab \up0 \expndtw
-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0,\par\pard\ql \li20\sb40\sl-253\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 = \{1, n =O.\par\
pard\column \ql \li9974\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb159\sl-253\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.4) \par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1478\ri1275\sb210\sl-288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
109 As we will see, the unit sample sequence plays the same role for discrete-ti
me signals and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 systems that the unit impulse functi
on (Dirac delta function) does for continuous-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
signals and systems. For convenience, the unit sample sequence is often referred
to as a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 discrete-time
impulse \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or simply as an \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
impulse. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 It is important to note that a discrete-tim
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 impulse does not suffer from the mathematical com

plications of the continuous-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 impulse; its dein


ition is simple and precise. \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri1270\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi57
1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 As we will see in the discussion of linear system
s, one of the important aspects \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 of the impulse sequ
ence is that an arbitrary sequence can be represented as a sum of \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex111 scaled, delayed impulses. For example, the sequence \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf4\f5\fs22 p[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 in Figure 2.4 can be expressed \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 as \par\pard\li2966\sb0\sl-264\slmult0\par\pard\li29
66\sb3\sl-264\slmult0\fi0\tx9974 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex105 P[n] = \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs22 a_33[n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 3] + \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 aiS [n \u8212? 1] + a23[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2] + \ul0\n
osupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a78[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 7].\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex105 (2.5)\par\pard\ql \li1478\sb226\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex113 More generally, any sequence can be expressed as \par\pard\li46
51\sb300\sl-529\slmult0\fi0\tx5971\tx9969 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[k]S[n k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.6)\par\pard\ql \li5404\sb35\sl-184\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo \par\pard\q
j \li1473\ri1295\sb277\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 We will make speciic use of Eq. (2.6) in discussing the repre
sentation of discrete-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 linear systems. \par\par
d\ql \li2049\sb43\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 The \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 unit step sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (Figure 2.3b) is gi
ven by\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9800\colsr160\colno2\colw180
0\colsr160\ql \li4891\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5865\sb73\sl-253\slmult
0\tx6503 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 1,\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex106 > 0,\par\pard\ql \li4891\ri2814\sb0\sl-176\slmult0\tx6287
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 u[n] = \{0,n \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
05 n < O.\par\pard\column \ql \li9960\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb21
7\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.7)
\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2950\colsr40\colno2\colw569\colsr60
\colno3\colw8151\colsr160\ql \li1684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb189\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 12\par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li15
45\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545
\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1545\s
b4\sl-46\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex374 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs4 \u822
6?\u8226?\u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1948\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb0
\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb115\sl-138\slmult0\tx2155\tx2361\tx2567 \
up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex258 \u8226? \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l

i1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1


550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li155
0\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\
sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb
0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\
sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl
-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-4
6\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-46\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb44\sl-46\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex363 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs4 \u8226?\u8226?\u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1948\sb0\sl-138\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb86\sl-138\sl
mult0\tx2150\tx2366\tx2572\tx2778 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li27
83\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783
\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\s
b0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0
\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\s
l-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2783\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li2783\sb30\sl-46\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex363 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf20\f21\fs4 \u8226?\u8226?\u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb0\sl-138\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb32\sl-138\slmult0\tx231\tx442 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\p
ar\pard\ql \li3201\sb0\sl-1955\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li231\sb1052\sl-1955\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f26\fs170 1\up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex95 1\par\pard\column \ql \li6547\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6547\
sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6547\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6547\
sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2958\sb74\sl-253\slmult0\tx6428 \up0 \expndtw
-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li3696\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li107\sb187\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\par\pard\ql \li1527\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex114 Unit sample\par\pard\ql \li3609\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li360
9\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3609\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li360
9\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb107\sl-115\slmult0\tx448\tx659\tx1489\
tx1696 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 \u8226? \tab

\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex322 \u8226?


\u8226? \u8226? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8
226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex27
9 \u8226? \u8226? \u8226? \u8226? \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li236\sb12\sl-177\slmult0
\tx3169 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 n\par\pard\ql \li327\sb125\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 (a)\par\pard\li3825\sb0\sl-108\slmult0\ql \par\pard\li3825\sb0\sl-1
08\slmult0\ql
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5612\shptop3693\shpright5998\shpbottom5293\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz10001\shplid10001
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\s
p{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fL
ine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBe
hindDocument}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt\pard\plain \qj\sl1725 \li0\ri0 \expndtw0\charscale
x97\ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs150\ul e{\par}}}}
\par\pard\ql \li236\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\tx3174 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 n\par\pard\ql \li32
7\sb109\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (b)\par\pard\ql \li5116\sb0\
sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5116\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5116\sb0\
sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5116\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1527\sb2\
sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Real exponential\par\pard\ql \li3614
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3614\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3614
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb50\sl-207\slmult0\tx452\tx659\tx870\tx1
076\tx1283 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex165 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 11\ul0\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex427
\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul n',\par\pard\ql \li3169\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n\par\pard\ql \li236\sb1
01\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 0\up
0 \expndtw-11\charscalex85 (c)\par\pard\ql \li1609\sb141\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Sinusoidal\par\pard\ql \li236\s
b123\sl-912\slmult0\tx1907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\
fs80\ul 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 11 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 i\ul0\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex58 \ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\fs80\ul yli\par\pard\ql \li3
169\sb0\sl-171\slmult0\tx3640 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28
\f29\fs18 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure
2.3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Some basic sequences.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\cols2\colno1\colw7054\colsr160\colno2\colw4546\colsr160\ql \li2995\sb0\sl-656\
slmult0\tx4655 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex66 \ul0\nosupersub\cf27\f28\fs82 Ili \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex82 'II'\par\pard\ql \li3
921\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18
(d)\par\pard\ql \li4727\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4727\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li4727\sb142\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 of\par
\pard\ql \li3844\sb71\sl-207\slmult0\tx6484 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 a_3\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 p [n]\par\pard\ql \
li4766\sb196\sl-207\slmult0\tx4972\tx5193 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf9\f10\fs18\ul 2\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\
fs18\ul \u8226?\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri1130\sb49\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The sequences shown play importan
t \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 roles in the analysis and representation \
line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of discrete-time signals and systems.\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6540\colsr40\colno2\colw5180\colsr160\ql \
li3720\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx4142\tx4564\tx5615\tx6235 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex177 \u82
26? \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u822
6? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex186 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 \u8226? \u822

6? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li3657\sb0\sl-162\slm


ult0\tx4094\tx4780\tx5198\tx5442\tx5615\tx6028 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 -4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 -2\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex147 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 I\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex155 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 ue\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11
\f12\fs16 I\par\pard\ql \li4939\sb146\sl-184\slmult0\tx5990 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex105 a2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 a7\pa
r\pard\ql \li1684\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1684\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li1684\sb78\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 The unit step is related to the impulse by\par\pard\ql \li6225\sb
107\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n
\par\pard\ql \li5260\sb17\sl-302\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf5\f6\fs24 u[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li6009\sb7
9\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=-o
o\par\pard\column \ql \li203\sb82\sl-218\slmult0\tx669\tx1283\tx1801 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figr\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 2.4\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Example of a sequence to
\par\pard\qj \li659\ri1505\sb0\sl-233\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
be represented as a sum of scaled, \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 delayed impulse
s.\par\pard\ql \li6580\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6580\sb0\sl-276\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li6580\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb250\sl-276\slmult
0\tx3625 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex78 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 3[1(];\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.8) \par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone \qj \li1680\ri1073\sb110\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
13 that is, the value of the unit step sequence at (time) index \ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs24 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is equal to the accumulated \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex112 sum of the value at index \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 n \ul0\
nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and all previous values of the impulse sequence. An alter
na-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 tive representation of the unit step in te
rms of the impulse is obtained by interpreting \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1
1900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult
0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard
\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb78\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2640\tx1023
8 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.1\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-7\charscalex100 Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\char
scalex100 13\par\pard\qj \li1502\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1502\ri1266\s
b145\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 the unit step in Figure 2.3(b)
in terms of a sum of delayed impulses as in Eq. (2.6). In \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex114 this case, the nonzero values are all unity, so \par\pard\li3998\sb0\sl-2
64\slmult0\par\pard\li3998\sb10\sl-264\slmult0\fi0\tx9873 \dn3 \expndtw0\charsca
lex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 u[n] = (5[n] + 3[n \u8212? 1] + S[n \u8212? \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2] + \u8226? \u8226? \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex101 (2.9a)\par\pard\ql \li1502\sb206\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex115 or \par\pard\ql \li5827\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5827\sb46\sl-115
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \par\par
d\li4992\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\fi0\tx6124\tx9864 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 u[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\tab \dn2 \expndtw1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 6[n \u8212? k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.9b)\par\pard\ql \li5750\sb13\sl-184\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=0 \par\pard
\qj \li1507\ri1251\sb117\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 Conversely, the impulse sequence can be expressed as the irst b
ackward difference of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 the unit step sequence, i.e.,
\par\pard\li4819\sb207\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx5299\tx9878 \up0 \expndtw-6\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 3[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 = u[n]
\u8212? u[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x102 (2.10)\par\pard\qj \li1502\ri1266\sb253\sl-290\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Exponential sequences \ul0\nosupersub

\cf3\f4\fs22 are extremely important in representing and analyzing lin-\line \up


0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ear time-invariant discrete-time systems. The general
form of an exponential sequence \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 is \par\pard\li5352
\sb209\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9873 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
4\f5\fs22 x[n] = Aan.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 (2.11)\par\pard\qj \li1502\ri1261\sb152\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex118 If A and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are re
al numbers, then the sequence is real. If 0 < a < 1 and A is positive, \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex111 then the sequence values are positive and decrease with incr
easing \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as in Figure 2
.3(c). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 For \u8212?1 < a < 0, the sequence values al
ternate in sign, but again decrease in magnitude \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 wi
th increasing \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If la I
> 1, then the sequence grows in magnitude as \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 increases. \par\pard\ql \li2078\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li2078\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.1 Combining Basic Sequences \par\pard\qj \li2515\ri1281\s
b178\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 We
often combine basic sequences to form simple representations of other sequences.
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 If we want an exponential sequence that is zero fo
r \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, we can write th
is as the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 somewhat cumbersome expression\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9780\colsr160\colno2\colw1820\colsr160\qj \li
5356\sb0\sl-168\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5356\sb0\sl-168\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li
5356\ri2190\sb57\sl-168\slmult0\tx6249\tx6959 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex163 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n]_ \ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 Af, n > \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs
30 0, \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 0, \t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 0.\par\pard\ql \li2520\sb218\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x114 A much simpler expression is x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Aanu[n].\pa
r\pard\column \ql \li9940\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb112\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.12) \par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1507\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1507\ri1261\sb30
\sl-280\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 S
inusoidal \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 sequences are also very important. A sinus
oidal sequence has the gen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 eral form \par\pard\li402
2\sb164\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx7032\tx9883 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A cos(won + \ul0\nosupersub
\cf4\f5\fs22 0),\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 fo
r all \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.13)\par\pard\ql \li1502\sb243\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex113 with A and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 real constants, and is illustrated in Figure 2.3(d). \par\pard\ql \li2078\sb
1\sl-237\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 The exponential sequence \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 Aan \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 with complex \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 a \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 has real and imaginary parts that \par
\pard\qj \li1507\ri1266\sb28\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 are exp
onentially weighted sinusoids. Speciically, if \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a = \
ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 la lej' \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and A = IA 'ell'
, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Aan \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 can be expressed in any of the following ways: \par\pard
\ql \li2779\sb225\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 x [n]\ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 Aa
n \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 = IA lei lalneiw'n \par\pard\li4080\sb171\sl-287\
slmult0\fi0\tx9873 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = IA
I lalnej(won+0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (2.14)\par\pard\li4080\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0\par\pard\li4080\sb20\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6604\tx7800 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex110 = IAI laln cos(won +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 + llAl\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 sin(coon + \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 0).\par\pard\
sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\l

i1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\
sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb242\sl-253\s
lmult0\fi0\tx6302\tx9763 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 14\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time
Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\li1430\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1430\sb166\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx8875 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex115 The sequence oscillates with an exponentially growing envelope if
Ian\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 > 1 or with an\par\pard\li1430\sb30\sl-253
\slmult0\fi0\tx5606 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 exponentially decaying envelope
if icy I\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 < 1. (As a simple example, consider t
he case\par\pard\li1430\sb68\sl-253\slmult0\fi182 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 o
= 7.)\par\pard\qj \li1430\ri1323\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex114 When ice I = 1, the sequence is referred to as a \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 complex exponential sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 has the form \par\pard\li2755\sb41\sl-310\slmult0\fi0\tx9811 \dn3
\expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = lAlei("Dn+0) = \ul0\
nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 IA I cos(coon +\ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 0) + j\{ AI
sin(coon + 0);\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.1
5)\par\pard\qj \li1425\ri1319\sb89\sl-288\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
09 that is, the real and imaginary parts of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 eic"n \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 vary sinusoidally with \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n.
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 By analogy with the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 con
tinuous-time case, the quantity coo is called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 fr
equency \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of the complex sinusoid or \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex111 complex exponential, and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (r \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 is called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 phase. \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 However, note that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 is a dimensionless \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 integer. Thus, the dim
ension of coo must be radians. If we wish to maintain a closer \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex112 analogy with the continuous-time case, we can specify the units of \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 coo \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 to be radians per \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sample and the units of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 to be samples. \par\pard\qj \li1430\ri1323\sb0\sl-29
0\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 The fact that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is always an integer in Eq. (2.15) leads to
some important differences \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 between the properties
of discrete-time and continuous-time complex exponential se\up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex116 quences and sinusoidal sequences. An important difference between contin
uous-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 and discrete-time complex sinusoids is se
en when we consider a frequency \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (coo \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 + 27). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 In this case, \par\pard\ql \li4
358\sb112\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
22 x[n] = Aei(a)0+270n\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9655\colsr16
0\colno2\colw1945\colsr160\ql \li5131\sb131\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 Aeiwoneizgn = Aeic"n\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.16) \par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone \qj \li1440\ri1318\sb102\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 More
generally, we can easily see that complex exponential sequences with frequencie
s \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (coo + 27r), where \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 r
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is an integer, are indistinguishable from one anothe
r. An identical \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 statement holds for sinusoidal sequ
ences. Speciically, it is easily veriied that \par\pard\ql \li4281\sb143\sl-299\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = A cos[(a
) 0 + 2irr)n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 0]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols
2\colno1\colw9651\colsr160\colno2\colw1949\colsr160\ql \li4790\sb95\sl-299\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 = A \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 cos(coon + \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 0).\par\pard\column \ql \li
20\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (
2.17) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1435\ri1318\sb132\sl-290\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex118 The implications of this property for sequences obtained

by sampling sinusoids and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 other signals will be di


scussed in Chapter 4. For now, we simply conclude that, when \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex114 discussing complex exponential signals of the form \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 x[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 = Aeiwiln \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
or real sinusoidal \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb21\sl-253\slmult0\tx4036 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex113 signals of the form \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \tab \dn2
\expndtw0\charscalex115 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A cos(co on + 0), we need
only consider frequencies in an \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb47\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex113 interval of length 27, such as \u8212?7 < \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 coo \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 r \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 coo \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 < 27. \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri1328\sb1\sl-285\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex117 Another important difference between continuous-time and disc
rete-time com\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 plex exponentials and sinusoids concer
ns their periodicity. In the continuous-time case, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
a sinusoidal signal and a complex exponential signal are both periodic, with the
period \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 equal to 27 divided by the frequency. In th
e discrete-time case, a periodic sequence is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 a sequ
ence for which \par\pard\li4281\sb154\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6609\tx9806 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = x[n + N],\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2
2 n,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.18)\par\par
d\qj \li1430\ri1328\sb113\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 where the
period \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is necessarily
an integer. If this condition for periodicity is tested \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 for the discrete-time sinusoid, then \par\pard\li3672\sb134\sl-264\slmult0\
fi0\tx9806 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex108 A cos(coon + 4)) = A cos(co on + \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 cooN \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 0),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.19)\par\
pard\ql \li1430\sb86\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 which requires
that \par\pard\li5236\sb101\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9806 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
12 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 cooN \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = 27k,\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex112 (2.20)\par\pard\ql \li1430\sb133\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex114 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 is an integer. A similar statement holds for the complex exponential sequen
ce \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg
8}\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\s
b54\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2601\tx10209 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Discrete-Time Signals
: Sequences\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 15\par\
pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\sb198\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Ceiwn \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 that is, periodicity with period \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 requires that \par\pard\li5145\sb258\sl-264\slmult0\fi0\tx6014
\tx9840 \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 lwo(n+N)\tab
\dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 = e\t \dn2 \expndtw-7\c
harscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 -1-)on\t \dn3 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 ,\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 (2.21)\par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1459\ri1
294\sb23\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 which is true only for \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 co 0 N = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 27k, as in Eq. (2.2
0). Consequently, complex exponential \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 and sinusoida
l sequences are not necessarily periodic in \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\n
osupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 with period (27/coo) and, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 dep
ending on the value of coo, may not be periodic at all. \par\pard\qj \li2030\sb0
\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2030\ri2677\sb57\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex150 Example 2.2 Periodic and Aperiodic Discrete-Time \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex145 Sinusoids \par\pard\ql \li2481\sb145\sl-230\slmult0\tx4953 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Consider the signal xi \ul0\nosupe

rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs


20 = cos(7n/4). This signal has a period of \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 N = \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 8. To show \par\pard\ql \li2476\sb50\sl-230\slmult0\tx
4747\tx6024\tx6609 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 this, note that \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 x[n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 8] \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
23 = cos(7(n \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 8)/4) \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex126 = cos(7n/4 + 27) = cos(7n/4) = x[n], \par\pard\qj \li2476\ri1311\sb2\sl-2
65\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 satisfying the deinition of a discrete-t
ime periodic signal. Contrary to our intuition \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 from
continuous-time sinusoids, increasing the frequency of a discrete-time sinusoid
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 does not necessarily decrease the period of the si
gnal. Consider the discrete-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sinusoid x2\ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos(37n/8), which has a h
igher frequency than xi [n]. However, x2\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n] \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is not periodic with period 8,
since x2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 8] = cos(3
7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 8)/8) = cos(37n/8
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 37) = \par\pard\qj \li2476\ri1306\sb0\sl-260\slmul
t0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \u8212?x2[n]. Using an argument analogous t
o the one for xi [n], we can show that x2[n] has \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 a
period of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 16. Thus,
increasing the frequency from coo = 27/8 to \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 coo =
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 37/8 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 also increases the
period of the signal. This occurs because discrete-time signals are \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex115 deined only for integer indices \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n.
\par\pard\qj \li2481\ri1301\sb0\sl-265\slmult0\fi571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The integer restriction on \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 causes some sinusoidal signals not to be per
iodic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 at all. For example, there is no integer \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 such that the signal x3 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos(n) satisies \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex107 the condition x3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n + N ] =
x3 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n. \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 These and other properties of discrete-time \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex118 sinusoids that run counter to their continuous-time counterparts
are caused by the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 limitation of the time index \ul
0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to integers for discretetime signals and systems. \par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\l
i1459\ri1289\sb28\sl-286\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 When we combine the condition of Eq. (2.20) with our previous ob
servation that \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 coo and (coo + 27r) are indistinguis
hable frequencies, it becomes clear that there are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 distinguishable freque
ncies for which the corresponding sequences are periodic with \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex117 period \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 One
set of frequencies is \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 cok \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 27kIN,k= \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, 1, \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex112 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \u8212?1. \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 These properties \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1295\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 of complex exponential and sinusoidal sequences are
basic to both the theory and the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 design of computat
ional algorithms for discrete-time Fourier analysis, and they will be \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex114 discussed in more detail in Chapters 8 and 9. \par\pard\qj \l
i1463\ri1295\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Related to th
e preceding discussion is the fact that the interpretation of high \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex114 and low frequencies is somewhat different for continuous-time an
d discrete-time sinu-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 soidal and complex expon
ential signals. For a continuous-time sinusoidal signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 x(t) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs22 A cos(C2 ot \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 0), \ul0\nosupersub\cf

3\f4\fs22 as C20 increases, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x(t) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3


\f4\fs22 oscillates more and more rapidly. For the discrete-\line \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 time sinusoidal signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex119 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A cos(won + 0), as co increase
s from coo = 0 toward \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb2\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex111 coo = n\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 , x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
oscillates more and more rapidly. However, as coo increases from coo = \par\par
d\ql \li1459\ri1299\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 to coo =
27, the oscilations become slower. This is ilustrated in Figure 2.5. In fact, b
e-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cause of the periodicity in \ul0\nosupersub
\cf4\f5\fs22 wo\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of sinusoidal and complex exponential
sequences, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 coo \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex112 is indistinguishable from coo = 0, and, more generally, f
requencies around coo = 27 are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 indistinguishable fr
om frequencies around coo = 0. As a consequence, for sinusoidal \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex109 and complex exponential signals, values of coo in the vicinity of c
oo = 27k for any integer \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 value of \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are typically referred to as low freque
ncies (relatively slow oscillations), while \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 values
of co in the vicinity of coo = \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\
f5\fs22 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 27k) for any integer value of \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf4\f5\fs22 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are typically \par\pard\ql \li1459
\sb18\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 referred to as high frequencie
s (relatively rapid oscillations). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh1
6820{\bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\li1953\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\l
i1953\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1953\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1953\sb0\
sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1953\sb7\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6811\tx10271 \dn2 \expnd
tw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 16\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6
744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li674
4\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\
sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl
-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-2
07\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li6744\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6744\sb71\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 n \par\pard\ql \li6705\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb0\sl-23
0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6705\sb94\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 oo =\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 T \par\pard\ql
\li7531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li7531\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7531\sb152\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex105 Figure 2.5 cos \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 won for several \par\
pard\ql \li7512\ri659\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 diffe
rent values of wo. As wo increases \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 from zero towar
d \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (parts a\u8212?d),
the \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 sequence oscillates more rapidly. As wo \up0

\expndtw-7\charscalex100 increases from \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 r \ul0\nosup


ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 to 2n (parts d\u8212?a), the \par\pard\li3710\sb1\sl-218\slmul
t0\fi0\tx7521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (d)\tab \
dn4 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 oscillations become slo
wer.\par\pard\ql \li1977\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.2 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS \par\pard\qj \li1972\ri796\sb25
3\sl-290\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A
discrete-time system is deined mathematically as a transformation or operator th
at \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 maps an input sequence with values \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 into an output sequence with val
ues \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 This \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex111 can be denoted as \par\pard\li5687\sb110\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\
tx10334 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n] = T fx[n]l
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (2.22)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\pa
perh16820{\bkmkstart Pg10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\coln
o1\colw4560\colsr110\colno2\colw7090\colsr160\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1416\sb168\sl-253\slmult0\tx2543 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Discrete-Time
Systems\par\pard\column \ql \li10166\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10166\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10166\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10166\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5516\sb132\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 17\par\pard\qj \li4670\sb0\sl-235\slmult0
\par\pard\qj \li2314\ri1942\sb222\sl-235\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.6 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Representat
ion of a \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 discrete-time system, i.e., a\par\pard\ql
\li2310\sb1\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 transformation that ma
ps an input\par\pard\ql \li759\sb14\sl-218\slmult0\tx2324 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 71\u8226?1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 into a unique output\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-175\slmult0\tx34
2\tx1359\tx1878\tx2324 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs
18 [\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex89 1.1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1-3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 1]\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
An]. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1411\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li
1411\ri1333\sb48\sl-290\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 and is indicated pictorially in Figure 2.6. Equation (2.22) represe
nts a rule or formula \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 for computing the output sequ
ence values from the input sequence values. It should \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
17 be emphasized that the value of the output sequence at each value of the inde
x \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n may \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 depend on \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 for all values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
The following examples illustrate some simple and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109
useful systems. \par\pard\ql \li1987\sb262\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.3 The Ideal Delay System \par\pard\
ql \li2423\sb202\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 The ideal delay system is deined by the equation \par\pard\li4646\sb192
\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx6801\tx9859 \dn4 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = x[n \u8212? nd],\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8212?oo
< n < oo,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.23)\pa
r\pard\qj \li2428\ri1354\sb198\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 where
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nd \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is a ixed positive i
nteger called the delay of the system. In words, the ideal \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex114 delay system simply shifts the input sequence to the right by \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs22 nd \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 samples to form the \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex112 output. If, in Eq. (2.23), \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 nd is \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a ixed negative integer, then the system would shift
the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 input to the left by \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2

2 indI \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 samples, corresponding to a time advance. \pa


r\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1420\ri1333\sb24\sl-280\slmu
lt0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In Example 2.
3, only one sample of the input sequence is involved in determining \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex112 a certain output sample. In the following example, this is not
the case. \par\pard\ql \li1991\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1991\sb28\sl-27
6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.4 M
oving Average \par\pard\ql \li2428\sb202\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The general moving-average system is deined by
the equation \par\pard\ql \li5745\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5745\sb48\sl
-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 M2 \par\
pard\ql \li4819\sb1\sl-116\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf34\f35\fs12\ul 1 \par\pard\li3503\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 An] =\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\col
no1\colw5499\colsr40\colno2\colw6221\colsr160\ql \li4598\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 + M2 + 1\par\pard\ql \li4814\sb123\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf33\f34\fs22\ul 1\par\pard\ql \li4238
\sb73\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Mi
+M2+1\par\pard\column \ql \li164\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118
\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 x[n \u8212? Ic]\par\pard\ql \li20\sb47\sl-253\slmult0\tx1114\tx2285\tx3
447\tx4354 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 fx[n +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102
+ x[n +\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex93 \u8212? 1] + \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndt
w-5\charscalex100 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 (2.24) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li4247\sb107\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 +x[n-1]+\u8226?\u8226?\u8226?+
x[n\u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M2]\}. \par\pard\ql \li10017\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li10017\sb41\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x [k]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw77
12\colsr160\colno2\colw3888\colsr160\ql \li6000\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li6000\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6000\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li6000\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6000\sb237\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex167 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 \ul0\super\cf11\f12\fs24 n\par\p
ard\column \ql \li7872\sb0\sl-506\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb476\sl-506\slmult
0\tx1421 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 I\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 I \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e \ql \li2952\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2952\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li2952\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2952\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li2952\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2952\sb204\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 Sequence values involved in computing a causal moving average. \par\pard\
ql \li2428\sb186\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 This system computes the nth sample of the output sequence as the avera
ge of (Mi \par\pard\ql \li2448\sb70\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
M2 + 1) samples of the input sequence around the nth sample. Figure 2.7 shows an
\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg1
1}\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb222\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6331\tx98
01 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 18\tab \up0 \expndtw
-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li2467\sb0\sl-260\slmult0
\par\pard\qj\li2467\ri1305\sb131\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 input sequence plotted as a function of a dummy ind
ex \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and the samples inv
olved in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 the computation of the output sample \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs20 n = 7, M1 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, and \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\
fs14 M2 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 5. The output \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118
sample y[7] is equal to one-sixth of the sum of all the samples between the ver
tical \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 dotted lines. To compute y[8], both dotted li

nes would move one sample to the right. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1294\sb213\sl-293


\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Classes
of systems are deined by placing constraints on the properties of the \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex111 transformation \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T \{\u8226? \ul0\n
osupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 \}. Doing so often leads to very general mathematical repr
esentations, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 as we will see. Of particular importan
ce are the system constraints and properties, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 discu
ssed in Sections 2.2.1-2.2.5. \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li1468\sb6\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3
\fs24 2.2.1 Memoryless Systems \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1270\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\fi
4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A system is referred
to as memoryless if the output \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 y[n] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 at every value of \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 n \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 depends \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 only on the input \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf36\f37\fs44 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 at the same value of \ul0\nos
upersub\cf36\f37\fs44 n. \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb213\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.5 A Memoryless System \par
\pard\ql \li2481\sb202\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 An example of a memoryless system is a system for which x[n] and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 are related by \par
\pard\li4622\sb185\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6484\tx9907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = (x[n])2,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for each value of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n.\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.25)\par\pard\qj \li24
76\ri1301\sb151\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 The system in Exampl
e 2.3 is not memoryless unless \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nd = \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 0; in particular, this system \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 is referr
ed to as having "memory" whether \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nd \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 is positive (a time delay) or negative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
(a time advance). The system in Example 2.4 is not memoryless unless Ml = \ul0\n
osupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 M2 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0. \par\pard\ql \li1478
\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1478\sb91\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.2.2 Linear Systems \par\pard\ql \li1459\s
b62\sl-400\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The c
lass of \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 linear systems \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
is deined by the principle of superposition. If \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 y
1 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 y2 [n] \par
\pard\ql \li1468\sb1\sl-254\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 are the responses of a system when \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 x
1 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 x2 [n] \ul0\
nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are the respective inputs, then the \par\pard\ql \li1463\
sb47\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 system is linear if and only if
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9545\colsr160\colno2\colw2055\cols
r160\ql \li3115\sb31\sl-407\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf36\f37\fs44 T\{xi[n] + x2[n]\} = T\{x2[n]\} + T\{x2[n]\} = y1[n] + y2[n]\par\p
ard\ql \li1473\sb105\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 and\par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0\sl-506\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0
\sl-506\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0\sl-506\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0
\sl-506\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb423\sl-506\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex71 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \ul0\
nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 a kxk[n],\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb197\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then the output of a linear
system will be\par\pard\ql \li4958\sb42\sl-484\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x58 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 Y[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \ul0\no
supersub\cf36\f37\fs44 akYkini,\par\pard\ql \li5836\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k\par\pard\column \ql \li44\s
b153\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.
26a)\par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmu

lt0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmu


lt0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li35\sb242\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (2.28a)\par\pard\ql \li9705\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li9705\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb192\sl-253\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (2.28b) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1368\sb
0\sl-396\slmult0\tx5846 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f
37\fs44 yk[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is the system response to the i \tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex70 nput \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 xk[n]. \par\pard\q
l \li2044\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 By using the deinition of the principle of superposition, we can easily sh
ow that \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1295\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex110 the systems of Examples 2.3 and 2.4 are linear systems. (See Problem 2.2
3.) An example \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 of a nonlinear system is the system
in Example 2.5. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg1
2}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb221\sl-253\slmult0\
fi0\tx2582\tx10190 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec
. 2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Discrete-Time Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 19\par\pard\ql \li2016\sb0\sl-276\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql\li2016\sb142\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.6 The Accumulator System \par\pard\ql \li2457\s
b0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2457\sb56\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex149 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 The system deined by the input-output equat
ion \par\pard\li5668\sb162\sl-506\slmult0\fi0\tx6864\tx9883 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex144 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 y[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 x[k]\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (2.29)\par\pard\ql \li6340\sb0\
sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex43 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 k=-co \
par\pard\ql \li2462\sb1\sl-174\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf11\f12\fs16 is called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 accumulator \ul0\n
osupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 system, since the output at time \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f3
0\fs16 n is \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 just the sum of the present \par\pard\
qj \li2448\ri1352\sb35\sl-260\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 and all
previous input samples. The accumulator system is a linear system. In order to \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 prove this, we must show that it satisies the superp
osition principle for all inputs, not \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 just any spec
iic set of inputs. We begin by deining two arbitrary inputs xi \ul0\nosupersub\c
f29\f30\fs16 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 and x2\ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs
16 [n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 and their corr
esponding outputs\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6016\colsr60\coln
o2\colw754\colsr20\colno3\colw4920\colsr160\ql \li5510\sb47\sl-489\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex41 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 Y l[n]\par\pard\ql \li5510\
sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5510\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5510\
sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5510\sb3\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 Y2[11]\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb24\sl506\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex151 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 = \ul0\no
supersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\par\pard\ql \li260\sb0\sl-352\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex43 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 k\u8212?oo\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-421
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex159 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 = \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\par\pard\ql \li260\sb53\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 k=-oo\par\pard\column \ql \li6840\sb0\sl
-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb115\sl-184\slmult0\tx3077 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 xi [k],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131
\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (2.30)\par\pard\ql \li6840\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li6840\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6840\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li20\sb106\sl-161\slmult0\tx3077 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf12\f13\fs14 X2[k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
11\f12\fs16 (2.31) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2462\ri1357\sb125\sl-260\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 When the input is \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\

fs16 x3[n] = a xi[n] + bx2[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 the superposition p


rinciple requires the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 output \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f
30\fs16 y 3[n] = ay i[n] + by2[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 for all possible
choices of a and \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 b. \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16
We can show this by \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 starting from Eq. (2.29):\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5229\colsr60\colno2\colw4458\colsr160\c
olno3\colw1863\colsr160\ql \li4732\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4732\sb172
\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 Y3[n]
\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb71\sl-506\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex70 = \ul
0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E x3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 [k],\par\pard\ql \
li260\sb0\sl-352\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex42 k=-oo\par\pard\column \ql \
li5289\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb124\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (2.32)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
cols2\colno1\colw6032\colsr40\colno2\colw5688\colsr160\ql \li5601\sb1\sl-398\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\par\pard\ql \l
i5529\sb0\sl-352\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex42 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs
44 k=-co\par\pard\column \ql \li5289\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb22\
sl-184\slmult0\tx3845 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16
(axi [k] + bx2[k]),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\f
s16 (2.33) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5289\sb1\sl-496\slmult0\fi230\tx6427\
tx7617\tx9892 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 a \ul0\
nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29
\f30\fs16 [lc] + b \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 x2[k],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (2.34)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5289\sb59\sl-161\s
lmult0\fi393\tx7089 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 k
=-co\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 k=-oo\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5289\
sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li5289\sb92\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx9892 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 = ay i[n] + by \ul0\nosupersub\cf12
\f13\fs14 2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 [n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131
\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (2.35)\par\pard\qj \li2462\ri1352\sb128\sl-280\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 Thus, the accumulator system of Eq. (2.29) sat
isies the superposition principle for all \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 inputs an
d is therefore linear. \par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li14
49\ri1300\sb122\sl-290\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 In general, it may be simpler to prove that a system is not linear
(if it is not) than \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 to prove that it is linear (if
it is). We simply must ind an input or set of inputs for which \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex113 the system does not satisfy the conditions of linearity. \par\pard\
ql \li2025\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2025\sb126\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.7 A Nonlinear System \
par\pard\ql \li2471\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2471\sb56\sl-184\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 Consider the system de
ined by \par\pard\li5481\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\par\pard\li5481\sb46\sl-184\slmult0\
fi0\tx9892 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 w[n] = \ul
0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 lo\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 (2.36)\par\pard\q
l \li6379\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 gin ( \ul0\super\cf29\
f30\fs24 Ix [n]l) \par\pard\qj \li2462\ri1357\sb13\sl-264\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex169 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 This system is not linear. In order
to prove this, we only need to ind one \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 counterexam
ple\u8212?that is, one set of inputs and outputs which demonstrates that the sys
-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 tem violates the superposition principle, Eq
. (2.27). The inputs xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 [n] = 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
11\f12\fs16 and x2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 [n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\
fs16 10 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 are a counterexample. The output for the ir
st signal is \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 w1 [n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs1
6 0, while for the second, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30
\fs16 w2[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 1. The scaling property of linear sy
stems requires that, since \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 x2[n] = 10xi[n], \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex145 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 if the system is linear, it

must be true that w2[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 = lOwi \ul0\nosupersub\cf2


9\f30\fs16 [n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 Since this is not so for \par\pard
\ql \li2467\sb63\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 Eq. (2.36) for this
set of inputs and outputs, the system is \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 not \ul0
\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 linear. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16
820{\bkmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\
li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0
\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb113\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6335\tx9801 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 20\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li1473\sb117\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f
3\fs24 2.2.3 Time-Invariant Systems \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1277\sb156\sl-286\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A time-invariant s
ystem (often referred to equivalently as a shift-invariant system) is \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex118 a system for which a time shift or delay of the input sequenc
e causes a corresponding \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 shift in the output sequen
ce. Speciically, suppose that a system transforms the input \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 sequence with values \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 into the output sequence with values \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44
y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Then the system is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\cols2\colno1\colw9329\colsr160\colno2\colw2271\colsr160\ql \li1463\sb37\sl-253\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 said to be time invariant if, for all no, t
he input sequence with values \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xl [n]\par\pard\ql \li
1459\sb7\sl-288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
produces the output sequence with values yi[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 y[
n \u8212? no].\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex49 x[n \u8212? no] \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1459\ri1285\sb0\sl-2
86\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 As in
the case of linearity, proving that a system is time invariant requires a genera
l \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 proof making no speciic assumptions about the inp
ut signals. All of the systems in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Examples 2.3-2.7
are time invariant. The style of proof for time invariance is illustrated \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex110 in Examples 2.8 and 2.9. \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb0\sl-276\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2035\sb39\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.8 The Accumulator as a Time-Invariant System
\par\pard\ql \li2481\sb66\sl-420\slmult0\tx9652 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex98 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Consider the accumulator from Example 2.6. We deine xi
\ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 [n] = x[n \u8212? no]. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 To show \par\pard\qj \li2481\ri1291\sb9\sl-24
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 time invariance, we solve for both \ul0\n
osupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n \u8212?no] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs22 y 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 [n] and compare them to see whe
ther \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 they are equal. First, \par\pard\ql \li6614\sb
0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6614\sb67\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf37\f38\fs12 n\u8212?no\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2
\colno1\colw9747\colsr160\colno2\colw1853\colsr160\ql \li5404\sb32\sl-268\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n \u8212? no] = \ul
0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\
f5\fs22 x[k].\par\pard\ql \li6556\sb85\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\ql \li2476\sb42\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Next, we ind\par\
pard\ql \li5342\sb61\sl-506\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex51 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf10\f11\fs44 yi[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex99 = E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128
\ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 Xl[k]\par\pard\ql \li6144\sb14\sl-184\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 k=--oo\par\pard\ql \li5908\sb126\sl-506\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex63 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 = E \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37
\fs44 x[k \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 \u8212? not\par\pard\ql \li6148\sb14\sl184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212
?oo\par\pard\ql \li2481\sb115\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\n

osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Substituting the change of variables k1 = \ul0\nosupersub\


cf4\f5\fs22 k \u8212? no \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 into the summation gives\pa
r\pard\ql \li5803\sb68\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf11\f12\fs16 n\u8212?no\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb63\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.37)\par\pard\ql \li9912\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9912\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9912\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb117\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex105 (2.38)\par\pard\ql \li9907\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9907\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106
(2.39)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6282\colsr20\colno2\colw345
5\colsr160\colno3\colw1853\colsr160\ql \li4924\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 yi[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44
E\par\pard\ql \li5707\sb0\sl-352\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf36\f37\fs44 k1=-0.0\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex55 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 xtkii = \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\
f37\fs44 An\u8212?no].\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb58\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.40) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e \ql \li2476\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Thus, the accumula
tor is a time-invariant system. \par\pard\ql \li2044\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li2044\sb146\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 The following example illustrates a system that is not time invariant.
\par\pard\ql \li2040\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2040\sb72\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.9 The Compre
ssor System \par\pard\ql \li2476\sb202\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
12 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The system defined by the relation \par\pard\li24
81\sb157\sl-253\slmult0\fi2361\tx6667\tx9907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = x[Mn],\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u8212?oo
< n < oo ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.41)\p
ar\pard\li2481\sb1\sl-423\slmult0\fi0\tx7339\tx10262 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex
100 with \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 M \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a positive in
teger, is called a \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 compressor.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Speciically, it discards \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf4\f5\fs22 (M \u8212?\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 1)\par\pard\qj \li24
71\ri1306\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 samples out of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 M; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 i.e., it creates the output sequence by selecting every Mth sample. \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex109 This system is not time invariant. We can show that it is
not by considering the response \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 yi[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 xi[n] = x[n \u8212? no]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 In order for the system
to be time invariant, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 output of the system whe
n the \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 input is x1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 [n
] \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 must be equal to \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n \u8212? no]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The output
\par\pard\ql \li2481\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs22 yi[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 that results from the input \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xi[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 can be directly com
puted from Eq. (2.41) to be \par\pard\li5020\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\fi0\tx9897 \dn0
\expndtw-11\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Y t[n] = xi[Mn] = x[Mn \u82
12? \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 no].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.42)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkm
kstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb40\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2596\tx10190 \up0 \expndtw-6\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.2\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex
100 Discrete-Time Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\
f3\fs24 21\par\pard\ql \li2471\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2471\sb194\sl-2
30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Delaying the
output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 by no sampl
es yields \par\pard\li5241\sb187\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9897 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc

alex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n no] = x[M(n \u8212? no)].\tab \dn2 \expn


dtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.43)\par\pard\qj \li2471\ri1321
\sb149\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Comparing these two outpu
ts, we see that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n \u8212? no] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 is not equal to yi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 no, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs20 and therefore, the system is not time invariant. \par\pard\qj \li2476\ri13
16\sb0\sl-266\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 It is also possible to
prove that a system is not time invariant by inding a single \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 counterexample that violates the time-invariance property. For instanc
e, a counterex-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 ample for the compressor is th
e case when \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2, \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = S[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and xi \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = (5[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]. \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex118 For this choice of inputs and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M,
y[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 = S[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 but yi \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 0; thus, it is clear that \par\pard\ql \li2481\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 y \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] # y[n \u8212? \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1] for this system. \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-276\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li1473\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\sb120\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.2.4 Causality \par\pa
rd\qj \li1463\ri1305\sb133\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 A system is causal if, for every choice of no, the output seq
uence value at the index \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n = no \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 depends only on the input sequence values f
or \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < no. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 This implies
that if xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n] = x2[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < no, \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 then y i[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 = y2[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < no.
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 That is, the system is \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
nonanticipative. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri1295\sb1
4\sl-286\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 system of Example 2.3 is causa
l for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 nd > \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 and is nonc
ausal for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nd < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0. The sy
stem of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Example 2.4 is causal if \u8212?M1 > 0 and
M2 > 0; otherwise it is noncausal. The system of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Ex
ample 2.5 is causal, as is the accumulator of Example 2.6 and the nonlinear syst
em \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 in Example 2.7. However, the system of Example 2
.9 is noncausal if \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 M > \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1, since \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb22\sl-253\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 y[1] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[M]. \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 Another noncausal system is given in the following example. \par
\pard\qj \li2035\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2035\ri2214\sb62\sl-260\slmul
t0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.10 The
Forward and Backward Difference \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 Systems \par\pard\
ql \li2481\sb205\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 Consider the \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 forward difference system \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 deined by the relationship \par\pard\li5400\sb178\sl-230
\slmult0\fi0\tx9902 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n
] = x[n + 1] \u8212? x[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 (2.44)\par\pard\qj \li2476\ri1321\sb129\sl-270\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex116 This system is not causal, since the current value of the output
depends on a future \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 value of the input. The violat
ion of causality can be demonstrated by considering the \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 two inputs xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = (S[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 I] and x2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x116 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0 and their corresponding outputs yi [n] = \p

ar\pard\qj \li2481\ri1316\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\n


osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 B[n] \u8212? 45[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1] a
nd \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y 2[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0. Note that
xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = x2[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, so the deinition of \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 causality requires that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
y i[n] = y2[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, which is clearly not the case for \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 n = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Thus
, by this counterexample, we have shown that the system is not causal. \par\pard
\ql \li3062\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 The \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 backward difference system, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 deined as \
par\pard\li5375\sb189\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9902 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = x[n] \u8212? x[n \u8212? 1],\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\
charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.45)\par\pard\qj \li2481\ri1320\sb13
8\sl-270\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 has an output that depends onl
y on the present and past values of the input. Because \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
111 there is no way for the output at a speciic time y[no] to incorporate values
of the input \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 for n > no, the system is causal. \pa
r\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1478\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql\li1478\sb114\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf2\f3\fs24 2.2.5 Stability \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1295\sb133\sl-290\slmult0\f
i4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A system is stable i
n the bounded-input, bounded-output (BIBO) sense if and only if \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 every bounded input sequence produces a bounded output sequence. Th
e input \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex114 bounded if there exists a ixed positive inite value \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Bx \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 such that \par\pard\li4363\s
b174\sl-310\slmult0\fi0\tx4992\tx6695\tx9835 \dn4 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 lx[n]1\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex107 < Bx < oo,\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for all \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 n.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.46
)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmkend Pg1
5}\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li1507\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1507\sb188\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6379\tx98
40 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 22\tab \dn2 \expndtw
-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li1511\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li1511\sb157\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Stability
requires that, for every bounded input, there exist a ixed positive inite value
\par\pard\ql \li1526\sb47\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf38\f39\fs8 By \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 such that\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4965\colsr60\colno2\colw1559\colsr160\colno3\colw5026\
colsr160\ql \li4401\sb219\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 ly[n]l\par
\pard\column \ql \li20\sb219\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex295 < \ul0\
nosupersub\cf39\f40\fs6 By < 00,\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb219\sl-253\slmult0\
tx3178 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for all \ul0\nos
upersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 (2.47) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1502\ri1242\sb188\sl-286\slmult0\
fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 It is important to emphasize that the propertie
s we have deined in this section are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 properties of
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 systems, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 not of the inpu
ts to a system. That is, we may be able to ind \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 inpu
ts for which the properties hold, but the existence of the property for some inp
uts \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 does not mean that the system has the property.
For the system to have the property, it \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 must hold
for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 all \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 inputs. For exam
ple, an unstable system may have some bounded inputs \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
7 for which the output is bounded, but for the system to have the property of st
ability, it \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 must be true that for \ul0\nosupersub\c

f4\f5\fs22 all \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 bounded inputs, the output is bounded


. If we can ind just one \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 input for which the system
property does not hold, then we have shown that the system \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex119 does \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 not \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 have t
hat property. The following example illustrates the testing of stability \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex117 for several of the systems that we have deined. \par\pard\
ql \li2078\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2078\sb167\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.11 Testing for Stabili
ty or Instability \par\pard\li2520\sb208\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The system of Example 2.5 is stable. To see
this, assume that the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 is bounded\par\pard\li2520\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi4\tx4113\tx6835\tx782
4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 such that lx[n]l\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131
< Bx for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 all n. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Then 'A
d\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 = lx[n]l2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 <
B. Thus, we can choose\par\pard\li2520\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi23 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf38\f39\fs8 By = B2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 an
d prove that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is bou
nded.\par\pard\qj \li2529\ri1258\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex115 Likewise, we can see that the system deined in Example 2.7 is unstable, s
ince \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 logio(lx[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 I) = \u8212?co \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for any values of the time index \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 at which \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, even \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 though the output wi
ll be bounded for any input samples that are not equal to zero. \par\pard\qj \li
2524\ri1258\sb12\sl-260\slmult0\fi571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 The accumulat
or, as deined in Example 2.6 by Eq. (2.29), is also not stable. For \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex110 example, consider the case when x\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n
] = u[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 which is clearly bounded by \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs20 B x = 1. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 For \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
110 this input, the output of the accumulator is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\col
s3\colno1\colw5647\colsr60\colno2\colw4093\colsr160\colno3\colw1810\colsr160\ql
\li5251\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5251\sb148\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n]\par\pard\column \ql \li25\sb1
50\sl-506\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 u[k]\par\pard\ql \li
255\sb48\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs
16 k=-co\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2070\sb163\sl-259\slmult0\fi451\tx1422\tx480 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex114 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 = \
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (n + 1), n > \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0.\par\pard\column \ql \li9950\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li20\sb148\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (2.48)\par\pard\ql
\li9950\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9950\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li20\sb136\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (2.49) \par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone \qj \li2520\ri1262\sb178\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122
There is no inite choice for \ul0\nosupersub\cf38\f39\fs8 By \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 such that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (n + 1) < \ul0\nosupersub\cf38\f
39\fs8 By < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 co for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n
; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 thus, the system \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 is u
nstable. \par\pard\ql \li3105\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 U
sing similar arguments, it can be shown that the systems in Examples 2.3, 2.4, \
par\pard\ql \li2524\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2.9 and 2.1
0 are all stable. \par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb
0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb220\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.3 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT SYSTEMS \par\pard\q
j \li1511\sb0\sl-285\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1511\ri1247\sb12\sl-285\slmult0\fi4
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A particularly importan
t class of systems consists of those that are linear and time invari-\line \up0

