GSM Evolution Summary

Mobile Data Transfer
-Access Technologies for 3G ServicesBonn, April 8, 2003
Presented by:
Vice President Training Telecommunication Networks
Klingenhofstrasse 58, 90411 Nuremberg / Germany
About TOP...
WBTs: GPRS, UMTS, TCP/IP, GSM, ATM, VoIP

Training Information Technology
! ! ! ! ! !
Training Telecomms. Networks
Consultancy Mobile & Fixed Networks
Training & Consultancy Org. & Mngmt. Development
Training Proj. Mngmt. Indiv. Skills
Training & Consultancy TQM ISO / TL9000
Since 1994, independent training institute, privately owned Training centers: Nuremberg, Hamburg, Neuss, Neu-Ulm Total Staff in 2003: 65 Total Sales in 2002: EUR 7.7m DIN EN ISO 9001 certification since 1993 ETSI, 3GPP, EFQM member
GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

TOP Business AG
TM / BKU, NGN, V1.0, Mar 02
Possible Mobile Data Technologies
DECT IrDA Bluetooth WLAN
GSM
HSCSD GPRS
GSM
EDGE UMTS
HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

TOP Business AG
SatCom
Presentation Contents
GSM
HSCSD GPRS
GSM
Bluetooth WLAN UMTS

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Throughput Capability
10 M
throughput bps
1M
ket pac
Bluetooth <1Mbps
IEEE802.11b <11Mbps UMTS <2Mbps

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN
100 k
uit circ
64 k
57.6
10 k
GPRS ~53kbps
9.6
HSCSD
1k
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 Time frame
Bluetooth
TOP Business AG
Still Alive: GSM Data Services
Value Added Services Supplementary Services Tele-Services Bearer-Services
9.6kbps
OSI Layer 1 - 3
Transparent / Non-transparent Mode

Transparent Mode Forward Error Correction by Data Terminal Equipment requires constant data