\expndtw0\charscalex114 ant. These two properties in combination lead to especia


lly convenient representations \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 for such systems. Mo
st important, this class of systems has signiicant signal-processing \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex115 applications. The class of linear systems is deined by the pri
nciple of superposition in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Eq. (2.27). If the linea
rity property is combined with the representation of a general \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex115 sequence as a linear combination of delayed impulses as in Eq. (2.6)
, it follows that a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 linear system can be completely
characterized by its impulse response. Speciically, let \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 hk[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 be the respo
nse of the system to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 S[n k], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 an impulse occurring at \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 k. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Then, \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11
900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols
3\colno1\colw5316\colsr160\colno2\colw4209\colsr160\colno3\colw1925\colsr160\ql
\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb197\sl-253\slmult0\tx2587 \up0
\expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw
-8\charscalex100 Linear Time-Invariant Systems\par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb199\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 fro
m Eq. (2.6),\par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4315\sb61\sl
-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = T\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li121\sb114\sl-176\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 > x[k]h[n \u8212? k]\} .\par\pard\ql \li20\s
b2\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=\
u8212?oo\par\pard\column \ql \li1449\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li370\sb55\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 23\par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb11\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.50) \par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone \li1449\sb59\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 From the pri
nciple of superposition in Eq. (2.27), we can write\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\li1449\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb38\sl-276\slmult0\fi2088\tx4387\tx9
835 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n]\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x
[k]T \{8[n \u8212? k]\} = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 x[k]hk[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2
.51)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1449\sb68\sl-184\slmult0\fi2836\tx6787 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex103 k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1290\sb37\sl-290\slmult0\fi
4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 According to Eq. (2.5
1), the system response to any input can be expressed in terms of \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex109 the responses of the system to the sequences \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\
f5\fs22 8[n \u8212? k]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If only linearity is imposed
, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h k[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 will depend on both \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 in wh
ich case the computational usefulness of Eq. (2.51) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
is limited. We obtain a more useful result if we impose the additional constrai
nt of time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 invariance. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1304\
sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 The property of time invar
iance implies that if \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs

22 is the response to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (5[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\


fs22 then \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 the response to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
22 S[n \u8212? k] is h[n \u8212? k]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 With this addit
ional constraint, Eq. (2.51) becomes \par\pard\li4632\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li4632\sb36\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6105\tx9835 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 [k]h[n \u8212? k
].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.52)\par\pard\
ql \li5385\sb76\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11
\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1299\sb52\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 As a consequence of Eq. (2.52), a
linear time-invariant system (which we will sometimes \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
112 abbreviate as LTI) is completely characterized by its impulse response \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 in the sense \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 that, given \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n], \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 it is possible to use Eq. (2.52) to compute the output \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 due to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
22 any \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 input \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n]. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1299\sb11\sl-290\slmult0\fi585 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Equation (2.52) is common
ly called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 convolution sum. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 If \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is a sequ
ence \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 whose values are related to the values of two
sequences \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as in Eq. (2.52), \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex114 we say that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 is the convolution of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 with \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 and represent this by the notation \par\pard\li5006\sb126\sl-253\slmult0\fi
0\tx9840 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = x[n] *
h[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.53)\par\pa
rd\qj \li1449\ri1299\sb92\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 The operat
ion of discrete-time convolution takes two sequences \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 produces a third sequence \u
l0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Equation (2.52) expr
esses each sample of the output \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sequence in terms a
ll of the samples of the input and impulse response sequences. \par\pard\qj \li1
459\ri1294\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 The derivation
of Eq. (2.52) suggests the interpretation that the input sample \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex121 at \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 = k,
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 represented as \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[k]h[n \
u8212? k], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is transformed by the system into an outp
ut \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[k]h[n \u8
212? k], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \u8212?oo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120
< \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < oo , \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and that, for
each \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 these sequences
are \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1299\sb0\sl-285\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x119 superimposed to form the overall output sequence. This interpretation is il
lustrated \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 in Figure 2.8, which shows an impulse res
ponse, a simple input sequence having three \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 nonzero
samples, the individual outputs due to each sample, and the composite output \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 due to all the samples in the input sequence. Speciic
ally, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 can be decomp
osed as \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the sum of the three sequences \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[-2]S[n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2], \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 x[0]S[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[3
]S[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 3] representing \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 the three nonzero values in the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n].
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The sequences \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[-2]h[n
+ \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2], \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[0]h[n], \up0 \ex

pndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22


x[3]h[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 3] are the system responses to x[-2
]8[n + 2], \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[0]S[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[3]6[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 3], \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 respectively. The response to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is then the sum of these three individual r
esponses. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1290\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex112 Although the convolution-sum expression is analogous to the convolut
ion integral \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 of continuous-time linear system theor
y, the convolution sum should not be thought of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 as
an approximation to the convolution integral. The convolution integral plays mai
nly a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 theoretical role in continuous-time linear sy
stem theory; we will see that the convolution \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 sum,
in addition to its theoretical importance, often serves as an explicit realizati
on of a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 discrete-time linear system. Thus, it is im
portant to gain some insight into the properties \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 of
the convolution sum in actual calculations. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw119
00\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend Pg17}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4
\colno1\colw2632\colsr60\colno2\colw281\colsr60\colno3\colw3203\colsr110\colno4\
colw5434\colsr160\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb75\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 24\par\pard\ql \li1881\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1881\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1881\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1881\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1881\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1881\sb10\sl-207\slmult0\tx2164\tx2452 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1886\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li1886\sb99\sl-207\slmult0\tx2169\tx2457 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \u8226? \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \u8226? \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1891\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1891\sb165\sl-299\slmult0\tx2169\tx2462 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u822
6? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs26\ul \u8226?\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl

mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl


mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2692\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb99\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 -2\par\pard\ql \li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li73\sb196\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2702\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li78\sb35\sl-29
9\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf41\f42\fs26\ul 1\par\p
ard\ql \li30\sb0\sl-208\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
31\f32\fs26 -2\par\pard\column \ql \li4247\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
47\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4247\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
47\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4247\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
47\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4247\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
47\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4247\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
47\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4247\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
47\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1244\sb46\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n]\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb196\sl-207\slmult0\tx602\tx890\tx1182\tx1466\tx1758\t
x3035 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f32\f33\fs18\ul 3\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29
\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li3576\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3576\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3576\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3576\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3576\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3576\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3576\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li573\sb119\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x_2[n] = x[-2]8[n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2]\
par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li30\sb191\sl-207\slmult0\tx318\tx606\tx890\tx1182\tx1461\tx1749\tx
3040 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \u8226? \ul0\
tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \u8226? \ul0\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \u8226? \ul0\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\
par\pard\ql \li313\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2032 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 n\par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li764\sb195\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
28\f29\fs18 xo[n] x[0]8[n]\par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li30\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\tx611\tx899\tx11
82\tx1470 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1

00 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\chars


calex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li318\s
b0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2027 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 n\par\pard\ql \li3484\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li3484\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3484\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li3484\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3484\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li481\sb181\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x3[n] = x[3]8[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 3]\par\pard\ql
\li4180\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1177\sb128\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li303
3\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li117
7\sb108\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs
18 1\par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li549\sb46\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 x[n] = x_2[n] + xo[n] + x3[n]\par\pard\ql \li3
033\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3033\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3
0\sb285\sl-299\slmult0\tx611\tx899\tx1475\tx1758\tx2757\tx3045 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql
\li323\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2037 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs18 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 n\par\pard\column \ql \li6345\sb
0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6345\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6345\sb
0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6345\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6345\sb
0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li39\sb171\sl-253\slmult0\tx3505 \up0 \expndtw-6\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab
\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li7344\sb0\sl-391\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li1038\sb111\sl-391\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf40\f41\fs34 1\par\pard\ql \li2103\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n]\par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-149\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-149\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-149\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb2\sl-149\slmult0\tx313\tx596\tx879\tx2036\tx2324\tx2612 \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf22\f23\fs10 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li
1167\sb0\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
8 0\par\pard\ql \li7795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7795\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li7795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7795\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li7795\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7795\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li1489\sb176\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 y_2[n] = x[-2]h[n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2]\par\p
ard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb176\sl-207\slmult0\tx313\tx596\tx1172\tx1460\tx1753\tx2036\tx2324
\tx2612 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex313 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul II\ul
0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\
pard\ql \li1167\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\par\pard\ql \
li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li2132\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29
\fs18 Yo[n] x[O]h[n]\par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\s
b177\sl-207\slmult0\tx313\tx601\tx884\tx1172\tx1465\tx2041\tx2324\tx2612 \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \

up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul \u8226? \ul0\tab \


up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul \u8226? \ul0\tab \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2886\s
b1\sl-147\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n\
par\pard\ql \li7478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li7478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li7478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1316\sb190\sl-207\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 y 3[n] = x[3]h[n - \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 3]\par\pard\ql \li7478\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li2017\sb129\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pard\ql \li11
72\sb66\sl-207\slmult0\tx2886 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28
\f29\fs18 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 n\par\
pard\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li2031\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf28\f29\fs18 I\par\pard\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6331\sb
0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1599\sb55\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charsc
alex100 Y[n] = Y -2[n] + Yo[n] + \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 Y3 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf31\f32\fs26 [n]\par\pard\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6331\
sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb212\sl-299\slmult0\tx313 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \l
i7478\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1172\sb261\sl-299\slmult0\tx2036\tx2329
\tx2612 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\tab \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1 \par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2505\ri2233\sb196\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.8 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Represe
ntation of the output of a linear time-invariant system as the \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 superposition of responses to individual samples of the input. \par
\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\pa
r\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1
444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb98\s
l-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2587\tx10180 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Linear Time-Invariant Syst
ems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 25\par\pard\qj
\li1440\sb0\sl-286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1299\sb134\sl-286\slmult0\fi585
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The preceding interpre
tation of Eq. (2.52) emphasizes that the convolution sum \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex115 is a direct result of linearity and time invariance. However, a slightly d
ifferent way of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 looking at Eq. (2.52) leads to a pa
rticularly useful computational interpretation. When \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
7 viewed as a formula for computing a single value of the output sequence, Eq. (
2.52) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dictates that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n
] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (i.e., the nth value of the output) is obtained by
multiplying the input \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 sequence (expressed as a fun
ction of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 by the seque
nce whose values are \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? k], \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex111 \u8212?oo < k < oo, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and then, for any
fixed value of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 summin
g all the values of the products \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
4\f5\fs22 x[k]h[n \u8212? k], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 with \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 a counting index in the summation proce
ss. Therefore, the operation \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 of convolving two sequ
ences involves doing the computation for all values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
22 n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 thus \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 generating t
he complete output sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 \u8212?oo < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < oo. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 The key to carrying out \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 the computations of E
q. (2.52) to obtain \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22

is understanding how to form the sequence \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nos


upersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? k], co < k < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 oo, for
all values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 that ar
e of interest. To this end, it is useful to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 note th
at \par\pard\li4723\sb13\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9840 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? k] = h[\u8212?(k \u8212? n)].\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.54)\par\pard\ql \li1444\sb
76\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 The interpretation of Eq. (2.54)
is best done with an example. \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li2025\sb12\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f
3\fs24 Example 2.12 Computation of the Convolution Sum \par\pard\qj \li2462\ri13
20\sb178\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 Suppose \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the
sequence shown in Figure 2.9(a) and we wish to ind \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
h[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k] = \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex115 h[\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs20 (k \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
n)]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Deine hi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [k] \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to be \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f
29\fs18 \u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 which
is shown in Figure 2.9(b). Next, deine \par\pard\ql \li8942\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li8942\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li8942\sb30\sl-207\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h [k] \par\pard\li282
2\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li2822\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li2822\sb183\sl
-241\slmult0\fi0\tx3302\tx3767\tx4243\tx4723\tx5198\tx5673\tx6153\tx6628\tx7099\
tx7579\tx8524\tx8995\tx9465\tx9940 \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \dn
3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab
\dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\
f33\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs1
8\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 1\
ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul f\ul0\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226?\tab \dn3 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \u8226?\par\pard\li2822\sb4\sl-230\slmult0\fi1852\tx6158\tx9000 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 -3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\par\pard\li2822\sb106\sl-207\slmult0\fi350
4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (a)\par\pard\li2822\s
b0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2822\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2822\sb0\sl-207\
slmult0\par\pard\li2822\sb103\sl-207\slmult0\fi5644 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[-k] = h[0 - k]\par\pard\li2822\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0\par\pard\li2822\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2822\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\par
d\li2822\sb20\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8054\tx8520\tx9000\tx9465\tx9935 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\li2822\sb0\sl-180\s
lmult0\fi412 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 -6\par\par
d\li2822\sb90\sl-230\slmult0\fi3499 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (b)\par\pard\li
2985\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2985\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2985\sb198
\sl-230\slmult0\fi460 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18
h[n - k] = h[-(k - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n)]\par\pard\li2985\sb0\sl-253\s
lmult0\par\pard\li2985\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li2985\sb239\sl-253\slmult0\f
i6950 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 \u8226?\par\pard
\li2985\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi2049\tx6158\tx8040\tx9302 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscale
x87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 6\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf

6\f7\fs18 n\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n + \u


l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 3\par\pard\li2985\sb110\sl-207\slmult0\fi3345 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 (c)\par\pard\li2985\sb0\sl-25
3\slmult0\par\pard\li2985\sb10\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.9 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Forming the s
equence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? k]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
(a) The sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as
a function\par\pard\li2985\sb1\sl-237\slmult0\fi0\tx3460\tx7344 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (b) The sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[\u
8212?k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as a function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
k.\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (c) The sequen
ce \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? k]\par\pard\li2985\sb1\sl-235\slmult0
\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 h[\u8212?(k \u8212? n)] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 as a function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n = 4.\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\pa
perh16820{\bkmkstart Pg19}{\bkmkend Pg19}\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par
\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li14
63\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb103\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6335\tx9801 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 26\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up
0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li2471\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj\li2471\ri1301\sb157\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h2 [k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to be \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 hl [k], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 delayed, by \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 samples on the \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 axis, i.e., h2 [k] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 hl
[k\u8212?n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.9(c) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
119 shows the sequence that results from delaying the sequence in Figure 2.9(b)
by \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 samples. Using the relationship between hi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
[k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[k], \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 we can show that h2[k] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 = \par\pa
rd\qj \li2471\ri1297\sb0\sl-270\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 hl [k \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[\u8212?(k \u8212? n)] = h[n \u8212? k]
, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and thus, the bottom igure is the desired signal.
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 To summarize, to compute \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 h[n \u8212? k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 from \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[
k], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 we first reverse \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[k
] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in time about \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k = \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 and then delay the time-r
eversed signal by \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 samp
les. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri2672\sb274\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
13 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 From Example 2.3, it should be clear that, in gen
eral, the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 \u8212?oo < k < oo, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is obtained by \par\pard
\ql \li1742\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1742\sb30\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex113 1. relecting \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[k] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 about the origin to obtain \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[\u8212?k]
; \par\pard\ql \li1737\sb107\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 shifting the origin of the r
elected sequence to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k = n. \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri12
90\sb229\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
To implement discrete-time convolution, the two sequences x[k] and \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are mul-\line \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex115 tiplied together for \u8212?oo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex12
5 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k < oo, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and the prod
ucts are summed to compute the \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1290\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi
9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 output sample \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n]. \

ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 To obtain another output sample, the origin of the se


quence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[\u8212?k] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is shifted to the new sample position, and the process i
s repeated. This computational \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 procedure applies wh
ether the computations are carried out numerically on sampled \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex114 data or analytically with sequences for which the sample values have
simple formulas. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 The following example illustrates
discrete-time convolution for the latter case. \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb251\sl-276
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.13 A
nalytical Evaluation of the Convolution Sum \par\pard\ql \li2481\sb202\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Consider a system
with impulse response \par\pard\ql \li5049\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li50
49\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
h[n] = u[n] \u8212? u[n \u8212? N]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw
5926\colsr40\colno2\colw5794\colsr160
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft5674\shptop9055\shpright6098\shpbottom9915\shpfhdr0\shp
bxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz10001\shplid10001
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\s
p{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fL
ine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBe
hindDocument}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt\pard\plain \qj\sl874 \li0\ri0 \expndtw0\charscalex
113\ul0\nosupersub\cf42\f43\fs76 \{{\par}}}}
\par\pard\ql \li2471\sb199\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 The input is\par\pard\column \ql \li29\sb205\sl-230\slmult0\t
x423 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1,\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex111 0 < n < N \u8212? 1,\par\pard\ql \li20\sb35\sl-230\slmult0\tx
428 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0,\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex112 otherwise. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li5784\sb207\sl-2
53\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = an u
[n]. \par\pard\qj \li2471\ri1297\sb218\sl-265\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 To ind the output at a particular index \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 n, we \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 must form the sums over all
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of the \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex115 product \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k]h[n \u8212? k]. \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 In this case, we can ind formulas for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for different sets of \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex108 values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Fo
r example, Figure 2.10(a) shows the sequences \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k] \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n \u8212? k], \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 plotted \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 for \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a negative integer. Clearly, all negat
ive values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 give a s
imilar picture; i.e., the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 nonzero portions of the s
equences \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n \u8212? k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 do not overlap,
so \par\pard\li5505\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li5505\sb5\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\t
x6825 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = 0,\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0.\par\pard\qj \li2471
\ri1306\sb215\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Figure 2.10(b) illustr
ates the two sequences when 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \u8212? N +1 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 0. These two \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 conditions can be combined into
the single condition 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < N \u8212? \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 1. By considering \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Figure 2.10(b), w
e see that, since \par\pard\ql \li5592\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5592\sb
37\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k]h
[n \u8212? k] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 ak , \par\pard\ql \li2476\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2476\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 it follows that \par\pard\li4670\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\p

ar\pard\li4670\sb180\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6480\tx8064\tx9892 \dn2 \expndtw0\char


scalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] =E ak,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
22 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < N\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 (2.55)\par\pard\ql
\li5371\sb87\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f
36\fs14 k=0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg20}{\
bkmkend Pg20}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6185\colsr160\colno2\
colw5415\colsr160\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb102\sl-253\slmult0\tx2582 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.3\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Li
near Time-Invariant Systems\par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3590\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3590\sb43\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f2
9\fs18 n - (N - 1)\par\pard\column \ql \li10175\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li10175\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10175\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li10175\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3850\sb199\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 27\par\pard\qj \li7584\sb0\sl-3
21\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li1259\ri3296\sb12\sl-321\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 o h[n - k] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 x
x[k]\par\pard\ql \li366\sb0\sl-608\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf43\f44\fs76 x .\par\pard\ql \li390\sb0\sl-630\slmult0\tx1840 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf44\f45\fs70 I \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 I
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 I ix\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex163 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf45\f46\fs42 III\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs22\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs21 x\par\pard\q
l \li3423\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\
f29\fs18 k\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (a)
\par\pard\ql \li121\sb244\sl-966\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf46\f47\fs84 1 .\par\pard\ql \li4790\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li13
79\sb9\sl-161\slmult0\tx1600 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\
f13\fs14 i\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ,\par\pard\ql \li1623\sb17\sl-230\s
lmult0\tx1849\tx2094\tx2334\tx2584 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex69 );\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 x x\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7565\colsr110\colno2\colw4085\colsr
160\ql \li5457\sb0\sl-1136\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f25\f26\fs170 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 1 I \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf47\f48\fs84\ul n \ul0\nosupersub\cf48\f49\fs88\ul I ITT\par\pard\q
l \li5966\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 0\par\pard\ql \li4790\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx6340 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n - (N - 1)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (b)\par\pard\ql \li6455\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li6455\sb93\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex201 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28
\f29\fs18 i x xT \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\column \ql \li44\sb0\
sl-126\slmult0\tx1028\tx1268\tx1517 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf12\f13\fs14 I\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs1
0 i\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 i\par\
pard\ql \li2103\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf28\f29\fs18 k\par\pard\ql \li7675\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7675\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7675\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7675\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7675\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7675\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7675\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb14\
sl-207\slmult0\tx270\tx514 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\li3244\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3244\sb143\sl-207\slmult0\fi3235\tx6720\tx
6950\tx8419\tx8932 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\u

l I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul l\ul0


\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex368 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul liiiiT\ul0\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf49\f50\fs42\ul 1 \t \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul I\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li32
44\sb38\sl-207\slmult0\fi4905\tx9763 \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf28\f29\fs18 n\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 k\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne \li3244\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi3278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 n - (N - 1)\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3244\sb191\sl-207\slmult0\fi3110 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex105 (c)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3244\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\
li3244\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3244\sb123\sl-207\slmult0\fi5366 \up0 \expn
dtw-8\charscalex95 Y [Ili\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3244\sb1\sl-1015\slmult
0\fi0\tx3494\tx3743\tx3988\tx4238\tx4478\tx4727\tx4972\tx5217\tx5462\tx7435\tx76
75\tx7924\tx8169\tx8414\tx8664\tx8904\tx9144 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\no
supersub\cf50\f51\fs88 \u8226?\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \dn3
\expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \dn3
\expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \dn3
\expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \dn3
\expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex58 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f51\f52\fs88\ul , J1111\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51
\f52\fs88\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs88
\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs88\ul 1\ul0
\tab \up2 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs88\ul 1\ul0\tab \up2
\expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs88\ul 1\ul0\tab \up2 \expndtw
0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs88\ul 1\ul0\tab \up2 \expndtw0\charsca
lex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs88\ul 1\ul0\tab \up2 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf51\f52\fs88\ul 1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3244\sb0\sl-162\s
lmult0\fi2721\tx9767 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0
\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 k\par\pard\ql \
li7032\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 N - 1 \par\pard\ql \li634
5\sb129\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18
(d) \par\pard\qj \li2990\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2990\ri1729\sb26\sl-2
40\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure
2.10 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sequence involved in computing a discrete convo
lution. (a)\u8212?(c) The \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 sequences \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 x[k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h
[n \u8212? k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as a function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 k \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for diferent values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf29
\f30\fs16 II. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (Only \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 no
nzero samples are shown.) \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (d) Corresponding output
sequence as a function \par\pard\ql \li2990\sb3\sl-237\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\
charscalex100 of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n. \par\pard\qj \li2471\sb0\sl-270\
slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2471\sb0\sl-270\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2471\ri1301\sb56\s
l-270\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The limit
s on the sum are determined directly from Figure 2.10(b). Equation (2.55) \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex114 shows that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the sum of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 1 terms of a geometric series in which the ratio of \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex112 terms is a. This sum can be expressed in closed form using the general
formula\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5047\colsr40\colno2\colw21
69\colsr160\colno3\colw4354\colsr160\ql \li4680\sb204\sl-483\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf45\f46\fs42 E\par\pard\ql \li4636\sb115\sl-2
07\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 k=N1\par\
pard\column \ql \li5087\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5087\sb0\sl-184\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb83\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex146 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf29\f30\fs16 ak = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33
\fs18\ul a\ul0\super\cf21\f22\fs18 Ni _ a N2-f-i\par\pard\ql \li913\sb42\sl-207\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1 \u8212? os
\par\pard\column \ql \li7406\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7406\sb0\sl-195\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb162\sl-195\slmult0\tx2511 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex

141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 N2 > N1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0


\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.56) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820
{\bkmkstart Pg21}{\bkmkend Pg21}\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1
435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb65\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6321\tx9787 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 28\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw
-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb20
2\sl-230\slmult0\fi1022 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
Applying this formula to Eq. (2.55), we obtain\par\pard\li1435\sb106\sl-230\slm
ult0\fi3979\tx5577 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex
113 - \ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 an+i\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5
403\colsr160\colno2\colw1054\colsr160\colno3\colw4993\colsr160\ql \li4699\sb44\s
l-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 y[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 =\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li5563\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb42\sl-160\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1 - a\par\pard\col
umn \ql \li20\sb1\sl-219\slmult0\tx3150 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 0 < n < N - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex106 (2.57) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2452\ri1316\sb85\sl-260\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Finally, Figure 2.10(c) shows the two seque
nces when 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n - N + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1
or \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N -1 < n. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 As \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex112 before, \par\pard\li4435\sb186\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6619 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k]h[n - k]. \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf35\f36\fs14 ak ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 n - N +1 < k < n,\par\pard\ql \li2462\sb169\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 but now the lower limit on the sum is \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n - N +1, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 as seen in Figu
re 2.10(c). Thus,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5153\colsr160\col
no2\colw791\colsr40\colno3\colw5626\colsr160\ql \li4641\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li4641\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n]\par\pard\ql \li2457\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2457\s
b207\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Usi
ng Eq. (2.56), we obtain\par\pard\column \ql \li246\sb146\sl-506\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\par\pard\ql \li20\sb72\sl161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 k= n- N+1
\par\pard\column \ql \li6134\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb122\sl-195\
slmult0\tx778\tx3783 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex146 ak\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N -1 < n.\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (2.58) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li6067\sb9
0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 an-N+1 - an+i\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6348\colsr160\colno2\colw5252\colsr160\ql \li5361\sb14\
sl-225\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 y[n]\par\pard\ql \li2457\sb169\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 or\par\pard\c
olumn \ql \li20\sb167\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs20 1 - a\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9737\colsr160\c
olno2\colw1863\colsr160\ql \li5184\sb149\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x149 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 y[n] = an- N+1 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf52\f53\fs14
\ul 1 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul aN\par\pard\ql \li6854\sb6\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1 - \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf8\f9\fs20 a) \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li9897\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 (2.59) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2457\ri1311\sb134\sl-260\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Thus, because of the piecewise-exponential n
ature of both the input and the unit \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sample respons
e, we have been able to obtain the following closed-form expression \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex110 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 as a function of the index \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n:\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4937\colsr160\colno2\colw853\colsr160\colno3\colw935\co
lsr160\colno4\colw4575\colsr160\ql \li4180\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li41

80\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4180\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li41


80\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 y[n]\par\pard\column \ql \l
i20\sb181\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 0,\par\pard\qj \li58\ri2\sb96\sl-307\slmult0\tx217 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
4 1 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 an+1 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex172 1a\par\pard\ql \li135\sb126\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf35\f36\fs14 n- N+1\par\pard\column \qj \li6187\sb0\sl-152\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj \li6187\sb0\sl-152\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6187\sb0\sl-152\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj \li6187\sb0\sl-152\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6187\sb0\sl-152\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj \li6187\sb0\sl-152\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li6187\sb0\sl-152\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj \li107\ri35\sb113\sl-152\slmult0\tx842 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf52\f53\fs14\ul \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs20\ul aN) \line
\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ,\par\pard\ql
\li20\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 1 - a\par\pard\column \ql
\li20\sb181\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 0,\par\pard\ql \li7185\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb83\sl-23
0\slmult0\tx2737 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n
< N -1,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.60)\par\
pard\ql \li7200\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li35\sb77\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N -1 < n. \par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone \ql \li2457\sb176\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 This sequence is shown in Figure 2.10(d). \par\pard\qj \li14
49\ri1285\sb283\sl-288\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 Example 2.13 illustrates how the convolution sum can be computed a
nalytically \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 when the input and the impulse response
are given by simple formulas. In such cases, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 the s
ums may have a compact form that may be derived using the formula for the sum of
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 a geometric series or other "closed-form" formulas
.2 When no simple form is available, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 the convolutio
n sum can still be evaluated numerically using the technique illustrated \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex114 in Example 2.13 whenever the sums are inite, which will be
the case if either the input \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sequence or the impul
se response is of inite length, i.e., has a inite number of nonzero \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex107 samples. \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i1463\sb146\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\f
s24 2.4 PROPERTIES OF LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT SYSTEMS \par\pard\qj \li1454\sb0\sl286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1454\ri1280\sb30\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Since all linear time-invariant systems are
described by the convolution sum of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Eq. (2.52), the
properties of this class of systems are deined by the properties of discrete\up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 time convolution. Therefore, the impulse response is a
complete characterization of the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 properties of a s
peciic linear time-invariant system. \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql\li2035\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs18 2Such results are discussed, for example, in Grossman (1992). \pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg22}{\bkmkend Pg22}\p
ar\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li
1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb59\
sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2567\tx10152 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.4\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Properties of Linear Time
-Invariant Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
29\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb195\sl-253\slmult0\fi590
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Some general propertie
s of the class of linear time-invariant systems can be found\par\pard\li1420\sb2
5\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 by considering properties of t
he convolution operation. For example, the convolution\par\pard\li1420\sb35\sl-2
53\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 operation is commutative:\par\pard\l
i1420\sb131\sl-253\slmult0\fi3220\tx9801 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] * h[n] = h[n] * x[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.61)\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1

420\sb27\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 This can be shown by ap


plying a substitution of variables to Eq. (2.52). Speciicaly, with\par\pard\li14
20\sb35\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 m \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \u8212? k,\par
\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb56\sl-253\slmult0\fi1267\tx390
7\tx9806 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 y[n] =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 x[
n \u8212? m]h[m] = mEh[m] x[n \u8212? m] = h[n] * x [n] ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.62)\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\
par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\l
i4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\
sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slm
ult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\p
ard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876
\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-25
3\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\
par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\l
i4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\
sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4876\sb153\sl-253\s
lmult0\fi0\tx9811 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n]
= h1[n] * h2[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2
.63)\par\pard\qj \li1430\ri1323\sb180\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
6 As a consequence of the commutative property of convolution, the impulse respo
nse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 of a cascade combination of linear time-invaria
nt systems is independent of the order \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 in which the
y are cascaded. This result is summarized in Figure 2.11, where the three \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex112 systems all have the same impulse response.\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4183\colsr160\colno2\colw561\colsr160\colno3\col
w421\colsr40\colno4\colw6255\colsr160\ql \li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3700\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3700\sb77\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\
f29\fs18 x [n]\par\pard\column \ql \li4343\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li43
43\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4343\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20
\sb129\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 h1[n]\par\pard\ql \li4343\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4343\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4343\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4343\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb21\
sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 h2[n]\par\pard\column \ql \li5054\sb
0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\
sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl
-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-9
2\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li20\sb67\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex168 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf55\f56\fs8 \u9632?111..\par\pard\column \ql \li5505\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li5505\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb141\sl-276\slmult0\tx788
\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 h2[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw
-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 y [n]\par\pard\ql \li5505\sb0\sl144\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5505\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5505\sb0\sl144\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5505\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5505\sb0\sl144\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5505\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\ri5087\sb
26\sl-144\slmult0\tx793 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 h1[n] \line\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-4\charscalex100 y [n]\par\pard\ql \li6984\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
1499\sb157\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 Figure 2.11 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Three linear time-invariant \par\pard

\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3902\sb0\sl-342\slmult0\fi0\tx5635\tx6974 \dn0 \expndtw0\


charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf56\f57\fs38 7,1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 hi
[n] * h2[n]\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex141 1-71-\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 systems with identical impulse\par\pard\ql \li6
984\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 responses. \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg23}{\bkmkend Pg23}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6171\colsr160\colno2\colw5429\colsr160\ql \li1459
\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459
\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1459
\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 30
\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5063\sb139\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (a)\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li4065\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4065\sb85\sl-207\slmult0\tx432
4\tx5107 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 [r\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 )-I\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 +\par\pard\column
\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb182\sl-253\slmult0\tx3486 \u
p0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals an
d Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li692\sb12\sl-230\slmult0\tx1935 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.12\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (a) Parallel combination\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\cols2\colno1\colw6833\colsr160\colno2\colw4767\colsr160\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-144\
slmult0\tx5260\tx6033 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs1
8\ul hl [n]\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\u
l h2 [n]\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 y[n]
\par\pard\ql \li5059\sb78\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (b)\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri1356\sb6\sl-235\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of linear time-invariant s
ystems. (b) An \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 equivalent system. \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone \qj \li1459\ri1050\sb7\sl-414\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex64 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 In a \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 parallel con
nection, \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 the systems have the same input, and thei
r outputs are \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 summed to produce an overall out
put. It follows from the distributive property of convo-\line \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex53 lution that the connection of two linear time-invariant systems in par
allel is equivalent to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex54 a single system whose i
mpulse response is the sum of the individual impulse responses; \line \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex49 i.e., \par\pard\li4867\sb87\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9835 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n] = hl[n] + h[n].\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex104 (2.64)\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex60 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 This is \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs
46 depicted in Figure 2.12. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri1033\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\fi576
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 The constraints of linearity and time invariance de
ine a class of systems with \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex54 very special prope
rties. Stability and causality represent additional properties, and it is \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 often important to know whether a linear time-invari
ant system is stable and whether \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 it is causal.
Recall from Section 2.2.5 that a stable system is a system for which every \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 bounded input produces a bounded output. Linear ti

me-invariant systems are stable if \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 and only if


the impulse response is absolutely summable, i.e., if\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\cols2\colno1\colw5259\colsr40\colno2\colw6461\colsr160\ql \li4843\sb0\sl-414\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 s.\par\pard\q
l \li1296\sb1\sl-435\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex51 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f2
0\fs46 This can be shown as follows. From E\par\pard\ql \li4392\sb0\sl-115\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li4392\sb70\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex151 \ul0\no
supersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\column \ql \li197\sb0\sl-90\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex160 00\par\pard\ql \li610\sb0\sl-368\slmult0\tx4565 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex47 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 ih[k], \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex52
< 00.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 (2.65)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 k=\u8212?co\par\p
ard\ql \li643\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex51 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
9\f20\fs46 q. (2.62),\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4169\colsr40\
colno2\colw7551\colsr160\ql \li3259\sb1\sl-335\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
77 \ul0\nosupersub\cf58\f59\fs30 ly[nll \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 =\par\pard\q
l \li1468\sb143\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\
f20\fs46 If \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 is bo
unded, so that\par\pard\column \ql \li116\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\tx5646 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex111 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[k]x
[n \u8212? k]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 (2.6
6)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2252 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 k=\u8212?oo\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 k=\u821
2?oo\par\pard\ql \li5332\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1143\sb249\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex161 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 144 Bx, \par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1468\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex59 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 then substituting \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Bx \u
l0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Ix[n \u8212? k] I \u
l0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 can only strengthen the inequality. Hence,\par\pard\
column \ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6139\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li20\sb12\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6512\colsr40\col
no2\colw5208\colsr160\ql \li4756\sb69\sl-299\slmult0\tx5630 \up0 \expndtw-12\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 IY[nil\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 B
x \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li5956\sb36\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\column
\ql \li20\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\tx3303 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex45 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf19\f20\fs46 Ih[k]I.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 (2.67) \par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone \ql \li1463\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\tx4656\tx6081 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x61 Thus, \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 is boun
ded if Eq. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 (2.65) holds; \tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex57 in other words, Eq. (2.65) is a suficient \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl
-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 condition for stability. To show that i
t is also a necessary condition, we must show that if \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\s
l-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex58 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 S oo, \ul0
\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 then a bounded input can be found that will cause an u
nbounded output. Such \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex53 an input is the sequence with values \par\pard\ql \li5390\sb0\sl-216\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h*[\u8212?n] \p
ar\pard\li4343\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi1823\tx6475\tx7224 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 h[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0,\par\pard\li4343\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi0\tx9825 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] = \{1h[-4\tab \up0 \ex

pndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.68)\par\pard\li4343\sb0\sl-2


16\slmult0\fi998\tx6470 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
4 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 h[n] = 0,\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1
1900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg24}{\bkmkend Pg24}\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmu
lt0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pa
rd\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb21\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2620\tx10
200 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.4\tab \up0
\expndtw-7\charscalex100 Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 31\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb194\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h*[n] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 is the complex conjugate of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n]. \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is clearly bounded by\par\pard\li1473\sb40\sl-253\slmult0\fi9
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 unity. However, the value of the output at \ul0\nos
upersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\cols4\colno1\colw6962\colsr60\colno2\colw684\colsr60\colno3\colw1948\colsr1
60\colno4\colw1906\colsr160\ql \li3743\ri0\sb0\sl-334\slmult0\fi912 \up0 \expndt
w-10\charscalex77 00 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 y[0] = \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 i x[\u8212?k]h[k] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\column \
ql \li20\sb232\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 0[0\ul0\nosupersub\cf59\f60\fs22\ul 2\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb262\sl368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 .s.\par\p
ard\column \ql \li4473\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4473\sb0\sl-176\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb74\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.69)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7107\colsr
160\colno2\colw4493\colsr160\ql \li4473\sb57\sl-184\slmult0\tx6393 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=\u8212?co\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex108 k=\u8212?co\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 Eidi \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\ql \li1473\sb1\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 Therefore, if \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 S \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
= oo, it is possible for a bounded input sequence to produce an un-\par\pard\ql
\li1483\sb37\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 bounded output sequence
. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1285\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
111 The class of causal systems was deined in Section 2.2.4 as those systems for
which \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 the output y[no] depends only on the input s
amples \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 no. It folows from \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex116 Eq. (2.52) or Eq. (2.62) that this deinition impies the con
dition \par\pard\li4891\sb166\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6364\tx9854 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0,\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (2.70)\par\pard\qj \li1483\ri1285
\sb129\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 for causality of linear timeinvariant systems. (See Problem 2.62.) For this reason, it is \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex112 sometimes convenient to refer to a sequence that is zero for \ul0\nos
upersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 as a \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 causal sequence, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
meaning that it could be the impulse response of a causal system. \par\pard\qj
\li1483\ri1280\sb19\sl-280\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 To illustr
ate how the properties of linear time-invariant systems are reflected in \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex111 the impulse response, let us consider again some of the sy
stems deined in Examples 2.3-\par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1285\sb0\sl-286\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 2.10. First note that only the systems of Examples 2.3,
2.4, 2.6, and 2.10 are linear and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 time invariant.
Although the impulse response of nonlinear or time-varying systems \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex114 can be found, it is generally of limited interest, since the con
volution-sum formula and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Eqs. (2.65) and (2.70), ex
pressing stability and causality, do not apply to such systems. \par\pard\ql \li

2063\sb18\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 First, let us ind the impu


lse responses of the systems in Examples 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, and \par\pard\qj \li1478
\ri1280\sb25\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2.10. We can do this,by
simply computing the response of each system to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 S[n
], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 using the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 deining re
lationship for the system. The resulting impulse responses are as follows: \par\
pard\ql \li2059\sb223\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 Ideal Delay (Example 2.3)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1
\colw5600\colsr160\colno2\colw6000\colsr160\ql \li3460\sb198\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex105 h[n] = S[n \u8212?\par\pard\qj \li2054\ri251\sb0\sl-495
\slmult0\tx5126 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Moving Average (Example 2.4) \line\
tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb188\sl-253\slmul
t0\tx4124 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 nd \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 a positive
fixed integer.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (2.71)\par\pard\ql \li3681\sb0\
sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3681\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3681\sb0\
sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3681\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li394\sb125
\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 M2\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4721\colsr160\colno2\colw1684\colsr40
\colno3\colw5165\colsr160\ql \li3681\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 hin] =\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb169\sl-206\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 + M2 + 1 \ul0\sub\cf29\f30\fs24 k--\ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 M1\par\pard\ql \li5375\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li514
\sb18\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf60\f61\fs16
\ul 1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 8[n \u8212?\par\pard\ql \li3284\sb221\sl-253\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.72)\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6195\colsr20\colno2\colw3484\colsr160\colno3\colw
1911\colsr160\ql \li4478\sb178\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex199 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 \{All+ M2+1'\par\pard\ql \li4694\sb13\sl-249\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf58\f
59\fs30 ,\par\pard\ql \li2049\sb218\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Accumulator (Example 2.6)\par\pard\ql \li4876\sb119\
sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 h[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46
E\par\pard\ql \li5644\sb35\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\qj \li2054\sb0\sl-422\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\qj \li2054\ri0\sb340\sl-422\slmult0\fi3331 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 = u[n]. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Forward Difference (
Example 2.10)\par\pard\column \qj \li285\ri1455\sb0\sl-326\slmult0\fi9\tx904 \up
0 \expndtw-10\charscalex82 \u8212? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 < n < \ul0\
nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 M2, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 otherwise.\par\pard\ql \
li4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb30\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1
0\charscalex81 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 8[1c]\par\pard\qj \li4790\sb0\sl-283\
slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li102\ri2694\sb136\sl-283\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 n > \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0,\par\pard\column \ql \l
i4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i4790\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb4\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex105 (2.73) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4790\sb169\sl-253\slmult0\fi0
\tx9844 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] = 8[n + 1]
\u8212? 8[11].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.
74)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg25}{\bkmkend P
g25}\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\p
ard\li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1440
\sb84\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6312\tx9767 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 32\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\pa

r\pard\ql \li2016\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2016\sb168\sl-253\slmult0 \u


p0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Backward Difference (Exam
ple 2.10) \par\pard\li4756\sb171\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9815 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex103 h[n] = S[n] \u8212? S[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1].\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex103 (2.75)\par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1318\sb141\sl-280\slmult0\
fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Given the impulse responses of these basic sy
stems [Eqs. (2.71)\u8212?(2.75)], we can \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 test the s
tability of each one by computing the sum \par\pard\ql \li5745\sb63\sl-253\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex82 cc \par\pard\li5107\sb47\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6
153 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 S=\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 lh \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n
] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 I .\par\pard\ql \li5558\sb64\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 n=r-co \par\pard\qj \li1440
\ri1304\sb89\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 For the ideal delay, moving-average, forward difference, and backward diffe
rence ex\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 amples, it is clear that \ul0\nosupersub\cf
4\f5\fs22 S < oo, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 since the impulse response has onl
y a inite number of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nonzero samples. Such systems a
re called \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 inite-duration impulse response \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (FIR) sys\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tems. Clearly, FIR syste
ms will always be stable, as long as each of the impulse response \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex110 values is inite in magnitude. The accumulator, however, is unstab
le because \par\pard\ql \li5524\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5524\sb40\sl-1
15\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5792\colsr40\colno2\colw5928\colsr160\ql
\li4982\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex69 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\
fs46 S = >\par\pard\ql \li5457\sb58\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118
\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n=0\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb81\sl-253\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 u[n] = oo. \par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1444\ri1314\sb63\sl-285\slmult0\fi4\tx2020 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In Section 2.2.5, we also demonstrat
ed the instability of the accumulator by giving an \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
example of a bounded input (the unit step) for which the output is unbounded. \l
ine \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 The impulse response of the accumulator is
ininite in duration. This is an example \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 of the cla
ss of systems referred to as \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 ininite-duration impuls
e response \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (IIR) systems. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 An example of an IIR system that is stable is a system whose impulse response
is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3732\colsr60\colno2\colw2581\co
lsr40\colno3\colw5357\colsr160\ql \li1449\sb46\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] = anu[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
with la \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 I\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb41\sl-253\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1. In this case,
\par\pard\ql \li2064\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf19\f20\fs46 co\par\pard\ql \li1522\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex105 s.EIa\par\pard\ql \li1992\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n=0\par\pard\column \ql \li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb67\sl-207\slmult0\tx3442 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 n
.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.76) \par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb100\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2044 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex104 If la!\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 < \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1, the formula for the sum of the terms of an ininite
geometric series gives\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb136\sl-253\slmult0\
fi4344 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\c
olw5460\colsr60\colno2\colw637\colsr160\colno3\colw5453\colsr160\ql \li5020\sb0\
sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 S \ul0\n
osupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 =\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb147\sl-176\slmult0\tx447 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 la\par\pard\colum
n \ql \li20\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\tx3543 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 < oo.\tab \up

0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (2.77) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1454\sb130\


sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 If, on the other hand, la\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs22 d > 1, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the sum is ininite and the s
ystem is unstable. \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb27\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex111 To test causality of the linear time-invariant systems in Examples 2.3,
2.4, 2.6, and \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri1314\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex112 2.10, we can check to see whether \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] =
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 0. As discussed in Section 2.2.4, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
ideal delay \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [nd > \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 in
Eq. (2.23)] is causal. If \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 nd \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, the system is noncausal. For the \par\par
d\ql \li1449\sb8\sl-253\slmult0\tx6287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 moving avera
ge, causality requires that \u8212?M1 \tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex125 > 0 and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 M2 > \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0. The accumulato
r and \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1314\sb21\sl-285\slmult0\tx2030 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex111 backward difference systems are causal, and the forward difference sys
tem is noncausal. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 The concept of convolut
ion as an operation between two sequences leads to the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
115 simpliication of many problems involving systems. A particularly useful resu
lt can be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 stated for the ideal delay system. Since
the output of the delay system is \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = x[n\u8212?n
d], \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and since the delay
system has impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] = 8[n \u8212? nd],
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 it follows that \par\pard\li3494\sb211\sl-253\slmul
t0\fi0\tx4550\tx5807\tx9825 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 x[n] *\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8212? nd] =\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex104 \u8212? nd] * x[n] = x[n \u8212? nd].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
04 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.78)\par\pard\ql \li1454\ri1309\sb172\sl-285\sl
mult0\tx2030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 That is, the convolution of a shifted
impulse sequence with any signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 is easily \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 evaluated by simply shiftin
g \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 by the displaceme
nt of the impulse. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Since delay is a fund
amental operation in the implementation of linear systems, \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex113 the preceding result is often useful in the analysis and simpliication o
f interconnections \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 of linear time-invariant systems
. As an example, consider the system of Figure 2.13(a), \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs2
4\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg26}{\bkmkend Pg26}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmul
t0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb117\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\t
x2606\tx10190 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.4
\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems\t
ab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 33\par\pard\li3374\s
b0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3374\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3374\sb148\sl-20
7\slmult0\fi57\tx4992 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 F
orward\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 One-sample\par\pard\li3374\sb4\sl-207\sl
mult0\fi0\tx5280\tx6321 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 difference\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex111 delay\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111 y [n]\par\pard\li3374\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3374\sb57\sl-207\slmult0\fi1190 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex111 (a)\par\pard\li3369\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3369\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0\par\pard\li3369\sb171\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5203 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111
One-sample\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Forward\par\pard\li3369\sb9\sl-207\s
lmult0\fi278\tx5145\tx6321 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 delay\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex111 difference\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex111 y \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 [n]\par\pard\ql \li4560\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4560\sb40\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (b) \par\pa
rd\ql \li4252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4252\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li4252\sb199\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Backward \par\pard
\li3547\sb12\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4262 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosuper

sub\cf28\f29\fs18 x \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale


x108 difference\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6857\colsr160\colno
2\colw4743\colsr160\ql \li5428\sb0\sl-54\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex300 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf61\f62\fs6 y [n\par\pard\ql \li4569\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li4569\sb80\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs18 (c)\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri1265\sb0\sl-209\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Figure 2.13 Equivalent systems fo
und \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 by using the commutative property of \up0 \exp
ndtw-8\charscalex100 convolution. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1459\ri128
5\sb264\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 which consists of a forward
difference system cascaded with an ideal delay of one sample. \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 According to the commutative property of convolution, the order in wh
ich systems are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 cascaded does not matter, as long a
s they are linear and time invariant. Therefore, we \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122
obtain the same result when we compute the forward difference of a sequence and
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 delay the result (Figure 2.13a) as when we delay t
he sequence irst and then compute \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 the forward diffe
rence (Figure 2.13b). Also, it follows from Eq. (2.63) that the overall \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex117 impulse response of each cascade system is the convolution
of the individual impulse \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 responses. Consequently,
\par\pard\ql \li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4392\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
4392\sb54\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2
2 h[n] = u[n] * (8[n] \u8212? 3[n \u8212? 1]) \par\pard\li4900\sb179\sl-253\slmu
lt0\fi0\tx9849 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 = u[n] \u8212? u[n \u8212? 1]\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.80)\par\pard\ql \li490
0\sb175\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2
2 S[n]. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1299\sb121\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 That is, the cascade combination of an accumul
ator followed by a backward difference \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (or vice ver
sa) yields a system whose overall impulse response is the impulse. Thus, the \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 output of the cascade combination will always be equal
to the input, since \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] * 5[n] = \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex114 x[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In this case, the backward differe
nce system compensates exactly for (or inverts) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 the
effect of the accumulator; that is, the backward difference system is the \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 inverse \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820
{\bkmkstart Pg27}{\bkmkend Pg27}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw42
00\colsr110\colno2\colw1861\colsr160\colno3\colw5439\colsr160\ql \li1468\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb84\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 34\par\par
d\qj \li3009\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3009\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj \li3009\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3009\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj \li3009\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3009\ri0\sb56\sl-220\slmult0\tx3
278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Accumulator \line\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 system\par\pard\column \qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\sl
mult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\sl
mult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\sl
mult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\sl
mult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\sl
mult0 \par\pard\qj \li4987\sb0\sl-215\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li697\ri212\sb129\sl
-215\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 B\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 ackward-\line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 diffe

rence\par\pard\ql \li20\sb7\sl-244\slmult0\tx875 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex79 Y


\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs18 system\par\pard\column \ql \li6345\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li6345\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6345\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li44\sb221\sl-253\slmult0\tx3520 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100
Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li7017\sb0\sl-237\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li716\ri1587\sb205
\sl-237\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Fig
ure 2.14 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 An accumulator in \line \up0 \expndtw-4\cha
rscalex100 cascade with a backward diference. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 Since the backward diference is the\par\pard\ql \li716\sb1\sl-240\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 inverse system for the accumulator, the\par\pard\ql \l
i20\sb67\sl-218\slmult0\tx721 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28
\f29\fs18 x [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 ca
scade combination is equivalent to\par\pard\ql \li711\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-6\charscalex100 the identity system. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li
1463\sb0\sl-285\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\ri1257\sb50\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 system \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 for the accumulator. From the commutative property of convolution, the accu\u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 mulator is likewise the inverse system for the backwa
rd difference system. Note that \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 this example provid
es a system interpretation of Eqs. (2.8) and (2.10). In general, if \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex117 a linear time-invariant system has impulse response \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then its inverse system, if i
t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 exists, has impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\
f6\fs24 h i[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 deined by the relation \par\pard\li42
43\sb187\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9868 \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n] * h! [n] = hi [n] * h[n] = S[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.81)\par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1266\sb152\sl-286\s
lmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Inverse systems are useful in many sit
uations in which it is necessary to compensate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 for
the effects of a linear system. In general, it is dificult to solve Eq. (2.81) d
irectly \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 hi[n], \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 given \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 However, in Chapter 3 we will see that the z-transform provides a \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 straightforward method of inding an inverse system. \
par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1463\sb127\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.5 LINEAR CONSTANT-COE
FFICIENT DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS \par\pard\qj \li1473\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\
qj\li1473\ri1266\sb3\sl-290\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 An important subclass of linear time-invariant systems consists
of those systems for \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 which the input \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and the output \ul0\nosupersub\c
f5\f6\fs24 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 satisfy an Nth-order linear constant
-coeficient \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 difference equation of the form \par\pa
rd\li4281\sb160\sl-529\slmult0\fi364\tx9864 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex92 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs24 aky[n k] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 Eknx[n \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf5\f6\fs24 \u8212? m].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 (2.82)\par\pard\li4281\sb44\sl-184\slmult0\fi0\tx6028 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 m=0\par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1266\sb54\sl-290\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The properties discusse
d in Section 2.4 and some of the analysis techniques introduced \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex121 there can be used to ind difference equation representations for so
me of the linear \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 time-invariant systems that we hav
e deined. \par\pard\qj \li2040\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2040\ri2181\sb1
5\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Ex
ample 2.14 Difference Equation Representation of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 th
e Accumulator \par\pard\qj \li2486\ri1291\sb140\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 An example of the class of linear consta

nt-coeficient difference equations is the ac\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 cumulat


or system deined by\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6166\colsr160\c
olno2\colw513\colsr20\colno3\colw4911\colsr160\ql \li5654\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li5654\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n]\par\pard\column \ql \li97\sb28\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li20\sb44\sl-184\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=\u8212?Do\par\
pard\column \ql \li6849\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb88\sl-230\slmult
0\tx3097 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k]\u8226? \t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.83) \par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2486\ri1296\sb148\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x108 To show that the input and output satisfy a difference equation of the form
of Eq. (2.82), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 note that we can write the output f
or \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n \u8212? 1 as \par\pard\ql \li6609\sb143\sl-184\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n-1 \par\pard
\li5467\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\fi0\tx7036\tx9916 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n \u8212? 1] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.84)\par\pard\ql \li6513\sb1\sl-162\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo \pa
r\pard\ql \li2486\sb142\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 By separating the term \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 from the sum, we can rewrite Eq. (2.83) as \par\pard\ql \li6
748\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6748\sb4\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n-1 \par\pard\li5323\sb0\sl-414\slmult0
\fi0\tx7175\tx9912 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n]
= x[n] + \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 (2.85)\par\pard\ql \li6643\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw
11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg28}{\bkmkend Pg28}\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slm
ult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\p
ard\li1459\sb211\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2596\tx10185 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Linear C
onstant-Coeficient Diference Equations\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 35\par\pard\ql \li2471\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li247
1\sb196\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Substituting Eq. (2.84) into
Eq. (2.85) yields \par\pard\li5371\sb186\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9897 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = x[n] y[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf2
8\f29\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
117 (2.86)\par\pard\qj \li2471\ri1316\sb113\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex114 from which the desired form of the difference equation can be obtained b
y grouping \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 all the input and output terms on separa
te sides of the equation: \par\pard\li5395\sb173\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9897 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f2
9\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8
212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1] = x[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.87)\par\pard\qj \li2467\ri1305\sb126\sl-270\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Thus, we have shown that, in addition to satisfying
the deining relationship of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Eq. (2.83), the input
and output satisfy a linear constant-coeficient difference equation \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex111 of the form Eq. (2.82), with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N = 1,
ao = 1, al = \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1
, M = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, and bo = 1. \par\pard\qj \li2471\ri1306\sb0
\sl-260\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 The difference equation in th
e form of Eq. (2.86) gives us a better understanding \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
1 of how we could implement the accumulator system. According to Eq. (2.86), for
each \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 value of n, we add the current input value \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to the previously acc
umulated sum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n \ul0\n

osupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]. This interpretat


ion of the accumulator is represented in block diagram form \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex107 in Figure 2.15. \par\pard\qj \li2976\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li
2976\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li29
76\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976
\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976\s
b0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976\sb0
\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2976\ri1750\sb36\sl-240\slmult0\fi14 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex100 Figure 2.15 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Block diagram of a recu
rsive diference equation representing an \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 accumulat
or. \par\pard\qj \li2471\ri1311\sb224\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Equation (2.86) and the block diagram in Figure 2.
15 are referred to as a \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 recursive \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex111 representation \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of the system, since each
value is computed using previously computed \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 values.
This general notion will be explored in more detail later in the section. \par\
pard\qj \li2025\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2025\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\p
ard\qj\li2025\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2025\ri2205\sb40\sl-260\slmult0\
fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.15 Differ
ence Equation Representation of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 the Moving-Average
System \par\pard\qj \li2471\ri1306\sb180\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Consider the moving-average system of Examp
le 2.4, with M1 = 0 so that the system \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 is causal. I
n this case, from Eq. (2.72), the impulse response is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\cols2\colno1\colw5200\colsr60\colno2\colw6500\colsr160\ql \li4550\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4550\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] =\par\pard\ql \li2471\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li2471\sb15\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 from which it follows that\par\pard\column \ql \li404\sb105\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\par\pard\ql \li9
13\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx4662 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (u[n] \ul0\nosupersub\
cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 u[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\f
s18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 M2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8212? \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (2.88)\par\pard
\ql \li20\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 (m2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 + 1)\par\pard\ql \li6715\sb0\sl-115\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li6715\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6715\sb0\sl-115\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li1475\sb74\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 \ul0\no
supersub\cf22\f23\fs10 M2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5020\sb64\sl-230\slmul
t0\fi0\tx5735\tx7032\tx9902 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 y[n] =\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (w2+\ul0\super\cf54\f55\fs30\ul 1)
\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n \u8212? k]
,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.89)\par\pard\q
l \li6681\sb43\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex73 1c=0 \par\pard\qj \li
2471\ri1321\sb49\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 which is a special
case of Eq. (2.82), with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 0, ao = 1, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 M2,
and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 bk \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = 1/(M2+ 1) \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex109 for 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k < \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 M2 . \par\pard\ql \li3052\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex112 Also, the impulse response can be expressed as \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\p
aperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg29}{\bkmkend Pg29}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\cols2\colno1\colw5831\colsr20\colno2\colw5909\colsr160\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb36\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 36\par\pard\ql
\li3120\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3120\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3120\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3830\sb57\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 Attenuator\par\pard\ql \li4257\s
b37\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\u

l 1\par\pard\ql \li3120\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\n


osupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x [n]\par\pard\ql \li3950\sb0\sl-128\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (M2 + 1)\par\pard\ql \li5087\sb1
28\sl-1391\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf62\f63\fs124 H(
\par\pard\column \ql \li6331\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6331\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li500\sb173\sl-253
\slmult0\tx3970 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discre
te-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\
ql \li7963\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7963\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li7963\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7963\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li2132\sb28\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11
\f12\fs16 Accumulator\par\pard\qj \li1416\ri2903\sb79\sl-128\slmult0\fi984 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex124 system \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex168 xln\par\pard\q
j \li5860\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5860\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\q
j \li5860\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri5336\sb73\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ample \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 delay \par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2471\ri1932\sb13\sl-480\slmult0\fi518 \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 Block diagram of the recursive form of a moving-average system. \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 by noting irst that\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5244\colsr60\colno2\colw6456\colsr160\ql \li45
12\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4512\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 xl[n] =\par\pard\column \ql \li394\sb102
\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li903\sb0\sl-160\sl
mult0\tx4628 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (x[n] x[n \u8212? M2 \u8212? \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (2.91)\par\pard\ql \li2
0\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (m
2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 + 1) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2471\ri1
306\sb91\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
From Eq. (2.87) of Example 2.14, the output of the accumulator satisies the dif
ference \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 equation \par\pard\ql \li5347\sb25\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \u8212? y[n
\u8212? 1] = xi[n], \par\pard\ql \li2476\sb170\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 so that\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols
3\colno1\colw5719\colsr60\colno2\colw858\colsr40\colno3\colw5093\colsr160\ql \li
4051\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4051\sb80\sl-230\slmult0\tx5275 \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y[n] \u8212? Y[n\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-9\charscalex90 1] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 =\par\pard\column \ql \li399
\sb104\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb144\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (m2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 + 1)\
par\pard\column \ql \li6667\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb71\sl-230\sl
mult0\tx3265 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (x[n] \u8212? x[n \u8212? M2 \u8212? \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (2.92) \par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2476\ri1306\sb41\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 Again, we have a difference equation in the form of Eq. (2.82), but
this time \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N = 1, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 as =
1, al = \u8212?1, M = M2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and A) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf
8\f9\fs20 \u8212?bM2+1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = 1/(M2 + 1), and \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 bk \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = 0 otherwise. \par\pard\qj \li1
463\ri1271\sb276\sl-286\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 In Example 2.15, we showed two different difference equation repr
esentations \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 of the moving-average system. In Chapte
r 6 we will see that an unlimited number of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 distinc
t difference equations can be used to represent a given linear time-invariant \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 input\u8212?output relation. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri1
285\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Just as in the case of
linear constant-coeficient differential equations for contin\up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex120 uous-time systems, without additional constraints or information a lin
ear constant\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 coeficient difference equation for disc
rete-time systems does not provide a unique \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 speciic

ation of the output for a given input. Speciically, suppose that, for a given in
put \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xp[n], \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 we have determined by some means one output sequence \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs24 yp[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 so that an equa\up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex116 tion of the form of Eq. (2.82) is satisied. Then the same equati
on with the same input \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 is satisied by any output of
the form\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9684\colsr160\colno2\colw
1916\colsr160\ql \li4847\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4847\sb19\sl-299\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Y[n] = Yp[n] + \u
l0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 yh[n],\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb205\sl-276\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f
6\fs24 yh[r] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is any solution to Eq. (2.82) with \ul0
\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, i.e., to the equat
ion\par\pard\ql \li4934\sb398\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 akyh[n\u8212?k] =0.\par\p
ard\ql \li4939\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f11\f12\fs16 k=0\par\pard\column \ql \li9849\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
25\sb46\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
(2.93)\par\pard\ql \li9844\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9844\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li9844\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9844\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb50\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (2.94)
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1463\ri1282\sb87\sl-280\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex107 Equation (2.94) is referred to as the \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\
f6\fs24 homogeneous equation \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf5
\f6\fs24 yh[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 homog
eneous \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 solution. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The se
quence \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 yh[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is in fac
t a member of a family of solutions of the form \par\pard\li4977\sb0\sl-333\slmu
lt0\par\pard\li4977\sb174\sl-333\slmult0\fi0\tx5836\tx9840 \dn2 \expndtw-11\char
scalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 yh[rz]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex98 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Anizm.\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.95)\par\pard\ql \li5812\sb1\sl208\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 m=1 \par\p
ard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg30}{\bkmkend Pg30}\par\
pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li147
8\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb221\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2620\tx10204 \up
0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.5\tab \up0 \expndt
w-5\charscalex100 Linear Constant-Coeficient Diference Equations\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 37\par\pard\qj \li1478\sb0\sl-280\
slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1478\ri1290\sb135\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Substituting Eq. (2.95) into Eq. (2.94) shows t
hat the complex numbers zni must be roots \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 of the po
lynomial\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6363\colsr160\colno2\colw5
237\colsr160\ql \li5255\sb157\sl-506\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex86 \ul0\no
supersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 akzk\par\pard\ql \li5265\s
b0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0
\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb57\sl-506\slmult0\tx3356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex4
5 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 0.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.96) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1478\ri1285\sb67\sl-2
86\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Equation (2.95) assumes that all \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N roots \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of the polynomial in Eq
. (2.96) are distinct. The \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 form of terms associated
with multiple roots is slightly diferent, but there are always \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 undetermi
ned coeficients. An example of the homogeneous solution with multiple \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex114 roots is considered in Problem 2.38. \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1
275\sb0\sl-285\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Since \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 yh[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 has \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 undetermined coeficients, a set of \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 auxiliary conditions is \up0 \expndtw0\

charscalex113 required for the unique speciication of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2


2 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for a given \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n].
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 These auxiliary conditions \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x117 might consist of specifying fixed values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n
] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 at speciic values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n
, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 such as y[-1], \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 y[-2],
. . . , \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[\u8212?N], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 an
d then solving a set of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 linear equations for the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 undetermined \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 coeficients. \par\pard\qj \li1478
\ri1280\sb15\sl-280\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Altenatively, if
the auxiliary conditions are a set of auxiliary values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 y[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 other v
alues of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 can be gen
erated by rewriting Eq. (2.82) as a recurrence formula, \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x112 i.e., in the form\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5153\colsr16
0\colno2\colw124\colsr20\colno3\colw6313\colsr160\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li3796\sb184\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = \u8212?E\par\pard\ql \li4795\sb97\sl-184\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=1\par\pard\column \ql \l
i1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb16\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k\par\pard\ql \li20\sb2\sl-352\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 0\par\pard\column \ql
\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1580\sb40\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 bk\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-176\s
lmult0\tx4442 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 y[n \u8212? Id+E-x[n \u8212? k].\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.97)\par\pard\ql \li1
700\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
0\par\pard\ql \li1177\sb0\sl-128\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1483\sb185\sl-253\slmul
t0\fi0\tx9360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If the in
put \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 together with
a set of auxiliary values, say, y[-1], \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[-2],\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 y[\u8212?N], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li
1483\sb35\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9302 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 speciied, then
y[0] can be determined from Eq. (2.97). With y[0], y[-1], .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex106 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[\u8212?N+ 1]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone \li1483\sb39\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 available, y[1] can then be calculated, and so on. When this proc
edure is used, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1483\sb35\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex114 said to be computed \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 recursively; \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 i.e., the output computation involves not only the input\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1483\sb36\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 sequence, but also previous values of the output sequence.\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone \li1483\sb30\sl-253\slmult0\fi575\tx5899 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120
To generate values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n <\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \u8212?N
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (again assuming that the values y[ \u8212?1],\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1483\sb35\sl-253\slmult0\fi4\tx2539 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex127 y[-2],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 , \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
y[\u8212?N] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are given as auxiliary conditions), we
can rearrange Eq. (2.82) in the\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1483\sb35\sl-253\
slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 form\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li148
3\sb92\sl-253\slmult0\fi3480\tx6935 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf29\f30\fs16 N-1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 ak\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 M\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw
6814\colsr40\colno2\colw4906\colsr160\ql \li3436\sb4\sl-297\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n \u8212? N] = \u8212? \ul0\nosup

ersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 \u8212?y[n \u8212? k] +\par\pa


rd\ql \li4982\sb81\sl-195\slmult0\tx5380 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 aN\par\pard\column \ql \li457\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 bk\par\pard\ql \li721\sb0\sl-176\slmult0\tx3035
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 x[n \u8212? k],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.98)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-211\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
aN \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1483\ri1270\sb157\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 from which \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\
f5\fs22 y[\u8212?N \u8212? 1], y[\u8212?N \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2]
, . .. can be computed recursively. The folowing \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ex
ample illustrates this recursive procedure. \par\pard\qj \li2054\sb0\sl-260\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\qj\li2054\ri2435\sb34\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139
\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.16 Recursive Computation of Difference \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 Equations \par\pard\ql \li2496\sb205\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The difference equation s
atisied by the input and output of a system is \par\pard\li5361\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0\par\pard\li5361\sb68\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9921 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = ay[n \u8212? 1]+ x[n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.99)\par\pard\qj \li2491\ri1291\sb249\sl
-270\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Consider the input \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = K8[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 K \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is an arbitrary number, and the auxiliary
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 condition y[\u8212?l] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 c. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Beginning with this value, the output for \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n > \u8212?1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 can be computed
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 recursively as follows: \par\pard\ql \li4444\sb214\
sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 y[0] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a
c + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 K, \par\pard\ql \li4444\sb149\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 y[1] = ay[O] + 0 = a(ac + K) = a2 c + a K, \par\pard\s
ect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg31}{\bkmkend Pg31}\par\pard\
li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0
\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb179\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6345\tx9806 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 38\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \dn2 \exp
ndtw-9\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li4223\ri3087\sb318\sl-400\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 A2] = aY[1] + 0 = a(a2 c +
a K) = a3 c + a2 K, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 A3] = ay[2] +0 = a(a3c + a2 K)
= a4 c + a3 K, \par\pard\ql \li2481\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2481\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2481\sb121\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 For this simple case, we can see that for \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n > \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, \par\pard\li4823\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4823\sb2\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx7219\tx9811 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = an+1 c + an K,\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n
> 0.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.100)\par\p
ard\ql \li2481\sb208\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 To determine th
e output for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, we e
xpress the difference equation in the form \par\pard\li5131\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\p
ar\pard\li5131\sb4\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9700 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n - 1] = a-1 (y[n] x[n]),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
19 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.101a)\par\pard\ql \li2491\sb66\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 or \par\pard\li4963\sb98\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9686
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = a-1 (y[n + 1] x[n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (2.101b)
\par\pard\ql \li2491\ri1401\sb0\sl-460\slmult0\tx4176 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
16 Using the auxiliary condition y[-1] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 c, \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 we can compute \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20

-1 as follows: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 y[-2] = a-1 \ul0\nosupersu


b\cf8\f9\fs20 (y[-1] - x[-1]) = a-1 c, \par\pard\qj \li4176\ri3033\sb0\sl-440\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 y[-3] = a-1(y[-2]
- \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[-2]) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 a-1 a-1 c = a-2c, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 A-4] \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 a-1 (Y[ \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 -3] - x[-3]) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 a-1a-2C = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 a-3c, \par\pard\ql \li2496\sb43\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
It then follows that \par\pard\li5121\sb185\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6748\tx9806 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = an+1 c\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 -1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (2.102)\p
ar\pard\qj \li2491\ri1296\sb151\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116
In sum, combining Eqs. (2.100) and (2.102), we obtain, as the result of the recu
rsive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 computation, \par\pard\li4684\sb84\sl-230\slm
ult0\fi0\tx5923\tx7468\tx9806 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f
9\fs20 y[n] = an+1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 + Kan u[n],\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
n.\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.103)\par\par
d\qj \li1478\sb0\sl-286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1478\ri1280\sb119\sl-286\slmult0\
fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Several important
points are illustrated by the solution of Example 2.16. First, \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 note that we implemented the system by recursively computing the ou
tput in both the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 positive and the negative directio
n, beginning with \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 n = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 \u
8212?1. Clearly, this procedure is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 noncausal. Also,
note that when \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 K = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, t
he input is zero, but \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[711 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs24 an+lc. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A linear \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 s
ystem requires that the output be zero for all time when the input is zero for a
ll time. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (See Problem 2.21.) Consequently, this sys
tem is not linear. Furthermore, if the input \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 were s
hifted by \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 no \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 samples, i.
e., xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 [n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 K.5[n \u821
2? \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 no], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the output would
be \par\pard\li4204\sb214\sl-287\slmult0\fi0\tx9734 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex11
1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Y1[n] = an+1 c Kan\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 -\ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 mu[n no],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.104)\par\pard\ql \li1483\sb162\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex114 and the system is therefore not time invariant. \par\pard\qj \li14
73\ri1285\sb0\sl-288\slmult0\fi590 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Our principal in
terest in this text is in systems that are linear and time invariant, \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex113 in which case the auxiliary conditions must be consistent wit
h these additional require\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ments. In Chapter 3, when
we discuss the solution of difference equations using the \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex115 z-transform, we implicitly incorporate conditions of linearity and time
invariance. As \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 we will see in that discussion, even
with the additional constraints of linearity and time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
120 invariance, the solution to the difference equation, and therefore the syste
m, is not \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 uniquely speciied. In particular, there a
re, in general, both causal and noncausal linear \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ti
me-invariant systems consistent with a given difference equation. \par\pard\qj \
li1478\ri1285\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 If a system
is characterized by a linear constant-coeficient difference equation \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex117 and is further speciied to be linear, time invariant, and caus
al, the solution is unique. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 In this case, the auxil
iary conditions are often stated as \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 initial\ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 rest \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
conditions. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In other \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 w
ords, the auxiliary information is that if the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24

x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is zero for \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 n \ul0


\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 less than some time \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1190
0\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg32}{\bkmkend Pg32}\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\
li1483\sb197\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2616\tx10204 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.5\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Linear Const
ant-Coeficient Diference Equations\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 39\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-286\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\ri
1290\sb128\sl-286\slmult0\tx2054 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 no, then the output \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 is constrained to be zero for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 less than no. This then provides \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
suficient initial conditions to obtain \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\no
supersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n > \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 no recursively using Eq. (2.97). \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 To
summarize, for a system for which the input and output satisfy a linear constan
t-\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 coeficient difference equation: \par\pard\qj \li1
823\ri1285\sb223\sl-300\slmult0\tx2054 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226? The
output for a given input is not uniquely speciied. Auxiiary information or \line
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 conditions are required. \par\pard\ql \li1823\
ri1276\sb52\sl-286\slmult0\tx2054\tx2054\tx2059 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8
226? If the auxiliary information is in the form of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
N \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 sequential values of the output, \line\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex114 later values can be obtained by rearranging the difference
equation as a recursive \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 relation running
forward in \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and prior
values can be obtained by rearranging \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 th
e difference equation as a recursive relation running backward in \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 n. \par\pard\ql \li1819\ri1280\sb71\sl-290\slmult0\tx2054\tx2063 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 \u8226? Linearity, time
invariance, and causality of the system will depend on the auxiliary \line\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conditions. If an additional condition is that the s
ystem is initially at rest, then the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 syst
em will be linear, time invariant, and causal. \par\pard\li5135\sb0\sl-253\slmul
t0\par\pard\li5135\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li5135\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li5135\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li5135\sb249\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9734 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = Kan u[n].\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.105)\par\pard\qj \li1478\r
i1285\sb117\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 If the input is instead
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Kgn \u8212? no], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 again w
ith initial-rest conditions, then the recursive \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sol
ution is carried out using the initial condition \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n
] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 no. Note that for no < 0, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 initial re
st implies that y[ \u8212?1] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0 0. That is, initial
rest does not always mean y[ \u8212?1] = \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1280\sb92\sl-240
\slmult0\fi14\tx1598\tx1708\tx1852 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[\u8212?N] = \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0. It does mean that y[no \u8212? 1] = \u8226? \u8226?
\u8226? = y[no \u8212? \ul0\super\cf4\f5\fs33 N] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0
if \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 for \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 no. Note also that the impulse response for the example is \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 h[n] = anu[n]; \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 i.e., \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 h[n] \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1285\sb2\sl-286\slmult0\tx2054 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is zero for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2
2 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, consistent with the causality imposed by th
e assumption of initial rest. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 The precedi
ng discussion assumed that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N > 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3

\f4\fs22 in Eq. (2.82). If, instead, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 N = \ul0\nosupe


rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 no recursion is required to use
the difference equation to compute the output, and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
therefore, no auxiliary conditions are required. That is,\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\cols2\colno1\colw5733\colsr60\colno2\colw5967\colsr160\ql \li4612\sb0\sl253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4612\sb149\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
12 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] =\par\pard\ql \li5380\sb87\sl-184\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=0\par\pard\column \ql
\li188\sb248\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 bk\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-176\slmult0\tx3971 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
20 (\u8212?) x[n \u8212? k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 (2.106)\par\pard\ql \li183\sb0\sl-191\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charsca
lex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 ao \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1478\sb123\
sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Equa
tion (2.106) is in the form of a convolution, and by setting \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 x[n] = 8[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 we see that\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone \li1478\sb34\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the impul
se response is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5354\colsr60\colno2\
colw6346\colsr160\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4607\sb138\sl-25
3\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] =\par\pa
rd\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb70\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or\par\pard\column \ql \li567
\sb242\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
bk\par\pard\ql \li399\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 ) \u8212?S
[n \u8212? k],\par\pard\ql \li20\sb13\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex14
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 c-1 a\par\pard\ql \li4348\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li130\sb133\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf4\f5\fs22 bn \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4348\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi1166\t
x6278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \u8212? ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 0
n M,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4348\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi0\tx9729 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex134 h[n] = \{(ao\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.107)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4348\sb48\sl-253\slmult0\fi
1003\tx6278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 oth
erwise.\par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1295\sb155\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x114 The impulse response is obviously inite in duration. Indeed, the output of
any FIR sys-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 tem can be computed nonrecursivel
y using the difference equation of Eq. (2.106), where \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
16 the coeficients are the values of the impulse response sequence. The moving-a
verage \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 system of Example 2.15 with M1 = 0 is an exa
mple of a causal FIR system. An interest-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 ing
feature of that system was that we also found a recursive equation for the outpu
t. In \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg33}{\bkmken
d Pg33}\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb217\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6297
\tx9767 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 40\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Syst
ems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li1430\sb0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \par\pard\qj\li1430\ri1318\sb119\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
12 Chapter 6 we will show that there are many possible ways of implementing a de
sired sig-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nal transformation using difference
equations. Advantages of one method over another \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 d
epend on practical considerations such as numerical accuracy, data storage, and
the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 number of multiplications and additions require
d to compute each sample of the output. \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-276\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li1449\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1449\sb72\sl-276\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.6 FREQUENCY-DOMAIN REP
RESENTATION OF \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1289\sb255\sl-287\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In the previous
sections, we have introduced some of the fundamental concepts of the \up0 \expn

dtw0\charscalex117 theory of discrete-time signals and systems. For linear timeinvariant systems, we saw \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 that a representation of
the input sequence as a weighted sum of delayed impulses \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex115 leads to a representation of the output as a weighted sum of delayed impul
se responses. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 As with continuous-time signals, disc
rete-time signals may be represented in a number \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 of
different ways. For example, sinusoidal and complex exponential sequences play
a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 particularly important role in representing discr
ete-time signals. This is because com-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 plex ex
ponential sequences are eigenfunctions of linear time-invariant systems and the
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 response to a sinusoidal input is sinusoidal with t
he same frequency as the input and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 with amplitude a
nd phase determined by the system. This fundamental property of \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex116 linear time-invariant systems makes representations of signals in t
erms of sinusoids or \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 complex exponentials (i.e., Fo
urier representations) very useful in linear system theory. \par\pard\ql \li1459
\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb167\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex138 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.6.1 Eigenfunctions for Linear Time-Invar
iant Systems \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1290\sb141\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 To demonstrate the eigenfunction property
of complex exponentials for discrete-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 systems,
consider an input sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex109 = elwn \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \u8212?co \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex122 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < co, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 i.e.,
a complex \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1290\sb20\sl-280\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex119 exponential of radian frequency cv. From Eq. (2.62), the correspondin
g output of a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 linear time-invariant system with imp
ulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4923\colsr160\colno2\colw566\colsr20\
colno3\colw3911\colsr160\colno4\colw2040\colsr160\ql \li4329\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li4329\sb78\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n]\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
68\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
68\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
68\sb46\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
If we deine\par\pard\column \ql \li121\sb103\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li24\sb43\sl-184\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=r\u8212?oo\par\pard
\ql \li20\sb232\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex44 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\
f20\fs46 eiwn\par\pard\column \ql \li5659\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\
sb82\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[k
]eiw(n-k)\par\pard\ql \li298\sb201\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex43 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 0.\par\pard\ql \li687\sb1\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[k]e-iwk)\par\pard\ql \li111\sb88
\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=\u8
212?oo\par\pard\ql \li5822\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5822\sb0\sl-138\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li183\sb48\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 00\par\pard\column \ql \li9720\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9720\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li20\sb2\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 (2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 8)\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5615\colsr20\colno2\colw3930\colsr160\col
no3\colw2045\colsr160\ql \li4598\sb45\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eiw)\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1454\sb70\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 Eq. (2.108) becomes\par\pard\ql \li4953\sb146\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] =\par\pard\column \ql \
li125\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\f
s46 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex51 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 h[k]e-iwk,\par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1

1\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\column \ql \li25\sb45\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expnd


tw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.109)\par\pard\ql \li9715\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9715\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb211\sl
-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (2.110) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \
qj \li1459\ri1299\sb174\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Consequently
, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 el" \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is an eigenfunctio
n of the system, and the associated eigenvalue is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eiw). \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 From Eq. (2.110),
we see that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 desc
ribes the change in complex amplitude \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 of a complex
exponential input signal as a function of the frequency cv. The eigenvalue \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 is called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 frequency response \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 of the system. In general, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eiw) \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is complex \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 and can be exp
ressed in terms of its real and imaginary parts as \par\pard\li4392\sb217\sl-253
\slmult0\fi0\tx9710 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(e
ll= HR(eil+ j1-11(el"))\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 (2.111)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg34}{\
bkmkend Pg34}\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmu
lt0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pa
rd\li1449\sb11\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2587\tx10175 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.6\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 FrequencyDomain Representation of Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 41\par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li1444\sb181\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\no
supersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or in terms of magnitude and phase as \par\pard\ql \li6801\
sb184\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16
H(ell \par\pard\li4516\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi0\tx9700 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
9 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(ei.) =\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.112)\par\pard\qj \li2016\ri2166\sb216\sl-260\slmult0\fi4
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.17 Frequency
Response of the Ideal Delay \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 System \par\pard\qj \li
2462\ri1334\sb164\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 As a simple example of how we can ind the frequency response of a line
ar time\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 invariant system, consider the ideal delay s
ystem deined by \par\pard\li5630\sb189\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9782 \dn2 \expndtw0\
charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n - nd],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.113)\par\pard\qj \li2462\ri1330\sb119\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex117 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nd \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 is a fixed integer. If we consider \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = dam
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 as input to this system, then, \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex112 from Eq. (2.113), we have \par\pard\ql \li5040\sb185\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = erp(n-nd) = e-itond
eiwn. \par\pard\qj \li2457\ri1325\sb146\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Thus, for any given value of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 co, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 we obtain an output that is the input m
ultiplied by a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 complex constant, the value of which
depends on the frequency \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 co \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 and the delay \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nd. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The frequency response of the ideal delay is therefo
re \par\pard\li2462\sb116\sl-241\slmult0\fi3196\tx6384\tx9782 \up3 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex161 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hein\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex125 =ei"nd.\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.114)\par\p
ard\li2462\sb230\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx10267 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 As an a
lternative method of obtaining the frequency response, recall that \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 =\par\pard\li2462\sb34\sl-2
30\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 S[n- nd] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
for the ideal delay system. Using Eq. (2.109), we obtain\par\pard\li2462\sb82\s

l-230\slmult0\fi3216 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex75 00\par\pard\li2462\sb0\sl-414\


slmult0\fi2092\tx6033 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H
(ejn= \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 B[n - nd]e-'en =\par\pard\li2462\sb1\sl-147\slmult0\fi3043 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 n=\u8212?oo\par\pard\l
i2462\sb145\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 From the Euler relation, the real and imaginary parts of the frequency r
esponse are\par\pard\li2462\sb168\sl-241\slmult0\fi2999\tx9676 \dn3 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 HR(eicl=cos(cond),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.115a)\par\pard\li2462\sb0\sl-241\slmu
lt0\par\pard\li2462\sb58\sl-241\slmult0\fi2956\tx9667 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex1
22 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hi(ei"l= - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 sin(cond).
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (2.115b)\par\pard\li2462\sb185\sl-230\slmult0\
fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 The magnitude and phase are\par\pard\li2462\sb1
74\sl-230\slmult0\fi3359\tx9681 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 IH(ei"ll = 1,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 (2.116a)\par\pard\li2462\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2462\sb101\sl-230\slm
ult0\fi3134\tx9667 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 <H(e
j1= -cond.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.116b)\
par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1449\ri1304\sb68\sl-280\sl
mult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In Section
2.7 we will show that a broad class of signals can be represented as a \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex115 linear combination of complex exponentials in the form \par\
pard\li4972\sb32\sl-529\slmult0\fi0\tx9710 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex71 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 Eakeiwkn.\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.117)\par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\s
l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1449\ri1304\sb60\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 From the principle of superposition, the corresponding output of a lin
ear time-invariant \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 system is \par\pard\li4579\sb31\
sl-529\slmult0\fi0\tx9705 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex66 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2
2 y[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 Ecomeiwk)epokn\u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.118)\par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-286
\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1449\ri1314\sb50\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x114 Thus, if we can ind a representation of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as a superposition of complex exponential \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex115 sequences, as in Eq. (2.117), then we can ind the output using
Eq. (2.118) if we know \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 the frequency response of th
e system. The following simple example illustrates this \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x114 fundamental property of linear time-invariant systems. \par\pard\sect\sectd
\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg35}{\bkmkend Pg35}\par\pard\li1449\sb
0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\s
lmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb192\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6321\tx9787 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 42\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Disc
rete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\par
d\li1449\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb172\sl-276\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.18 Sinusoidal Response
of LTI Systems\par\pard\li1449\sb204\sl-230\slmult0\fi1017 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Since it is simple to express a sinusoid as
a inear combination of complex exponentials,\par\pard\li1449\sb34\sl-230\slmult
0\fi1017 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 let us consider a sinusoidal input\par\par
d\li1449\sb125\sl-230\slmult0\fi4982\tx7694\tx8404 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 A\tab \dn4 \expnd
tw-7\charscalex100 -jcoon\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5715\cols
r160\colno2\colw1544\colsr40\colno3\colw4311\colsr160\ql \li3926\sb0\sl-160\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 A cos(coon\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li20\ri0\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx601 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 41) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = -\line \tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ei4'el'"\par\pard\column
\ql \li20\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx2363 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 +\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.119) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk

none \li2462\sb120\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 From Eq. (2.1


10), the response to xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = (Al2)eioeiw0n is\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4616\colsr160\colno2\colw4741\colsr160\c
olno3\colw2093\colsr160\ql \li2462\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2462\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2462\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2462\sb98\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The resp
onse to \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x2[n]\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri1725\sb145
\sl-451\slmult0\fi379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Y
IN] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(emo)\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs30 A\ul0\super\cf8\f
9\fs30 eioeiroon. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (Al2)e- ioe-iwon is\par\pard\ql \
li1541\sb97\sl-230\slmult0\tx1916 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex120 A\par\pard\ql \li216\sb1\sl-190\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex102 Y2[n] = H(e-16'0)-e- .1(I, e- yoon\u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1925\sb0\sl-160
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2\par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li9667\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li29\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex107 (2.120a)\par\pard\ql \li9667\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li9667\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9667\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li20\sb93\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (2.120b) \par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2462\sb31\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 T
hus, the total response is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4919\col
sr20\colno2\colw3258\colsr160\colno3\colw3413\colsr160\ql \li4752\sb136\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 A\par\pard\ql \l
i4046\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Y[n] = -\par\pard\ql \li47
66\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
2\par\pard\column \ql \li4939\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb60\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [H(ej')eid'ej"" +
H(e-i')e-\par\pard\column \ql \li8347\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb60
\sl-230\slmult0\tx1465 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 j'n].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.121) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \
li2471\ri1316\sb34\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 If \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is real, it can be shown (see Pro
blem 2.71) that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e-mo) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
= \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 II* (0'0). \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Conse\up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex108 quently, \par\pard\li2467\sb156\sl-241\slmult0\fi2222\tx9
787 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = AIH(ei":)1 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos(coon + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 0 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 8),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.122)\par\pard\li2467\sb216\sl-230\slmult0\fi0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 0 = <H(eiwo) \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the phase of the system function at frequency coo.\pa
r\pard\li2467\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 For the sim
ple example of the ideal delay, I \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e")I =1 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and 8 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 = -coon, \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 as we\par\pard\li2467\sb25\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex115 determined in Example 2.17. Therefore,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\c
olno1\colw9627\colsr160\colno2\colw1973\colsr160\qj \li4977\ri1673\sb111\sl-364\
slmult0\tx5438 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 A cos(coon + 0 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 wond) \l
ine\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 = A \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos[coo(n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 rid) + 0],\par\pard\column \ql \li9787\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb140\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.123) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2467\ri1315\
sb108\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 which is consistent with w
hat we would obtain directly using the deinition of the ideal \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex109 delay system. \par\pard\qj \li1459\sb0\sl-285\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li
1459\ri1294\sb15\sl-285\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 The concept of the frequency response of linear time-invariant sy
stems is essen\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 tially the same for continuous-time a
nd discrete-time systems. However, an important \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 dis
tinction arises because the frequency response of discrete-time linear time-inva

riant \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 systems is \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 always


\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 a periodic function of the frequency variable \ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 co \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 with period 27r. To \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex109 show this, we substitute \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 co +
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 27r into Eq. (2.109) to obtain \par\pard\ql \li5865
\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5865\sb61\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \par\pard\li4137\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\f
i0\tx6249\tx9710 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 H (ej(
w+2')) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n]e- j(w+20: .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\no
supersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.124)\par\pard\ql \li5678\sb13\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n=\u8212?oo \par\pard\ql \li1463
\sb159\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 U
sing the fact that ej2" = 1 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 an integer, we have \par\pard\ql \li4195\sb145\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex116 e-i(w+2,on = \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 e\u8212?jame\u821
2?j2nn = e\u8212? jam. \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb235\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Therefore, \par\pard\li4766\sb108\sl-2
76\slmult0\fi0\tx9705 \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
H(ei(w+2'))\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.125)
\par\pard\ql \li1463\sb3\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 and, more g
enerally, \par\pard\li6580\sb217\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9705 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex112 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 r \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 an integer
.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (2.126)\par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1304\sb132\sl-2
80\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 That is, \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 H(e
i1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is periodic with period 27r. Note that this is ob
viously true for the ideal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 delay system, since \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 e-i(w+2'Ond \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 e-ia'nd \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 when \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
24 nd \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is an integer. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paper
w11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg36}{\bkmkend Pg36}\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\
pard\li1492\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1492\sb83\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2625\tx
10214 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.6\tab \up
0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Frequency-Domain Representation of Discrete-Time Sign
als and Systems\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 43\
par\pard\qj \li1488\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1488\ri1280\sb84\sl-300\sl
mult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The reason
for this periodicity is related directly to our earlier observation that \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex116 the sequence \par\pard\li4627\sb104\sl-241\slmult0\fi0\tx5
836 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 fejwn),\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 \u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 oo < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < oo,\par\pard\ql \li1488\sb135\sl-253\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is indistinguish
able from the sequence \par\pard\li4396\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4396\sb43\
sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6072 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 le \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 i(w+21r )n\} ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
129 \u8212?00 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n < oo.\par\pard\ql \li1483\ri1270\s
b142\sl-280\slmult0\fi4\tx2068 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 Because these two sequences have identical values for all \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the system must respond \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex114 identically to both input sequences. This condition requires t
hat Eq. (2.125) hold. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 Since \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is periodic with period \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex124 27r, and since the frequencies w and \par\pard\qj \li148
3\ri1280\sb20\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 + 27r are indistinguishable, it follows that
we need only specify \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(e)1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 over an inter-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 val of length \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 27r, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 e.g., 0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale

x118 < to < 2r or \u8212?7r < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 to \ul0\nosupersub\cf3


\f4\fs22 < 7r. The inherent periodicity defines \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri1270\sb0\
sl-288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 the frequency response everywhere ou
tside the chosen interval. For simplicity and for \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 c
onsistency with the continuous-time case, it is generally convenient to specify
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(e)w) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 over the interval \u8212?7r < w < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 r. \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 With respect to this interval, the "low frequencies" ar
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 frequencies close to zero, while the "high freque
ncies" are frequencies close to 7r. Re-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 calling
that frequencies differing by an integer multiple of 27r are indistinguishable,
we \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 might generalize the preceding statement as fol
lows: The "low frequencies" are those \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 that are clos
e to an even multiple of \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 Tr, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 while the "high frequencies" are those that are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
112 close to an odd multiple of 7r, consistent with our earlier discussion in Se
ction 2.1. \par\pard\ql \li2059\sb276\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex13
9 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.19 Ideal Frequency-Selective Filters \pa
r\pard\qj \li2500\ri1272\sb198\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 An important class of linear time-invariant systems inclu
des those systems for which \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 the frequency response
is unity over a certain range of frequencies and is zero at \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex114 the remaining frequencies. These correspond to \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 ideal frequency-selective filters. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 frequency response of an ideal lowpass ilter is shown in Fig
ure 2.17(a). Because of the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 inherent periodicity of
the discrete-time frequency response, it has the appearance of \par\pard\ql \li
6369\sb145\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 Hip(eiw) \par\pard\ql \li
6153\sb231\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 1 \par\pard\ql \li3796\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3796\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li3796\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3796\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li3796\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex92 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212?27r + we \par\pard\ql \li6153\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql\li6153\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6153\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li6153\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6153\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li6153\sb130\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex58 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 1 \par\pard\li4771\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li4771\sb0\sl-115\slmult
0\par\pard\li4771\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li4771\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard
\li4771\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li4771\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li4771\sb
0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li4771\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li4771\sb42\sl-115\
slmult0\fi0\tx5539\tx7574\tx8304 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
63\f64\fs10 \u8212?IT\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8212?(dC\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex120 IT\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 CO\par\pard\ql \li6158\sb
128\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (b)
\par\pard\qj \li3004\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3004\ri1729\sb26\sl-240\s
lmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Figure 2.17
Ideal lowpass filter showing (a) periodicity of the frequency response \up0 \ex
pndtw-6\charscalex100 and (b) one period of the periodic frequency response. \pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg37}{\bkmkend Pg37}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5964\colsr160\colno2\colw5636\colsr1
60\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb17\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 44\par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl
-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl
-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl
-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl
-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl
-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl
-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl

-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl


-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4123\sb74\s
l-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex177 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 -7T\par
\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4862\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4862\sb140\sl-184\slmult0\tx5490 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex95 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 \u8212?6)6\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex91 ---wa\par\pa
rd\column \ql \li6326\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6326\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li222\sb136\sl-253\slmult0\tx3697 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-1
0\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li6340\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li63
40\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li236\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 Hhp(eru)\par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8207\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2103\sb110\sl-1
15\slmult0\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 IT\
tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex90 CO\par\pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li40\sb78\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 (b)\par\pard\ql \li6124\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6124\sb0\
sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li236\sb119\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 Hbp(ejw)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\co
lno1\colw6579\colsr160\colno2\colw5021\colsr160\ql \li6124\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li6124\sb24\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\par\pard\ql \li4867\sb0\sl-297\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4867\s
b0\sl-297\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4867\ri165\sb124\sl-297\slmult0\tx6153 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 -ob \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\
charscalex100 (c)\par\pard\column \ql \li6825\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
6825\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6825\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li68
25\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6825\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6825
\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6825\sb0\sl-46\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li106\sb
36\sl-46\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex245 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs4 \u963
2?\u9632?\u8226?1111=11\u8226?\u9632?\u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2971\sb0\sl-184\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2971\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2971\sb0\sl-184\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li2971\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb155\sl-184\slmu
lt0\tx639\tx1484\tx1901 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\f
s16 \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tub\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 IT\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex90 CO \par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone \li2971\sb253\sl-253\slmult0\fi14\tx7094\tx8798 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
Ideal frequency-selective filters.\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 (a) Highpas
s filter.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (b) Bandstop\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none \li2971\sb1\sl-232\slmult0\fi0\tx3489 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex89 filter.
\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (c) Bandpass filter. In each case, the freque
ncy response is periodic with\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2971\sb1\sl-241\slm
ult0\fi14 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 period 27. Only one period is shown.\par
\pard\qj \li2471\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2471\ri1314\sb244\sl-260\slmu
lt0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a multiband ilt

er, since frequencies around w = 27r are indistinguishable from fre-\line \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex116 quencies around w = 0. In effect, however, the frequency
response passes only low \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 frequencies and rejects hi
gh frequencies. Since the frequency response is completely \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex114 speciied by its behavior over the interval \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14
\u8212?71. \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex127 < w < 71, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 t
he ideal lowpass ilter fre-\par\pard\ql \li2471\sb25\sl-230\slmult0\tx8904\tx943
6 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 quency response is more typically shown only in t
he interval \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 \u8212?71. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex124 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 CO \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 7r, as in \par\pard\qj \
li2471\ri1311\sb26\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Figure 2.17(b). I
t is understood that the frequency response repeats periodically with \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex116 period 27r outside the plotted interval. The frequency respon
ses for ideal highpass, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 bandstop, and bandpass ilte
rs are shown in Figures 2.18(a), (b), and (c), respectively. \par\pard\ql \li204
0\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2040\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2040\
sb15\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Exa
mple 2.20 Frequency Response of the \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex129 Moving-Average System \par\pard\ql \li2467\ri2702\sb0\s
l-480\slmult0\tx5913 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Th
e impulse response of the moving-average system of Example 2.4 is \line\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \par\pard\ql \li7464\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 < n < M2, \par\pard\ql \li4367\sb0\
sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 h[n]=1M1+ M2+1' \par\pard\li5294\sb1
41\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6907 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 0,\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\
charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 otherwise.\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pa
perw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg38}{\bkmkend Pg38}\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253
\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\p
ar\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb117\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx265
4\tx10238 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.6\tab
\dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Frequency-Domain Representation of Discrete-Time
Signals and Systems\tab \dn4 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 45\par\pard\ql \li2524\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2524\sb197\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Therefore, the frequency response is \par\pard
\ql \li7267\sb126\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
21\f22\fs12 M2 \par\pard\ql \li6350\sb1\sl-116\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscale
x100 1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols5\colno1\colw5709\colsr60\colno2\colw556\
colsr40\colno3\colw704\colsr40\colno4\colw2591\colsr160\colno5\colw1930\colsr160
\ql \li4785\sb11\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 1-1(ei") =\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb26\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex63 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 ml+\par\pard\column \ql \li2520\sb0\
sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb43\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
08 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 M2 1\par\pard\column \ql \li140\sb0\sl-414\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li20
\sb0\sl-90\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex168 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 n=
\u8212?Ml\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-189\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.127) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2520\sb2
06\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Equation (2.127) can be expre
ssed in closed form by using Eq. (2.56), so that\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\col
s3\colno1\colw3501\colsr60\colno2\colw4464\colsr20\colno3\colw3725\colsr160\ql \
li2553\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2553\sb87\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eiw) =\par\pard\column \ql \li601\
sb163\sl-230\slmult0\tx1345 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 eiwml - e-jw(m2+1)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb
106\sl-230\slmult0\tx1849 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 M1+ M2 +1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 1 - e- icy\par\pard\ql \li596\sb22
2\sl-253\slmult0\tx1340\tx2937 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 eio(M1
-FM2+1)/2 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 e\u8212? jco(M1+M2+1)/2\par\pard\ql

\li20\sb102\sl-230\slmult0\tx2521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\c


f8\f9\fs20 M1+ M2 +1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 1 - e- jw\par\pard\qj \li2
0\ri0\sb145\sl-345\slmult0\fi576\tx1340\tx2932\tx2247 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 eiw(M\up0 \e
xpndtw-9\charscalex93 1l-M2+1)/2 \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 e\u8212?MMI-I
-M2+1)/2 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 M1 + M2 + 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw-7\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ejwl2 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
e\u8212?ja)/2\par\pard\column \ql \li3561\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li35
61\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3561\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li35
61\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3561\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li35
61\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb137\sl-161\slmult0\tx1090 \up0 \expnd
tw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 e \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\
f36\fs14 jco(\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 M2 \u8212? \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 -1-1)/ 2\par\pard\ql \li3561\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1820\sb
18\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.12
8)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb144\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 cito(M2\
u8212?M1)/2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3561\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3
561\sb1\sl-230\slmult0\fi576\tx4876 \up2 \expndtw0\charscalex104 1\tab \dn4 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul sin[w(Mi + \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 M2\ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1)
/21e_ jw(m2\u8212?M1)/2\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3561\sb77\sl-230\slmult0\
fi0\tx3921\tx5587 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M1\t
ab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 + M2 + 1\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 sin(co/2)\par\pard\ql \li6273\
sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6273\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6273\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6273\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsca
lex96 IH(ejw)I \par\pard\ql \li6047\sb91\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charsca
lex72 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1 \par\pard\li5447\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard
\li5447\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li5447\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li5447\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li5447\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li5447\sb126\sl-207
\slmult0\fi0\tx6614\tx7545\tx8918 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf28\f29\fs18 -217-\tab \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 20-\tab \dn2 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 a\tab \dn3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 27r\par\pard\li5447\sb43\sl-207\
slmult0\fi115\tx6676 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 5\par\pard\li6000\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li6000\sb182\sl-230\slmult0
\fi273 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 <H(ejw)\par\par
d\li6000\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li6000\sb0\sl-138\slmult0\par\pard\li6000\s
b36\sl-138\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf37\f38\fs1
2 IT\par\pard\li3019\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3019\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\p
ard\li3019\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3019\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3019
\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3019\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3019\sb111\sl253\slmult0\fi0\tx3676\tx4300\tx6052 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 Figure\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2.19\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 (a) Magnitude and\tab \dn3 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (b) phase of
the frequency response of the\par\pard\li3019\sb2\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 moving-average system for the case M1 = 0 and M2 = 4.\par\par
d\qj \li2496\sb0\sl-263\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2496\sb0\sl-263\slmult0 \par\pard
\qj\li2496\sb0\sl-263\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2496\ri1296\sb3\sl-263\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The magnitude and phase of
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 are plotted in Fi
gure 2.19 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = 0 and
M2 = 4. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Note that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ei
n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is periodic, as is required of the frequency respo
nse of a discrete-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 time system. Note also that
I \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eia') \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 I falls off a
t "high frequencies" and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 <H(eiw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 i.e., \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 the phase of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 H(elm), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 varies linearly with \ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs20 a). \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 This attenuation of the high frequenc
ies \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 suggests that the system wil smooth out rapid v

ariations in the input sequence; in other \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 words, th


e system is a rough approximation to a lowpass ilter. This is consistent with \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 what we would intuitively expect about the behavior o
f the moving-average system. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\
bkmkstart Pg39}{\bkmkend Pg39}\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li144
0\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb188\sl
-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6312\tx9772 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 46\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discret
e-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql
\li1449\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1449\sb115\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.6.2 Suddenly Applied Complex Exp
onential Inputs \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb183\sl-253\slmult0\tx9350 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 We have seen that complex exponential
inputs of the form \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 ej" \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 f
or \u8212?oo \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n <
00 \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1304\sb0\sl-288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 produce outputs of the form \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 H(eilei'n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for linear time-invariant systems. Suc
h inputs, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nonzero over a doubly ininite domain, may
seem to be impractical models of signals; \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 however,
as we will see in the next section, models of this kind are crucial to the math
e\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 matical representation of a wide range of signals,
even those that exist only over a inite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 domain. Ev
en so, we can gain additional insight into linear time-invariant systems by \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 considering more practical-appearing inputs of the form
\par\pard\ql \li5087\sb160\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = eiwnu[n], \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri1305\sb117\sl-290\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 i.e., complex exp
onentials that are suddenly applied at an arbitrary time, which for \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex119 convenience here we choose as \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n = \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0. Using the convolution sum in Eq. (2.62), the \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex117 corresponding output of a causal linear time-invariant s
ystem with impulse response \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb21\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] is \par\pard\li1449\sb178\sl253\slmult0\fi3359\tx7329 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex114 n < 0,\par\pard\li1449\sb168\sl-287\slmult0\fi2366\tx4598\tx5385 \dn4
\expndtw-6\charscalex100 Y[111 \ul0\super\cf35\f36\fs21 =\tab \up7 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 1\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex144 h[k]e
-iwk el', n > \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0.\par\pard\li1449\sb142\sl-184\slmult
0\fi3571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0\par\pard
\li1449\sb104\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 If we consider the output for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n > \ul0\nos
upersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, we can write\par\pard\li1449\sb74\sl-253\slmult0\fi2688 \
up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex75 00\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw641
5\colsr160\colno2\colw542\colsr40\colno3\colw4613\colsr160\ql \li3100\sb16\sl-28
7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex130 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[k]e-i'k ei" \u8212?\par\pard\ql \li4065\sb92
\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0\p
ar\pard\ql \li5721\sb162\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex77 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs22 00\par\pard\column \ql \li208\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 co\par\pard\ql \li121\sb0\sl-368\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 E\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=n+1\par\pard\column \ql \
li20\sb49\sl-253\slmult0\tx2583 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 h[lc]e-Puke\ul0\super\cf29\f30\fs24 jam\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
5 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.129)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\c
olw5379\colsr160\colno2\colw561\colsr20\colno3\colw5650\colsr160\ql \li3600\sb45
\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 = H(ejw
)eiwn \u8212?\par\pard\column \ql \li116\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars

calex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-167\slmult0 \u


p0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=n+1\par\pard\column \
ql \li20\sb45\sl-253\slmult0\tx3615 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf4\f5\fs22 h[k]e-iwk ejwn .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 (2.130) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1444\ri1319\sb32\sl-340\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 From Eq. (2.130), we see that the output con
sists of the sum of two terms, i.e., \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Yss \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
[n] + yt[n]. \ul0\super\cf3\f4\fs33 The irst term, \par\pard\ql \li4872\sb92\sl
-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 yss[n] \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eileiwn, \par\pard\qj \
li1444\ri1314\sb145\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 is called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 steady-state response. \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 It is identical to the response of the system when the
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 input is ej"i for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n
. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In a sense, the second term, \par\pard\ql \li5611\
sb63\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex77 00 \par\pard\ql \li4392\sb0\sl
-414\slmult0\tx6000 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 yt[
n] = \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 h[kle\u8212?iwkejcon \par\pard\ql \li5428\sb1\sl-14
7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 k=n+1 \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri1319\sb95\sl
-290\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is the
amount by which the output differs from the eigenfunction result. This part is
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 transient re
sponse, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 because it is clear that in some cases it ma
y approach zero. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 To see the conditions for which th
is is true, let us consider the size of the second term.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\cols2\colno1\colw7044\colsr160\colno2\colw4556\colsr160\ql \li1449\sb32\sl253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Its magnitude is bounded as follows:\pa
r\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4847\sb36\sl-138\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 00\par\pard\column \ql
\li20\sb136\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\
fs46 co\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols5\colno1\colw4555\colsr110\colno2\colw54
1\colsr40\colno3\colw1636\colsr160\colno4\colw2528\colsr160\colno5\colw2060\cols
r160\ql \li3657\sb44\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex77 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 I \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Yt [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 I
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 =\par\pard\column \ql \li121\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0
\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=n+1
\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[k]e-iwkej"\par\pard\column \ql \li116\sb0\sl-368\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li20
\sb1\sl-163\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k
=n+1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-248\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.131) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1440\sb89\sl253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 From Eq. (2.131), it should be clea
r that if the impulse response has inite length, so that\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none \li1440\sb34\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 except for 0 < \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 n < M, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then the term \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 yt[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
n +1 > M, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n > M \u82
12?1.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1440\sb36\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In this case,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none \li1440\sb144\sl-276\slmult0\fi2025\tx6844 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Y[n] = Yss[n] = H(eilei",\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n > M \u8212?1.\
par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg40}{\bkmkend Pg40}
\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\
li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb211\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2616\tx1019

5 \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.6\tab \dn2 \e


xpndtw-6\charscalex100 Frequency-Domain Representation of Discrete-Time Signals
and \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 47\par\
pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb185\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 When the impulse response has i
ninite duration, the transient response does not disap-\par\pard\li1468\sb31\sl253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pear abruptly, but if the samples o
f the impulse response approach zero with increasing\par\pard\li1468\sb35\sl-253
\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n, \ul0\no
supersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then yt \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 will approach zero. Note that Eq. (2.131) can be written\par\pard\li146
8\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb53\sl115\slmult0\fi2793\tx6624\tx7977 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f22\f23\fs10 00\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 00\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charsca
lex100 00\par\pard\li1468\sb20\sl-333\slmult0\fi1593\tx3743 \dn3 \expndtw0\chars
calex57 \ul0\nosupersub\cf64\f65\fs28 I yr [n] I\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex10
3 =\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4626\colsr20\colno2\colw1640\co
lsr160\colno3\colw3138\colsr160\colno4\colw2036\colsr160\ql \li4180\sb0\sl-368\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql
\li4075\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30
\fs16 k=n+1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex127 h[k]e\u8212? iwk ei"n\par\pard\column \ql \li126\sb0\sl-368\slmult0\tx1883
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex64 ih[o.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\tx1494 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=n+1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
6 k=0\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.132) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1468\sb0
\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 That is, the transient response is
bounded by the sum of the absolute values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 all \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of the \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb36\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex114 impulse response samples. If the right-hand side of Eq. (2
.132) is bounded, so that \par\pard\li5188\sb162\sl-529\slmult0\fi0\tx6206 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex66 < 00,\par\pard\ql \li5193\sb1\sl-175\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
\ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=0 \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1285\sb79\sl-280\slmul
t0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then the system
is stable. From Eq. (2.132), it folows that, for stable systems, the tran\up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex111 sient response must become increasingly smaller as \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 oo. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 Thus, a suficient condition \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb43\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex114 for the transient response to die out is that the system b
e stable. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1285\sb1\sl-285\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex116 Figure 2.20 shows the real part of a complex exponential signal with
frequency \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 co = 27r/10. The solid dots indicate the
samples \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[k] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of the sud
denly applied complex \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 exponential, while the open c
ircles indicate the samples of the complex exponential that \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex114 are "missing." The shaded dots indicate the samples of the impulse resp
onse \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n \u8212? k] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as a function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 k \ul0\nos
upersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 8. In the inite-length case shown in Figure 2.20(a), it is clear \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex118 that the output would consist only of the steady-state compone
nt for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n > \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 8; while in \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the ininite-length case, it is clear that the missin
g samples have less and less effect as \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 increases, due to the decaying nat
ure of the impulse response.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7361\c
olsr160\colno2\colw4239\colsr160\ql \li1564\sb386\sl-1472\slmult0\tx5639 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf65\f66\fs94\ul 011\up0 \expndtw0\charscal

ex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf66\f67\fs138\ul ,\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul


0\nosupersub\cf66\f67\fs138\ul 111\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 1\up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf67\f68\fs136\ul 1\par\pard\column \ql \li7521\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7521\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb110\s
l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226?
- h [n - k]\par\pard\ql \li222\sb121\sl-902\slmult0\tx2094 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex58 \ul0\nosupersub\cf68\f69\fs92\ul Hit\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62
\ul0\nosupersub\cf68\f69\fs92\ul til\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\co
lw2464\colsr60\colno2\colw574\colsr60\colno3\colw3172\colsr160\colno4\colw5290\c
olsr160\ql \li2313\sb0\sl-608\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf43\f44\fs76 1\par\pard\ql \li1564\sb0\sl-1035\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1564\s
b811\sl-1035\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf70\f71\fs90 0
1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-684\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf43\f44\fs76 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex95 1\par\pard\column
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft3048\shptop9680\shpright3434\shpbottom10540\shpfhdr0\sh
pbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz10001\shplid10001
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ine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBe
hindDocument}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt\pard\plain \qj\sl874 \li0\ri0 \expndtw0\charscalex
55\ul0\nosupersub\cf43\f44\fs76 1{\par}}}}
\par\pard\ql \li1264\sb0\sl-608\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf43\f44\fs76 '1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 1
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 '?\par\pard\ql \li2656\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 (a)\par\pard\ql \li4598\sb0\sl
-1035\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1470\sb661\sl-1035\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex75 \ul0\nosupersub\cf71\f72\fs90\ul illitili\par\pard\ql \li5774\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2646\sb42\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (b)\par\pard\column \ql \li2108\sb0\sl-306\slmult0\tx375
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf40\f41\fs34 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf69\f70\fs34 k\par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6470\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li1071\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\tx1465 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 4.-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 h [n - k]\par
\pard\ql \li20\sb126\sl-921\slmult0\tx3548 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf71\f72\fs90\ul 11 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex97 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 III \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex97 ?\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf71\f72\
fs90\ul 1\par\pard\ql \li2305\sb0\sl-720\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex59 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf70\f71\fs90 Ill \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2486\ri2319\s
b165\sl-240\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
Figure 2.20 Illustration of real part of suddenly applied complex exponential i
nput \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 with (a) finite-length impulse response and (b
) infinite-length impulse response. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh
16820{\bkmkstart Pg41}{\bkmkend Pg41}\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li1416\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1416\sb59\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6283\tx9744 \up0 \ex
pndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 48\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charsca
lex100 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Chap.
2\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb214\sl-253\slmult0\fi576
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 The condition for stability is also a suficient co
ndition for the existence of the\par\pard\li1411\sb26\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex115 frequency response function. To see this, note that, in ge
neral,\par\pard\li1411\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li1411\sb58\sl-115\slmult0\fi
2745\tx6086\tx8083 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 0

0\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 00\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 00\par\


pard\li1411\sb121\sl-253\slmult0\fi2232 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 =\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3934\colsr40\col
no2\colw2500\colsr40\colno3\colw5256\colsr160\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li1416\sb84\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 so the general
condition\par\pard\column \ql \li2050\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\tx19
59 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 k=-Do\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=\u8212?co\par\pard\ql \li5236
\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1282\sb28\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex155 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-414\
slmult0\tx1522 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex48 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 ih[k]eiwki\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex42 ih[k] I,\par
\pard\ql \li1416\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf29\f30\fs16 k=\u8212?co \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5155\sb0\sl-414\slmul
t0\fi0\tx6273 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex68 < 00\par\pard\ql \li5059\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 k=-oo \par\pard\qj \li1420\ri133
8\sb94\sl-284\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 ensures that \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 H(ei(0) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 exists. It is no surprise that t
he condition for existence of the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 frequency respons
e is the same as the condition for dominance of the steady-state \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex118 solution. Indeed, a complex exponential that exists for al \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 can be thought of as one \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 that is applied at \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n = \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 \u8212?oo. The eigenfunction property of complex exponen
tials depends \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 on stability of the system, since at
inite \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the transient r
esponse must have become \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 zero, so that we only see
the steady-state response \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(elleiwn \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 for all inite \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n. \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb
0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1444\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1444\sb31
\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.7 REP
RESENTATION OF SEQUENCES BY FOURIER TRANSFORMS \par\pard\qj \li1430\sb0\sl-285\s
lmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1430\ri1333\sb12\sl-285\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 One of the advantages of the frequency-respon
se representation of a linear time-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 invariant
system is that interpretations of system behavior such as the one we made \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex117 in Example 2.20 often follow easily. We will elaborate on
this point in considerably \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 more detail in Chapter
5. At this point, however, let us return to the question of how \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 we may ind representations of the form of Eq. (2.117) for an arbitr
ary input sequence. \par\pard\ql \li2006\sb42\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex114 Many sequences can be represented by a Fourier integral of the form\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5427\colsr40\colno2\colw6293\colsr160
\ql \li5188\sb117\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 1\par\pard\ql \li4320\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125
x[n] = \u8212?\par\pard\qj \li1420\ri0\sb0\sl-278\slmult0\fi3676 \up0 \expndtw10\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 27r \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 whe
re\par\pard\column \ql \li5697\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li250\sb25\sl-11
5\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 Tt\par\pard
\ql \li20\sb30\sl-253\slmult0\tx4234 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 e X (einiw dco,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 (2.133)\par\pard\ql \li149\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 ,\par\pard\ql \li5812\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5812\sb0\sl-115\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5812\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5812\sb0\sl-115\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li365\sb8\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex155 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9516\c
olsr160\colno2\colw2084\colsr160\ql \li4574\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 x(eiw). \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E

\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex50 x[n]e-iwn.\par\pard\ql \li5635\sb1\sl-227\slmult0 \


up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 n=-oo\par\pard\column \
ql \li20\sb74\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (2.134) \par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1420\ri1348\sb89\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex112 Equations (2.133) and (2.134) together form \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a
Fourier representation \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for the sequence. \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex111 Equation (2.133), the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 inverse Fou
rier transform, is a synthesis \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 formula. That is, it
repre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 sents \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\no
supersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as a superposition of ininitesimally small complex sinusoid
s of the form \par\pard\ql \li5073\sb123\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charsca
lex82 1 \par\pard\li4977\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \u8
212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eliejwndco,\par\pard\li4977\sb0\sl-198\slmult0
\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 27r\par\pard\qj \l
i1420\ri1338\sb3\sl-288\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 with \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 ranging over an interval of length 2
7r and with \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eil \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 determ
ining the relative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 amount of each complex sinusoida
l component. Although, in writing Eq. (2.133), we \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 h
ave chosen the range of values for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 w \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 between \u8212?7r and +7r, any interval of length 27r \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex114 can be used. Equation (2.134), the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 F
ourier transform,3 is \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 an expression for computing \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eN) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 from the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 i.e., for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 analyzing \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 t
o determine how \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 much of each frequency component is
required to synthesize \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 using Eq. (2.133). \par\pard\qj \li1420\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1
420\ri1380\sb32\sl-240\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs18 3Sometimes we will refer to Eq. (2.134) more explicitly as the dis
crete-time Fourier transform, or \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 DTFT, particularly
when it is important to distinguish it from the continuous-time Fourier transfo
rm. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg42}{\bkmkend
Pg42}\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\
pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li143
5\sb98\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2572\tx10156 \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.7\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Representation of
Sequences by Fourier Transforms\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 49\par\pard\qj \li1430\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1430\ri134
3\sb125\sl-280\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 In general, the Fourier transform is a complex-valued function of co. As w
ith the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 frequency response, we may either express \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eil in \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 rectangular form
as \par\pard\li4367\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4367\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\p
ard\li4367\sb19\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9566 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eil = XR(e") + j Xi(en\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.135a)\par\pard\ql \li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li1435\sb212\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 or in polar form
as \par\pard\li4478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4478\sb235\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\
tx9556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(ejw) = IX(eini
ej4x(e'l.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.135b)\
par\pard\qj \li1425\sb0\sl-285\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1425\ri1328\sb195\sl-285\s
lmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 The quantities I \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 X(eia')I \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 <FX(ej
w) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 magnitude \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 phase, \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 respectively, of the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Fourier transform.
The Fourier transform is sometimes referred to as the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs

22 Fourier spec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 trum \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or,


simply, the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 spectrum. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A
lso, the terminology \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 magnitude spectrum \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 or \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 amplitude \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex125 spectrum \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is sometimes used to refer to I \ul0\
nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(elil, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and the angle or phas
e \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 <X(e)") \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 sometimes caled the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 phase spectrum
. \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri1318\sb13\sl-288\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The phase \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 <X(elw) \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is not uniquely speciied by Eq. (2.135b), since any i
nteger \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 multiple of 27r may be added to \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf4\f5\fs22 <X(ell \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 at any value of o.) without a
ffecting the result of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 the complex exponentiation.
When we speciically want to refer to the principal value, \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex103 i.e., \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 <X(ell \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 restricted to the range of values between \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf4\f5\fs22 \u8212?7r \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and +7r, we wil denote this
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 as ARG[X(ejw)]. If we want to refer to a phase fun
ction that is a continuous, function \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 of \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs22 co \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 for 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 o.) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 7r, \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 we will use the notation arg[X(ejw)]. \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1
309\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 By comparing Eqs. (2.1
09) and (2.134), we can see that the frequency response of \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex115 a linear time-invariant system is simply the Fourier transform of the im
pulse response \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 and that, therefore, the impulse res
ponse can be obtained from the frequency response \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 b
y applying the inverse Fourier transform integral; i.e., \par\pard\li4377\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4377\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4377\sb178\sl-253\slm
ult0\fi0\tx9695 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] =
\u8212?1fr H(einei"ndco.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 (2.136)\par\pard\li4377\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi782\tx5659 \dn0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex123 27r\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 ,\par\pard\qj \li1430\sb0\sl-288
\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1430\ri1309\sb165\sl-288\slmult0\fi590 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex113 As discussed previously, the frequency response is a periodic functi
on. Likewise, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 the Fourier transform is periodic wit
h period 27r. Indeed, Eq. (2.134) is of the form of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117
a Fourier series for the continuous-variable periodic function \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 X(eil, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and Eq. (2.133), \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex118 which expresses the sequence values \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n
] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 in terms of the periodic function \ul0\nosupersub\
cf4\f5\fs22 X(ei1, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 o
f the form of the integral that would be used to obtain the coeficients in the F
ourier \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 series. Our use of Eqs. (2.133) and (2.134)
focuses on the representation of the sequence \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs26 x[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Nevertheless, it is u
seful to be aware of the equivalence between the Fourier series \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex120 representation of continuous-variable periodic functions and the Fo
urier transform \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 representation of discrete-time sig
nals, since all the famiiar properties of Fourier series \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex118 can be applied, with appropriate interpretation of variables, to the Fouri
er transform \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 representation of a sequence. \par\par
d\qj \li1440\ri1313\sb0\sl-293\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 We hav
e not yet shown expicitly that Eqs. (2.133) and (2.134) are inverses of \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex114 each other, nor have we considered the question of how broa
d a class of signals can be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 represented in the form
of Eq. (2.133). To demonstrate that Eq. (2.133) is the inverse \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex116 of Eq. (2.134), we can ind \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eil \ul0\n
osupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 using Eq. (2.134) and then substitute the result into \par

\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg43}{\bkmkend Pg43}\pa


r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6171\colsr160\colno2\colw5429\colsr16
0\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li1454\sb84\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 50\par\pard\qj \li1449\ri983\sb277\sl-470\slmult0\tx3806\tx4181 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Eq. (2.133). Speciically, con
sider \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex87 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 f' I c\par\pard\column \ql \li3710\sb0\sl-253\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li3710\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3710\sb0\sl-253\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb226\sl-253\slmult0\tx3486 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-1
0\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li3710\sb0\sl-506\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7
25\sb376\sl-506\slmult0\tx1508\tx3409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf36\f37\fs44 dco =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex46 [n],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.137)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols
3\colno1\colw4534\colsr160\colno2\colw595\colsr20\colno3\colw6461\colsr160\ql \l
i3710\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs
44 27r \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 \ul0\nosupersub\cf72\f73\fs48 1_,\par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li20\sb0\sl-352\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
36\f37\fs44 '7,\u8212? 00\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex56 x[mie \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1449\sb1\sl-214\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 where we have tent
atively used i[n] to denote the result of the Fourier synthesis. We \par\pard\ql
\li1449\sb23\sl-267\slmult0\tx4007 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 wish to show th
at i[n] \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 x[n]
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 if \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 X (eiw) \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 can be found using Eq. (2.134). Note that \par\pard\qj \li1449\
ri1291\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 the "dummy index" of
summation has been changed to \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 m \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 to distinguish it from \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 n, \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 variable index in Eq. (2.133). If
the ininite sum converges uniformly for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 co, \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then we \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 can interchange
the order of integration and summation to obtain \par\pard\li1454\sb158\sl-506\s
lmult0\fi2342\tx5308\tx5884\tx9720 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 X[n] \ul0\nosu
persub\cf10\f11\fs44 =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf64\f65
\fs28 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 M \ul0\nosupersub\cf64\f65\fs28 1\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex191 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 \u8212?ir eMn\u8212?m)dC0)
\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.138)\par\pard\l
i1454\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\fi4430\tx6393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf35\f36\fs14 27T\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 _7r\par\pard\li1454\sb0\s
l-90\slmult0\fi3096 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex245 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 m
=-0\par\pard\li1454\sb146\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Evaluating the integral within the parentheses gives\par\p
ard\li1454\sb161\sl-506\slmult0\fi2731\tx4459\tx6369 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex77 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 Er\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex77 \ul0\nosupersub\cf59\f60\fs22\ul sin\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 (n - m)\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6377\colsr160\colno2\colw5223\colsr160
\ql \li4881\sb0\sl-352\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 ejw(n-m)dco =\par\par
d\ql \li4089\sb0\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex93 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 27r\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri3772\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\tx491 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex53 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 7r (n - m) \line \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex56 m = n, \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li6364\sb0\sl-684\slmul
t0\fi0\tx6820\tx6998 \dn5 \expndtw0\charscalex53 \ul0\nosupersub\cf42\f43\fs76 \
{\ul0\super\cf36\f37\fs67\ul0\super\cf36\f37\fs66 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex97 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex88 m n,\par\pard\ql \li6086\sb0\sl-396\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 = 8[n - m]. \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb98\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Thus, \par\pard\ql

\li5112\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5112\sb66\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw


-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\co
ls2\colno1\colw5495\colsr20\colno2\colw6245\colsr160\ql \li4156\sb0\sl-352\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex78 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 i[n] = \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\par\pard\ql \li4905\sb111\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex165 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 m=\u8212?oo\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb150\sl
-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 which is w
hat we set out to show.\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex56 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 x[m]S[n - m] = x[n], \par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1463\ri1295\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Determining the class of signals that can
be represented by Eq. (2.133) is equiv\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 alent to cons
idering the convergence of the ininite sum in Eq. (2.134). That is, we \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex121 are concerned with the conditions that must be satisied by t
he terms in the sum in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Eq. (2.134) such that \par\p
ard\li1459\sb1\sl-440\slmult0\fi4022\tx6446 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex53 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf36\f37\fs44 < oo\tab \up0 \expndtw-12\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 co,\par\pard\li1459\sb1\sl-431\sl
mult0\fi0\tx5044 \up0 \expndtw-12\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 where
\ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 X (ei") \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is the limit
as \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 M\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 oo \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 of the inite sum\par\pard\li4550\sb175\sl-506\slmult0\fi0\tx9
715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 XM(eb0) \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.139)\par\pard\ql \li5735\sb44\sl-161\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212?M \par\pard\
ql \li1459\sb143\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 A suficient condition for convergence can be found as follows: \par\par
d\ql \li5880\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5880\sb86\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \par\pard\li4420\sb1\sl-3
14\slmult0\fi0\tx5361 \dn4 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
I\ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs28 X(ej)I\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf5\f6\fs24 =\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6925\colsr20\co
lno2\colw4815\colsr160\ql \li5793\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
7 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex56 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
36\f37\fs44 x[n]e-\par\pard\ql \li5697\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212?co\par\pard\ql \li5798\sb1\sl-107\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex155 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\c
olumn \ql \li20\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex153 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf35\f36\fs14 inn \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5875\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\fi0\tx
6206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 _,F\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex40 lx[n]l\par\pard\ql \li5615\sb26\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212?co \par\pard\ql \li5798\sb
0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5798\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5798\sb7\
sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \p
ar\pard\li6206\sb82\sl-264\slmult0\fi0\tx6835 \dn3 \expndtw-10\charscalex86 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 I x[n] I\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 < oo.\par\par
d\ql \li5615\sb62\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212?oo \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmks
tart Pg44}{\bkmkend Pg44}\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0
\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb139\sl-253\
slmult0\fi0\tx2616\tx10195 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 Sec. 2.7\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Representation of Sequences by F
ourier Transforms\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
51\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-285\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1468\ri1295\sb148\sl-28
5\slmult0\tx2054 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Thus,
if \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] is absolutely summable, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 then \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 exis
ts. Furthermore, in this case, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 series can be sh
own to converge uniformly to a continuous function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2

2 co. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Since


a stable sequence is, by deinition, absolutely summable, al stable sequences \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 have Fourier transforms. It also follows, then, that a
ny stable \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 system \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 will ha
ve a inite \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 and continuous frequency response. \par\
pard\qj \li1468\ri1285\sb0\sl-287\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Abs
olute summability is a suficient condition for the existence of a Fourier trans\
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 form representation. In Examples 2.17 and 2.20, we c
omputed the Fourier transforms \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 of the sequences \ul
0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 8[n \u8212? nd] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and [1/(Mi
+ M2 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 1)](u[n + M1] \u8212? u[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 M2 \u8212? 1]). These \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 sequences ar
e absolutely summable, since they are inite in length. Clearly, any inite\up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex115 length sequence is absolutely summable and thus will have
a Fourier transform repre\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 sentation. In the context
of linear time-invariant systems, any FIR system will be stable \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex116 and therefore will have a inite, continuous frequency response. Whe
n a sequence has \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 ininite length, we must be concern
ed about convergence of the ininite sum. The fol\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 low
ing example illustrates this case. \par\pard\qj \li2044\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj\li2044\ri3751\sb30\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.21 Absolute Summability for a \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex135 Suddenly-Applied Exponential \par\pard\li2491\sb1\sl-502\slmult0\fi0
\tx2865 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 Let\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex56 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = an u[n]. \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf19\f20\fs46 The Fourier transform of this sequence is\par\pard\li2491\sb82\s
l-115\slmult0\fi2582\tx6480 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f
23\fs10 00\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 CO\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3
\colno1\colw5321\colsr40\colno2\colw1363\colsr20\colno3\colw5026\colsr160\qj \li
3988\ri0\sb40\sl-283\slmult0\tx5001 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eim) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-10
\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 n=0\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-4
14\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 ane-J" = \u
l0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li1066\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-10\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 n=0\par\pard\ql \li1047\sb37\sl-4
94\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex47 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 if\par\pard
\column \ql \li20\ri2479\sb0\sl-599\slmult0\tx620 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 (a
e-inn \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex72 <1 or lal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
56 <1. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2496\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\fi2515\tx5380 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 1 \u8212?\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 ae\u8212? jc\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2496\sb0\sl-414\slmul
t0\fi0\tx4872 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex45 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 Clearly,
the condition Ian\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex47 < 1 is the condition for the
absolute summability of\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex67 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 x[n]; \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 i.e.,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\co
lno1\colw5714\colsr60\colno2\colw354\colsr40\colno3\colw281\colsr60\colno4\colw5
271\colsr160\ql \li4809\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 00\par\pa
rd\ql \li4723\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex81 Elan=\par\pard\ql \
li4747\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 n=0\par\pard\column \ql \li274\sb37\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex40 1 \u8212?\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb362\sl-368\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 lal\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb28\sl-529\slmult0\tx899
\tx3347 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex48 < oo\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex44 if la \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex48 < 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex44 (2.140) \par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1473\ri1285\sb199\sl-280\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Absolute summability is a \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf4\f5\fs22 sufficient \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 condition for the exist
ence of a Fourier trans\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 form representation, and it
also guarantees uniform convergence. Some sequences are \up0 \expndtw0\charscale

x115 not absolutely summable, but are square summable, i.e., \par\pard\ql \li522
2\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5222\sb20\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 00\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\col
no1\colw5520\colsr110\colno2\colw6130\colsr160\ql \li5135\sb59\sl-408\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\column \ql \
li20\sb76\sl-253\slmult0\tx4134 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
4\f5\fs22 lx[n]l\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 < 00
.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (2.141) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li5
035\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex95 n=-c.o \par\pard\qj \li1478
\ri1285\sb48\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Such sequences can be r
epresented by a Fourier transform if we are willing to relax the \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex118 condition of uniform convergence of the ininite sum deining \ul0\n
osupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(eje"). \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Speciically, in \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex112 this case we have mean-square convergence; that is, with
\par\pard\ql \li5918\sb23\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex72 00\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3920\colsr160\colno2\colw2207\colsr20\co
lno3\colw5463\colsr160\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb60\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 and\par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb10\sl-253\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 it follows that\par\pard\column \ql \li610\s
b42\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(e1
')\par\pard\qj \li4545\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li485\ri0\sb278\sl-368\s
lmult0\tx1685 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex64 \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 XM(eiw)
\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 = E \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex41 \ul0\no
supersub\cf57\f58\fs46 n=- M\par\pard\ql \li4785\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li4785\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li725\sb52\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 7r\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb42
\sl-253\slmult0\tx3342 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
x[r]e-jnn\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.142a)\
par\pard\ql \li711\sb513\sl-529\slmult0\tx3327 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 iwn ,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex49 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f19\f20\fs46 (2.142b)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7726\colsr40\
colno2\colw3994\colsr160\ql \li4080\sb77\sl-115\slmult0\tx6105 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex360 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 lim \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 f \u
l0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 I \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 X\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex246 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 XM(eil 12d(0 =\par\pard\column \ql
\li20\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\tx1983 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex46 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19
\f20\fs46 0.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex48 (2.143) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e \ql \li3993\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5
7\f58\fs46 Af-3.00 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart
Pg45}{\bkmkend Pg45}\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1401\sb212\sl-253\slmul
t0\fi0\tx6268\tx9729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 52
\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Sig
nals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li1396\s
b0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1396\ri1324\sb144\sl-280\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex110 In other words, the error I \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(e
il\u8212?Xm(e1W)I \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 may not approach zero at each valu
e of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 w as \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 M \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 -- oo, but the total "energy" in the error does. Example 2.22 il
lustrates this case. \par\pard\ql \li1968\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1968
\sb208\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 E
xample 2.22 Square-Summability for the Ideal \par\pard\ql \li1968\sb4\sl-276\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 Lowpass Filter \par\pard\ql \li2414\sb182\sl-2
30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Let us deter
mine the impulse response of the ideal lowpass ilter discussed in Example \par\p
ard\ql \li2409\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2.19. The freque
ncy response is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6828\colsr40\colno2
\colw4892\colsr160\ql \li6172\sb123\sl-276\slmult0\tx6530 \up0 \expndtw-11\chars

calex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 1, \tab \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex80 lad\pa


r\pard\ql \li4857\sb6\sl-161\slmult0\tx6551 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex151 \ul0\no
supersub\cf35\f36\fs14 illp(ejcv) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 =\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex115 (0c\par\pard\column \ql \li2414\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li64\sb100\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 <\par\pard\ql \li2881
\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.
144)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\tx942 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 <\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ' \par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone \li2414\sb146\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with periodicity 2n also understood. The impulse respons
e hip[n] can be found using\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2414\sb24\sl-230\slmu
lt0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 the Fourier transform synthesis equation (2
.133):\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4663\colsr40\colno2\colw3412
\colsr160\colno3\colw3495\colsr160\ql \li4099\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i4099\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 hip[n]\par\pard\column \ql \li371\sb116\sl-230\slmult0\tx621 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 f'\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1639\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx295
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex201 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = \u8212? \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf8\f9\fs20 e dco \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 2n\par\pard\ql \li477\sb86\sl-230\slmult0\tx2238 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pa
rd\ql \li20\sb0\sl-163\slmult0\tx870 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-9\charscalex94 [e\par\pard\column \ql \li4963\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li4963\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4963\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li20\sb204\sl-230\slmult0\tx1499 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 jwcn)\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.145)\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5950\colsr160\colno2\colw5650\colsr160\ql \li4963\s
b0\sl-177\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 27r
in\par\pard\qj \li4972\ri295\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\tx5155 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 sin \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 &kit \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 nn\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri3738\sb0\sl-323\slmu
lt0\tx635\tx121 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 -uk\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
8 27r jn(ejwc" -\line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 -oo < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < oo. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \
li2414\ri1368\sb6\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 We note that, since hip[n] is nonzero for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, the ideal lowpass ilter is noncausal. \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex107 Also, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 hip [n] \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 not \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 absol
utely summable. The sequence values approach zero as n \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 oo, \par\pard\qj \li2419\ri1363\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x110 but only as 1/n. This is because \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hip(elw) \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is discontinuous at w = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 wc. \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Since hip[n] is not \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 abso
lutely summable, the ininite sum \par\pard\ql \li5606\sb225\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex121 E3\ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul sin\ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 cocn \par\pard\ql \li6268\sb70\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 nn \par\pard\ql \li5520\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212?oo \par\pard\li
4310\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li4310\sb183\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx8366 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 Hm(ejw),M \ul0\nosupersub\cf2
8\f29\fs18 = 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 H
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 (ej),M = \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 3\par\pard\
li8241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li8241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li8241\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li8241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li8241\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0\par\pard\li8241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li8241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\
pard\li8241\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li8241\sb77\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx9057\tx
9859 \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex76 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs18 We\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\f

s10 77"\par\pard\ql \li8174\sb126\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \u


l0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (b) \par\pard\ql \li8366\sb187\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 Hm(eh, \ul0\nosupersub\cf28
\f29\fs18 M = \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 19 \par\pard\qj \li2923\sb0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmult0
\par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \
par\pard\qj\li2923\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2923\ri1796\sb128\sl-240\sl
mult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure 2.21
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Convergence of the Fourier transform. The oscillator
y behavior at \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 co = we is oten called the Gibbs phe
nomenon. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg46}{\bkm
kend Pg46}\par\pard\li1497\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1497\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\li1497\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1497\sb168\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2
630\tx10219 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.7\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Representation of Sequences by Fourier Transfor
ms\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 53\par\pard\li25
05\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2505\sb208\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex113 does not converge uniformly for all values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 w. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 To obtain an intuitive feeling for this,\pa
r\pard\li2505\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 let us consid
er \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hm(em) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 as the sum of
a inite number of terms:\par\pard\li2505\sb8\sl-529\slmult0\fi3720\tx6705 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex45 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 in wcn\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7203\colsr40\colno2\colw4517\colsr160\ql \
li5063\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 Hm(ein =\par\pard\ql \li6892\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 nn\par\pard\ql \li6148\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212?M\par\pard\qj \li250
5\ri60\sb0\sl-405\slmult0\tx5476 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 We can show that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 HM(ej') \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 can be expressed as \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex159 1 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 r \ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul sin[(2M\par\pard\column \q
l \li154\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx2602 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 e\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.1
46)\par\pard\ql \li4272\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4272\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li4272\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb111\sl-230\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (co - 0)/2]\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6492\colsr160\colno2\colw1631\colsr160
\colno3\colw3327\colsr160\ql \li4272\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hm(e/w) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 =\par\pard\
column \ql \li20\sb128\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 sin[(a) - 8)]
/2\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 do. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2505\ri1282\sb2
27\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The f
unction \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hm(eil \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is evalua
ted in Figure 2.21 for several values of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M. \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Note that \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 as \ul0\nosupersub\cf
8\f9\fs20 M \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 increases, the oscillatory behavior at w
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 = o. (often referred to as the Gibbs \par\pard\qj
\li2510\ri1277\sb0\sl-265\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 phenomenon) is mo
re rapid, but the size of the ripples does not decrease. In fact, it \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex117 can be shown that as \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M -* co, \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the maximum amplitude of the oscillations does not \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex109 approach zero, but the oscillations converge in location
toward the point co = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 wk. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 Thus, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the ininite sum does not converge uniforml
y to the discontinuous function \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 111p(elw) \up0 \expn

dtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of Eq. (2.144). However, hip[n],


as given in Eq. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (2.145), is square summable, and \p
ar\pard\ql \li2505\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 correspondin
gly, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hm(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 converges i
n the mean-square sense to Hip(ei'); i.e.,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\col
no1\colw5946\colsr20\colno2\colw5794\colsr160\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4708\sb135\sl-161\slmult0\tx
5585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex251 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 lim I \tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex213 14\par\pard\ql \li4627\sb0\sl-136\slmult0\tx5275 \up0 \e
xpndtw-7\charscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 m->0.0\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\cha
rscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 \u8212?7r\par\pard\column \ql \li5966\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb170\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex144 (eja) \u8212? Hm(e.1112dC0 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0. \par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2510\ri1277\sb211\sl-266\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
115 Although the error between limm,\u8222? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Hm(ejw)
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and Hip (ea') might seem unimportant \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex113 because the two functions differ only at \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 co \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ak, \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 we will see in Chapter 7 that the be\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
havior of inite sums has important implications in the design of discrete-time
systems \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 for iltering. \par\pard\qj \li1502\sb0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1502\ri1266\sb63\sl-280\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 It is sometimes useful to have a Fourie
r transform representation for certain se\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 quences th
at are neither absolutely summable nor square summable. We illustrate sev\up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex112 eral of these in the following examples. \par\pard\ql \li2
073\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2073\sb48\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.23 Fourier Transform of a Cons
tant \par\pard\qj \li2510\ri1272\sb173\sl-266\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Consider the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 x[n]= \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n.
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 This sequence is neither absolutely summable \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex109 nor square summable, and Eq. (2.134) does not converge in
either the uniform or mean\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 square sense for this cas
e. However, it is possible and useful to deine the Fourier \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex112 transform of the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 to be the periodic impulse train4 \par\pard\ql \li9830\sb0\sl-230
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9830\sb174\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (
2.147) \par\pard\ql \li6043\sb107\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 r=\u8212?co \par\pard\qj \li2510\ri1267\sb174\sl-264
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The impulses i
n this case are functions of a continuous variable and therefore are of \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex117 "ininite height, zero width, and unit area," consistent wit
h the fact that Eq. (2.134) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 does not converge. The
use of Eq. (2.147) as a Fourier representation of the se\up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x112 quence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 = 1 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is justiied principally because formal substitution of
Eq. (2.147) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 into Eq. (2.133) leads to the correct
result. Example 2.24 represents a generalization \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 of
this example. \par\pard\qj \li1497\sb0\sl-250\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1497\ri130
0\sb138\sl-250\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 4The impulse function is deined as that "function" that has the following
properties: 3(o)) = 0 for a) 0 0; \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw)S(co) \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 = X(ei)S(o.)); f13(w)dou = \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1; and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 8(w) * X(eI') = X(
eiw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 where * denotes continuous\up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex110 variable convolution. See Oppenheim and Willsky (1997) for a discussion
of the impulse function. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkm
kstart Pg47}{\bkmkend Pg47}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw1880\co
lsr160\colno2\colw9720\colsr160\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14

63\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14


63\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
63\sb41\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
54\par\pard\column \ql \li6340\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6340\sb0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6340\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6340\sb0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4320\sb155\sl-253\slmult0\tx7786 \up0 \expndtw-7\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0
\expndtw-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li2040\sb0\sl-259\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj \li20\ri3347\sb199\sl-259\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.24 Fourier Transform of Complex \line \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex139 Exponential Sequences\par\pard\ql \li466\sb211\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Consider a sequence \ul0\nos
upersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 whose Fourier transform is
the periodic impulse train\par\pard\ql \li3500\sb147\sl-506\slmult0\tx7781 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\f
s44 E \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 27r8(co \u8212?
coo + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 27rr).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (2.14
8)\par\pard\ql \li3720\sb62\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf35\f36\fs14 r=\u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 oo\par\pard\ql \li4
56\ri1261\sb144\sl-263\slmult0\tx1047 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 We show in this example that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the complex exponential sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 et"' . \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 We can safely assume that \u8212?Jr < coo < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 it \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in this problem. If the chosen value \line \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex115 of coo does not satisfy this requirement, there is a choice of
coo in the interval which \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 produces the same
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 since the impuls
es repeat periodically every 27r. Thus, we \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 ca
n redeine coo to be the frequency of the impulse in the summation of Eq. (2.148)
, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 which falls in the interval between \u8212?
7 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 it \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 without any cha
nge in the spectrum \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 X (du)).\par\pard\qj \li456\ri1266\sb0\sl-263\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 We can determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 by substituting \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 into the inverse Fourier trans-\line \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex115 form integral of Eq. (2.133). Because the integration of
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 extends only over
one \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 period, from \u8212?7 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x121 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 co \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 < 7, we need i
nclude only the r = 0 term from Eq. (2.148). \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Conseq
uently, we can write\par\pard\ql \li3543\sb163\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\coln
o1\colw6175\colsr40\colno2\colw5545\colsr160\ql \li4771\ri0\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\t
x5472\tx5937 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 x[n] = = \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\ch
arscalex92 27r \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex82 _n.\par\pard\column \ql \li20\s
b0\sl-180\slmult0\tx3602 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 27r 3(co \u8212? coo)ei"d
co.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.149) \par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1473\sb153\sl-230\slmult0\fi1003 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex115 From the deinition of the impulse function, it follows that\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone \li1473\sb173\sl-230\slmult0\fi3734\tx6801 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = eiw'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for any \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n.\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone \li1473\sb183\sl-230\slmult0\fi1008 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 For coo = 0, this reduces to the sequence considered
in Example 2.23.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard
\li1473\sb74\sl-253\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 Clearly, x[n] in Example 2.24 is not absolutely summable, nor is it s
quare summable,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1473\sb35\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0

\expndtw0\charscalex115 and I X(e/11 is not inite for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f


5\fs22 co. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Thus, the mathematical statement\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5475\colsr160\colno2\colw6125\colsr160\ql \
li3859\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex75 00\par\pard\ql \li3772\s
b0\sl-352\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E\p
ar\pard\ql \li3672\sb49\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212?oo\par\pard\column \ql \li202\sb1\sl-243\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-10\charscalex75 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 00\par\pard\ql \li116\sb14
\sl-316\slmult0\tx4114 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs4
4 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 2n8(co\u8212? coo + 2rrr)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.150)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb72\sl-161\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 r=\u8212?oo \par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1463\ri1290\sb31\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 must be interpreted in a special way. S
uch an interpretation is provided by the theory \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 of
generalized functions (Lighthill, 1958). Using that theory, we can rigorously ex
tend \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 the concept of a Fourier transform representat
ion to the class of sequences that can be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 expressed
as a sum of discrete frequency components, such as\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
cols2\colno1\colw6387\colsr40\colno2\colw5333\colsr160\ql \li3964\sb23\sl-403\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex70 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] = \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 akeiwkr\par\pard\ql \li1463\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb34\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 From the result of Example 2.24, it follows
that\par\pard\ql \li5078\sb106\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex151 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb123\sl-276\slmult0\tx331
3 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 \u8212?\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs24 oo < n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 oo.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex107 (2.151)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9560\colsr160\colno
2\colw2040\colsr160\ql \li3844\sb0\sl-396\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(ejw)= \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex77 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 E2nak8(co\u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 cok+2nr)\par\pard\ql \li4896\sb0\sl-268\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 r=\u8212?oo \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44
k\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb1\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is a consistent Fourier transform representation of x[n] in Eq
. (2.151).\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb41\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex105 (2.152) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1473\ri1299\sb2\sl-290\slmult0
\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Another sequence that is neither absolutely
summable nor square summable is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the unit step seque
nce u[n]. Although it is not completely straightforward to show, this \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex113 sequence can be represented by the following Fourier transfor
m: \par\pard\ql \li6283\sb95\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \par\pard\ql \li9710\sb71\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.153) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\p
aperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg48}{\bkmkend Pg48}\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-25
3\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\
par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb83\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx258
7\tx10175 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.8\tab
\up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 55\par\pard\qj \li1440\
sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri3977\sb14\sl-360\slmult0\tx1972 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2.8 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES OF THE
FOURIER \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 TRANSFORM \par\pard\qj \li1449\r
i1324\sb238\sl-290\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 In using Fourier tra
nsforms, it is useful to have a detailed knowledge of the way that \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 properties of the sequence manifest themselves in the Fourier tr
ansform and vice versa. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 In this section and Section
1.9, we discuss and summarize a number of such properties. \par\pard\qj \li1449
\ri1314\sb14\sl-286\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Symmetry properti

es of the Fourier transform are often very useful for simplifying \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex118 the solution of problems. The following discussion presents these
properties, and the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 proofs are considered in Probl
ems 1.72 and 1.73. Before presenting the properties, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
5 however, we begin with some deinitions. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1314\sb0\sl-285
\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 A \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 conjug
ate-symmetric sequence xe[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is deined as a sequence
for which \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xe[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xe*[\u8212?n], \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 and a \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 conjugate-antisymmetric sequenc
e xo[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is deined as a sequence for which \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xo[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
16 = \u8212?xo[\u8212?n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 where * denotes complex co
njugation. Any sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 can be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 expressed as a sum of a conjugate-symme
tric and conjugate-antisymmetric sequence. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Speciica
lly, \par\pard\li4852\sb161\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
07 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = xe[n] + xo[n],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.154a)\par\pard\ql \li1449\sb143\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 where \par\pard\li4127\sb186\sl-253\slmult0\fi0
\tx9571 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xe[n] = 2(x[n]
+ x* [\u8212?n]) = xe*[\u8212?n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.154b)\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb128\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex113 and \par\pard\li3988\sb158\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx4857\tx5788\tx9600
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xo[n] =\tab \dn4 \expnd
tw0\charscalex105 i (x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 x*[\u8212?n])\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.154c)\par\pard\qj \li14
40\ri1318\sb126\sl-290\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 A real sequence
that is conjugate symmetric such that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xe[n] = xe[\u8
212?n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is called an \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 even
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sequence, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and a real s
equence that is conjugate antisymmetric such that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xo
[n] = \u8212?x0[\u8212?n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 is called an \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 odd sequence. \par\pard\qj \li1454\r
i1285\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 A Fourier transform \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(ejw) \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 can be decomposed into a sum of conjugate-symmetric \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex111 and conjugate-antisymmetric functions as \par\pard\li4387\sb204\sl-2
53\slmult0\fi0\tx9585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X
(ejw) = )(jell + X0(ejw),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 (2.155a)\par\pard\ql \li1444\sb65\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex114 where \par\pard\li4223\sb106\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9571 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Xe(eil = 1[X(ejw) + X*(e-\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.155b)\par\pard\ql \li1449\sb68\s
l-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 and \par\pard\li4185\sb98\sl-253\slmu
lt0\fi0\tx9600 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Xo(eiw)
= 2[X(e.'w) \u8212? X* (e- jw)].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.155c)\par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1319\sb174\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex107 By substituting \u8212?w for win Eqs. (2.155b) and (2.155c),
it follows that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Xe(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
is conjugate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 symmetric and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 Xo(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is conjugate antisymmetric; i.e., \par\
pard\li4896\sb238\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Xe(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 Xe*(e-jw)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2
.156a)\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb52\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 and
\par\pard\li4761\sb85\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9566 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X0(eiw) =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.156b)\par\pard\qj \li1444\ri1319\sb119\sl-290\slmult0\fi4 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 If a real function of a continuous variable is conjuga

te symmetric, it is referred to as an \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupers


ub\cf4\f5\fs22 even function, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and a real conjugate-a
ntisymmetric function of a continuous variable is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 r
eferred to as an \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 odd function. \par\pard\qj \li1444\
ri1333\sb0\sl-290\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 The symmetry properties of the Fourier transform are summarized in Tabl
e 1.1. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 The irst six properties apply for a general
complex sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 wi
th Fourier trans-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 form \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 X(e)w). \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Properties 1 and 2 are considered in Pr
oblem 1.72. Property 3 follows from \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh
16820{\bkmkstart Pg49}{\bkmkend Pg49}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb31\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6340\tx9801 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 56\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li146
8\sb171\sl-253\slmult0\fi743\tx3403 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 TABLE 2.1\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex89 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\
fs22 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM\par\pard\li1468\sb197\sl-207\s
lmult0\fi2164\tx6907 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Se
quence\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Fourier Transform\par\pard\li1468\sb28\s
l-207\slmult0\fi2390\tx7382 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f2
9\fs18 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 X (el')\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-207\
slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb13\sl-207\slmult0\fi854\tx5668 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex108 1. x*[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 X* (e- j")\par\pard\li1468\sb134
\sl-207\slmult0\fi840\tx5668 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 2. \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x* [-n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137
X* (ell\par\pard\li1468\sb129\sl-207\slmult0\fi849\tx5668\tx6537 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 3. \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 Re \{
x[n]\}\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Xe(ejw)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (conjugate-symmetric part of \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f
29\fs18 X (ej"))\par\pard\li1468\sb124\sl-207\slmult0\fi844\tx5668\tx6547 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 4. \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\f
s18 j.im\{x[n]\}\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 X0(e j")\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (conjugate-antisymmetric part\par\pard\q
l \li6820\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 of \ul0\nosupersub\cf
28\f29\fs18 X(e)w)) \par\pard\li2318\sb141\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3163\tx5668 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 5. xe[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs18 (conjugate-symmetric part\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 XR(ejw) = Re\{X (e Ai)\}\par\pard\ql \li3513\sb25\sl-207
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 of \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n]) \par\pard\li2227\sb133\sl-207\slmult0\fi86\tx3163\tx567
8\tx6009 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 6. \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 xo[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 (conjugate-antisymmetric\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf28\f29\fs18 j\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (ej") = j..7m(X(e)w))\par\pard\
li2227\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi1291 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs18 part of \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n])\par\pard\li2227\sb124\sl207\slmult0\fi1785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 The following properties apply o
nly when x[n] is real:\par\pard\li2227\sb134\sl-207\slmult0\fi86\tx5673\tx7535 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 7. Any real \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 X(e jw) = X* (e- jw)\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (Fourier transform is\
par\pard\li2227\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\fi5462 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conjugat
e symmetric)\par\pard\li2227\sb128\sl-207\slmult0\fi91\tx5673\tx7617 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex113 8. Any real \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n]\tab \dn3 \expnd
tw0\charscalex113 XR(ejw) = XR(e- I')\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs18 (real part is even)\par\pard\li2227\sb130\sl-207\slmult0\fi91
\tx5673\tx6979\tx7713 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex113 9. Any real \ul0\nosupersub\c

f28\f29\fs18 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Xi (el') = -\tab \up0 \expndt


w0\charscalex113 (e- 1")\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 (imaginary part is odd)\par\pard\li2227\sb124\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5678\tx
7675 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 10. Any real \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n
]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 IX (ej(91 = IX (e- 111\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (magnitude is even)\par\pard\li2227\sb129\
sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx5668\tx7891 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 11. Any real \ul0\
nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 4X(eja') = -<X(ej")\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (phase is odd)\
par\pard\li2227\sb124\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx3167\tx5668 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
113 12. \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 xe[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (even part of \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n])\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 XR(ej(u)\par\pard\li2227\sb129\sl-207\slmult0\fi9\tx
3172\tx5673 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 13. \ul0\no
supersub\cf28\f29\fs18 xo[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
6\f7\fs18 (odd part of x\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 [n])\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex113 j Xi(ej")\par\pard\qj \li1478\sb0\sl-294\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1478
\ri1270\sb170\sl-294\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 properties 1 and 2, together with the fact that the Fourier transform of t
he sum of two \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 sequences is the sum of their Fourier
transforms. Speciically, the Fourier transform of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Teefx[n]\} = i(x[n]+ x*[n]) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 is the conjugate-symmetric part of \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 X (e jw), \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Xe(e1'). \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 Sim\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 ilarly, \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
j Jm\{x[n]\} = i(x[n]- x*[n]), \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or equivalently, \ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 j ,7m\{x[n]\} \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 has a Fourier
transform \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 that is the conjugate-antisymmetric comp
onent \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Xo(ejw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 correspond
ing to property 4. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 By considering the Fourier trans
form of \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 xe[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 xo[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the conjugate-symmetric
and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 conjugate-antisymmetric components, respective
ly, of \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n], it \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 can be s
hown that prop\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 erties 5 and 6 follow. \par\pard\qj \
li1478\ri1280\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 If \ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] is \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 a real sequence, these sy
mmetry properties become particularly straight\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 forwa
rd and useful. Speciically, for a real sequence, the Fourier transform is conjug
ate \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 symmetric; i.e., \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 X
(eil = X* (e- ja) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (property 7). Expressing \ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs24 X (eil \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 in terms of its real \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 and imaginary parts as \par\pard\li4343\sb75\sl-276\slmu
lt0\fi0\tx5155\tx9729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 X
\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 = XR(e1') + j Xi(ejw),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.157)\par\pard\ql \li1478\sb124\sl-253\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 we can derive properties 8 and 9\u8212?speci
ically, \par\pard\li1483\sb134\sl-276\slmult0\fi3427\tx9609 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 XR(el') = XR(e-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.158a)\par\pard\li1483\sb1\sl-238\slmult0\fi
4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 and\par\pard\li1483\sb1\sl-257\slmult0\fi3614\tx5
678\tx9595 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 (e1')\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 = - Xi(e- fa).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.158b)\par\pard\li1483\sb141\sl-253\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex124 In other words, the real part of the Fourier transform is
an even function, and the\par\pard\li1483\sb44\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex123 imaginary part .is an odd function, if the sequence is real. In a
similar manner, by\par\pard\li1483\sb7\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3292 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex110 expressing \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 X (el\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex113 ) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 in polar form as\par\pard\li1483\sb16

9\sl-276\slmult0\fi3019\tx9724 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\


f5\fs22 X(eil \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = I \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(ein
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 lei<x(ejw),\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (2.159)
\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg50}{\bkmkend Pg50
}\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard
\li1488\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb182\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2620\tx102
09 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.8\tab \up0 \
expndtw-6\charscalex100 Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Transform\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-6\charscalex100 57\par\pard\qj \li1483\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li
1483\ri1280\sb116\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 we can show that,
for a real sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 the magnitude of the Fourier transform, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 I \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X (ell', \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is an even function of
co and the phase, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 <X (ell, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 can be chosen to be an odd \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 function of co (prop
erties 10 and 11). Also, for a real sequence, the even part of x[n] \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex118 transforms to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 XR(eiw), \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 and the odd part of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 transforms to \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 j Xi(eiw) \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs22 (properties 12 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 and 13). \par\pard\
ql \li2059\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2059\sb226\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.25 Illustration of Sym
metry Properties \par\pard\qj \li2500\ri1287\sb178\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Let us return to the sequence of Exam
ple 2.21, where we showed that the Fourier \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 transfor
m of the real sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = an u[n] is\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5805\colsr60\colno2\colw1228\colsr160\colno3\c
olw4517\colsr160\ql \li4867\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4867\sb37\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 X(ejw) =\par\pard\column \ql \li433\sb113\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1 \u8212? \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 ae-1\par\pard\column \ql \li7243\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li20\sb32\sl-230\slmult0\tx2602 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 if la I \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 < 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex105 (2.160) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2496\sb75\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Then, from the properties of complex numbers, it fol
lows that\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4476\colsr60\colno2\colw1
093\colsr160\colno3\colw5981\colsr160\ql \li3508\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li3508\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex165 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 X(eil \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 =\par\pard\column \ql \li423\sb94\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\par\pard\q
l \li20\sb73\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1 \u8212? \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 ae- fa'\par\pard\column \ql \li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li20\sb18\sl-230\slmult0\tx1345 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 X* (e-i')\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (property 7),\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4471\colsr60\colno2\colw1659\colsr40\colno3\
colw5540\colsr160\ql \li3422\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3422\sb39\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 XR(eiw) =\par\
pard\ql \li3456\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3456\sb178\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 Xi(eim) =\par\pard\column \ql \li312\sb115\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 1 \u8212? a \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w\par\pard\ql \li20\sb78\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1 + a2 \u8212? 2a cos \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 w\par\pard\ql \li437\sb105\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8212?a sin \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w\par\p
ard\ql \li25\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 1 + \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 a2 _\par\pard\column \ql \li6220\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i20\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\tx1580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs20 = XR(e- iw)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
(property 8),\par\pard\ql \li6220\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb183\s

l-230\slmult0\tx1720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20


\u8212? XI (e- j')\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
(property 9), \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li5375\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex103 2a cos \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4471\colsr60\colno2\colw2052\colsr60\colno3\colw5127\co
lsr160\ql \li3393\sb211\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 I \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (ejw)I \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex107 =\par\pard\column \ql \li980\sb53\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\par\pard\qj \li20\ri0\sb0\sl-376\slmult0\tx10
43 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (1 + a2 \u8212? 2a cos w)1/2 \line\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 a \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 si
n w\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb211\sl-230\slmult0\tx1619 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 = IX(e- 1'A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (property 10),\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\col
no1\colw5230\colsr40\colno2\colw1127\colsr160\colno3\colw5213\colsr160\ql \li333
1\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 <X
(elm) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 tan-1 (\par\pard\ql \li5087\sb0\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li5087\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5087\sb6\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 5\par\pard\ql \li5
083\sb100\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4\par\pard\ql \li5087\sb1
39\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pard\ql \li4795\sb52\sl-18
4\slmult0\tx5078 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 a.\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\par\pard\ql \li50
97\sb195\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li5083\sb91
\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\par\pard\column \ql \li140\sb0\s
l-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex82 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8212?\p
ar\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 1 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 a cos co\par\pard\ql \li5860
\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860
\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860
\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860
\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li610\sb233\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex159 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 _\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 '\par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li20\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx1834 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8212?<X(e-im)\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (property 11).\par\pard\ql \li5860\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li135\s
b155\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5860\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi0\tx7377 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 -2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\par\pard\ql \li5793\sb1\sl-189\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex111 Radian frequency (w) \par\pard\ql \li6595\sb57\sl-207\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (a) \par\pard\ql \li5097\sb0\sl-153\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 2 \par\pard\ql \li6878\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
6878\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878
\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb0
\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb0\sl92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb0\sl-92\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6878\sb36\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs8 %a. \par\pard\ql \li4992\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li4992\sb146\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 -2 \par\pard\li5155\sb1\sl-174\slmult0\fi0\tx5880\tx6672\tx7377\tx8092 \dn
1 \expndtw0\charscalex149 -1r\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex120 r\tab \dn3 \expnd
tw0\charscalex149 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 it\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex149 it\par\pard\li5155\sb1\sl-198\slmult0\fi724\tx7387 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex149 -2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 2\par\pard\ql \li5803\sb41\sl-207\s

lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Radian frequency (w) \par\pard\ql \li6595\sb


53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (b) \par\pard\ql \li3023\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3023\sb2\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Figure 2.22 Frequency response for a system with imp
ulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2
\colno1\colw5061\colsr60\colno2\colw6639\colsr160\ql \li3019\sb13\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 an ii[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (a) Real pa
rt. \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a\par\pard\ql \li3023\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (b) Imaginary part.\par\pard\
column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-245\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 > 0; a = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0.9 (solid curve) and \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0.5 (dashed curve). \par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg51}{\bkmkend Pg51}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5724\colsr160\colno2\colw5876\colsr160\q
l \li1488\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li1488\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li1488\sb213\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 58\par\pard\ql \li4867\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4867\sb0\sl-20
7\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4867\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4867\sb196\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex60 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 aa\par\pard\
ql \li4689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li4689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li4689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li4689\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5011\sb225\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-10\charscalex88 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1.0\par\pard\ql \li4689\sb222\
sl-253\slmult0\tx5001 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0.5\par\pard\qj \li4689\ri429\sb0\sl-375\slm
ult0\tx5145 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex70 f1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0
\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex70 h) \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 \u8212?0.5\pa
r\pard\ql \li4900\sb164\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex88 \u8212?1.0\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li6360\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6360\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li6360\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6360\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li496\sb102\sl-253\slmult0\tx3966 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5884\sb0\sl-244\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li20\ri3992\sb137\sl-244\slmult0\fi76\tx885\tx1609 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex80
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8212?2\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex41 1-1.\tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2 \line \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex113 Radian frequency (w)\par\pard\ql \li822\sb17\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (c\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s18 )\par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li5947\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li188\sb68\sl-138\slm
ult0\tx875\tx2310 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf37\f38\fs12 IT\
tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 IT \par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone \li5947\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 -\t \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \l
i5875\sb7\sl-191\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs1
8 Radian frequency \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 (w) \par\pard\ql \li6662\sb56\s
l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (d) \par\
pard\li3014\sb261\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx4276\tx5544\tx7118\tx7847 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2.2

2\tab \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 (Continued)\tab


\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (c) Magnitude. \ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs24 a\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 > \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 0; a\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 = 0.9 (solid curve) and\par\pard\ql
\li3009\sb1\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs24 a = \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0.5 (dashed curve). (d) Phase. \par\pard\qj
\li2496\sb0\sl-270\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2496\ri1276\sb232\sl-270\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 These functions are plotted
in Figure 2.22 for a > 0, speciically, a = 0.9 (solid curve) \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex113 and a = 0.5 (dashed curve). In Problem 2.43, we consider the correspo
nding plots for \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a <0. \par\pard\ql \li1502\sb0\sl-2
76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1502\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1502\sb0\sl-276
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1502\sb178\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.9 FOURIER TRANSFORM THEOREMS \par\pard\ql \li1488\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1488\sb70\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In addition to the symmetry properties, a var
iety of theorems (presented in Sections \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri1266\sb0\sl-286\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.9.1-2.9.7) relate operations on the sequen
ce to operations on the Fourier transform. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 We will
see that these theorems are quite similar in most cases to corresponding theo\up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 rems for continuous-time signals and their Fourier tra
nsforms. To facilitate the statement \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 of the theorem
s, we introduce the following operator notation: \par\pard\li4555\sb257\sl-276\s
lmult0\fi0\tx5927 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 X(ein
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 .7"\{x[n]l,\par\pard\li4555\sb151\sl-276\slmul
t0\fi302\tx5520 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
16 = .7-1\{X(ein),\par\pard\li4555\sb228\sl-276\slmult0\fi302\tx5932 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 X(ein.\par\pard\qj \li14
83\ri1270\sb232\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 That is, .F denotes the operation of "taking the Fourier transform of \u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n]," \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and .F-1 is the \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 inverse of that operation. Most of the theorems will b
e stated without proof. The proofs, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 which are left
as exercises (Problem 2.74), generally involve only simple manipulations \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex114 of variables of summation or integration. The theorems in
this section are summarized \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 in Table 2.2. \par\pard
\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg52}{\bkmkend Pg52}\par\par
d\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb69\sl-253
\slmult0\fi0\tx2558\tx10156 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 Sec. 2.9\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Fourier Transform Theorems\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 59\par\pard\li1425\sb0\
sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb185\sl-253\slmult0\fi1180 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars
calex100 TABLE 2.2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 FOURIER TRANSFORM THEOREMS\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6684\colsr160\colno2\colw4916\colsr160\ql
\li4377\sb207\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs18 Sequence\par\pard\qj \li4598\ri1705\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118
An]\par\pard\ql \li2611\sb174\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 1. ax
[n]+by[n]\par\pard\ql \li2606\sb124\sl-207\slmult0\tx3825 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2. \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n - nd]\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (nd an \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 integer)\par\p
ard\ql \li2601\sb143\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 3. \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf28\f29\fs18 eiwonx[n]\par\pard\ql \li2601\sb124\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 4. x [-n]\par\pard\ql \li2606\sb0\
sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2606\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2606\sb85
\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 5. nx
[n]\par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2606\sb109\sl-207\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 6. \ul0\nosupersub
\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n]*y[n]\par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li

2601\sb80\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 7. x[n]y[n]\par\pard\ql \l


i2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2
956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li295
6\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\
sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb
0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\
sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl
-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb0\sl-9
2\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2956\sb25\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf38\f39\fs8 CO\par\pard\column \ql \li448\sb203\sl-207\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Fourier Transform\par\pa
rd\qj \li923\ri3368\sb10\sl-235\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 X(eiu) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Y(eJ')\par\pard\qj
\li20\ri3249\sb123\sl-331\slmult0\tx597 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 aX(ejw)+6Y(
eia) \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 X(ei')\par\pard\qj \li35\ri3838\sb1
0\sl-336\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 X(e/(0,-,00)) \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex129 X(e\ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 jw)\par
\pard\qj \li35\ri3061\sb0\sl-286\slmult0\tx102 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 X*(e
jm) \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 if \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] real. \lin
e\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex146 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul ,dX(ein\par\
pard\ql \li400\sb40\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf28\f29\fs18 do)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4625\colsr160\co
lno2\colw6975\colsr160\ql \li4425\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 1\par\pard\ql \li2611\sb0\sl-168\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs18 9. \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n]y*[n] = \u8212?\par\pard\ql \li4348\sb0\s
l-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex90 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 27r\par\p
ard\ql \li2798\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f12\f13\fs14 n=\u8212?oo\par\pard\column \ql \li279\sb76\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 X(ejw)Y*(einda)\par\pard\ql \
li4785\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb27\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex163 \ul0\nosupersub\cf38\f39\fs8 -7F \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \l
i1435\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1435\sb204\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex138 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.9.1 Linearity of the Fourier Transf
orm \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb163\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If \par\pard\li4948\sb65\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx6105 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 xi[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex105 Xi(ejw)\par\pard\ql \li1430\sb106\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \par\pard\ql \li4905\sb148\sl-276\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x2[n] H X2(ei'), \par
\pard\qj \li1425\ri1319\sb81\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\no
supersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then it follows by substitution into the deinition of the d
iscrete-time Fourier transform \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 that \par\pard\li370
5\sb120\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx5524\tx5904\tx9700 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 axi[n] + bx2[n]4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 '\ta
b \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex112 a Xi(eil + bX2(eiw).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.161)\par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-276\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li1440\sb152\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.9.2 Time Shifting and Frequency Shifting \par\pard\ql \li143
0\sb183\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
If \par\pard\ql \li4977\sb48\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \par\pard\qj \li1425\ri1323\sb141\sl-280\slmult0\fi4
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then, for the time-shif
ted sequence, a simple transformation of the index of summation \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 in the discrete-time Fourier transform yields \par\pard\li1425\sb18
1\sl-276\slmult0\fi2971\tx9691 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\
f6\fs24 x[n nd] H e-i"d X(ei').\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.162)\par\pard\li1425\sb117\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex117 Direct substitution proves the following result for the frequency-shi
fted Fourier trans-\par\pard\li1425\sb40\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char

scalex100 fp r,m\par\pard\li1425\sb112\sl-253\slmult0\fi3072\tx9691 \up0 \expndt


w0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 ei")nx[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 H \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 X(ei(w-w)).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.163)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh1682
0{\bkmkstart Pg53}{\bkmkend Pg53}\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li
1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb202
\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6326\tx9787 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 60\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Disc
rete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard
\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1459\sb121\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.9.3 Time Reversal \par\pard\q
l \li1454\sb183\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 If \par\pard\ql \li4996\sb148\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex12
3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] H X (ejw), \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb163\sl-253\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then if the seq
uence is time reversed, \par\pard\li4843\sb251\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9720 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 .4\u8212?n] H X (e-\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.164)\par\pard\ql \li1454\s
b160\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 If \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is real, this theorem becomes \par\pard\li4867\
sb242\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx9720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5
\f6\fs24 x[\u8212?n] H X* (ell.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.165)\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1468\
sb154\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.
9.4 Differentiation in Frequency \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb183\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If \par\pard\li4996\sb161\sl
-276\slmult0\fi0\tx6715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
x[n] H X(e\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135 ),\par\pard\ql \li1459\sb170\sl-253
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then, by diffe
rentiating the discrete-time Fourier transform, it is seen that \par\pard\ql \li
6124\sb148\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf74\f75\
fs24\ul dX(e\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6257\colsr160\colno2\c
olw3157\colsr160\colno3\colw2036\colsr160\ql \li4776\sb0\sl-192\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 nx[n]\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\
sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb205\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.9.5 Parsevalt Theorem\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb
175\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li20\sb63\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex88 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 dco\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.166) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone \ql \li5006\sb118\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] H X (e1'), \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb63\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 then\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\cols2\colno1\colw5849\colsr160\colno2\colw5751\colsr160\ql \li4516\sb19\sl-26
8\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 00\par\pard\ql
\li3844\sb7\sl-297\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 E = \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
9\f20\fs46 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 lx[42\par\pard\ql \li4334\sb75\sl-184
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 n=\u8212?oo\
par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb137\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 1\par\pard\ql \li289\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\tx3735 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex111 I IX (e1112 dco\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.167) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1459\ri1289\sb97\s
l-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 The function I \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs24 X (e /112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs24 energy density spectrum, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 since it determines h
ow the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 energy is distributed in the frequency domai
n. Necessarily, the energy density spectrum \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 is dein
ed only for inite-energy signals. A more general form of Parseval's theorem is \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 shown in Problem 2.77. \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb0\sl-2
76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1483\sb168\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136

\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.9.6 The Convolution Theorem \par\pard\ql \li1473\


sb183\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If
\par\pard\ql \li5049\sb108\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] H X(ei') \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb123\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \par\pard\ql \li4996\sb
108\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n]
H H(eiw), \par\pard\ql \li1483\sb123\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and if \par\pard\ql \li4823\sb62\sl-138\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 CO \par\pard\ql \li972
4\sb67\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (
2.168) \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\sb94\sl-253\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 then \par\pard\li4665\sb123\sl-276\slmult0\f
i0\tx5452\tx9724 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Y\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 = X(eiw)H(ei(').\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.169)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16
820{\bkmkstart Pg54}{\bkmkend Pg54}\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\
li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb1
78\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2616\tx10204 \dn2 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.9\tab \dn2 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Fourier Transform Theo
rems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 61\par\pard\qj
\li1473\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\ri1290\sb100\sl-290\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Thus, convolution of sequen
ces implies multiplication of the corresponding Fourier \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x121 transforms. Note that the time-shifting property is a special case of the c
onvolution \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 property, since \par\pard\li4876\sb225\s
l-253\slmult0\fi0\tx9729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs2
2 8[n - nd] H e-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2
.170)\par\pard\ql \li1483\sb223\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 and
if \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n] = 8[n - nd], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the
n \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = x[n] * 8[n - nd] = x[n - nd]. \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 Therefore, \par\pard\li3216\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3216\sb
12\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx5385\tx6268\tx7055 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(ein = "id\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 and\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Y\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 = 'id X (ei w).\par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1280\sb20
1\sl-288\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
A formal derivation of the convolution theorem is easily achieved by applying th
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 deinition of the Fourier transform to \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as expressed in Eq. (2.168). T
his theorem can \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 also be interpreted as a direct con
sequence of the eigenfunction property of complex \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 e
xponentials for linear time-invariant systems. Recall that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 H(e 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is the frequency re\up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex116 sponse of the linear time-invariant system whose impulse response is \u
l0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Recall also \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex116 that if \par\pard\ql \li5352\sb181\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = ejwn, \par\pard\ql \li148
3\sb107\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
then \par\pard\li4996\sb126\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6686 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
03 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] = H(ei\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 ``)n
\par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1275\sb161\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 That is, complex exponentials are \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\
f5\fs22 eigenfunctions \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of linear time-invariant syst
ems, where \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(e 11, \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 the Fourier transform of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n
], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is the eigenvalue. From the definition of integra
-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 tion, the Fourier transform synthesis equati
on corresponds to the representation of a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sequence
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] as \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 a superposition
of complex exponentials of ininitesimal size; that is,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno

ne\cols2\colno1\colw5292\colsr60\colno2\colw6408\colsr160\ql \li2596\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb117\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex167 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] = \u8212? ( X did'\par\pard\ql \li3379\sb0\sl-16
3\slmult0\tx3878 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 27r\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ,\par\pard\column \ql \li1330\sb197\sl-253\slmu
lt0\tx2439 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 1\tab \up0
\expndtw-9\charscalex100 ikAw)ejkAcon \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Aco\par\pard\q
l \li20\sb0\sl-176\slmult0\tx2002 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 do) = lim\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 X (e\par\pard\ql \li653\sb
0\sl-172\slmult0\tx1728 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 6,0-0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 2r\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 k \par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1483\ri1280\sb227\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 By the eigenfunction property of linea
r systems and by the principle of superposition, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 th
e corresponding output will be\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2475
\colsr40\colno2\colw5274\colsr160\colno3\colw3821\colsr160\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-253
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1761\sb97\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] =\par\pard\column \qj \li1478\sb0\sl-235\slmult0
\par\pard\qj \li20\ri687\sb68\sl-235\slmult0\fi1348 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
5 meikA(0)x(eikAiejkAwn Aco = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 A0-0 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 2r\par\pard\column \ql \li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20
\sb102\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H
(e in X (e jleiwn dco. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\p
ar\pard\li1478\sb27\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 Thus, we conclude that\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1478\sb198
\sl-253\slmult0\fi3230 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Y(eiw) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 H(ei1 X (ejl,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1478\sb194\sl-253\slmult0\
fi14 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 as in Eq. (2.169).
\par\pard\ql \li1492\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1492\sb197\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.9.7 The Modulation o
r Windowing Theorem \par\pard\ql \li1488\sb183\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 If \par\pard\li1488\sb184\sl-253\slmult0\
fi3585\tx5601 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n]\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 <\u8212?> X (ein\par\pard\li1488\sb141\sl-253\slmul
t0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and\par\pard\li1
488\sb150\sl-253\slmult0\fi3508 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 w[n] 4\u8212? W (ejw),\par\pard\li1488\sb141\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and if\par\pard\li1488\sb150\sl
-253\slmult0\fi3604\tx9729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\f
s22 y[n] = x[n]w[n],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 (2.171)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg55}{\bkm
kend Pg55}\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\
li1516\sb98\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6388\tx9849 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 62\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f
4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap
. 2\par\pard\ql \li1516\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1516\sb154\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 then \par\pard\ql \li5659\sb81\sl-115\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 Yr \par\pard\li4003\s
b38\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx5433\tx9777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 Y(eb)) =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 f X(e1)W(e1(a)-9)).10.\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.172)\par\pard\ql \
li5059\sb0\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex146 2r \par\pard\qj \li1516\r
i1228\sb55\sl-287\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Equation (2.172) is a per
iodic convolution, i.e., a convolution of two periodic functions \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex119 with the limits of integration extending over only one period. The
duality inherent in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 most Fourier transform theorem
s is evident when we compare the convolution and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mo
dulation theorems. However, in contrast to the continuous-time case, where this
du\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 ality is complete, in the discrete-time case fund

amental differences arise because the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Fourier trans


form is a sum while the inverse transform is an integral with a periodic \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex117 integrand. Although for continuous time we can state that
convolution in the time do\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 main is represented by mu
ltiplication in the frequency domain and vice versa, in discrete \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex116 time this statement must be modiied somewhat. Speciically, discret
e-time convolution \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 of sequences (the convolution su
m) is equivalent to multiplication of corresponding \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118
periodic Fourier transforms, and multiplication of sequences is equivalent to \
ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 periodic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 convolution of corresponding Fourier transforms. \par\pard\qj \li15
31\ri1218\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi566 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 The theorems of
this section and a number of fundamental Fourier transform pairs \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex114 are summarized in Tables 2.2 and 2.3, respectively. One of the way
s that knowledge of \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2016\
sb149\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex97 TABLE \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 2.3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 FOURIER TRANSFORM PAIRS\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5273\colsr160\colno2\colw6327\colsr160\qj \li2121\ri93
8\sb55\sl-422\slmult0\fi1377 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 Sequence \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 1. \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex1
00 8[n]\par\pard\ql \li2116\sb121\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 2,
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 S[n \u8212? no]\par\pard\ql \li2116\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2116\sb133\sl-207\slmult0\tx2361\tx2836 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (\u8212?oo < \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n < o
o)\par\pard\ql \li2111\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2111\sb0\sl-207\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li2111\sb109\sl-207\slmult0\tx3081\tx3436 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 4. \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 an u[n]\tab
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (Ial\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 < 1)\par\par
d\ql \li2116\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2116\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li2116\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs18 5. \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 u[n]\par\pard\ql \li2121\sb0\sl-207\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2121\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2121\sb8\sl-207\
slmult0\tx2361\tx3671\tx4031 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 6.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 (n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1)a
" u[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (Ial\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 <
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1)\par\pard\ql \li2380\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li2380\sb95\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2
8\f29\fs18 rn sin cop(n\ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f2
9\fs18 +\ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 1)\par\pard\column \ql \li5433\sb0\sl207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1609\sb20\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Fourier Transform\par\pard\ql \li5433\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li30\sb13\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb163\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex109 e\u8212?lwno\par\pard\ql \li87\sb194\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 2nS (co + k)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 k=\u8212?ca\par\pard\ql
\li5472\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li59\sb144\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1 \u8212? ae-\par\pard\ql \li6609
\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6609\sb0\sl-92\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1196\s
b11\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs8 CO\p
ar\pard\ql \li371\sb13\sl-158\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\par\pard\ql \li380\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\tx856 \up0 \expndtw-8\ch
arscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 e _\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex152 +
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n 8(co + k)\par\pard
\ql \li5956\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li543\sb75\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\par\pard\qj \li54\ri5033\sb0\
sl-338\slmult0\tx1197 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (
1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 ae- w)2 \lin

e\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\par\pard\sect\


sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2330\colsr60\colno2\colw985\colsr110\colno3\colw8
285\colsr160\ql \li2111\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 7.\par\
pard\ql \li2121\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2121\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li2121\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 8.\par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li413\sb38\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 sin \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 op\par\pard\qj \li20\ri314\sb166\sl-268\slmult0\tx332 \up0 \e
xpndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 sin \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\
fs18 cocn \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 n\par\pard\ql \li3182\sb0\sl-2
07\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li812\sb8\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 1
,\par\pard\column \ql \li255\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx802\tx1143 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex100 u[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (In'\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex122 <1\par\pard\ql \li2017\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 1
\u8212? 2r cos cope- Ito + \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 rte-12w\par\pard\ql \li
3077\sb203\sl-207\slmult0\tx3390\tx3687 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 1,\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex82 lcul\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex103 < wc\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 ,\par\pard\ql \li1992\sb0\sl-144\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 X (ei') = \{0,
co, <104\par\pard\ql \li2035\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb100\sl-207\
slmult0\tx2012 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 0<n < M\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul sin[co(M + \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1)/
2] e_iomo\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3007\colsr160\colno2\colw
8593\colsr160\ql \li2116\sb0\sl-158\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 9. \ul0
\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 =\par\pard\ql \li2035
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2035
\sb82\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 10.\par\pard\column \ql \li20
\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\tx2642 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 0, otherwise\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex106 sin(c0/2)\par\pard\ql \li5927\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li2780\sb201\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf28\f29\fs18 2n 8(co \u8212? coo + \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 27rk)\par\pard\q
l \li5601\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2454\sb37\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-8\charscalex78 00 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2035\sb91\sl-207\slmult0\f
i0\tx5908\tx8371 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 11. cos(coon+\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\c
harscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 bre10,500 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18
\u8212? wo + 2n\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 ic) +\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x104 j4' S(co + oo + 2n k)]\par\pard\ql \li5428\sb103\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 k=\u8212?Do \par\pard\sect\sect
d\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg56}{\bkmkend Pg56}\par\pard\li1454\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb213\sl-253\slmult0\
fi0\tx2592\tx10175 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec
. 2.9\tab \dn2 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 Fourier Transform Theorems\tab \dn2 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 63\par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-28
5\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1449\ri1314\sb121\sl-285\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Fourier transform theorems and properties is
useful is in determining Fourier transforms \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 or inve
rse transforms. Often, by using the theorems and known transform pairs, it is \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 possible to represent a sequence in terms of operatio
ns on other sequences for which \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 the transform is kn
own, thereby simplifying an otherwise dificult or tedious problem. \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 Examples 2.26-2.30 illustrate this approach. \par\pard\qj \li202
5\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2025\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2025\
ri3007\sb136\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\
fs24 Example 2.26 Determining a Fourier Transform \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 u
sing Tables 2.2 and 2.3 \par\pard\qj \li2467\ri1320\sb180\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Suppose we wish to ind the
Fourier transform of the sequence x\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = an u[n - 5
]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 This \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 transform can b
e computed by exploiting Theorems 1 and 2 of Table 2.2 and transform \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex111 pair 4 of Table 2.3. Let xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] =

an u[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 We start with this signal because it is the


most \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 similar signal to \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in Table 2.3. The table states that\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6448\colsr60\colno2\colw3129\colsr160\colno3\
colw1973\colsr160\ql \li5712\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5712\sb71\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (ei (D) =\par
\pard\column \ql \li428\sb157\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb68\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex118 1 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ae- jw.\par\pard\column \ql \li9787\
sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb76\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.173) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2
462\ri1270\sb96\sl-260\slmult0\tx2702 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 To obtain \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 from xi [n], we irst
delay xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 by 5 sample
s, i.e., x2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = xl \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 [n
- 5]. Theo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 rem 2 of Table 2.2 gives the correspondin
g frequency-domain relationship, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X2(eiw) = \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 j5(z) X i(ei cu), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 so
\par\pard\ql \li6705\sb127\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex93 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf2\f3\fs24 e-j5w\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6348\cols
r160\colno2\colw5252\colsr160\ql \li5433\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex140 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 X2(ejw)\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb134\s
l-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex127 - ae-iw \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2462\ri1306\s
b104\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
In order to get from x2[n] to the desired \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n], \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 we need only multiply by the constant \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex106 a5, i.e., \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
113 = a5 x2[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The linearity property of the Fourie
r transform, Theorem 1 of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Table 2.2, then yields th
e desired Fourier transform,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6410\c
olsr60\colno2\colw3167\colsr160\colno3\colw1973\colsr160\ql \li5467\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5467\sb109\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(ejw) =\par\pard\column \ql \li6561\sb0\sl-184\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li111\sb39\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf29\f30\fs16 a5 j5w\par\pard\ql \li20\sb81\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1 - ae- lc \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql
\li9787\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb109\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.175) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e \qj \li2016\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2016\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj\li2016\ri3189\sb163\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\no
supersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.27 Determining an inverse Fourier \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex136 Transform Using Tables 2.2 and 2.3 \par\pard\ql \li2476\sb205\sl-2
30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Suppose that
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5676\colsr160\colno2\colw3796\cols
r160\colno3\colw1978\colsr160\ql \li4838\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4838
\sb72\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X
(ei\par\pard\column \ql \li1057\sb144\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb82\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (1 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ae-jw)(1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 be- la)).\par\pard\column \ql \li9782\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb72\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.176) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li247
1\ri1311\sb140\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Direct substitution o
f \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 into Eq. (2.133
) leads to an integral that is dificult to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 evaluate
by ordinary real integration techniques. However, using the technique of \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex117 partial fraction expansion, which we discuss in detail in
Chapter 3, we can expand \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 X (ei 6') \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 into the form\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno

ne\cols2\colno1\colw6929\colsr160\colno2\colw4671\colsr160\qj \li4843\sb0\sl-160
\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4843\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4843\ri160\sb47
\sl-160\slmult0\tx5851 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
X (ei,,) = a 1(a \ul0\super\cf54\f55\fs30\ul - b) \line\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1 - ae-\par\pard\column \ql \li7099\sb0
\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li30\ri1294\sb54\sl-160\slmult0\tx2723 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs20\ul b I \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 (a - b) \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2
.177)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1 - be- jw \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2467\sb99\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 From Theore
m 1 of Table 2.2 and transform pair 4 of Table 2.3, it follows that\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw5316\colsr160\colno2\colw1386\colsr60\colno3\co
lw2720\colsr160\colno4\colw1978\colsr160\ql \li4440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li4440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4440\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] =\par\pard\column \ql \li5
476\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb115\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a\par\pard\ql \li539\sb0\sl-160\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 an u[n] -\par\pard\col
umn \ql \li6912\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6912\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li6912\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6912\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li20\sb66\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 (a b b) b"u[n].\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li9782\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9782\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb34\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.178) \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{
\bkmkstart Pg57}{\bkmkend Pg57}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw963
6\colsr160\colno2\colw1964\colsr160\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb98\sl-230\slmult0\tx6330 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 64\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\par\pard\q
j \li2030\sb0\sl-264\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2030\ri542\sb179\sl-264\slmult0\fi4
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example 2.28 Determini
ng the Impulse Response \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 from the Frequency Re
sponse\par\pard\ql \li2476\sb202\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The frequency response of a highpass ilter with delay i
s\par\pard\ql \li6796\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6796\sb43\sl-207\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 we < Irv' \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex112 < 7r,\par\pard\ql \li6864\sb19\sl-254\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex54 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 (01 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 <\par
\pard\column \ql \li9801\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9801\sb0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li9801\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb235\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Chap. 2\par\pard\q
l \li9796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li9796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li9796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l \li9796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb119\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.179) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne \li2471\sb163\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 where a period
of 27r is understood. This frequency response can be expressed as\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6963\colsr160\colno2\colw4637\colsr160\qj \li2476
\ri103\sb118\sl-355\slmult0\fi1214 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 H(e Pt') = j"d (1 - Hip(eiw)) = \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 where Hip \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (ejw) \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 is periodic with period 27r and\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1
16\sl-230\slmult0\tx457 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
1W\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 - C j"d 1-11p(eiw),\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\cols2\colno1\colw5504\colsr160\colno2\colw6096\colsr160\ql \li2481\sb0\sl-23
0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb116\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Hip(e\par\pard\column \ql \li2481\sb0\sl-160\slmult

0 \par\pard\ql \li2481\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\ri3790\sb84\sl-160\


slmult0\tx625\tx1003\tx1877 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex130 )= \{ 1, ICI < \ul0\sup
er\cf8\f9\fs30 roc, \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 0, \tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex81 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 coc \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 < \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 7r. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li24
81\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2481\sb4\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Using the result of Example 2.22 to obtain
the inverse transform of Hip(ejw), together\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2481
\sb29\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 with properties 1 and 2 of
Table 2.2, we have\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2481\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\fi2
361 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = S[n - nd] r[n - nd]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6535\colsr160\colno2\colw
5065\colsr160\ql \li5548\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5548\sb92\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 S[n - nd]\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb149\sl-2
30\slmult0\tx1024 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 sin
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 coc(n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 nd)\par\pard\
ql \li371\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (n - nd) \par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2044\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2044\ri2695\sb208
\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Example
2.29 Determining the impulse Response \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 for a Differ
ence Equation \par\pard\qj \li2486\ri1291\sb180\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 In this example we determine the imp
ulse response for a stable linear time-invariant \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 sy
stem for which the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs20 and output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 sa
tisfy the linear constant-coeficient \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 difference equ
ation \par\pard\li4747\sb112\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5419\tx9806 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex121 y[n] -\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex121 z \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
y[n - 1] = x[n] - x[n - 1].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 (2.180)\par\pard\qj \li2486\ri1291\sb119\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex111 In Chapter 3 we will see that the z-transform is more useful
than the Fourier transform \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 for dealing with differe
nce equations. However, this example offers a hint of the utility \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 of transform methods in the analysis of linear systems. To ind th
e impulse response, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 we set \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 x[n] = S[n]; \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[
n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 denoting the impulse response, Eq. (2.180) become
s \par\pard\li2486\sb173\sl-230\slmult0\fi2280\tx9806 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] - ih[n - 1] = S[n] - iS[n - \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 1].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (2.181)\par\pard\li2486\sb153\s
l-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Applying the Fourier transform to
both sides of Eq. (2.181) and using properties 1 and\par\pard\li2486\sb39\sl-23
0\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2 of Table 2.2, we obtain\par\pard\li
2486\sb150\sl-230\slmult0\fi2246\tx8126\tx9806 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e/w) - e-j" H(eiw) = 1 -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
115 ,\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.182)\par\p
ard\li2486\sb58\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 or\par\pard\li24
86\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\fi3974\tx6624\tx6844 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 1\tab
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 -\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf75\f76\fs14\ul 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 e-jw\par\pard\li2486\sb0\sl-180\s
lmult0\fi2990\tx9806 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 H(e I') =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.183)\par\pard\li2486\sb0\sl-180\slmu
lt0\fi3969\tx6844 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1 -\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex
115 ie-\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 jw\par\pard\li2486\sb88\sl-253\slmult0\fi29
2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 obtain \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 h[n], we want \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to determine the inverse
Fourier transform of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e Pl. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs20 Toward\par\pard\li2486\sb30\sl-230\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
5 this end, we rewrite Eq. (2.183) as\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\c

olw5767\colsr60\colno2\colw5933\colsr160\ql \li4843\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard


\ql \li4843\sb54\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 H(eiw) =\par\pard\ql \li2491\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2491\sb
44\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 From
transform 4 of Table 2.3,\par\pard\column \ql \li437\sb130\sl-230\slmult0\tx1484
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 lepo\par\pard\
ql \li1484\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\tx3999 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf75\f76\fs14\ul 4\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 (2.184)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb3\sl-177\slmult0\tx1287 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1- le- Pi'\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs20 1- le- j").\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\ql \li5251\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
29\f30\fs16 (i)n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 u[n] \par\pard\ql \li6691\sb1\sl-21
7\slmult0 \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex171 1- l\dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf12\f13\fs14 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 e-1. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24
\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg58}{\bkmkend Pg58}\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult
0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb88\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2
712\tx10190 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.10\
tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Discrete-Time Random Signals\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 65\par\pard\ql \li2486\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li2486\sb206\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Comb
ining this transform with property 3 of Table 2.2, we obtain \par\pard\ql \li765
5\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 e-\par\pard\li4598\sb1\sl-217
\slmult0\fi0\tx7540\tx9792 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30
\fs16 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (i)(1)n\u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
u[n \u8212?1] <-->\tab \up4 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf75\f76\f
s14\ul 4\ul0\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (2.185
)\par\pard\ql \li7339\sb30\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf12\f13\fs14 1 \u8212? \par\pard\ql \li2476\sb182\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Based on property 1 of Table 2
.2, then, \par\pard\li4646\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li4646\sb126\sl-253\slmul
t0\fi0\tx7358\tx9796 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[
n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (1)n \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 u[n] \u8212?
\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (1)(1)n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1 \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 u[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1].\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex115 (2.186)\par\pard\ql \li1430\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
1430\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1430\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li14
30\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1430\sb36\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.10 DISCRETE-TIME RANDOM SIGNALS \par\pa
rd\qj \li1454\ri1290\sb276\sl-286\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf3\f4\fs22 The preceding sections have focused on mathematical represent
ations of discrete-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 signals and systems and the
insights that derive from such mathematical representations. \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex120 We have seen that discrete-time signals and systems have both a timedomain and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 a frequency-domain representation, each
with an important place in the theory and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 design of
discrete-time signal-processing systems. Until now, we have assumed that the \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 signals are deterministic, i.e., that each value of a
sequence is uniquely determined by \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 a mathematical
expression, a table of data, or a rule of some type. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri1285
\sb14\sl-286\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 In many situations, the
processes that generate signals are so complex as to make \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex117 precise description of a signal extremely dificult or undesirable, if not
impossible. In \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 such cases, modeling the signal as
a stochastic process is analytically useful. As an \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
example, we will see in Chapter 6 that many of the effects encountered in implem
enting \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 digital signal-processing algorithms with in
ite register length can be represented by \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 additive

noise, i.e., a stochastic sequence. Many mechanical systems generate acoustic \u


p0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 or vibratory signals that can be processed to diagnos
e potential failure; again, signals \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 of this type ar
e often best modeled in terms of stochastic signals. Speech signals to \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex120 be processed for automatic recognition or bandwidth compress
ion and music to be \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 processed for quality enhanceme
nt are two more of many examples. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1280\sb0\sl-287\slmult0
\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 A stochastic signal is considered to be a me
mber of an ensemble of discrete-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 signals that i
s characterized by a set of probability density functions. More speciically, \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 for a particular signal at a particular time, the ampl
itude of the signal sample at that \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 time is assumed
to have been determined by an underlying scheme of probabilities. \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 That is, each individual sample \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n]
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 of a particular signal is assumed to be an outcome \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 of some underlying random variable xn. The entire si
gnal is represented by a collection \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 of such random
variables, one for each sample time, \u8212?oo < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n <
oo. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 This collection of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
random variables is called a \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 random process, \ul0\n
osupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and we assume that a particular sequence \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex112 of samples \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 for \u8212?oo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n <
oo \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 has been generated by the random process that \p
ar\pard\ql \li1463\ri1290\sb0\sl-288\slmult0\fi4\tx2040 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 underies the signal. To completely describe the random process, we need to
specify the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 individual and joint probabiity distrib
utions of all the random variables. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 The
key to obtaining useful results from such models of signals lies in their de-\li
ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 scription in terms of averages that can be compu
ted from assumed probability laws or \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 estimated from
speciic signals. While stochastic signals are not absolutely summable or \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex112 square summable and, consequently, do not directly have F
ourier transforms, many (but \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 not al) of the propert
ies of such signals can be summarized in terms of averages such as \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex112 the \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 autocorrelation \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 or \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 autocovariance sequence, \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 for which the Fourier transform often \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\
paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg59}{\bkmkend Pg59}\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0
\par\pard\li1454\sb198\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6331\tx9792 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 66\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charsca
lex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-284\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1449\ri1290
\sb111\sl-284\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 exists. As we will discus
s in this section, the Fourier transform of the autocovariance \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex116 sequence has a useful interpretation in terms of the frequency distr
ibution of the power \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 in the signal. The use of the
autocovariance sequence and its transform has another \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
19 important advantage: The effect of processing stochastic signals with a discr
ete-time \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 inear system can be conveniently described
in terms of the effect of the system on the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 autoco
variance sequence. \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1285\sb13\sl-288\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex118 In the following discussion, we assume that the reader is
familiar with the basic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 concepts of stochastic proc
esses, such as averages, correlation and covariance functions, \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex123 and the power spectrum. A brief review and summary of notation and c
oncepts is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 provided in Appendix A. A more detailed
presentation of the theory of random signals \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 can be
found in a variety of excellent texts, such as Davenport (1970) and Papoulis \u

p0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (1984). \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1285\sb0\sl-285\slmult


0\fi590 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Our primary objective in this section is to
present a speciic set of results that will \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 be usef
ul in subsequent chapters. Therefore, we focus on wide-sense stationary random \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 signals and their representation in the context of p
rocessing with linear time-invariant \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 systems. Altho
ugh, for simpicity, we assume that \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
are real valued, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 results can be generalized to
the complex case. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1285\sb10\sl-286\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex118 Consider a stable linear time-invariant system with real i
mpulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n]. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 be a real-valued sequence that is a sample sequence of a wide-sense
stationary \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 discrete-time random process. Then the o
utput of the linear system is also a sample \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 functio
n of a random process related to the input process by the linear transformation
\par\pard\li3547\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li3547\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\
li3547\sb57\sl-115\slmult0\fi926\tx6633 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 00\par\pard\li3547\sb60
\sl-529\slmult0\fi0\tx4392\tx4867\tx7027 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f2
0\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[n \u8212
? k]x[k] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[k]x[n \u8212? k].\par\pard\li3547\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\
fi739\tx6446 \dn0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k.\u8212
?oo\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 k=\u8212?co\par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1275\sb82
\sl-285\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 As
we have shown, since the system is stable, \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n] \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 will be bounded if \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is bounded. We \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 will see sho
rtly that if the input is stationary,5 then so is the output. The input signal m
ay \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 be characterized by its mean \ul0\nosupersub\cf4
\f5\fs22 mx \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and its autocorrelation function \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Oxx[m], \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or we may also \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex115 have additional information about irst- or even second-orde
r probability distributions. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 In characterizing the
output random process \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 we desire similar information. For \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 many applicat
ions, it is suficient to characterize both the input and output in terms of \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex117 simple averages, such as the mean, variance, and autoco
rrelation. Therefore, we will \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 derive input\u8212?ou
tput relationships for these quantities. \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb42\sl-253\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 The means of the input and output processes are,
respectively, \par\pard\li4343\sb259\sl-287\slmult0\fi0\tx5193\tx6187\tx7036\tx9
720 \dn3 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 mx\u8222? =\tab \d
n4 \expndtw-11\charscalex92 \{xn\}\tab \dn4 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 myn =\tab \
up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex75 \{3' n\},\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.187)\par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1285\sb259\sl-280\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex110 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 a\{\u8226?\} \ul0\nos
upersub\cf3\f4\fs22 denotes the expected value. In most of our discussion, it wi
ll not be necessary \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 to carefuly distinguish between
the random variables xn and yn and their speciic values \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 This will simplify the math
ematical notation signiicantly. For example, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Eqs. (
2.187) will alternatively be written \par\pard\li3945\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\par
d\li3945\sb5\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx6211\tx7281\tx9720 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 mx[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 eix[n]l,\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 my[n] =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \{y[n]\}.\t

ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.188)\par\pard\qj


\li1463\ri1295\sb244\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 If \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is stationary, then \ul0\no
supersub\cf4\f5\fs22 mx \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 [n] is independent of n and
will be written as \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 mx, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 w
ith similar \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 notation for \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
4 my[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 if \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 y[n] \ul0\nos
upersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is stationary. \par\pard\ql \li2040\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li2040\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2040\sb27\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 51n the remainder of the text
, we will use the term \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 stationary \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs18 to mean "wide-sense stationary." \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw119
00\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg60}{\bkmkend Pg60}\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult
0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard
\li1478\sb178\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2721\tx10200 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec. 2.10\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Discrete-T
ime Random Signals\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
67\par\pard\ql \li2044\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2044\sb167\sl-253\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 The mean of the outp
ut process is \par\pard\ql \li6024\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6024\sb66\s
l-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \pa
r\pard\ql \li3849\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\tx6417 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs24 my[n] E \{y[n]\} = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \tab \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[k]e\{x[n \u8212? k]), \
par\pard\ql \li5846\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1295\sb102\sl-300\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 where we have used the f
act that the expected value of a sum is the sum of the expected \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex109 values. Since the input is stationary, \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
mx[n \u8212? k] = mx, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and consequently, \par\pard\ql
\li6249\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6249\sb58\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-414\s
lmult0\fi3345\tx6638\tx9734 \dn0 \expndtw0\charscalex68 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20
\fs46 my[n]=mx E\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h
[k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.189)\par\pa
rd\li1468\sb1\sl-182\slmult0\fi4598 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\li1468\sb139\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 From Eq. (2.189), we see that the m
ean of the output is also constant. An equivalent\par\pard\li1468\sb35\sl-253\sl
mult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 expression to Eq. (2.189) in terms of the
frequency response is\par\pard\li1468\sb156\sl-276\slmult0\fi3652\tx9729 \dn2 \
expndtw0\charscalex112 my = \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 H(ei)mx.\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.190)\par\pard\li1468\sb175\sl-25
3\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Assuming temporarily that the outpu
t is nonstationary, the autocorrelation func-\par\pard\li1468\sb35\sl-253\slmult
0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 tion of the output process for a real input i
s\par\pard\li1468\sb155\sl-276\slmult0\fi1281 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Oyy[n, n + m] = E\{y[n]y[n + m])\par\pard\li1468\sb55\sl
-276\slmult0\fi3196\tx5016\tx5659 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \{\tab \dn2 \exp
ndtw-11\charscalex71 00\tab \dn4 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\
sl-414\slmult0\fi3360\tx5961 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f
20\fs46 E \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs37\ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs36 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 h[k]h[r]x[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 \u
8212? k]x[n + m \u8212? r]\}\par\pard\ql \li4838\sb1\sl-169\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo r=-00 \par\pard\li147
8\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\fi3153\tx5654 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex43 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f19\f20\fs46 .0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 co\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-414\sl
mult0\fi2712 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 = E \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[k] \
ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[r]E\{x[n \u8212? k]
x[n + m \u8212? r]\}.\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\fi2971\tx5476 \up0 \exp

ndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\tab \up0 \expndtw0


\charscalex141 r=-00\par\pard\li1478\sb42\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Since \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 x[n] is
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 assumed to be stationary, \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
4 E\{x[n \u8212? k]x[n+ m\u8212? r]) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 depends only on
the time\par\pard\li1478\sb12\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 d
ifference \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 m + k \u8212? r. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs
22 Therefore,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5499\colsr40\colno2\c
olw6221\colsr160\ql \li4699\sb45\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex75 00
\par\pard\ql \li2827\sb9\sl-297\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex141 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf38\f39\fs8 Oyy[n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 n + m] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf
19\f20\fs46 E \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[r]\pa
r\pard\ql \li4516\sb75\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\column \ql \li197\sb40\sl-253\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-10\charscalex75 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 00\par\pard\ql \li111\sb31
\sl-276\slmult0\tx4225 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
> h[r]Cx[m + k \u8212? r] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 yy[M] .\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.191)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb78\sl
-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 r=\u8212
?oo \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1468\sb123\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 That is, the output autocorrelation s
equence also depends only on the time difference \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1285\sb0
\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 m. \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Thus, for a linear time-invariant system having a wide-s
ense stationary input, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 output is also wide-sens
e stationary. \par\pard\ql \li2059\sb28\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
112 By making the substitution \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 t \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 r \u8212? k, \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
we can express Eq. (2.191) as \par\pard\li3705\sb68\sl-253\slmult0\fi1190\tx6609
\up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex77 00\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs18 ao\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9574\colsr160\co
lno2\colw2026\colsr160\ql \li3705\sb21\sl-364\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 On, [m] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \ul0\n
osupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 cx[m \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 \u8212? t] \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[
k]hk + k]\par\pard\ql \li4718\sb1\sl-184\slmult0\tx6417 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 C=\u8212?oo\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104
k=\u8212?oo\par\pard\ql \li4468\sb88\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex68
\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 = E cx[m- \ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 t]chh[t],
\par\pard\ql \li4804\sb48\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex175 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf22\f23\fs10 = - 00\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb150\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 where we have deined\par\pard\ql \l
i5664\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5664\sb10\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex160 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00\par\pard\column \ql \li9734\sb0\
sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb209\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.192) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4574\sb0
\sl-414\slmult0\fi0\tx6052\tx9729 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex73 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
19\f20\fs46 chh[t]= E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
24 h[k]h[t + k].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2
.193)\par\pard\ql \li5481\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?co \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1282\sb126\sl-286\slm
ult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 A sequence o
f the form of \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 chh[t] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 is
called a \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 deterministic autocorrelation sequence \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 or, simply, the \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs24 autocorrelation sequence of h[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 I
t should be emphasized that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 chh[t] \ul0\nosupersub\c
f3\f4\fs22 is \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 the autocorrelation of an aperiodic\u
8212?i.e., inite-energy\u8212?sequence and should not be \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex118 confused with the autocorrelation of an ininite-energy random sequence. In

deed, it \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg61}{\bkm


kend Pg61}\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\
li1444\sb31\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6321\tx9782 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 68\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f
13\fs14 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 Chap.
2\par\pard\qj \li1449\sb0\sl-286\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1449\ri1354\sb136\sl-28
6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex177 can be seen that \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36
\fs14 chh[f] \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 is simply the discrete convolution of
h[n] with \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 h[-12]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 Equ
a\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex187 tion (2.192), then, can be interpreted to mean tha
t the autocorrelation of the output of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex183 a linear sys
tem is the convolution of the autocorrelation of the input with the aperiodic \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex183 autocorrelation of the system impulse response. \par\
pard\qj \li1444\ri1364\sb0\sl-295\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex187 Equ
ation (2.192) suggests that Fourier transforms may be useful in characteriz\up0
\expndtw0\charscalex190 ing the response of a linear time-invariant system to a
stochastic input. Assume, for \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex188 convenience, that \ul
0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 mx \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 = 0; i.e., the autoc
orrelation. and autocovariance sequences are \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex174 identi
cal. Then, with .1)xx(e1/, \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 (Dyy(eil, \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf12\f13\fs14 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Chh(ell \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f1
3\fs14 denoting the Fourier transforms \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex174 of \ul0\nosu
persub\cf35\f36\fs14 0,x[m], yy \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 [in], and chb[e],
respectively, from Eq. (2.192), \par\pard\li4406\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li4
406\sb65\sl-161\slmult0\fi0\tx5371\tx9710 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex123 1:13yy(ei
w)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex154 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 Cbb(elw)cDxx
(elw).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex154 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 (2.194)\pa
r\pard\ql \li1449\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1449\sb35\sl-161\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex179 Also, from Eq. (2.193), \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-18
4\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-184\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb0\sl-184\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb80\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 SO \par\pard\li4363\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li4363\
sb101\sl-161\slmult0\fi0\tx9715 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex159 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
5\f36\fs14 cDyy(elw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 = I H(elw)I2c1)xx(ejw).\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex159 (2.195)\par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1352\sb134\sl-280\slmu
lt0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex152 Equation (2.195) provides the motivation fo
r the term \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 power density spectrum. \ul0\nosupersub\c
f12\f13\fs14 Specii\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex152 cally,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\cols2\colno1\colw6742\colsr160\colno2\colw4858\colsr160\ql \li3767\sb0\sl-161
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3767\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3767\sb67\sl-16
1\slmult0\tx4689\tx6278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex154 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs
14 E\{Y2[n] \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \}\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex164 =
Oyy[0] =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex244 fjr\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb270\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 yy(ei dco\
par\pard\ql \li2828\sb1\sl-151\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex170 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf12\f13\fs14 (2.196) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li4694\sb0\sl-161\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4694\sb1\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex187 = tota
l average power in output. \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li1459\sb118\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex180 Substituting Eq. (2.195
) into Eq. (2.196), we have \par\pard\li3326\sb286\sl-322\slmult0\fi0\tx5832\tx9
715 \dn4 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Ely2[n]) = yy[0] =\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 f Mej112 CD XX(ei do).\tab \up2 \expndtw0\chars
calex167 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 (2.197)\par\pard\ql \li5961\sb1\sl-150\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 -7T \par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1339\sb123\sl-280\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex167 Suppose that \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 H(
ei0)) is an \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 ideal bandpass ilter, as shown in Figu
re 2.18(c). We recal \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 that \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
24 Cx[in] is \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 an even sequence, so \par\pard\ql \li

4780\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4780\sb78\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c


harscalex167 (Dxx(ejw) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 cl)xx(e-j"). \par\pard\ql
\li1459\ri3198\sb0\sl-380\slmult0\tx3235 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex153 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf12\f13\fs14 Likewise, I \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 H(ei6))12 is \ul0\n
osupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 an even function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 co. \u
l0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 Therefore, we can write \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex153 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 yy [0] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14
average power in output\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6689\colsr1
60\colno2\colw4911\colsr160\ql \li4166\sb185\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex169 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 f \ul0\super\cf37\f38\fs19\ul0\super\cf37
\f38\fs18 Wb\par\pard\ql \li3792\sb0\sl-168\slmult0\tx4430\tx4915 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 =\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 f\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex86 44:1xx(eiw) dco
+\par\pard\ql \li4070\sb11\sl-139\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex186 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf12\f13\fs14 27\par\pard\column \ql \li265\sb113\sl-276\slmult0\tx2886 \
up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex75 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 -0)a\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex169 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 (2.198)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-232
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 f Oxx(elw) dco
. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1449\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb98\s
l-161\slmult0\fi0\tx5400\tx6047 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex169 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
2\f13\fs14 Thus, the area under cloxx(eiw) for \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 coa
\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex159 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 < lcol\tab \dn2
\expndtw0\charscalex183 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 cob \ul0\nosupersub\cf12
\f13\fs14 can be taken to represent the mean-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li144
9\sb117\sl-161\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex184 square value of the inpu
t in that frequency band. We observe that the output power\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone \li1449\sb132\sl-161\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex183 must remain
nonnegative, so\par\pard\li4910\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li4910\sb62\sl-161\
slmult0\fi283\tx6777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex164 lia \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\f
s14 yAO]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex164 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 0.\par\pa
rd\li4910\sb1\sl-150\slmult0\fi0\tx5481 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex164 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf35\f36\fs14 ((ob\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex164 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f1
3\fs14 )-* o\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb56\sl-161\slmu
lt0\fi0\tx8630 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex184 This result, together with Eq. (2.19
8) and the fact that the band \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 coa\tab \dn2 \expndt
w0\charscalex177 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 c
o \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 cob \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf12\f13\fs14 can be\par\pard\li1459\sb123\sl-161\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex186 arbitrarily smal, implies that\par\pard\li1459\sb76\sl-310\slmult
0\fi3120\tx6393\tx9705 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24
Oxx(ejw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 > \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 0\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex141 for al \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 co.\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex170 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 (2.199)\par\pard\qj \li1454\ri1368
\sb79\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex184 Hence, we note that the power
density function of a real signal is real, even, and non\up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x175 negative. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg62
}{\bkmkend Pg62}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\s
lmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb182\sl-253\slmult0\f
i0\tx2716\tx10190 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Sec.
2.10\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 Discrete-Time Random Signals\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 69\par\pard\ql \li2035\sb0\sl253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2035\sb183\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex15
8 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Example 2.30 White Noise \par\pard\qj \li2476\ri13
20\sb177\sl-266\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 The concept of white noise is exceedingly useful in quantization error anal
ysis. A \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 white-noise signal is a signal for which ck
.,\u8222?[m] = a23[m]. We assume in this example \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 th
at the signal has zero mean. The power spectrum of a white noise signal is a con
stant, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 i.e., \par\pard\li2476\sb145\sl-253\slmult0\
fi2702\tx6960\tx7579 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex122 ()xx(ein = ax\tab \up0 \expndt

w0\charscalex113 for all\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex74 co\par\pard\li2476\sb1


83\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 The average power of a whitenoise signal is therefore\par\pard\li2476\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li2476\sb1
12\sl-161\slmult0\fi5347\tx8092 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
2\f13\fs14 ax\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex200 dco ax\par\pard\li2476\sb0\sl-184
\slmult0\fi1516\tx5635\tx7080 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex155 Oxx [0] = \u8212?\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (I)xx \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (el' ) dco\tab \
up2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8212?\par\pard\li2476\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\fi2404 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex165 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 27\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6920\colsr160\colno2\colw4680\colsr160\ql \li5347\sb0\s
l-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 -7r\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 271"\par\par
d\ql \li495\sb0\sl-90\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex166 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\
f64\fs10 -IT \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li3062\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The concept of white noise is
also useful in the representation of random signals \par\pard\ql \li2481\sb0\sl180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 whose power spectra are not constant wi
th frequency. For example, a random signal \par\pard\ql \li2491\sb16\sl-215\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 with power spectrum (1)yy(el(') can be assumed to be the output of
a inear time-\par\pard\qj \li2476\ri1311\sb8\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex110 invariant system with a white-noise input. That is, we use Eq. (2.
195) to deine a system \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 with frequency response \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to satisfy the equati
on \par\pard\ql \li5332\sb166\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex95 (1:5,y
(ejw) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 I H(el '912 ax2 \par\pard\qj \li2481\ri1311\
sb113\sl-270\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 wh
ere ox is the average power of the assumed white-noise input signal. We adjust \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 the average power of this input signal to give the c
orrect average power for \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 For \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 example, suppose that \ul0\nosupersub\cf
4\f5\fs22 h[n] = an u[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Then\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\cols2\colno1\colw6315\colsr160\colno2\colw5285\colsr160\ql \li5486\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5486\sb17\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
47 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Hein\par\pard\column \ql \li423\sb136\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\par\pard\ql \li2
0\sb53\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 1
-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2491\sb107\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and we can represent all random signals
whose power spectra are of the form\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\co
lw5290\colsr110\colno2\colw1117\colsr40\colno3\colw5213\colsr160\ql \li4176\sb0\
sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4176\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4176\sb3\
sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex203 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs8 (Dyy(ej
w) \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 =\par\pard\column \ql \li5400\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li423\sb140\sl-230\slmult0\tx997 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1 \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
12\f13\fs14 2\par\pard\ql \li20\sb53\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 1 - ae-)'\par\pard\column \ql \li6547\sb0\sl-161\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li6547\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1258\sb28\sl-161\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 a2\par\pard\ql
\li20\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
22 a2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 =\par\pard\ql \li135\sb0\sl-135\slmult0\tx59
1\tx951 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 x\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a2 \u8212? 2a cos co \
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1478\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1478\r
i1290\sb127\sl-280\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 Another important result concerns the cross-correlation between the in
put and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 output of a inear time-invariant system: \p
ar\pard\li3753\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li3753\sb6\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx4934
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 cbxy[m] =\tab \up0 \ex

pndtw0\charscalex115 \{x[n]y[n m]l\par\pard\ql \li5807\sb148\sl-184\slmult0 \up0


\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 00 \par\pard\li4516\sb63
\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6201\tx9729 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f4\f5\fs22 = Ix [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 h[k]x[n + m - k]\}\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.200)\par\pard\ql \li5625
\sb99\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex155 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14
k=-co \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4953\sb82\sl-115\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 00 \par\pard\q
l \li5342\sb0\sl-414\slmult0\tx6672 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex57 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf57\f58\fs46 h[k]oxx[m-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 k]. \par\pard\ql \li4771\sb1\sl-152\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 k=\u8212?co \par\pard\ql \li1473\ri1300\sb174\sl-29
0\slmult0\fi4\tx2049 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In
this case, we note that the cross-correlation between input and output is the c
onvo\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 lution of the impulse response with the input a
utocorrelation sequence. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 The Fourier tra
nsform of Eq. (2.200) is \par\pard\li1473\sb234\sl-253\slmult0\fi3038\tx9724 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (1)xy(eil \ul0\nosupersub\
cf3\f4\fs22 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 H(ejw)(1)xx(eil.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.201)\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmul
t0\par\pard\li1473\sb12\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 This res
ult has a useful application when the input is white noise, i.e., when (1)xx [m]
=\par\pard\li1473\sb2\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 ax2 8[m]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Substituting into Eq. (
2.198), we note that\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb32\sl253\slmult0\fi3585\tx6167\tx9715 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Oxy[m] =\tab \dn2
\expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 12 h[m].\tab \up2 \expndtw0\
charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (2.202)\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paper
w11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg63}{\bkmkend Pg63}\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\sl
mult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1449\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\
pard\li1449\sb246\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6316\tx9777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 70\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex10
0 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1440\ri1313\sb92
\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 That is, for a zero-mean white-nois
e input, the cross-correlation between input and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 ou
tput of a linear system is proportional to the impulse response of the system. S
imilarly, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 the power spectrum of a white-noise input
is \par\pard\li4219\sb133\sl-287\slmult0\fi0\tx6307\tx9705 \dn4 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 431= (efw) = 012,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u8212?7r < w < n.\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (2.203)\par\pard\ql \li1435\sb182\sl-253\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Thus, from Eq. (2.201), \par\pard\li4804\sb204\sl253\slmult0\fi0\tx9705 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22
Oxy(ejw). cr Mel w).\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 (2.204)\par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1294\sb143\sl-286\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 In other words, the cross power spectrum is in this case proportional
to the frequency \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 response of the system. Equations
(2.202) and (2.204) may serve as the basis for esti-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex114 mating the impulse response or frequency response of a linear time-invar
iant system if \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 it is possible to observe the output
of the system in response to a white-noise input. \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-2
76\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1444\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1444\sb171\sl-2
76\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 2.1 1 SUMMAR
Y \par\pard\qj \li1440\ri1309\sb275\sl-288\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In this chapter, we have considered a number of
basic deinitions relating to discrete\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 time signals a
nd systems. We considered the deinition of a set of basic sequences, the \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex116 deinition and representation of linear time-invariant syst
ems in terms of the convolu\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 tion sum, and some impli
cations of stability and causality. The class of systems for which \up0 \expndtw

0\charscalex114 the input and output satisfy a linear constant-coeficient differ


ence equation with initial \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 rest conditions was show
n to be an important subclass of linear time-invariant systems. \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex111 The recursive solution of such difference equations was discussed a
nd the classes of FIR \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 and IIR systems deined. \par\
pard\qj \li1440\ri1309\sb0\sl-285\slmult0\fi585 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 An
important means for the analysis and representation of linear time-invariant \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 systems lies in their frequency-domain representation.
The response of a system to a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 complex exponential
input was considered, leading to the deinition of the frequency \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex119 response. The relation between impulse response and frequency respo
nse was then \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 interpreted as a Fourier transform pai
r. \par\pard\qj \li1444\ri1314\sb15\sl-280\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex115 We called attention to many properties of Fourier transform representation
s and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 discussed a variety of useful Fourier transfo
rm pairs. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 summarize the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 properti
es and theorems, and Table 2.3 contains some useful Fourier transform pairs. \pa
r\pard\ql \li1444\ri1314\sb14\sl-288\slmult0\fi580\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex111 The chapter concludes with an introduction to discrete-time random signal
s. These \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 basic ideas and results will be developed
further and used in later chapters. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Alth
ough the material in this chapter was presented without direct reference to \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex112 continuous-time signals, an important class of discrete
-time signal-processing problems \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 arises from sampli
ng such signals. In Chapter 4 we consider the relationship between \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex112 continuous-time signals and sequences obtained by periodic sampl
ing. \par\pard\ql \li1598\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1598\sb0\sl-368\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql\li1598\sb70\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\no
supersub\cf18\f19\fs32 PROBLEMS \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li1468\sb4\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 Basic Problems with
Answers \par\pard\ql \li1550\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1550\sb76\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.1. For each o
f the following systems, determine whether the system is (1) stable, (2) causal,
\par\pard\ql \li2006\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (3) linea
r, (4) time invariant, and (5) memoryless: \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900
\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg64}{\bkmkend Pg64}\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\
par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\l
i1478\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb2\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2572\tx10200 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex114 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 71\par\pard\li1478\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb1\sl-230\s
lmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]
) = g[n]x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 g[n] \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 given\par\pard\li1478\sb77\sl-230\slmult0\fi542\tx320
6 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (b) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n])\tab \dn4
\expndtw0\charscalex114 = Ek=no x[k]\par\pard\li1478\sb170\sl-241\slmult0\fi571\
tx3206 \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (c) T(x[n])\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex114
= k-n no x[k]\par\pard\ql \li2025\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
21 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]) = x[n - n
o] \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb70\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (e) T(x
[n]) = exini \par\pard\ql \li2073\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
31 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (f) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]) = ax[n] b
\par\pard\ql \li2035\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 (g) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]) = x[-n] \par\pard\ql
\li2020\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 (h) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]) = x[n] + 3u[n + 1] \par\pard\ql \li
1574\sb110\sl-230\slmult0\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 2.2. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (a) The impulse response \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of a linear time-invarian
t system is known to be zero, except \par\pard\qj \li2428\ri1306\sb26\sl-260\slm

ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 in the interval No < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs


20 n < N1. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n
] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is known to be zero, except in the interval \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N2 < n < N3. \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 As a result, the output is constrained to be zero, except in some in
terval \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N4 < n < N5. \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N4 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N5 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in
terms of No, N1, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N2, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N3. \par\pard\ql \li2020\ri1306\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\
tx2428\tx2428 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) If \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is zero, except for \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Nconsecutive \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 points, and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is zero, except for
Mconsecutive \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 points, what is the maximum
number of consecutive points for which \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs20 can be \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 nonzero? \par
\pard\qj \li1579\ri1315\sb80\sl-260\slmult0\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116
2.3. By direct evaluation of the convolution sum, determine the step response of
a linear time-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 invariant system whose imp
ulse response is \par\pard\li1579\sb128\sl-230\slmult0\fi3124\tx6820 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = a'u[-n],\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 a < 1
.\par\pard\li1579\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1579\sb221\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.4. Consider the linear
constant-coeficient difference equation\par\pard\li1579\sb169\sl-230\slmult0\fi2
707\tx5011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] - \tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 -y[n - 1]+ \t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 811 y[n
- \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 2x[n - 1].\par\pa
rd\ql \li2030\sb167\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 Determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 for n > 0 when \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = 8[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < 0. \par\pard\ql \li1579\ri2515\sb20\sl-340\slmult0\t
x4315 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.5. A causal lin
ear time-invariant system is described by the difference equation \line\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] - 5y[n - 1] + 6y[n - \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 2x[n - 1]. \par\pard
\ql \li2040\sb171\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 (a) Determine the homogeneous response of the system, i.e., the possib
le outputs if \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \par\pard\ql \li2423\sb30\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0 for all \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n. \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Determine the impulse response o
f the system. \par\pard\ql \li2049\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
117 (c) Determine the step response of the system. \par\pard\li1579\sb103\sl-230
\slmult0\fi0\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 2.6.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex118 (a) Find the frequency response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e jw) \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of the linear time-invariant system whose input\par\pard\
li1579\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi854 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 and output satisfy
the difference equation\par\pard\li1579\sb125\sl-230\slmult0\fi2644 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] - ly[n - 1] = x[n] + 2x[n - 1
] x[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2].\par\pard\li1579\sb126\sl-230\slmult0\fi4
46 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (b) Write a difference equation that characteriz
es a system whose frequency response is\par\pard\li1579\sb153\sl-241\slmult0\fi4
478 \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex137 1 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1e-w + j3")\t \
dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf75\f76\fs14\ul 2\par\pard\ql \li4
996\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
H(ein = \par\pard\li5985\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi0\tx7550\tx7867 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 1 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 e- lc +\

tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex72 j2-D\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\


par\pard\qj \li1583\ri1306\sb24\sl-260\slmult0\tx2030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
15 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.7. Determine whether each of the following sign
als is periodic. If the signal is periodic, state \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex112 its period. \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex113 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = \u
l0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 eiorn/6) \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
x[n] = e1oNn74) \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex115 (c) x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 [sin(7rn/5)]/(1rn)\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw2936\colsr160\colno2\colw8664\colsr160\ql \li2020\s
b73\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (d) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
x[n]\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb29\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118
\ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 eprn/,/2-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1583\
sb115\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.
8. An LTI system has impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = 5(-1/2)
nu[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Use the Fourier transform to \par\pard\li1579
\sb33\sl-230\slmult0\fi446\tx7175 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 ind the output of
this system when the input is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n]\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex115 (1/3)nu[n].\par\pard\li1579\sb101\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.9. Consider the difference equa
tion\par\pard\li1579\sb82\sl-230\slmult0\fi4521 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 1\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4856\colsr40\colno2\colw134\colsr20\
colno3\colw6720\colsr160\ql \li4223\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] -\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb135\sl-160\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 6\par\pard\colum
n \ql \li20\ri3459\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx1076 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n - 1] + -\line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 6y[n \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs30 2] = 3 \ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 x[n - 1]. \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg65}{\bkmkend Pg65}\par\pard\li145
9\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1459\sb103\sl-253\slmul
t0\fi0\tx6335\tx9801 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 72
\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Sig
nals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li2025\s
b0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2025\ri1306\sb120\sl-280\slmult0\tx2419 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) What are the impulse respo
nse, frequency response, and step response for the causal \line\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex112 LTI system satisfying this difference equation. \par\pard\ql \l
i2011\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (b) What is the general fo
rm of the homogeneous solution of the difference equation? \par\pard\qj \li2040\
ri1300\sb26\sl-260\slmult0\tx2423 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (c) Consider a di
fferent system satisfying the difference equation that is neither causal nor \li
ne\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 LTI, but that has y[0] = y[1] = 1. Find the
response of this system to \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = \up0 \expndtw-6\ch
arscalex100 [n]. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1305\sb80\sl-260\slmult0\tx2020 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.10. Determine the output of a
linear time-invariant system if the impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 th
e input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 are as foll
ows: \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (a) \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = u[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = an u[-n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1], with a > 1.
\par\pard\li2011\sb45\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5947 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (b)
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = u[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 4] and \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = 2"u[-n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1].\par\
pard\li2011\sb38\sl-230\slmult0\fi28\tx4617 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c) x[n
] = u[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n]\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (0.5)2nu[-n].\par\pard\ql
\li2016\sb7\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (d) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8

\f9\fs20 h[n] = 2n u[-n - 1] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8


\f9\fs20 x[n] = u[n] - u[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 10] \par\pard\ql \li202
0\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Use your knowledge of lineari
ty and time invariance to minimize the work in Parts (b)-(d). \par\pard\ql \li14
63\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2.11. Consider an LTI system
with frequency response\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5263\colsr
60\colno2\colw6437\colsr160\ql \li4343\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4343\s
b105\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e
iw) =\par\pard\column \ql \li5390\sb0\sl-158\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li87\ri3574\s
b84\sl-158\slmult0\tx2007 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 1 - e-i2w \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
< co < \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 7r .\par\pard\ql \li20\sb13\sl-161\slmult0\
tx826 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex149 1 + \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf11\f12\fs16 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\
fs14 4w \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2020\sb179\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine the output \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 if the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n]
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n is \par\pard\
ql \li5424\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5424\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex119 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 sin (7rn). \par\pard\ql \l
i6619\sb0\sl-170\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4 \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb
101\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.12. Consider a system with inp
ut \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and output \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 that satisfy the differe
nce equation \par\pard\ql \li5116\sb150\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = ny[n - 1] + x[n].\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\cols2\colno1\colw8402\colsr60\colno2\colw3298\colsr160\qj \li2020\ri0\sb151
\sl-268\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The sys
tem is causal and satisies initial-rest conditions; i.e., if \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 x[n] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 y[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0
for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < no.\par\pard\ql \li2030\sb28\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) If \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = 8[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 determine \ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for all n.\par\pard\ql \li2020\sb34\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (b) Is the system linear? Justify yo
ur answer.\par\pard\ql \li2044\sb39\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
(c) Is the system time invariant? Justify your answer.\par\pard\column \ql \li20
\sb182\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 =
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0 for n < no, then \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj
\li1468\ri1297\sb68\sl-260\slmult0\tx2030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 2.13. In
dicate which of the following discrete-time signals are eigenfunctions of stable
, linear \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 time-invariant discrete-time sys
tems: \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb1\sl-163\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 e \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f3
6\fs14 j2an13 \par\pard\li2020\sb133\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2423 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 3n\par\pard\li2020\sb39\sl-230\slmult0\fi28\tx2423 \d
n2 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (c)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex122 2n u[-n -1]\par\pard\li2020\sb30\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) cos(won)\par\pard\li2020\sb34\sl-23
0\slmult0\fi14\tx2433 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (e)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 (1/4)n\par\pard\li2020\sb29\sl-230\slmult0\fi48\tx2433 \up0 \expndtw-7\c
harscalex100 (1)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (1
14)n u[n] + 4" u[-n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]\par\pard\ql \li1468\sb107\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2.14. A single input-output relations
hip is given for each of the following three systems: \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb30\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (a) System A: \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (1/3)n, \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n
] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2(1/3)n. \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb30\sl-230\slmult

0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 (b) System B: \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] =


\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (1/2)", \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 yin] = \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 (1/4)". \par\pard\ql \li2049\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex115 (c) System C: \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = (213)n u[n], y
[n] = 4(213)n u[n] - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 3(1/2)"u[n]. \par\pard\qj \li20
25\ri1301\sb6\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Based on this informat
ion, pick the strongest possible conclusion that you can make about \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex113 each system from the following list of statements: \par\pard\qj
\li2121\ri5923\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi67 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (i) The sys
tem cannot possibly be LTI. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (ii) The system must be
LTI. \par\pard\qj \li2063\ri1301\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\tx2524 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 (iii) The system can be LTI, and there is only one LTI system that sati
sies this input-output \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 constraint. \par\p
ard\qj \li2073\ri1301\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\tx2524 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (iv
) The system can be LTI, but cannot be uniquely determined from the information
in \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 this input-output constraint. \par\par
d\qj \li2025\ri1301\sb1\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 If you c
hose option (iii) from this list, specify either the impulse response \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 or the \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex114 frequency response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 for the LTI system. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\
bkmkstart Pg66}{\bkmkend Pg66}\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li148
3\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb170\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2572\tx10200 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x102 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 73\par\pard\qj \li1473\sb0\sl-260
\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\ri1306\sb165\sl-260\slmult0\tx2030 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex120 2.15. Consider the system illustrated in Figure P2.15-1. The ouput
of an LTI system with an \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 impulse response
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 u[n + \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 10] is multiplied by a unit step function \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 u[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to yield \par\pard\qj \li2030\ri1301\s
b0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the output of the overall system.
Answer each of the following questions, and briefly justify \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 your answers: \par\pard\ql \li6609\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6
609\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6609\sb111\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 u [n] \par\pard\ql \li4032\sb0\sl-20
7\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4032\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4032\sb79\sl-207
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 h [n] = (114)" u [n + 10]\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7433\colsr160\colno2\colw4167\colsr160\ql \li2870\
sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 x [n]\par\pard\ql \li2025\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2040\sb82
\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Is
the overall system LTI?\par\pard\ql \li2025\sb34\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex116 (b) Is the overall system causal?\par\pard\ql \li2054\sb34\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c) Is the overall system stable in the BIBO
sense?\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb106\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2.
16. Consider the following difference equation:\par\pard\ql \li5135\sb144\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li20\sb27\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf28\f29\fs18 y [n]\par\pard\ql \li759\sb96\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.15-1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
cols2\colno1\colw5081\colsr40\colno2\colw6639\colsr160\ql \li4444\sb0\sl-180\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] -\par\pard\co
lumn \qj \li20\ri3719\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx1220 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 -y[
n - 1] - -1 y[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2] \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 = 3
x[n] \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 4 \tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 8 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2044\sb128\sl-2
30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (a) Determine the general form of the ho
mogeneous solution to this difference equation. \par\pard\qj \li2030\ri1301\sb6\

sl-260\slmult0\tx2433 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (b) Both a causal and an anti


causal LTI system are characterized by this difference equa-\line\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex113 tion. Find the impulse responses of the two systems. \par\par
d\ql \li2054\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (c) Show that the
causal LTI system is stable and the anticausal LTI system is unstable. \par\pard
\li1478\sb43\sl-230\slmult0\fi551\tx8620 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (d) Find a
particular solution to the difference equation when \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
x[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (1/2)nu[n].\p
ar\pard\li1478\sb106\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2044 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 2.17
.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (a) Determine the Fourier transform of the se
quence\par\pard\li1478\sb202\sl-230\slmult0\fi4651\tx6523 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex118 1,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n M,\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5960\colsr160\colno2\colw5640\colsr
160\ql \li5241\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 r [n] =\par\pard\
ql \li2030\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb67\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Consider the sequence\par\pa
rd\ql \li5280\sb188\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb39\sl-230\slmult0\tx428 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
otherwise. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4276\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi0\tx5495\tx
6868\tx7497 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Him\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 [1
- cos (\ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 --\ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs30 r\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 )]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 0 < n
< M ,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4276\sb162\sl-230\slmult0\fi960\tx7497 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex117 otherwise.\par\pard\qj \li2428\ri1295\sb190\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex112 Sketch \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 and express \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 W (e w), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 the Fourier transform of w\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n], \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 in terms of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 R (e w), \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Fourier transform of \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 r[n]. (Hint: \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 First express \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 w[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in terms of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 r[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and the complex \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex116 exponentials \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 ej(2"/M) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 - \ul0\sup
er\cf11\f12\fs24 (27rn \ul0\super\cf29\f30\fs24 Ai) \ul0\super\cf11\f12\fs24 .)
\par\pard\ql \li2059\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (c) \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Sketch the magnitude of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 R(e1')
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and W \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (e1 ) \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 for the case when \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 M = \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 4. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1301\sb66\sl-260\slmult0\tx2035 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex118 2.18. For each of the following impulse responses of LTI sy
stems, indicate whether or not the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 system
is causal: \par\pard\ql \li2049\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
9 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = (112)n u[n] \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb30\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = (112)n u[n - 1] \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb60\sl-218\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (c) h[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (1/2)
Ini \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb33\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = u[n + \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 2] - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 u[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 2] \par\pard\li2044\sb35\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx3115\tx5308 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex111 (e) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (1/3)nu[n] + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 3n u[\ul0\no
supersub\cf28\f29\fs18 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 1]\par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1301\sb81\sl-260\slmult0\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.19. For each of the following impuls
e responses of LTI systems, indicate whether or not the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex110 system is stable: \par\pard\ql \li2044\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \

expndtw0\charscalex131 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = u[n] \par\pard\ql


\li2030\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 (b) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = u[n] - u[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 10] \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (c) h[n] = 3"u[-n - 1] \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pape
rw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg67}{\bkmkend Pg67}\par\pard\li1838\sb0\sl-253\s
lmult0\par\pard\li1838\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1838\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par
\pard\li1838\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1838\sb133\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6710\
tx10175 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 74\tab \up0 \
expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Sy
stems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li2395\sb0\sl-207\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2395\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2395\sb16\sl-207\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n] = sin(ir n13)u[n] \par\pard\ql \li2409\sb54\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (e) h[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (3/4)1n1 c
os(nn/4 + n/4) \par\pard\ql \li2443\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x115 (f) \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n] =2u[n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
5] \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 u[n] \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 u[n \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 \u8212?\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 5] \par\pard\ql \li1838\sb114\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.20. Con
sider the difference equation representing a causal LTI system \par\pard\ql \li5
097\sb189\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\f
s18 y[n] + (11a)y[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29
\fs18 1] = x[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18
1]. \par\pard\ql \li2404\sb194\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Find the impulse response of the system, \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n], as \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a function of the consta
nt a. \par\pard\ql \li2390\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b)
For what range of values of a will the system be stable? \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb
0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1867\sb190\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf58\f59\fs30 Basic Problems \par\pard\qj \li1838\sb0\sl260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1838\ri926\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2395 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.21. Consider an arbitrary linear syst
em with input \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and
output y[\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Show tha
t if x[n] = 0 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 for all n, then \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 must also be zero for all \u
l0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n. \par\pard\qj \li1838\ri931\sb80\sl-260\slmult0\tx
2390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.22. For each of
the pairs of sequences in Figure P2.22-1, use discrete convolution to ind the \l
ine\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 response to the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\
f29\fs18 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of the linear time-invariant system wi
th impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n].\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\cols3\colno1\colw7096\colsr60\colno2\colw101\colsr20\colno3\colw4493\colsr16
0\ql \li3854\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3854\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li5121\sb62\sl-207\slmult0\tx6796 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 x [n]\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 12\par\pard\ql \li4555\
sb181\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18
T1\par\pard\ql \li3854\sb129\sl-207\slmult0\tx4199\tx5255\tx6441 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex243 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\
fs18 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul I\
ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \
li4204\sb1\sl-177\slmult0\tx4900\tx5577\tx6796 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 n\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 0\par\pard\ql \li5803\sb159\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
0 (a)\par\pard\ql \li4329\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4329\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li4329\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4329\sb17\sl-207\sl

mult0\tx5111 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 x[


n]\par\pard\ql \li6796\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6796\sb176\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 0\par\pard\col
umn \ql \li7156\sb0\sl-575\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb264\sl-575\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf77\f78\fs50 1\par\pard\ql \li25\sb1\sl169\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\par\pard
\column \qj \li20\ri3627\sb323\sl-393\slmult0\fi456 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 [n] \line \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1\par\pard\ql \li7502\sb0\sl
-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li255\sb11\sl-138\slmult0\tx610 \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li7276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7276\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7276\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7276\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li29\sb181\sl-207
\slmult0\tx466 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n]\par\pard\ql \li75
02\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li255\sb153\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 11\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3
\colno1\colw3789\colsr60\colno2\colw3953\colsr60\colno3\colw3908\colsr160\ql \li
1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
1300\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1300\sb27\sl-207\slmult0\tx1766\tx1996\t
x3628 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex252 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226?\u8226?
\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex157 \u8
226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 11 I \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex242 1 n \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li1939\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\tx2236\tx2466
\tx2697\tx2927\tx3162\tx3393 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 5\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx740\tx1081\tx1431\tx
2627 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li366\s
b0\sl-162\slmult0\tx3337\tx3668 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\par\pard\ql \li510\ri1609\sb0\sl-289\slmult0\t
x1979 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 _11 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (b
)\par\pard\ql \li4190\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li361\sb144\sl-207\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex84 x En1\par\pard\ql \li3868\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li3868\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li39\sb17\sl-207\slmult0\tx280
\tx510\tx1460\tx1696 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18
\u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\
ul \u8226? \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex454 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\u
l mVint \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226?\par
\pard\ql \li716\sb0\sl-184\slmult0\tx1916\tx2166\tx2387\tx2627\tx2871\tx3092\tx3
332\tx3568\tx3798 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 n\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0\tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
5\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 7\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 8\par\pard\qj \li1081\ri1624\sb24\sl-369\slmult0\fi8
97 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (c) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf28\f29\fs18 x \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 [n]\par\pard\column \ql \li20
\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li10291\s

b0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10291


\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10291\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li102
91\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2459\sb56\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n]\par\pard\ql \li1809\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb17\sl-207\slm
ult0\tx270\tx510\tx2152\tx2387\tx2617 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex448 \ul0\no
supersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul inin \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \
li30\sb1\sl-177\slmult0\tx697\tx1168\tx1633 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs18 9 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 12\tab \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 14\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 16\par\pard\ql \li1809\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1809\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1787\sb1
72\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 [n]\par\pard\ql \li1809\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li1809\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li505\sb3\sl-207\slmult0\tx1206 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\li1809\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi0\tx2044\tx2280\tx2510\tx2745\tx3192\tx3916\tx4152
\tx4382\tx4593\tx4833\tx5063\tx7396\tx7632\tx7857\tx8567\tx9504\tx9739 \dn0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\chars
calex120 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex120 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18
\ul *11\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1 I
I\ul0\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226?\tab
\dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\t
ab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?
\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u822
6?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \u8
226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 11\ul0\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?\tab \d
n2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \u8226?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1809\sb0\sl-16
2\slmult0\fi1099\tx3422\tx3662\tx3887\tx5265\tx8092\tx8572\tx8807\tx9047\tx9273\
tx10152 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 -2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 0\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 2\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex120 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex134 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 5\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 n\par\pard\
ql \li8097\sb11\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 -1 \par\pard\ql \li5
793\sb159\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 (d) \par\pard\ql \li4819\s
b154\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Fig
ure P2.22-1 \par\pard\qj \li1843\ri936\sb126\sl-260\slmult0\tx2404 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 2.23. Using the deinition of linearity (Eqs. (2.26a)\u8212?(2.26
b)), show that the ideal delay system \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Ex
ample 2.3) and the moving-average system (Example 2.4) are both linear systems.
\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg68}{\bkmkend Pg68
}\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard
\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb
83\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2548\tx10175 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Problems\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 75\par\pard\qj \li1444\sb0\sl-26
0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1444\ri1340\sb157\sl-260\slmult0\tx2006 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex115 2.24. The impulse response of a linear time-invariant system is sh
own in Figure P2.24-1. Deter-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 mine and car
efully sketch the response of this system to the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 x[n] = u[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 4]. \p
ar\pard\ql \li9158\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9158\sb97\sl-207\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h [n] \par\pard\ql \li
4943\sb134\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs

20 11\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5393\colsr160\colno2\colw6207
\colsr160\ql \li2947\sb153\sl-230\slmult0\tx3297\tx3647\tx4002\tx4353\tx4708 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li5063\sb0\sl-208\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 0\par\pard\column \ql \
li947\sb81\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12
\fs16 4\par\pard\ql \li1652\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx2007\tx2353\tx2713\tx3059\tx340
9\tx3760 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8226? \tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?
\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li4052\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n\par\pard\ql \li6480\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li947\sb131\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I\par\pard\ql \l
i20\sb138\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 Figure P2.24-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1449\ri1325\sb94\sl-280\slm
ult0\tx2011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2.25. A linear time-invariant system ha
s impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = u[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 Determine the response \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 of this sy
stem to the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 s
hown in Figure P2.25-1 and described as\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1
\colw5985\colsr110\colno2\colw2687\colsr160\colno3\colw2828\colsr160\ql \li5308\
sb72\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 0,\par\pard\ql \li5308\sb34\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 an,\par\par
d\ql \li4372\sb39\sl-230\slmult0\tx5308 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 x[n] =\tab
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0,\par\pard\ql \li5308
\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 an
-N2,\par\pard\ql \li2011\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2011\sb111\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 where 0 < \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 a < 1.\par\pard\ql \li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2726\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2726\sb29\sl-184\slmult0\tx2956\tx3191\tx3393\tx3902\tx4175\tx4972\tx5442\tx5
673 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex219 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 11\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul -\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul \u8226? \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex94 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul .\u8226? \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li4425\sb51\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex105 N1\par\pard\column \ql \li69\sb72\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
0,\par\pard\ql \li73\ri1274\sb0\sl-281\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 0 <
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < Ni, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Ni < n <
N2,\par\pard\qj \li88\ri735\sb13\sl-249\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 N2
< n <-N2+ N1, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 N2+ Ni < n,\par\pard\ql \li6672\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6672\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1696\sb140
\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x [n
]\par\pard\ql \li6672\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li597\sb22\sl-184\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 a(n-N2)\par\pard\ql
\li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li78\sb83\sl-184\slmult0\tx318\tx554\tx789\tx1024\tx1264\tx1518 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc

alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100


\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf13\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13
\f14\fs16\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex303 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs1
6\ul -1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb75\sl-184\slmult0\tx1547 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex12
3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 N2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 N2+ \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 Ni n\par\pard\column \ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
54\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb21\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.25-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e \li1454\sb172\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 2.26. Which of t
he following discrete-time signals could be eigenfunctions of any stable LTI\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex111 system?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb74\sl-230\slmult0\fi571\tx
2414 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 (a)\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 5nli[n]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone \li1454\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 epom\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\li1454\sb74\sl-230\slmult0\fi580 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (c) eium + ej2t'
m\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb29\sl-230\slmult0\fi561\tx2409 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d)\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 5n\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb1\sl221\slmult0\fi571\tx2414 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex140 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\f
s16 (e)\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 5n , e12un
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb149\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.27. Three systems \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\
f29\fs18 A, B, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and C have the inputs and outputs ind
icated in Figure P2.27-1. Deter-\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1454\sb34\sl-230
\slmult0\fi561 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 mine whether each system could be LT
I. If your answer is yes, specify whether there could\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e \li1454\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi566 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 be more than on
e LTI system with the given input-output pair. Explain your answer.\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5822\colsr110\colno2\colw714\colsr160\colno3\co
lw4964\colsr160\ql \li3201\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3201\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li3696\sb100\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex232 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 1)n-0.1 System \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 A\par\pa
rd\ql \li3201\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3201\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li3201\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3201\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li3201\sb141\sl-207\slmult0\tx4958 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ejnI8u[n
]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 System \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf28\f29\fs18 B\par\pard\ql \li3542\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li354
2\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3542\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li354
2\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3542\sb60\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 ejn/8 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex179 --).t\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18
System C\par\pard\column \ql \li5932\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5932\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb35\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8212?\par\pard
\column \ql \li6801\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6801\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li6801\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li44\sb78\sl-160\slmult0 \u

p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (4)n\par\pard\ql \li6801\


sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6801\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6801\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6801\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb
145\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 2
einI8u[n]\par\pard\ql \li6796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6796\sb0\sl-230
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb222\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 2e118\par\pard\
ql \li1182\sb19\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 Figure P2.27-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkst
art Pg69}{\bkmkend Pg69}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-230\slm
ult0\par\pard\li1468\sb204\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6340\tx9801 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 76\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Discret
e-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj
\li1463\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1463\ri1301\sb171\sl-260\slmult0\tx202
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.28. Determine which of the following signals is
periodic. If a signal is periodic, determine its \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 period. \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = e1(2'r
n15) \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 sin(rn/19) \par\pard\ql \li2044\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (c) x[n] = net\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
"" \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 (d) \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = ejn \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.29. A discrete-time si
gnal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is shown in Fi
gure P2.29-1. \par\pard\li3931\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3931\sb0\sl-230\slm
ult0\par\pard\li3931\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li3931\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\p
ard\li3931\sb173\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4147\tx4367\tx5678\tx5904\tx6120\tx6340\tx
6561\tx6782 \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs2
0\ul 1\ul0\tab \up2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul 1\
ul0\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8226?\tab \d
n2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ta
b \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226
?\par\pard\li3931\sb1\sl-223\slmult0\fi364\tx5025\tx5236\tx5452\tx5687\tx7569 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex136 -2-10\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 4\tab \dn4 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 F
igure P2.29-1\par\pard\ql \li2025\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2025\sb74\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Sketch and
label carefully each of the following signals: \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb41\sl-241
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (a) \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2] \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb19
\sl-241\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (b) \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[4 - n] \par\pard\ql \li2044\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 (c) x[2n] \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 x[n]u[2 - n] \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (e) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n - 1]8[n 3] \par\pard\ql \li1463\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.30. For each of the following systems, determine whethe
r the system is (1) stable, (2) causal, \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb30\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (3) linear, and (4) time invariant. \par\pard\ql \
li2030\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f
s22 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]) = (cos 7r n)x[n] \par\pard\ql \li202
0\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (
b) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]) = x[n2] \par\pard\ql \li2044\sb30\sl-230\
slmult0 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex126 (c) T(x[n]) = x[n]E\up0 \expndtw0\charscale

x109 ec08[n - k] \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal


ex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (d) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T(x[n]) =E7 \p
ar\pard\ql \li3772\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 -n-1x[k] \par
\pard\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 2.31. Consider the difference equation\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
cols3\colno1\colw5056\colsr60\colno2\colw230\colsr20\colno3\colw6404\colsr160\ql
\li4430\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4430\sb124\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] +\par\pard\column \ql \li78\
sb205\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb72\sl-2
30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 15\par\pard\column \ql \li5356\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb124\sl-230\slmult0\tx1221 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex137 y[n -1] -\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 y[n - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 2] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n].\par\pard\ql \li1071\sb0\sl-160\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2035\sb208
\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (a) \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine the general form of the homogeneous solution
to this equation. \par\pard\qj \li2025\ri1301\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2423 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex115 (b) Both a causal and an anticausal LTI system are characte
rized by the given difference \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 equation. F
ind the impulse responses of the two systems. \par\pard\ql \li2049\sb25\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (c) Show that the causal LTI system is stabl
e and the anticausal LTI system is unstable. \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb50\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 (d) \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 Find a particular solution to the difference equation when \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (3/5)n \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 u[n]. \par\pard\ql \li1468\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.32. Consider an LTI system with frequency
response\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw4371\colsr160\colno2\colw7
229\colsr160\ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3350\sb193\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e/w) =\par\pard\
column \ql \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb135\sl-230\slmult0\tx
850\tx1450 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex78 1(\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs20\ul 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-4
\charscalex100 )24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 4e-14w
\par\pard\ql \li183\sb0\sl-152\slmult0\tx3788 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex183 '1)\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex150 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 <cv<n.\par\pard\ql
\li1215\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 1 + \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1468\sb159\sl-230\slmult0\fi561 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine the output \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for all n if the input for a
ll n is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\s
b35\sl-230\slmult0\fi3887\tx6772 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
8\f9\fs20 x[n] = cos (12\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 z)\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone \li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb63\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx59
23 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.33. Consider an LT
I system with I \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(el')I\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = 1, and let arg[H(e1")] be as shown in Fig-\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1468\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi561 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex117 ure P2.33-1. If the input is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1468\sb116\
sl-230\slmult0\fi4891\tx6955 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 7r\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 7r\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\c
olno1\colw6286\colsr40\colno2\colw171\colsr60\colno3\colw5213\colsr160\ql \li503
0\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 x[n] = cos (-\par\pard\ql \li2
030\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 determine the output y[n].\par\pard\col
umn \ql \li20\sb67\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\par\pard\colum
n \qj \li20\ri4304\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx452 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex147 \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n + -) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 , \line \tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 4 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paper
w11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg70}{\bkmkend Pg70}\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\sl

mult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\
pard\li1473\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb69\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2572\tx
10195 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0
\expndtw-6\charscalex100 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 77\par\pard\qj \li5395\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li5395\ri
5386\sb48\sl-360\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 arg[H(ejw)] \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 57r/6 \par\pard\ql \li5409\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5409\sb193\s
l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 7r/2 \par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-115\slm
ult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\p
ard\li1473\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li1473
\sb0\sl-115\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb115\sl-115\slmult0\fi2121\tx6815 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex142 \ul0\nosupersub\cf63\f64\fs10 -77"\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\chars
calex92 77"\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-207\slmult
0\par\pard\li1473\sb52\sl-207\slmult0\fi3364 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex81 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8212? 7r/2\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\l
i1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb198\sl-230\slmult0\fi3283\tx7886 \up2
\expndtw-8\charscalex89 \u8212?57r/6\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.33-1\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li
1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb20\
sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2.34. The input\u8212?output pai
r shown in Figure P2.34-1 is given for a stable LTI system.\par\pard\li2649\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2649\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2649\sb153\sl-230\s
lmult0\fi902\tx4502\tx9455 \dn3 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s18 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 xo[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 Yo
[n]\par\pard\li2649\sb45\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2918\tx3931\tx8827 \up0 \expndtw-8
\charscalex95 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\cha
rscalex95 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \u9830?1\par\pard\li2649\sb77\sl-20
7\slmult0\fi4617\tx7641 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex95 \u8212?2\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul \u8212?1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\cols3\colno1\colw8287\colsr160\colno2\colw604\colsr160\colno3\colw2559\colsr
160\ql \li3820\sb0\sl-144\slmult0\tx4161\tx4545\tx6177\tx6561\tx6935 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2971\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx3398\tx3801\
tx6887 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 \u8212?1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\
tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex74 \u8212?3\pa
r\pard\ql \li7118\sb7\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex192 -1\par\pard\ql
\li7478\sb110\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex76 \u8212?2\par\pard\ql
\li5553\sb148\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs20 Figure P2.34-1\par\pard\ql \li2044\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2044
\sb170\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (a) Determine the response to
the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 xl [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in Fig
ure P2.34-2.\par\pard\ql \li5664\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5664\sb0\sl207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5664\sb38\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 4\par\pard\ql \li3840\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li5270\sb86\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pard\ql \li
3840\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4876\sb85\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \li3840\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3840\sb1
43\sl-207\slmult0\tx4228\tx7737 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-882\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf78\f79\fs98 12\par\pard\ql \li35\sb0\sl-162\s
lmult0\tx414 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 2\par\pard\column \ql \
li20\sb1\sl-95\slmult0\tx409 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\
f23\fs10 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs1
2 \u8226? \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li4632\sb1\sl-194\slmult0\fi0\tx5011\tx5
400\tx5793\tx6182\tx6575\tx6969\tx7358\tx8486 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0

\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
7\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 8\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.34-2\par\pard\ql \li2030\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li2030\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2030\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql\li2030\sb86\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (b) Determine the im
pulse response of the system. \par\pard\ql \li1478\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li1478\sb308\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18
\f19\fs32 Advanced Problems \par\pard\qj \li1483\ri1312\sb245\sl-280\slmult0\tx2
044 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.35. The system \u
l0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in Figure P2.35-1 is know
n to be \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 time invariant. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
When the inputs to the system \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 are xi \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n], x2[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and x3 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf4\f5\fs22 [n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the responses of the system
are \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y ijn], y 2[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y 3[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 as shown. \par\p
ard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg71}{\bkmkend Pg71}\ql \
li7857\sb0\sl-378\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf81\f82\f
s42\ul -\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6156\colsr160\colno2\colw5
444\colsr160\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb114\sl-253\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 78\par\pard\ql \li
3705\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3705\sb234\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 x1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 [n]\
par\pard\ql \li2222\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2222\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li2222\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2222\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li2222\sb93\sl-115\slmult0\tx2548\tx3551\tx3882 \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex
100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8
226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li3739\sb0\sl-276\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3739\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3739\sb131\sl-276
\slmult0\tx4747 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 x2[n]\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 H\par\pard\column
\ql \li6316\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6316\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li6316\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb123\sl-253\slmult0\tx3491 \u
p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals an
d Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li8668\sb0\sl207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8668\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2704\sb197\s
l-207\slmult0\tx3222 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18
13\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Y i[n]\par\pard\ql \li2372\sb0\sl-162\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 I 2\par\pard\ql \li7
329\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1033\sb68\sl-207\slmult0\tx1374\tx1710\tx
2037\tx3045\tx3381\tx3712 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex237 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \l
i2041\sb1\sl-177\slmult0\tx2382\tx2704 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \li18
67\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3039\sb62\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 14\par\pard\ql \li3529\sb90\sl-207\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Y2 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf28\f29\fs18 [ni\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw7505\colsr160\co
lno2\colw517\colsr160\colno3\colw3428\colsr160\ql \li3235\sb0\sl-288\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex52 \ul0\nosupersub\cf79\f80\fs36 T2\par\pard\ql \li1867\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2241\sb58\sl-207\slmult0\tx2562\tx2894\tx3551\t
x3902\tx6993\tx7324 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u
8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex3

21 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10


0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?
\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2899\sb1\sl-176\slmult0\tx3235 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 ;\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li1867\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li1867\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3753\sb120\sl-207\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x3[n]\par\pard\ql
\li1867\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1867\sb153\sl-322\slmult0\tx2193\tx25
19\tx3215\tx3547\tx3858\tx6993\tx7329 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf2\f3\fs24 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex97 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex97 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226? \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf45\f46\fs42 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex97 \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li2860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li2860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb133\sl-207\slmult0\tx356 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2860
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2860
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2860\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2860
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb188\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs18\ul 13 1\par\pard\column \ql \li688\sb0\sl
-378\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex44 \ul0\nosupersub\cf45\f46\fs42 T2\par\pa
rd\ql \li20\sb170\sl-207\slmult0\tx361\tx1365\tx1700 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex231 \u8226?
\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard
\ql \li20\sb1\sl-176\slmult0\tx366\tx688\tx1024\tx1950 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n\p
ar\pard\ql \li2860\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1177\sb273\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex83 Y3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 [n]\par\pard\ql \li2
5\sb258\sl-483\slmult0\tx357\tx692\tx1033\tx1365 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf45\f46\fs42 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226? \tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226? \t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \u8226?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\
colw3041\colsr160\colno2\colw8559\colsr160\ql \li2860\sb0\sl-336\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex97 0\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx356\tx678\
tx1019\tx4451\tx4782\tx5156 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex178 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6
\f7\fs18 4 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 -2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 -1\tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 0\par\pard\ql \li2228\sb93\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Figure P2.35-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\ql \li2006\sb139\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 (a) Determine whether the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 could be linear. \par\pard\ql \li1996\sb30\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) If the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T is o[n],
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 what is the system response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 y[n]? \par\pard\qj \li2020\ri1321\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2400 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (c) What are all possible inputs \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for which the response of
the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 can be det
er-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 mined from the given information alone
? \par\pard\qj \li1449\ri1316\sb47\sl-300\slmult0\tx2011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 2.36. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The system \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Lin \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.36-1 is kno
wn to be \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 linear. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Shown a

re three output signals yi[n], \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Y2 \ul0\no


supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [Pi], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and y3[n] in response to
the input signals \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 xi[n], x2[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 and x3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 resp
ectively. \par\pard\li2596\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2596\sb62\sl-207\slmult
0\fi5807\tx8625 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 3\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 / 3\par\pard\li2596\sb0\sl-189\slmult0\fi1608\tx954
7 \dn1 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 xi[n]\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-9\charscalex79 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Y1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 [
n]\par\pard\li2596\sb148\sl-207\slmult0\fi1065 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 *1\par\pard\li2596\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi648\tx4017\tx785
7\tx9331 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul -1\ul0\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul 1\ul0\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul -1\ul0\tab \dn5 \expndt
w0\charscalex47 \ul0\nosupersub\cf45\f46\fs42 11\par\pard\li2596\sb0\sl-180\slmu
lt0\fi0\tx2952\tx4363\tx5961\tx7560\tx8980\tx9691 \dn0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8226?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 L\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u822
6?\tab \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols8\c
olno1\colw3061\colsr20\colno2\colw2721\colsr160\colno3\colw2249\colsr60\colno4\c
olw344\colsr40\colno5\colw196\colsr160\colno6\colw129\colsr20\colno7\colw387\col
sr40\colno8\colw2233\colsr160\ql \li2596\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2596\sb91\sl-207\slmult0\tx2902 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2601\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2601\sb70\sl-138\slmult0\tx2947 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li270\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx591\t
x985\tx1619 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 I\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I\tab \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 n\par\pard\ql \li20\sb102\sl-207\slmult0\tx726 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex127 -21\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 -21\par\pard\ql \li3081\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3081\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1182\sb173
\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x2[n]\p
ar\pard\ql \li3081\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li188\sb96\sl-207\slmult0\tx
606 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul -1\ul0\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 11\par\pard\ql \li956\sb0\s
l-108\slmult0\tx1311 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12
\u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li596\sb1\sl-18
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0\par\pard\q
l \li20\sb191\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 -21\par\pard\ql \li329
7\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3297\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li329
7\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1186\sb180\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x3[n]\par\pard\ql \li236\sb323\sl-414
\slmult0\tx596 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 \u8226? \
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex48 \ul0\nosupersub\cf81\f82\fs42\ul 11 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex47 11 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf82\f83\fs40 \u8
226?\par\pard\column \ql \li1772\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 -11\par\pard\ql \li5961\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par

d\ql \li5961\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5961\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par


d\ql \li5961\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5961\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li5961\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li29\sb193\sl-230\slmult0\tx1632 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 L\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1752\sb63\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\
par\pard\ql \li5952\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb91\sl-230\slmult0\tx
1657\tx2122 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 L\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 1\par\pard\column \ql \li39\sb0
\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0\par\
pard\ql \li8251\sb0\sl-483\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8251\sb0\sl-483\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li39\sb334\sl-483\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex46 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f81\f82\fs42\ul 11\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-188\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0\par\pard\ql \li8375\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li8375\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li144\sb45\sl-207\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex119 -3\par\pard\ql \li8265\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li8265\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8265\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li8265\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8265\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li34\sb88\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\f
s18\ul 0\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\par\pard\ql \li8630\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li8630\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8630\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li8630\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8630\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li8630\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8630\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li25\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
9\f10\fs18\ul 1\par\pard\column \ql \li34\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\par\pard\ql \li8971\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li8971\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8971\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li8971\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8971\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li8971\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8971\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li20\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 2\par\pard\ql \li24\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li8975\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li8975\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8975\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li8975\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8975\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li8975\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8975\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li24\sb83\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 /\par\
pard\column \ql \li255\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pa
rd\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li245\sb21\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul 3\par\pard\ql \li9110\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 -14\par\pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9110\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li20\sb203\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \
li9331\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li241\sb104\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li9527\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li9527\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9527\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li20\sb176\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\
f3\fs24 Y2 [n]\par\pard\ql \li9686\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9686\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li179\sb53\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li3652\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql \li3652\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3652\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \

par\pard\ql \li3652\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li68\sb250\sl-276\slmult0 \


up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 Y3 [n]\par\pard\ql \li365
2\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3652\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li179
\sb29\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \
u8226? \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3652\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi0\tx4027\tx7497
\tx7847\tx8611\tx8961 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex160 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf6\f7\fs18 -2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 -1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f1
0\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex160 2,\par\pard\ql \li5529\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li5529\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5529\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li5529\sb18\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 Figure P2.36-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmk
start Pg72}{\bkmkend Pg72}\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb
0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1488\sb134\sl-253
\slmult0\fi0\tx2582\tx10209 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4
\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 79\par\pard\ql \li2049\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li2049\sb213\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (a) Determ
ine whether the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 L \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
could be time invariant. \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 (b) If the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 to the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Lis 8[n], \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 what is the system response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n]? \par
\pard\qj \li1488\ri1301\sb86\sl-260\slmult0\tx2044 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.37. Consider a discrete-time linear time-invariant
system with impulse respOnse \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 If the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 input \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] is \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a periodic sequence with period
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (i.e., if \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex120 = x[n + N]), \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 show that the \par\pard\ql \li2040\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 is also a periodic sequence with period \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N. \par\p
ard\ql \li1488\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 2.38. In Section 2.5, we stated that the solution to the homogeneou
s difference equation\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5711\colsr20\
colno2\colw6029\colsr160\ql \li5352\sb228\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li5371\sb20\sl-161\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 k=0\par\pard\ql \li2040
\sb152\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 i
s of the form\par\pard\column \ql \li5731\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\
sb152\sl-276\slmult0\tx3908 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 akyh \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 [n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 k]
= \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (P2.38-1)\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw9454\colsr160\colno2\colw2146\colsr160\
ql \li5352\sb134\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex138 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
5\f36\fs14 Yh[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 A,nzn,,\par\pard\ql \li6105\sb1\sl-219\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-9\charscalex91 nt=1\par\pard\ql \li2044\sb147\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with the A,n's arbitrary and the
zm's the \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 roots of the
polynomial\par\pard\ql \li5577\sb296\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex66
\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf57\f58\fs46 akzk \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf19\f20\fs46 = 0;\par\pard\ql \li5601\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 k=0\par\pard\ql \li4929\sb0\sl-529\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li4929\sb108\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf19\f20\fs46 Eakzk = H (1 \u8212? zmz-1).\par\pard\ql \li4948\sb0\sl-12
6\slmult0\tx6100 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 k=0\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 m=1\par\pard\column \ql \li9614\sb0\sl-230\slmu

lt0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb136\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\no


supersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (P2.38-2)\par\pard\ql \li9614\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li9614\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9614\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li9614\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb170\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex106 (P2.38-3)\par\pard\ql \li9619\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li9619\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li9619\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li9619\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li25\sb141\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex105 (P2.38-4) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2054\sb223\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) Determine the general form of the homo
geneous solution to the difference equation \par\pard\li4502\sb201\sl-230\slmult
0\fi0\tx5169\tx9619 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[
n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u8212?\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex106 a \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs30 \u8212? 1] + y[n \u8212? 2] = \
ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 2x[n \u8212? 1].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (P2.38-5)\par\pard\ql \li2040\sb179\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex115 (b) Determine the coeficients Am in the homogeneous solution
if y[-1] = 1 and y[0] = 0. \par\pard\ql \li2063\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex115 (c) Now consider the difference equation \par\pard\li4569\sb19
4\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx9624 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 y[n] \u8212? y[n \u8212? 1] + ly[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2] =
2y[n \u8212? 1].\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 (P2.38-6)\par\pard\qj \li2443
\ri1286\sb162\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 If the homogeneous
solution contains only terms of the form of Eq. (P2.38-2), show \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex115 that the initial conditions y[-1] = 1 and y[0] = 0 cannot be satis
ied. \par\pard\qj \li2040\ri1300\sb20\sl-260\slmult0\tx2448 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex114 (d) If Eq. (P2.38-3) has two roots that are identical, then, in place o
f Eq. (P2.38-2), \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 yh[n] \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 will take the form\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\cols3\colno1\colw6228\colsr40\colno2\colw726\colsr110\colno3\colw4666\colsr
160\ql \li5889\sb142\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex143 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf35\f36\fs14 N-1\par\pard\ql \li5107\sb31\sl-336\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Yh[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\
pard\ql \li5870\sb92\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex147 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf22\f23\fs10 M= 1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb160\sl-529\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex49 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 Anizn,\par\pard\column \ql \li7094\
sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb167\sl-230\slmult0\tx2545 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 nBiz7,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
06 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (P2.38-7) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li243
8\ri1291\sb125\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 where we have ass
umed that the double root is z . Using Eq. (P2.38-7), determine \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex111 the general form of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 yh [n] \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 for Eq. (P2.38-6). Verify explicitly that your answer satisies \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Eq. (P2.38-6) with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n]
= \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0. \par\pard\qj \li2054\ri1301\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\
tx2443 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (e) \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine the coeficients Al and B1 in the homogeneous solution
obtained in Part (d) \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 if \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 y[-1] = 1 and y[0] = 0. \par\pard\qj \li1
492\ri1301\sb80\sl-260\slmult0\tx2044 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2.39. Conside
r a system with input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 and output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The
input\u8212?output relation for the system \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
9 is deined by the following two properties: \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb25\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 1. \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \u8212? a
y[n \u8212? 1] = x[n], \par\pard\ql \li2164\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2. \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[0] = \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1. \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex114 (a) Determine whether the system is time invariant. \par\par
d\ql \li2040\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (b) Determine whet
her the system is linear. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkm

kstart Pg73}{\bkmkend Pg73}\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\s


b0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0\par\pard\li1440\sb199\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6316\tx9777 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 80\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Disc
rete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Chap. 2\par\pard\
li1435\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex116 (c) Assume that the difference equation (property 1) remains t
he same, but the value y[0]\par\pard\li1435\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi955 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex116 is speciied to be zero. Does this change your answer to eithe
r Part (a) or Part (b)?\par\pard\li1435\sb102\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex115 2.40. Consider the linear time-invariant system with impulse respo
nse\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pa
rd\li1435\sb44\sl-230\slmult0\fi2822\tx6527 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = (1) \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 n \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 u[n],\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 w
here \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 j \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 =\par\pard\li1435
\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb25\sl-2
30\slmult0\fi551 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Determine the steady-state respons
e, i.e., the response for large n, to the excitation\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb106\sl-230\slmult0\fi3840 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos(irn)u[n].\pa
r\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb107\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex116 2.41. A linear time-invariant system has frequency respon
se\par\pard\li6235\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li6235\sb111\sl-230\slmult0\fi575
\tx7185 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 ( 3 \\\p
ar\pard\li6235\sb0\sl-198\slmult0\fi0\tx6571\tx6921 \up4 \expndtw-9\charscalex73
IW\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 I\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 <\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex102 6\par\pard\ql \li6624\sb148\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 ( 3 \\ \par\pard\li6278\sb11\sl-253\slm
ult0\fi0\tx7449\tx7732 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex100 16\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charsc
alex56 601\tab \up6 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 <\par\
pard\ql \li1991\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1991\sb136\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The input to the system is
a periodic unit-impulse train with period \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 N = \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 16; i.e., \par\pard\ql \li5087\sb302\sl-506\slmult0\tx6307
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub
\cf10\f11\fs44 E \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 5
[n + 16k]. \par\pard\ql \li5769\sb59\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109
\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 k=\u8212?oo \par\pard\ql \li1991\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li1991\sb92\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Find the output of the system. \par\pard\ql \li1430\sb90\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2.42. Consider the system in Figure P2.
42-1. \par\pard\ql \li6172\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6172\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql\li6172\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6172\sb188\sl-207\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h2[n] = an u[n]
\par\pard\li2428\sb3\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx7953 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf28\f29\fs18 y [n]\par\pard\ql \li3225\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3225\
sb113\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 -dhi[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 [3 8[n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 - \ul0
\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 1] \par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1444
\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb188\sl-230\slmult0\fi3700\tx8692 \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 h [n]\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 Figure P2.42-1\par\pard\li1444\sb183\sl-230\slmult0\fi561 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 (a) Find the impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of the overall system.\par\pard\li1444\sb33\sl-230\slm
ult0\fi547 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (b) Find the frequency response of the o
verall system.\par\pard\li1444\sb30\sl-230\slmult0\fi576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex116 (c) Specify a difference equation that relates the output \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9

\fs20 x [n].\par\pard\li1444\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi547 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex


116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) Is this system causal? Under what condition
would the system be stable?\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5632\co
lsr60\colno2\colw6068\colsr160\ql \li1444\sb106\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex116 2.43. For \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eic'') \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex125 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1/(1 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ae-ja)
), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with -1\par\pard\ql \li2001\sb34\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 co:\par\pard
\ql \li2006\sb34\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Re\{X(ejw)\}\par\pard\ql \li1991\sb39\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex134 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Jm\{X(eial)\par\pard\ql \li2020\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex103 (c) I X (e w) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 I\par\pard\ql
\li1996\sb38\sl-230\slmult0\tx2399 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 (d)\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex130 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 <X(ei")\par\pard\column \ql \li
20\sb87\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
< \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 a < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0, determine and s
ketch the following as a \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1440\ri1325\sb67\sl
-260\slmult0\tx2001 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2.44. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f
9\fs20 X (ei(') \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 denote the Fourier transform of the
signal x \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 shown in Fi
gure P2.44-1. Perform \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 the following calcu
lations without explicitly evaluating \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (e w): \par\
pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg74}{\bkmkend Pg74}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3393\colsr110\colno2\colw2366\colsr160
\colno3\colw5741\colsr160\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0
\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0
\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb49\sl-253\slmult0\tx2529 \up0 \expndtw-9\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex
100 Problems\par\pard\ql \li2145\sb0\sl-172\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb0\sl172\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb0\sl-172\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb0\sl172\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb0\sl-172\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb0\sl172\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb0\sl-172\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2145\sb65\sl
-172\slmult0\tx2495\tx2846\tx3196 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf22\f23\fs10 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f2
2\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 \u
8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li3503\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3503\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3503\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3503\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3503\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3503\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3503\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1129\sb171\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc
alex97 1 2\par\pard\ql \li923\sb178\sl-230\slmult0\tx1490\tx2200 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 11\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 1\par\pard\ql \li20\sb6\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 -3\pa
r\pard\ql \li371\sb67\sl-230\slmult0\tx731\tx1130\tx1490\tx1845\tx2195 \up0 \exp
ndtw-8\charscalex87 -\u8226?2\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 -1\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s18 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\pa
r\pard\column \ql \li10161\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10161\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10161\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li10161\sb0\sl-230
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4162\sb160\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 81\par\pard\ql \li3340\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li3340\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li164\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \li3778\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x [n]\par\pard\ql \li1085\sb201\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 7\par\pard\q
l \li1786\sb0\sl-108\slmult0\tx2146\tx2497\tx2842\tx3193\tx3538\tx3893 \up0 \exp
ndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0

\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe


rsub\cf11\f12\fs16 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-169\slmult0\tx380\tx740\tx41
81 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 4\tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3340\sb
0\sl-238\slmult0\fi0\tx6878 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3
\fs24 -11\tab \dn2 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 -11\par\pard\ql \li5534\sb150\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.44-1
\par\pard\ql \li2001\sb190\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 (a) Eval
uate \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw)1,,=0\u8226? \par\pard\ql \li1987\sb1\sl217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Evaluat
e \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (eiclic\u8222?, \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb33\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (c) Find \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 <X (el 1. \par\pard\ql \li1991\sb50\sl-230\slmult0\tx3700
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) Evaluate fr\dn4 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf37\f38\fs12 -n \tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (eildco. \par\pard\ql \li2001\sb50\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (e) Determine
and sketch the signal whose Fourier transform is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(
e-\par\pard\ql \li2040\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (f) Determine and sketch the signal whose Fourier transform
is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Re \{X \par\pard\qj \li1435\ri1344\sb66\sl-260\sl
mult0\tx2011 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.45. For
the system in Figure P2.45-1, determine the output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y
[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 when the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n]
is S[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ell is \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 an ideal lowpass
ilter as indicated, i.e.,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5715\col
sr160\colno2\colw248\colsr160\colno3\colw5487\colsr160\ql \li4708\sb0\sl-230\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li4708\sb79\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex147 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Mei') \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 =\par\pard\column \qj \
li20\ri35\sb194\sl-235\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 1, \line \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex100 0,\par\pard\column \ql \li6273\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql \li6273\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\ri4050\sb47\sl-160\slmult0\f
i67 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 61 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 < 7r/2' \line \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 n/2 < Icol < n. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3263\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\p
ar\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li
3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmu
lt0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3263\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pa
rd\li3263\sb101\sl-207\slmult0\fi2198 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf28\f29\fs18 H(eiw)\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li3263\sb230\sl-230\slmult0
\fi1963 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7140\colsr160\colno2\colw4460\colsr160\ql \li32
63\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3417\sb24\sl-207\slmult0\tx6374\tx6873 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\par\pard\ql \li3263\sb18\sl-207\slm
ult0\tx5831\tx6316 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 -2/r
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf37\f38\fs12 IT\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 IT\par\pard\ql \li4886\sb28\sl
-207\slmult0\tx5846 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\
tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\par\pard\qj \li1440\sb0\sl-364\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj \li1440\ri241\sb121\sl-364\slmult0\tx5793 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.46. A sequence has the discrete-time Fourier transf
orm \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 1 - a2\par\pard\column \ql \li7300\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li107\sb24\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18\ul I\par\pard\ql \li20\sb18\sl-207\slmult0 \

up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2ir\par\pard\ql \li1840\


sb81\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Fig
ure P2.45-1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4999\colsr60\colno2\col
w2490\colsr160\colno3\colw4061\colsr160\ql \li4060\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (ejw) =\par\pard\ql \li2006\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2006\sb143\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Find the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 x[n].\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb72\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex129 (1 - ae-m)(1 - ae/w\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 )\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 '\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\tx327 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca
lex100 lal\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 <1. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql
\li1991\sb0\sl-324\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex75 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 (b) Calculate \ul0\nosupersub\cf79\f80\fs36 Erjr \ul0\nosupersub\cf76\f77\fs
36 x(eio)cos(co)dco/27r. \par\pard\ql \li1444\sb60\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.47. A linear time-invariant system
is described by the input-output relation \par\pard\ql \li4574\sb150\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = x[n] + 2x[n
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1] + x[n \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf28\f29\fs18 - \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2]. \par\pard\ql \li2006\sb110\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (a) Determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 h[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the impulse response of the system. \par\
pard\ql \li1991\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (b) Is this a s
table system? \par\pard\qj \li2020\ri1344\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2395 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex114 (c) Determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eiw), \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 the frequency response of the system. Use trigonometric identitie
s \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 to obtain a simple expression for \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(em). \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{
\bkmkstart Pg75}{\bkmkend Pg75}\par\pard\li1396\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li13
96\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1396\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1396\sb0\sl253\slmult0\par\pard\li1396\sb132\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6268\tx9739 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 82\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw
-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li1948\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
1948\sb202\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 (d) Plot the magnitude and phase of the frequency response. \par\pard\li1958\
sb39\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx8894 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (e) Now consider a n
ew system whose frequency response is\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ei(w')). \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 De-\par\pard\ql \li2347
\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 termine h1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 [n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the impulse response of the new system
. \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri1369\sb86\sl-260\slmult0\tx1948 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex110 2.48. Let the real discrete-time signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with Fourier transform \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X
(e lc') \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 be the input to a system \line\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex110 with the output deined by \par\pard\ql \li4819\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li4819\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4819\sb125\sl-230\sl
mult0\tx6388 \up7 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 x[n], if \ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 n \ul0\super\cf7\f8\fs3
0 is even,\dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex101 0, \tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex109 othe
rwise. \par\pard\qj \li1958\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1958\ri1363\sb246\
sl-260\slmult0\tx2347 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) Sketch the discrete-time
signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 s[n] = 1 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos(rn
) and its (generalized) Fourier trans-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 for
m \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 S(eim). \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Express \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y(eiw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the Fourier transform of the
output, as a function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 S(eim). \par\pard\ql \li1972\sb30\sl-23
0\slmult0\tx9427 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (c) Yo
u would like to approximate x[n] by the interpolated signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\

f9\fs20 .w[n] \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 = y[n] + \par\pard\ql \li2351\sb


30\sl-230\slmult0\tx8836 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 (1/2)(y[n + 1] + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 1]). Determine the Fourier transform \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 W(e \tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 cv) as \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a function \par
\pard\ql \li2347\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 of \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y (ejw). \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) Sketch \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 X(eicv),Y (eiw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
W(ejw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for the case when \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 sin(rn/a)/(7rn/a) and a > \par\pard\qj \li23
47\ri1358\sb26\sl-260\slmult0\fi9 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 1. Under what con
ditions is the proposed interpolated signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w [n] \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a good approximation \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 for
the original \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n]. \par\pard\qj \li1391\ri1354\sb80\
sl-260\slmult0\tx1953 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2
.49. Consider a discrete-time LTI system with frequency response \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 11(ejw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and corresponding \line\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 [n]. \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex114 (a) We are irst given the following three clues about the system:
\par\pard\ql \li2471\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (i) The s
ystem is causal. \par\pard\ql \li2419\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex113 (ii) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ejw) = H* (e- jw). \par\pard\ql \li235
6\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (
iii) The DTFT of the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n + 1] \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 is real. \par\pard\ql \li2351\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex111 Using these three clues, show that the system has an impulse respo
nse of inite duration. \par\pard\ql \li1943\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 (b) In addition to the preceding three clues, we are now given two
more clues:\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2731\colsr110\colno2\co
lw609\colsr160\colno3\colw8160\colsr160\ql \li2620\sb95\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 ,\par\pard\ql \li2366\sb1\sl-131\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex154 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 (iv)\par\pard\column \ql \li111\sb95\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\par\par
d\ql \li20\sb1\sl-131\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\
f13\fs14 \u8212?\par\pard\ql \li25\sb4\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex
92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 27r\par\pard\column \ql \li3600\sb0\sl-230\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb19\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eiu)dco = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2. \par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone \ql \li2428\sb118\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 (v) \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ehr) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 = 0. \par\pard\qj \li
2356\ri1364\sb6\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Is there enough info
rmation to identify the system uniquely? If so, determine the \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex111 impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 If not, specify as much as you can about the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\
cf8\f9\fs20 h[n]. \par\pard\ql \li1396\sb105\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.50. Consider the three sequences \par\par
d\li4497\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4497\sb137\sl-230\slmult0\fi57\tx5001 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 v[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 = \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs20 u[n] \u8212? u[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 6],\par\pard\
li4497\sb164\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 w[n] = S[n] + 2S[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2] + \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 S[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 4],\par\pard\li4497\sb1
64\sl-230\slmult0\fi38\tx5001 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f
9\fs20 q[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 = v[n] * w[n].\par\pard\ql \li1958\
sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1958\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1958\sb
2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Fi
nd and sketch the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 q[n].\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7587\colsr160\colno2\colw4013\colsr160\ql \li1948\sb91

\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Fin


d and sketch the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 r[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 such that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 r\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 [n] *
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 v[n]\par\pard\ql \li1972\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex109 (c) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 q[\u8212?n] = v[\u8212?n] * w[\u8212?n]? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Justif
y your answer.\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-188\slmult0\tx615 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex182 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 E,-\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
00 q[k]. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1391\sb98\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.51. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs2
2 A \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 linear time-invariant system has impulse respons
e \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] = an u[n]. \par\pard\ql \li1958\sb30\sl-230\s
lmult0\tx3662 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Deter
mine y \tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n], \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the response of the system to the input xj \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = e j(7 12)" \par\pard\ql \li1948\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Use the result of Part (a) t
o help to determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y 2[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 the response of the system to the \par\pard\ql \li2351\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x2[n] = \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos(rn/ 2).\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw8196\
colsr40\colno2\colw3524\colsr160\ql \li1972\sb42\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex114 (c) Determine y3\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 the response of the system to the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x3
[n]\par\pard\ql \li1948\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (d) Compare y3[n] with y \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for large \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs20 n.\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb1\sl-182\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 ej(n/2)
nu[n]. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg76}{\bkmke
nd Pg76}\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\p
ar\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li
1454\sb174\sl-253\slmult0\fi4\tx2553\tx10180 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Problems\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 83\par\pard\li1454\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb228\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
114 2.52. The frequency response of an LTI system is\par\pard\li1454\sb134\sl-23
0\slmult0\fi3129\tx6667\tx7492 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs20 H(ei') =\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 -7r <\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\char
scalex100 < 7r.\par\pard\li1454\sb135\sl-230\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine the output of the system, \ul0\nos
upersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 when the input is \ul0\nos
upersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cos(57rn/2). Express\par\
pard\li1454\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 your answer i
n as simple a form as you can.\par\pard\li1454\sb101\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex114 2.53. Consider the cascade of LTI discrete-time systems sho
wn in Figure P2.53-1.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3776\colsr160
\colno2\colw7824\colsr160\ql \li2006\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2006\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3047\sb222\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charsc
alex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x [n]\par\pard\column \ql \li2006\sb0\sl-207\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb202\sl-207\slmult0\tx1993 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
121 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 system\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI system\par\pard\ql \li
399\sb27\sl-184\slmult0\tx2367 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11
\f12\fs16 #1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 #2\par\pard\ql \li1263\sb0\sl-152\
slmult0\tx3605\tx4191 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs1
8 w [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex96 [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.53-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2006\sb
165\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 The irst system is described
by the equation\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4900\colsr20\colno

2\colw1222\colsr160\colno3\colw5468\colsr160\ql \li2011\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\


pard\ql \li4641\sb68\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex83 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 111\par\pard\column \ql \li2011\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
20\sb68\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex144 (ein = \{1'\par\pard\ql \li9
89\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0
,\par\pard\column \ql \li2011\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li371\sb68\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex186 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 < r '\par\pard
\ql \li20\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 0.57r \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 < frl < 7r, \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one \li2011\sb115\sl-230\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 and the second
system is described by the equation\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2011\sb135\s
l-230\slmult0\fi3105 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[
n] = w[n] - w[n - 1].\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2011\sb140\sl-230\slmult0\f
i0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 The input to this sy
stem is\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2011\sb134\sl-230\slmult0\fi2596 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex114 x[n] = cos(0.6irn) + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 3(5[n - 5]
+ \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.\par\pard\qj \li2011\ri1310\sb110\sl-260\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Determine the output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 With careful thought, you will be able to use
the properties of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 LTI systems to write down the ans
wer by inspection. \par\pard\ql \li1454\sb85\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex112 2.54. Consider an LTI system with frequency response\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7726\colsr160\colno2\colw3874\colsr160\ql \li4200\sb1
17\sl-230\slmult0\tx7055 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 H(e") = e-i[(0/2)+ (gm],\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 -7r <\par\pard\ql \li2011\sb174\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n], \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 the output of this system, if the input is\par\pard\ql \li505
4\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5054\sb58\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = cos \ul0\nosupersub\cf54\f55\fs20\
ul (157r\ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 n\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb151\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 < 7r. \par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone \li6432\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi0\tx7080 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pard\ql \li2016\sb102\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n. \par\pard\q
l \li1459\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 2.55. For the system shown in Figure P2.55-1, System 1 is a memoryless n
onlinear system. System \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex113 2 determines the value of A according to the relation \par\pard\ql
\li6115\sb70\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex90 loo\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw8398\colsr160\colno2\colw3202\colsr160\ql \li5611\sb2
3\sl-297\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 A= \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n].\par\pard\ql \li6
076\sb99\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs
14 n=0\par\pard\ql \li2068\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2068\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li3062\sb42\sl-230\slmult0\tx5231\tx6993 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 System 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 System 2\par\pard\ql \li2068\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx4199\tx5130\tx6
196 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x [n]\tab \up0 \
expndtw-7\charscalex100 w [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs18 Stable\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
y[n]\par\pard\column \ql \li8558\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8558\sb0\sl160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8558\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8558\sb0\sl160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8558\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8558\sb0\sl160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8558\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8558\sb0\sl160\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb103\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 A \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.55-1 \par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2020\sb168\sl-230\slmult0\tx7526 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex115 Speciically, consider the class of inputs of the form \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\

fs20 cos(con), with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 co \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a


real inite \par\pard\qj \li2016\ri1320\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex109 number. Varying the value of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 co \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 at the input will change A; i.e., A will be a function of \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 In \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex109 general, will A be periodic in \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w? \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 Justify your answer. \par\pard\qj \li1459\ri1320\sb44\sl-280\
slmult0\tx2020 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2.56. Consider a system \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 S \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n
] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 related according to the block diagram \line\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 in Figure P2.56-1.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2
\colno1\colw5235\colsr160\colno2\colw6365\colsr160\ql \li3254\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql \li3254\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3254\sb104\sl-207\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x [n]\par\pard\ql
\li4223\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4223\sb167\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex53 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 e\u8212?iwon\par\pard\column \ql
\li5395\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb186\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 s
ystem \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 I\par\pard\ql \li312\sb38\sl-207\slmult0\tx178
6 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h [n]\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 y \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs1
8 [n]\par\pard\ql \li7895\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2520\sb226\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.56-1 \
par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg77}{\bkmkend Pg77}
\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\
li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1444\sb5
5\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6316\tx9777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 84\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Discrete-Time Signals and System
s\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Chap. 2\par\pard\qj \li1996\sb0\sl-260\slmult
0 \par\pard\qj\li1996\ri1325\sb180\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 T
he input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is multipl
ied by e-iwon, and the product is passed through a stable LTI system \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex111 with impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n]. \par\p
ard\ql \li2016\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Is the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 S \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 linear? Justify your answer. \par\pard\ql \li2001\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (b) Is the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 S \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 time invariant? Justify your answer. \par\pard\ql \li2025
\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (c) Is the system \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 S \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 stable? Justify your answer. \par\
pard\ql \li2001\ri1315\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2404\tx2414 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x113 (d) Specify a system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 C \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 such that the block diagram in Figure P2.56-2 represents an alterna-\line\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 tive way of expressing the input-output relations
hip of the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 S. (Note: \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 The system \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 C \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 does not have to be an LTI system.) \par\pard\li
4099\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\pard\li4099\sb281\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx6196\tx6892 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[nle\tab \up0 \expndtw11\charscalex81 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 C\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex130
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 \u8212?0- Y[n]\par\pard\li4099\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\f
i4209 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.56-2\pa
r\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1
454\sb57\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2.57. An ideal lowpass
ilter with zero delay has impulse response hip[n] and frequency response\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5868\colsr40\colno2\colw5852\colsr160\ql \
li4607\ri0\sb174\sl-259\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 , \line \up0
\expndtw-9\charscalex93 111p(e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 jw ) = \up0 \expndt
w-4\charscalex100 \{\par\pard\column \qj \li5908\sb0\sl-225\slmult0 \par\pard\qj

\li20\ri4372\sb30\sl-225\slmult0\fi9\tx486\tx419 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100


1,\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex73 (01 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 <0.27, \li
ne \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 0, \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0.2n \par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li6815\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi0\tx7367 \up0 \expndtw-9\cha
rscalex89 < 10)1\tab \dn2 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 < ir*\par\pard\ql \li2020\ri1
316\sb118\sl-260\slmult0\tx2414\tx2409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 (a) A new il
ter is deined by the equation hi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] = (-1)"hip[n] =
ei"hip[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex116 an equation for the frequency response of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H
1(eil, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and plot the equation for 'col < \line\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 What kind of ilter is this? \par\pard\ql \li2011\ri13
10\sb20\sl-260\slmult0\tx2409\tx2414 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (b) A second i
lter is deined by the equation. \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h2[n] = \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 2hip[n] cos(0.57n). Determine the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex114 equation for the frequency response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H2(e.0)
, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and plot the equation for Icol < 7. What \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 kind of ilter is this? \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb25\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (c) A third ilter is deined by the eq
uation \par\pard\ql \li5222\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5222\sb100\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 h3[n] - sin(0.1rn)\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 hip [n]. \par\pard\ql \li6523\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 n \par\pard\ql \li2414\sb131\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine the equation for the frequency response 113 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (du)), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and plot the equatio
n for \par\pard\li1459\sb43\sl-230\slmult0\fi969\tx2760 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x101 rol\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n. \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 What kind of ilter is this?\par\pard\li1459\sb101\sl-230\
slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2.58. The LTI system\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5729\colsr160\colno2\colw402\colsr160\colno3\colw5319
\colsr160\ql \li4718\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4718\sb126\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex133 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ein =\par\pard\colu
mn \ql \li20\sb294\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf30\f31\fs26 71'\par\pard\ql \li25\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
62 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 .1,\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb294\sl-299\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 < w <\par\pard\ql
\li34\sb0\sl-160\slmult0\tx865 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex153 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 -7 <\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 < 0, \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\qj \li2016\ri1315\sb149\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 is referred
to as a 90 phase shifter and is used to generate what is referred to as an analy
tic \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 signal w[n] as shown in Figure P2.58-1. Speciic
ally, the analytic signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w[n] is \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 a complex\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 valued signal for which \par\par
d\qj \li5361\ri4733\sb65\sl-400\slmult0\fi24 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 'Re(w[n]) = x[n], \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Im\{w[n]\}
= y[n]. \par\pard\ql \li6499\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6499\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6499\sb121\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 gt
e \{w[n]\} \par\pard\ql \li3388\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92
x [n] \par\pard\li4708\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4708\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par
\pard\li4708\sb38\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6825 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 H (el')
\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex104 (w [nl\par\pard\li4708\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi11
47\tx7747 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Y[n]\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.58-1\par\pard\qj \li2020\ri1316\sb249\sl-260\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 If \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (e jw) is
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 as shown in Figure P2.58-2, determine and sketch \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 W(eiw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the Fourier transfo
rm \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 of the analytic signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
20 w[n] = x[n] + j y[n]. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmk
start Pg78}{\bkmkend Pg78}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb
0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb159\sl-253
\slmult0\fi0\tx2567\tx10190 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4

\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char


scalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 85\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\
pard\li1468\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb49\sl-230\slmult0\fi7051\tx9326
\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \{ \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 X (e\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex115 =0\par\pard\li4766\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li4766\sb0\s
l-241\slmult0\par\pard\li4766\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li4766\sb0\sl-241\slmu
lt0\par\pard\li4766\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li4766\sb65\sl-241\slmult0\fi0\t
x5779\tx9283 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 Wr\tab \
up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex84 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 W\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 T\par\pard\ql \li5563\sb169\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.58-2 \
par\pard\ql \li1468\ri4207\sb93\sl-300\slmult0\tx5923 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
16 2.59. The autocorrelation sequence of a signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[
n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is deined as \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex
75 00 \par\pard\ql \li4934\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\tx6278 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex12
3 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Rx[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E \tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x*[k]x[n + k]. \par\pard\ql
\li5750\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13
\fs14 k=--co \par\pard\qj \li2030\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2030\ri1315\
sb14\sl-240\slmult0\tx2428 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 (a) Show that for an appropriate choice of the signal \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 g[n], Rx[n] = x[n]* g[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and identify \line\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 the proper choice for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 g[n]. \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb49\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Show that the Fourier transform of \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 Rx[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is equal to I \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 X(ej")12. \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1316\sb86\sl-260\slmult0\tx2025 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.60. The signals \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 shown in Figure P2.60-1 are the input and cor
responding output \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 for an LTI system.\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5575\colsr160\colno2\colw6025\colsr160\
ql \li3263\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3263\sb51\sl-230\slmult0\tx3844 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 x[n]\par\pard\ql \li2423\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2423\sb2
06\sl-207\slmult0\tx2774\tx3489\tx3849\tx5068 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf54\f55\fs20\ul 0\ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
28\f29\fs18 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndt
w-8\charscalex91 >\par\pard\ql \li4204\sb9\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n\par\pard\column \ql \li6340\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li625\sb75\sl-230\slmult0\tx2402 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf28\f29\fs18 y[n]\par\pard\ql \li2035\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\
sb187\sl-207\slmult0\tx376\tx2128\tx2478 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \
tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8
226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li2819\sb0\sl-177\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n \par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone \li2035\sb0\sl-1152\slmult0\fi748\tx9033 \up1 \expndtw0\charsc
alex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf83\f84\fs128 i\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.60-1\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2035\sb195\sl
-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2428 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a)\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex113 Find the response of the system to the sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs20 x2[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in Figure P2.60-2.\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\cols4\colno1\colw4397\colsr110\colno2\colw344\colsr160\colno3\colw2094\co
lsr110\colno4\colw4565\colsr160\ql \li4228\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
28\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4228\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li42
28\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4228\sb31\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb304\sl-943\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupersub\cf27\f28\fs82 11\par\pard\ql \li120\sb0\sl-180\s

lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0\par\pard\colu


mn \ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li5001\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb6\sl-115\slmult0\tx409\tx
798\tx1177\tx1945 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 \u
8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226? \
tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs10 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf21\f22\fs12 \u8226?\par\pard\column \ql \li7195\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf28\f29\fs18 x2[n]\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\
sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li125\s
b122\sl-138\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf21\f22\fs12
\u8226?\par\pard\ql \li457\sb7\sl-172\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n\par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li927\sb223\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 Figure P2.60-2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1473\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\fi
551 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) Find the impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for this LTI system.\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone \li1473\sb106\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2.61.
Consider a system for which the input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 satisfy the difference equation\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1473\
sb173\sl-230\slmult0\fi3662\tx5807 \up2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \u8212?\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex113 i y[n \u8212? 1] = x[
n]\par\pard\qj \li2035\ri1305\sb131\sl-266\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and for which y[\u8212?l] is constrained to be zero
for every input. Determine whether or not \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 the syste
m is stable. If you conclude that the system is stable, show your reasoning. If
you \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 conclude that the system is not stable, give an
example of a bounded input that results in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 an unbo
unded output. \par\pard\ql \li1507\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1507\sb144\
sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf58\f59\fs30 Extens
ion Problems \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1473\ri1315\
sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2035\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 2.62. The causality of a system was deined in Section 2.2.4. From this
deinition, show that, for \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 a linear timeinvariant system, causality implies that the impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf
8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is zero for \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0. One
approach is to show that if \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] is not \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 zero for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs20 0, then the system \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 cannot \par\pard\sect\sectd
\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg79}{\bkmkend Pg79}\par\pard\li1420\sb
0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb0\sl-253\s
lmult0\par\pard\li1420\sb198\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6292\tx9758 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 86\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\c
harscalex96 Chap. 2\par\pard\li1977\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1977\sb160\sl253\slmult0\fi0\tx8015 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 be causal. Show also that if
the impulse response is zero for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex105 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 0, then the system will\par\pard\
li1977\sb11\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 necessarily be causa
l.\par\pard\ql \li1416\sb70\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.63. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Consider a discrete-time s
ystem with input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 an
d output \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 When the
input is \par\pard\ql \li6187\sb186\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100

\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 1 \par\pard\ql \li5294\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \exp


ndtw0\charscalex136 x[n] = (-\par\pard\ql \li6177\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex136 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 4\ul0\super\cf8\f9\fs30 ) u[n], \p
ar\pard\ql \li1982\sb17\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 the output is \par\pard\li4915\sb219\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5937\t
x6676 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] = (\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex117 )n\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 for all \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n.\par\pard\ql \li1977\sb248\sl-253
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Determine whic
h of the following statements is correct: \par\pard\ql \li2371\sb47\sl-253\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8226? The system must be LTI. \par\pard\ql \li
2376\sb7\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u8226? The system could be
LTI. \par\pard\ql \li2376\sb7\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u822
6? The system cannot be LTI. \par\pard\qj \li1977\ri1319\sb62\sl-260\slmult0\fi4
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 If your answer is that the system must or could be
LTI, give a possible impulse response. If \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 your ans
wer is that the system could not be LTI, explain clearly why not. \par\pard\ql \
li1425\sb86\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 2.64. \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Consider an LTI system whose frequency res
ponse is \par\pard\ql \li4891\sb167\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eil = C312, \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 Iwi < \ul
0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n. \par\pard\ql \li1977\sb87\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Determine whether or not the syste
m is causal. Show your reasoning. \par\pard\ql \li1420\ri1333\sb82\sl-260\slmult
0\tx1982\tx1996 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.65. \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 In Figure P2.65-1, two sequences \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs20 xl [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and x2\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n]
\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 are shown. Both sequences are zero for \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs20 all \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf3
\f4\fs22 outside the regions shown. The Fourier transforms of these sequences ar
e \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Xi(e)w) \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X2(eiw), \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf3\f4\fs22 which, in general, can be expected to be complex and can be writte
n in the form \par\pard\li5035\sb161\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx5855 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Xjej\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 =
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Al \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 (0))eiei \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (co),\par\pard\ql \li5035\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li50
35\sb26\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs1
8 X2(eiw) = \ul0\super\cf6\f7\fs27 A2(0))e/62(0-,), \par\pard\qj \li1982\ri1333\
sb105\sl-266\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 wh
ere Al (c0), \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ei(w), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 A2\u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (w), \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 and 92(w) are all rea
l functions chosen so that both Ai \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 (co) \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 A2(w) are nonnegative at \ul0\n
osupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = 0, but otherwise can take
on both positive and negative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 values. Determine app
ropriate choices for 611(w) and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 92(w), \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf3\f4\fs22 and sketch these two phase \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 functions
in the range 0 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 co \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 < \
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 27r.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw440
4\colsr40\colno2\colw2583\colsr110\colno3\colw4633\colsr160\ql \li3623\sb0\sl-20
7\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4161\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122
12\par\pard\ql \li3623\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3623\sb0\sl-207\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql \li3623\sb85\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?
\par\pard\ql \li4108\sb1\sl-176\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex72 \u8212?2\pa
r\pard\ql \li2913\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2913\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li2913\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2913\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li2913\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2913\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li3576\sb34\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf3\f4\fs22 4\par\pard\ql \li2913\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2913\sb

0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2913\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca


lex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 12\par\pard\column \ql \li4636\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li4636\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4636\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li212\sb193\sl-207\slmult0\tx808 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61
\u8212?1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 0\par\pard\ql \li577\sb236\sl-299\slm
ult0\tx2171 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 -11\tab
\up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 -1+\par\pard\ql \li4444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li4444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4444\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li20\sb154\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs18 \u8212?41\par\pard\ql \li5169\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li74
5\sb116\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
4\par\pard\column \ql \li7377\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li923\sb12\sl-20
7\slmult0\tx1773 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\tab
\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n]\par\pard\ql \li737
7\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li270\sb177\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 4\par\pard\ql \li1355\sb0\sl-208\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 \u8226?\par\pard\ql
\li813\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx1355 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs18 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\par\pard\ql \li2313\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2313\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2313\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2313\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb122\sl-207
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex82 \u8212?4\par\pard\ql \li2313\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li2819\sb125\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex94 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x2[n]\par\pard\ql \li2313\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li2313\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1173\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 12\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\c
ols5\colno1\colw4894\colsr160\colno2\colw378\colsr160\colno3\colw397\colsr160\co
lno4\colw388\colsr160\colno5\colw5093\colsr160\ql \li3931\sb50\sl-402\slmult0\tx
4511 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex81 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 -1\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex41 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 11\par\pard\ql \li2313\sb21\sl-2
44\slmult0\tx2851\tx3393\tx4511 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
30\f31\fs26 -4\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex74 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 \u82
12?3\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex72 \u8212?2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
0\par\pard\ql \li3763\sb85\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 -21\par\pard\column
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft4954\shptop12572\shpright5349\shpbottom14312\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz10001\shplid10001
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\s
p{\sn fRecolorFillAsPicture}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fUseShapeAnchor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fL
ine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBe
hindDocument}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt\pard\plain \qj\sl1886 \li0\ri0 \expndtw0\charscale
x97\ul0\nosupersub\cf84\f85\fs164 1{\par}}}}
\par\pard\ql \li34\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs18 1\par\pard\column \ql \li25\sb1\sl-525\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex42 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 11\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-186\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2\par\pard\column \qj
\li6129\sb0\sl-187\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri242\sb151\sl-187\slmult0\fi4 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pa
rd\column \ql \li20\sb206\sl-207\slmult0\tx572\tx1105\tx2175\tx2722 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 8\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 9\par\pard\ql \li3240\sb0\sl-208\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf30\f31\fs26 \u8226?\par\pard\ql \li908\sb0\sl-278\slmult0\tx1628\tx32
02 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex54 \ul0\nosupersub\cf79\f80\fs36 -11\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 7\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex12
8 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 10 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n\par\pard\ql \li24
82\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 21 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li5505\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li55
05\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5505\sb77\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha

rscalex102 Figure P2.65-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkm


kstart Pg80}{\bkmkend Pg80}\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\s
b0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1483\sb192\sl-25
3\slmult0\fi0\tx2577\tx10190 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 87\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1473\sb227\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 2.66. Consid
er the cascade of discrete-time systems in Figure P1.66-1. The time-reversal sys
tems\par\pard\li1473\sb31\sl-264\slmult0\fi561\tx5414\tx7224 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex124 are deined by the equations \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 f[n]\tab \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf73\f74\fs28 e[\u8212?n] \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 yin]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex122 = g[\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n]. \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Assume throughout the\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\f
i561 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 problem that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n]
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and h1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 are real sequences.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw
4793\colsr160\colno2\colw1717\colsr160\colno3\colw4940\colsr160\ql \li3163\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3163\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3163\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3316\sb36\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI\par\pard\ql \li3196\sb33\sl-207\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex107 system\par\pard\qj \li3163\ri232\sb58\sl-172\slmult0\fi
100\tx4180 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h i[n ]\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 e[n] \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 H i(e\par
\pard\column \ql \li4953\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0\sl-216\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li4953\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\ri280\sb165\sl-21
6\slmult0\fi76\tx73\tx1063 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s18 Time-\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 reversal \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex109 system \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs
18 f[n]\par\pard\column \ql \li6820\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6820\sb0\
sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6820\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li135\sb55\
sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI\par\
pard\ql \li20\sb33\sl-207\slmult0\tx1864 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 system\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Time-\par\pard\ql \li1782\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex111 reversal\par\pard\qj \li87\ri1329\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx1
009\tx1830\tx3241\tx160 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\f
s18 h1[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 g[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108
\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 system\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 y[n] \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 i(e P) \par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li5548\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5548\sb0\sl-230
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5548\sb21\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.66-1 \par\pard\li2044\sb148\sl-230\slmult0\f
i0\tx4785 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 (a) Express \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 E
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex126 G (ell, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y (ell \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in terms of \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (el') \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f2
9\fs18 Hi(eiw).\par\pard\qj \li2030\ri1311\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\tx2433 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) The result from Part (a) shoul
d convince you that the overall system is LTI. Find the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex115 frequency response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(el') \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 of the overall system. \par\pard\qj \li2054\ri1315\sb0\sl-260\s
lmult0\tx2433 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (c) Determine an expression for the i
mpulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of
the overall system in terms \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 of hi \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n]. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1316\sb48\sl-260\slmult0\tx2035
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.67. The overall syst
em in the dotted box in Figure P1.67-1 can be shown to be linear and time \line\
tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 invariant. \par\pard\ql \li2044\ri1311\sb0\sl-2
60\slmult0\tx2433\tx2433 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a) Determine an expressio
n for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eiw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the freque

ncy response of the overall system from \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 t


he input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 to the out
put \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 in terms of Hi
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (Ow), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the frequency res
ponse of the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 internal LTI system. Remembe
r that (-1)n \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 = ei"n. \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb25\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Plot \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ejw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for the case when t
he frequency response of the internal LTI system is \par\pard\li5779\sb225\sl-33
3\slmult0\fi0\tx6028\tx6969 \dn4 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5
\fs22 =\tab \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex132 \{1,\tab \up3 \expndtw-10\charscalex88
<\par\pard\li5779\sb1\sl-184\slmult0\fi441\tx6926\tx7487 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 <\tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 < 7r.\par\pard\ql \li4910\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li4910\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4910\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li4910\ri5910\sb160\sl-240\slmult0\tx5097 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 Causal \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI \line\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex108 system \par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi3700\tx7800 \
dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h1[n]\tab \up2 \expnd
tw-11\charscalex70 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 Y \ul0\nosupersub\cf64\f65\fs28 [
n]\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-161\slmult0\par\par
d\li1473\sb31\sl-161\slmult0\fi5327 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex148 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf35\f36\fs14 (-1)n\par\pard\li1473\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1473\sb2\sl-2
30\slmult0\fi5951\tx8582 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\
fs10 J\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.67
-1\par\pard\li1473\sb54\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 2.68. Fi
gure P1.68-1 shows the input-output relationships of Systems A and B, while Fig\par\pard\li1473\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi561 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 ure P1.6
8-2 contains two possible cascade combinations of these systems.\par\pard\li3148
\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3148\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li3148\sb76\sl-2
07\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex146 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 xA[n]
\u8212?0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 System A H \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 yA
[n] = xA [-n]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3646\colsr40\colno2\c
olw8074\colsr160\ql \li3163\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3163\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3163\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3163\sb50\sl-207\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 xB [n]\par\pard\column \ql \li3686\sb0\sl207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3686\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3686\sb0\sl207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li826\sb46\sl-207\slmult0\tx2506 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 System B\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 yB [n] = xB [n + \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 2]\par
\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-408\slmult0\tx4364 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf85\f86\fs82 \u8212?01\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.68-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2760\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\li2760\sb158\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3268\tx4060\tx5092\tx7555 \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 x1[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex169 \u8212?0-\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 System A\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex170 \ul0\nosupersub\cf55\f56\fs8 \u9632?111..\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18
System B\tab \dn3 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 w i[n]
\par\pard\li2769\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2769\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\
li2769\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li2769\sb60\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4070\tx5870\
tx7560 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 x2[n]\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex107 System B\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 System A\tab \d
n3 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 w\par\pard\ql \li8404\s
b27\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figu
re P2.68-2 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg81}{\b
kmkend Pg81}\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmul
t0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1454\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\par
d\li1454\sb113\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6326\tx9792 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 88\tab \dn2 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
3\f4\fs22 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \dn2 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 C

hap. 2\par\pard\qj \li2016\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2016\ri1315\sb147\s


l-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 If xi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n]
= x2[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 will \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 wi[n] \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w2[n] \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 necessarily be equal? If your answer is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y
es, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 clearly and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 concise
ly explain why and demonstrate with an example. If your answer is \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs20 not necessarily, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 demonstrate with a counterexample. \par\pard\ql \li1459\sb105\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 2.69. Consider the system in Figure P2.69-1, w
here the subsystems Si and \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 S2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 are LTI. \par\pard\ql \li7752\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\sl-23
0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li7752\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Fi
gure P2.69-1 \par\pard\ql \li2030\ri1311\sb117\sl-270\slmult0\tx2414\tx2419 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex113 (a) Is the overall system enclosed by the dashed box, w
ith input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and outp
ut \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 equal \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 to the product of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 yi[n]
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and y2[n], guaranteed to be an LTI system? If so, e
xplain your \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 reasoning. If not, provide a
counterexample. \par\pard\qj \li2016\ri1315\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\tx2419 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex119 (b) Suppose Si and \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 S2 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 have frequency responses Hi \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (ejw)
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H2(ei") \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 that are known to \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 be zer
o over certain regions. Let\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5436\co
lsr160\colno2\colw6164\colsr160\ql \li4324\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li43
24\sb96\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex137 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20
H1(eil =\par\pard\column \ql \li1441\sb216\sl-230\slmult0\tx1729 \up0 \expndtw-9
\charscalex69 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (01\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 <
0.27,\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\tx1379 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex135
upseciied,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0.27 < 'col \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex121 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 7,\par\pard\ql \li4334\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql \li1436\sb63\sl-230\slmult0\tx1931 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex71 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (01\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 0.47, \par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone \li4334\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi0\tx6950\tx8025 \up3 \expndtw0\chars
calex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H2(ejw) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 tmspe
ciied,\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex112 0.47 < 'col\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscale
x125 <\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 7.\par\pard\ql \li2423\sb226\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Suppose also that the inp
ut \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is known to be b
andlimited to 0.37, i.e.,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6800\cols
r160\colno2\colw4800\colsr160\qj \li5544\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li4367
\ri103\sb89\sl-160\slmult0\fi1176 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 unspeciied\ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs20 , \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 X(ej') = \{11,\par\pard\colu
mn \ql \li87\sb225\sl-230\slmult0\tx380 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex71 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 (01\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 < 0.37,\par\pard\ql \li20\
sb43\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0.37 < 104 < \par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone \ql \li2428\sb162\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 Over wh
at region of \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 -7 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 CO
\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 7 is Y(ejw), the DT
FT of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 guaranteed t
o be zero? \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115
2.70. A commonly used numerical operation called the \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
0 first backward difference \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is deined as \par\pard\q
l \li4646\sb170\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\

f9\fs20 y[n] = V(x[n]) = x[n] \u8212? x[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]


, \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb170\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 where \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the input and \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the output of the i
rst-backward-difference system. \par\pard\ql \li2035\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex113 (a) Show that this system is linear and time invariant. \p
ar\pard\ql \li2025\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) Find the
impulse response of the system. \par\pard\ql \li2054\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex114 (c) Find and sketch the frequency response (magnitude and
phase). \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (
d) Show that if \par\pard\ql \li5544\sb170\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] = f[n] * g[n], \par\pard\ql \li2423\sb15
0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 then \
par\pard\ql \li4406\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf8\f9\fs20 V (x[n]) = V( f[n])* g[n] = f[n] * V (g[n]), \par\pard\ql \li2
419\sb130\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 where * denotes discrete convolution. \par\pard\qj \li2040\ri1315\sb6\sl-260\s
lmult0\tx2423 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (e) Find the impulse response of a sy
stem that could be cascaded with the irst-difference \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex112 system to recover the input; i.e., ind \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h
i[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 where \par\pard\ql \li5366\sb165\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h,[n] * V(x[n]) = x[n
]. \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1316\sb146\sl-260\slmult0\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.71. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(eiw)
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 denote the frequency response of an LTI system with
impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n], \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 where \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is, in general, complex. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pap
erw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg82}{\bkmkend Pg82}\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\
slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1478\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1478\sb54\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2572\
tx10200 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs20 89\par\pard\qj \li2035\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2035\
ri1310\sb186\sl-260\slmult0\tx2428 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 (a) Using Eq. (2
.109), show that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H*(e\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 il \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the frequency resp
onse of a system with \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 impulse response \u
l0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 e[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 where * denotes comp
lex conjugation. \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex113 (b) Show that if \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 is real, the frequency response is conjugate symmetric, i.e., \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(e\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 jw)
= \par\pard\qj \li1473\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1473\ri1306\sb86\sl-26
0\slmult0\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.72.
Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 denote the Fo
urier transform of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
Using the Fourier transform synthesis or \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
analysis equations (Eqs. (2.133) and (2.134)), show that \par\pard\ql \li2040\s
b25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 (a) the Fourier transform of \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x*[n] is X*(e\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 -\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 il, \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) the Fourier transform of x*[-n] \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 is X* (e]m). \par\pard\qj \li1468\ri1301\sb86\sl-260\slmu
lt0\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.73. Show t
hat for x\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 real, prope
rty 7 in Table 2.1 follows from property 1 and that properties \line\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex114 8-11 follow from property 7. \par\pard\ql \li1473\ri1301\s
b80\sl-260\slmult0\tx2030\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2.74. In Section 2
.9, we stated a number of Fourier transform theorems without proof. Using the \l

ine\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Fourier synthesis or analysis equations (Eq


s. (2.133) and (2.134)), demonstrate the validity \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex114 of Theorems 1-5 in Table 2.2. \par\pard\ql \li1473\sb105\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 2.75. In Section 2.9.6, it was argued intuitively
that \par\pard\li5779\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li5779\sb85\sl-230\slmult0\fi0
\tx9600 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 = \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 H(ei`lX(ej"),
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (P2.75-1)\par\pard
\qj \li2030\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2030\ri1301\sb21\sl-260\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 when \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y(ejw), H(eil, \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) are, \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 respectively, the Fourier transforms of the output \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 imp
ulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and
input \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 of a linear t
ime-invariant system; i.e., \par\pard\ql \li5904\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li5904\sb101\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f
13\fs14 00 \par\pard\li5059\sb0\sl-396\slmult0\fi0\tx6254\tx9609 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex126 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Art] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 E
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[k]h[n - k].\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (P2.75-2)\par\pard\ql \
li5731\sb5\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12
\fs16 k=\u8212?oo \par\pard\qj \li2035\ri1296\sb254\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Verify Eq. (P2.75-1) by applying the
Fourier transform to the convolution sum given in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109
Eq. (P2.75-2). \par\pard\qj \li1473\ri1292\sb80\sl-260\slmult0\tx2035 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex110 2.76. By applying the Fourier synthesis equation (Eq. (2.133)
) to Eq. (2.172) and using Theorem 3 \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 in T
able 2.2, demonstrate the validity of the modulation theorem (Theorem 7, Table 2
.2). \par\pard\qj \li1478\ri1291\sb80\sl-260\slmult0\tx2035 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex113 2.77. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 denote complex
sequences and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X (ell \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 their respective
Fourier \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 transforms. \par\pard\ql \li2040
\ri1291\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\tx2433\tx2438 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (a) By usi
ng the convolution theorem (Theorem 6 in Table 2.2) and appropriate properties \
line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 from Table 2.2, determine, in terms of \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf
8\f9\fs20 y[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the sequence whose Fourier \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 transform is \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eim)17*
(ejw). \par\pard\ql \li2030\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Using the result in Part (a), show that\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw4847\colsr20\colno2\colw1607\colsr160\colno3\c
olw161\colsr40\colno4\colw4945\colsr160\ql \li4512\sb52\sl-446\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex42 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 0.\par\pard\ql \li4430\sb0\sl-3
52\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 E\par\pard\ql \li4339\sb0\sl-144\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex154 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs16 n=-0\par\pard\column
\ql \li4867\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4867\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li20\sb68\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs20 x[n]y*[n] =\par\pard\ql \li1210\sb0\sl-160\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\chars
calex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 27r\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb137\sl-506\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf36\f37\fs44 -\par\pard\colu
mn \ql \li6815\sb0\sl-167\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6815\sb0\sl-167\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li6815\sb0\sl-167\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb85\sl-167\slmult0\tx2814
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex131 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(ellY*(eju)do).\tab \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (P2.77-1) \par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone \qj \li2433\ri1296\sb252\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
19 Equation (P2.77-1) is a more general form of Parseval's theorem, as given in
Sec\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 tion 2.9.5. \par\pard\ql \li2059\sb2\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (c) Using Eq. (P2.77-1), determine the numerica

l value of the sum\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5700\colsr40\col


no2\colw6020\colsr160\ql \li5352\sb57\sl-446\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex40
\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs44 c,0\par\pard\ql \li5265\sb1\sl-399\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex118 E\par\pard\ql \li5179\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 n=\u8212? oo\par\pard\column \qj \li5
740\sb0\sl-307\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri4079\sb9\sl-307\slmult0\tx299\tx1264
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex123 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 sm(nn/4) \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf53\f54\fs20\ul sin(nn/6) \line \ul0\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 27rn \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 57rn \par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1483\ri1301\sb246\sl-260\slmult0\tx2030\tx2054 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex116 2.78. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 re
present a sequence and its Fourier transform, respectively. Deter-\line\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex116 mine, in terms of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw), \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the transforms of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y5[n],
yd[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ye[n]. \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 In each case, sketch \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Y(ejw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 as shown in Figure P2.78-1.
\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg83}{\bkmkend Pg83
}\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard
\li1425\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1425\sb
228\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx6302\tx9763 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 90\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Discrete-Time Signals and Syst
ems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Chap. 2\par\pard\ql \li5443\sb0\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5443\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5443\sb51\sl-230\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 X(eiw) \par\pard\li
1996\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li1996\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li1996\sb0\s
l-241\slmult0\par\pard\li1996\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li1996\sb0\sl-241\slmu
lt0\par\pard\li1996\sb56\sl-241\slmult0\fi5059\tx8606\tx9110 \up3 \expndtw0\char
scalex112 2.7\tab \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0\tab
\dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 Figure P2.78-1\par\pard\li1996\sb192\sl-230\slmult
0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 (a) Sampler:\par\pard\li1996\sb159\sl-253\slm
ult0\fi4161 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n], n \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 even,\par\pard\li1996\sb30\sl-230\slmult0\fi3201\tx5716
\tx6830 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex91 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Ys[n-l\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex112 = \{0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 odd.\par\pard\li1435\sb211\sl-253\slm
ult0\fi950\tx4103 \up2 \expndtw0\charscalex108 Note that \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs22 ys[n] =\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex105 z(x[n] + (-1)n x[n]) \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \u8212?1 =\par\pard\li1435\sb26\sl-230\slmult0\fi551 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex118 (b) Compressor:\par\pard\li1435\sb173\sl-253\slmult0\fi4300
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 yd[n] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf4\f5\fs22 = x[2n].\par\pard\li1435\sb141\sl-230\slmult0\fi575 \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (c) Expander:\par\pard\li1435\sb183\s
l-241\slmult0\fi4185\tx5870 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex80 \u8212?\tab \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 fx[n/2], n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 even,\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-180\slmult0\fi3662\tx6052\tx6940 \up1 \expndtw
-9\charscalex87 Ye [n]\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex103 0,\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 odd.\par\p
ard\li1435\sb247\sl-253\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 2.79. The two-f
requency correlation function crsx(N, \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 co) \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is often used in radar and sonar to evalu-\par\pard\li1435\sb3
0\sl-230\slmult0\fi556 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 ate the frequency and travel
-time resolution of a signal. For discrete-time signals, we deine\par\pard\li143
5\sb72\sl-230\slmult0\fi4046 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex55 0.0\par\pard\li1435\sb0
\sl-414\slmult0\fi2721\tx5832 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f
5\fs22 (I) x(N co) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n + N]xln \u8212?\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-180
\slmult0\fi3873 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n=-oo\

par\pard\ql \li2001\sb200\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosup


ersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Show that \par\pard\ql \li1987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li1987\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1987\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex129 (b) If \par\pard\ql \li1440\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1440\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i1440\sb0\sl-400\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1440\ri2857\sb150\sl-400\slmult0\tx5289
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 2.80. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 x[n] \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 be stationary, uncorrelated random signals. Show that if \line\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 w[n] = x[n] + y[n], \par\pard\
ql \li1991\sb141\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 then\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6895\colsr40\colno2\c
olw4825\colsr160\ql \li4440\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4440\sb27\sl-184\
slmult0\tx5356 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex150 \ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 Mw =\t
ab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 my and o.\u8222?2,\p
ar\pard\column \ql \li20\sb138\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex128 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs14 = 0.1 0.32 . \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1444\r
i1340\sb155\sl-260\slmult0\tx1996 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs20 2.81. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 e[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 denote a white-noise sequence, and let \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 s[n] \ul0\n
osupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 denote a sequence that is uncorrelated \line\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex108 with \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 e[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs20 Show that the sequence \par\pard\ql \li5500\sb186\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex102 y[n] = \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 s[n]e[n] \par\pard\ql \l
i1996\sb106\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 is white, i.e., that \par\pard\ql \li4958\sb151\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 Ely[n]y[n + m]) = Agin], \par\pard\q
l \li1996\sb166\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 where A is a constant. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820
{\bkmkstart Pg84}{\bkmkend Pg84}\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1
468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb0\sl
-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1468\sb83\sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx2563\tx10180 \up0 \expndt
w-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\chars
calex100 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 9
1\par\pard\ql \li1454\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1454\sb211\sl-230\slmult
0\tx5164 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 2.82. Consider a random signal \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex132 = s[n] e[n], \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 where both \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 s[n] \ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 e[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
are indepen-\par\pard\qj \li2016\ri1334\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex113 dent zero-mean stationary random signals with autocorrelation functi
ons 0\u8222?[m] and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 0,[m] \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
08 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 respectively. \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb11\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (a) Determine expressions for Oxx[m] and \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (1)xx(eica). \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Determine expressions
for 0\u8222?[m] and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (1)\u8222?(em). \par\pard\ql \l
i2040\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 (c) Determine expressions for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 0, \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 [m] and 41, \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 (em). \par\pard\ql \li1454
\sb120\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2
.83. Consider an LTI system with impulse response \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18
h[n] = an u[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with I \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18
a l < 1. \par\pard\ql \li2025\sb33\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Compute the deterministic autocorrelation functio
n \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Ohh[m] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for this impuls
e response. \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex11
1 (b) Determine the energy density function I \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 H(ei
w) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1 2 for the system. \par\pard\ql \li2040\ri4867\s
b26\sl-260\slmult0\tx5592 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c) Use Parseval's theore

m to evaluate the integral \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \par\pard\q


l \li5846\sb0\sl-252\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf73
\f74\fs28 f \ul0\nosupersub\cf64\f65\fs28 11-Aelni2da) \par\pard\ql \li2419\sb74
\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 for the
system. \par\pard\qj \li1463\ri1316\sb86\sl-260\slmult0\tx2020 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex117 2.84. The input to the irst-backward-difference system (Example 2.1
0) is a zero-mean white-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 noise signal whos
e autocorrelation function is (/)\u8222? \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 [m] = ax2
S[m]. \par\pard\qj \li2025\ri1320\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Determine and plot the autocorrelation
function and the power spectrum of the cor-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
13 responding output of the system. \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (b) What is the average power of the output of the sys
tem? \par\pard\ql \li2040\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (c) W
hat does this problem tell you about the irst backward difference of a noisy sig
nal? \par\pard\ql \li1463\ri1321\sb86\sl-260\slmult0\tx2020\tx2025 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex110 2.85. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 be a real, stationary, white-noise process, with zero mean and variance
ax2. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 y[n] \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 be the corresponding output when \ul0\nosupersub
\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 is the input to a linear time-in
variant system with \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 impulse response \ul0
\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 h[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Show that \par\pard\
ql \li2025\sb64\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (a) \ul0\nosupersub\
cf28\f29\fs18 E\{x[n]y[n]) = h[O]crx2 , \par\pard\li1463\sb37\sl-207\slmult0\fi5
52\tx4012 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 op 0.2 = 0.2 N-,00\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex108 h2r\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\fi1075\tx3062 \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 y\tab \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex105 x
\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 L-m=-00\par\pard\li1463\sb69\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.86. Let \ul0\nosupersub\
cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 be a real stationary white-noise
sequence, with zero mean and variance a2. Let\par\pard\li1463\sb29\sl-230\slmult
0\fi552 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 x[n] \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs20 be the input to the cascade of two causal linear time-invari
ant discrete-time systems,\par\pard\li1463\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi561 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex110 as shown in Figure P1.86-1.\par\pard\li3552\sb0\sl-218\slmult0
\par\pard\li3552\sb159\sl-218\slmult0\fi887\tx5860 \dn3 \expndtw0\charscalex111
\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 hi[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 h2[n]\par\
pard\li3552\sb1\sl-201\slmult0\fi0\tx5169\tx6854\tx7617 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x108 x[n]\tab \dn3 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 y [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
04 w[n]\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.8
6-1\par\pard\ql \li2025\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2025\sb20\sl-253\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (a) IS ay2 = ox Ec'c 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs
22 hi [k]? \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb66\sl-230\slmult0\tx2961 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex122 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Is a2 \tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex118
= oy Er-o hi [k]? \par\pard\qj \li2044\ri1244\sb26\sl-260\slmult0\tx2423 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex114 (c) Let hi \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 [n] = an u[n] \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and h2\ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 [n] = bn u[n]. \ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Determine the impulse response of the overall \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 system in Figure P1.86-1, and, from this, determine
a\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 w2. Are your answers to parts (b) \par\pard\ql \l
i2423\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 and (c) consistent? \par\
pard\ql \li1463\ri1311\sb66\sl-260\slmult0\tx2025\tx2020 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex116 2.87. Sometimes we are interested in the statistical behavior of a linear
time-invariant system \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 when the input is a
suddenly applied random signal. Such a situation is depicted in Fig-\line\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ure P1.87-1. \par\pard\li3652\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par
\pard\li3652\sb130\sl-207\slmult0\fi1094\tx5774 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 o\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 h [n]\par\pard\l
i3652\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5044\tx6739 \dn2 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 x[n]\ta

b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 w [n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 y [n]\pa


r\pard\li2025\sb0\sl-241\slmult0\par\pard\li2025\sb44\sl-241\slmult0\fi2303\tx74
73 \up3 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 (switch closed \ul0\
nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 at n = \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 0)\tab \dn4 \expndtw
0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.87-1\par\pard\li2025\sb189
\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs
18 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 be a stationary white-noise process. The inp
ut to the system, \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 w[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 given by\par\pard\li2025\sb135\sl-207\slmult0\fi3081\tx6715 \dn2 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 w[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 n
> \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0,\par\pard\li2025\sb28\sl-207\slmult0\fi3571\tx6
715 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex206 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 = \{44\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex121 n < \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 0,\par\pard\ql \li2078\sb
133\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 is
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a nonstationary process, as is the output y[n]. \pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg85}{\bkmkend Pg85}\p
ar\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li
1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb0\sl-253\slmult0\par\pard\li1435\sb98\
sl-253\slmult0\fi0\tx6307\tx9772 \dn2 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
7\f8\fs20 92\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Discr
ete-Time Signals and Systems\tab \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 Chap. 2\par\pard
\ql \li1996\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1996\sb196\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Derive an expression for th
e mean of the output in terms of the mean of the input. \par\pard\ql \li1987\sb3
0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 (b) Derive an expression for the a
utocorrelation sequence \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 chy[ni, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\
f8\fs20 n2] of the output. \par\pard\qj \li2016\ri1329\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2395
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (c) Show that, for large n, the formulas derived i
n parts (a) and (b) approach the results \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113
for stationary inputs. \par\pard\ql \li1991\ri1326\sb0\sl-270\slmult0\tx2400\tx2
390 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (d) Assume that \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 h[n
] = anu[n]. \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Find the mean and mean-square values of
the output in \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 terms of the mean and meansquare values of the input. Sketch these parameters as a \line\tab \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex112 function of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 n. \par\pard\ql \li1440\
ri1320\sb71\sl-260\slmult0\tx2001\tx2001 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs20 2.88. Let \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs20 and y[n] respectively denote the input and output of a system. The inpu
t-output \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 relation of a system sometimes u
sed for the purpose of noise reduction in images is given \line\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex107 by\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5128\colsr60\co
lno2\colw508\colsr40\colno3\colw6034\colsr160\ql \li4487\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li4487\sb123\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex139 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf29\f30\fs16 y[n] =\par\pard\ql \li2001\sb158\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 where\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb34\s
l-184\slmult0\tx230 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16
0. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 [ni\par\pard\ql \li270\sb157\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex92 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n]\par\pard\column \q
l \li20\sb207\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (x[n] - mx[nD \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs24 + \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 mx[n],\par\pard\ql \li5807\sb0
\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5807\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li101\sb27
\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 n+1\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5672\colsr40\colno2\colw498\colsr20\
colno3\colw5540\colsr160\ql \li4713\sb157\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex135 ax2[n] = -\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\par\pard\column \ql \li101\sb1\s
l-467\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 >\par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-144\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2
9\f30\fs16 k=n-1\par\pard\ql \li375\sb157\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 1\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb124\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (x[k] - mx[n])2\par

\pard\ql \li6335\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li135\sb143\sl-184\slmult0 \up


0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 n+1\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw6200\colsr40\colno2\colw517\colsr20\colno3\colw4993\col
sr160\qj \li5207\ri0\sb0\sl-176\slmult0\tx6067 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs22 mx[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 = -\line \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 3\par\pard\column \ql \li101\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs46 E\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-144\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf29\f30\fs16 k=n-1\par\par
d\column \ql \li20\sb0\sl-414\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex45 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf57\f58\fs46 x[k], \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2016\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\f
i2467 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 o.2 [n] = \ul0\no
supersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a2[n] - \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 a,z,t a 2 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 [n]\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2016\sb24\sl-230\slmult0\fi346
5\tx6792 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 0,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 otherw
ise,\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2016\sb96\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-1
\charscalex100 and cr\t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 w2 is a known constant prop
ortional to the noise power.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li2016\sb34\sl-230\slm
ult0\fi4 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (a) Is the system linear?\par\pard\ql \li2
011\sb22\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (b) Is the system shift inv
ariant? \par\pard\ql \li2040\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 (c
) Is the system stable? \par\pard\ql \li2020\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex116 (d) Is the system causal? \par\pard\qj \li2030\ri1306\sb6\sl-260\s
lmult0\tx2423 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 (e) For a ixed x[n], determine \ul0\n
osupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 when a2 is very large (la
rge noise power) and when \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 crw is very sma
ll (small noise power). Does y[n] make sense for these extreme cases? \par\pard\
ql \li1468\ri1301\sb80\sl-260\slmult0\tx2030\tx2030 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119
2.89. Consider a random process \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 that is the response of the linear time-invariant system \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 shown in Figure P2.89-1. In the igure, w [n] repre
sents a real zero-mean stationary white-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 n
oise process with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 E(w2[n]\} = cr2\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw7155\colsr160\colno2\colw4445\colsr160\ql \li3859\sb0
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3859\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4540\sb4
2\sl-230\slmult0\tx5750 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex97 H(edw) =\tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1\par\pard\ql \li3859\sb1\sl-230\slm
ult0\tx4425\tx5299 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 w[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 1 - 0.5 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 c
jw \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex152 771]\par\pard\ql \li2040\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li2040\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs20 (a) Express \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 E(x2[n]) \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs20 in terms of Cx[n] or \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 cb\u8222?(ei6').\pa
r\pard\column \ql \li7315\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7315\sb0\sl-253\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li7315\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb60\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Figure P2.89-1 \pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li2025\sb29\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b) Determine Oxx(eim), the power density spe
ctrum of x[n]. \par\pard\ql \li2049\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x112 (c) Determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Oxx[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
20 the correlation function of x[n]. \par\pard\ql \li1478\ri1306\sb57\sl-270\slm
ult0\tx2040\tx2040 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 2.90. Consider a linear time-inv
ariant system whose impulse response is real and is given by \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs20 h[n]. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
0 Suppose the responses of the system to the two inputs \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 x[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and v[n] are, respectively, \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs20 and z[n], as shown in Figure P2.90-1. \par\pard\li4502\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\p
ar\pard\li4502\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4502\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li
4502\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4502\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4502\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4502\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li4502\sb83\sl-230\slm

ult0\fi0\tx5937\tx6657 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20


v[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 z[n]\tab \dn4 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22 Figure P2.90-1\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\p
aperh16820{\bkmkstart Pg86}{\bkmkend Pg86}\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1
463\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1463\sb194\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2558\tx10175 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 Chap. 2\tab \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex102 Problems\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 93\par\pard\li2006\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2006\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2006\sb6\sl-230\s
lmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 The inputs \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 x
[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and v [n] in the igure represent real zero-mean
stationary random processes\par\pard\li2006\sb29\sl-230\slmult0\fi4\tx9480 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex114 with autocorrelation functions \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s20 4)\u8222?[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 0\u
8222?[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 cross-correlation function \ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs20 4\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 [n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20
power\par\pard\li2006\sb34\sl-230\slmult0\fi4\tx4396 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
13 spectra \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 4)xx(e)w) \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (et), \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf7\f8\fs20 and cross power spectrum cb\u8222?\par\pard\ql \li2025\sb46\sl-2
30\slmult0\tx3360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 (a) Given \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 4 x \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 [n], v v[n], 4ix,[n], c xx (e 11,(Dvv
(e w) , \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and cpxv(e/'), determine \ul0\nosupersub\cf
8\f9\fs20 cbyz(ejw), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the \par\pard\ql \li2409\sb10\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 cross power spectrum of \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf8\f9\fs20 y[n] \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and z[n], where cbyz(eiw) is dei
ned by \par\pard\li5424\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li5424\sb100\sl-230\slmult0\
fi0\tx6724 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 Oyz[n]\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 yz(eju)),\par\pard\ql \li2409\sb130\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 with (/) \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf8\f9\fs20 yz [n] = Ety[k]z[k \u8212? n]). \par\pard\qj \li2011\ri1320\sb6\s
l-260\slmult0\tx2409 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 (b
) Is the cross power spectrum cbxv \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 (ejw) \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs20 always nonnegative; i.e., is Oxv(ejw) > 0 for all \line\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 w? Justify your answer. \par\pard\ql \li1454\ri1320\sb
56\sl-266\slmult0\tx2020\tx2016\tx2016 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 2.91. Consid
er the LTI system shown in Figure P2.91-1. The input to this system, \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs20 e[n], is \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 a station-\line\tab \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex114 ary zero-mean white-noise signal with average power cri.
The irst system is a backward-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 difference
system as deined in Eq. 2.45 with \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 f[n] = e[n] \u8212
? e[n \u8212? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1]. The second system is \line\tab \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 an ideal lowpass ilter with frequency response\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5010\colsr20\colno2\colw2227\colsr20\colno
3\colw4493\colsr160\ql \li4747\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4747\sb9\sl-29
9\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 112\par\pard
\qj \li3052\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3052\sb0\sl-287\slmult0 \par\pard
\qj \li3052\ri0\sb88\sl-287\slmult0\fi873\tx4296 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 LTI system \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf28\f29\fs18 e \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 [n] \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 #1\par\pard\column \ql \li5030\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li14
50\sb132\sl-161\slmult0\tx1698 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
2\f13\fs14 (01 \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex145 < (0c,\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl
-208\slmult0\tx995 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex94 \ul0\nosupersub\cf30\f31\fs26 (
elw) =\tab \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex82 1:\par\pard\ql \li1700\sb0\sl-126\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex125 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 < 1(1\par\pard\ql \
li5174\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5174\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li884\sb139\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s18 LTI system\par\pard\ql \li164\sb72\sl-207\slmult0\tx1263 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 f[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u

l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs18 #2\par\pard\column \ql \li7267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par


\pard\ql \li7267\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb104\sl-207\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex153 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs14 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\
fs18 n.\par\pard\ql \li7377\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7377\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7377\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7377\sb0\sl-207\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li130\sb142\sl-207\slmult0\tx870 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
11 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs18 s[n]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs20 Figure P2.91-1 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2025\ri132
0\sb118\sl-260\slmult0\tx2414 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (a) Determine an expr
ession for (1) \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 ff(em), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 t
he power spectrum of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 f [n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s20 and plot this ex-\line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 pression for \u8212?
27 < \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 < 27. \par\pard\q
l \li2011\sb45\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 (b) Determine an expr
ession for Off \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [m], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the
autocorrelation function of f \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 [n]. \par\pard\qj \li2
040\ri1315\sb6\sl-260\slmult0\tx2419 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs20 (c) Determine an expression for \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs20 4) gg(
e16'), \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 the power spectrum of \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\
fs20 g[n], \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 and plot this \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex110 expression for \u8212?27r < w < 27. \par\pard\ql \li2016\sb25\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 (d) Determine an expression for Qg, the av
erage power of the output. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}

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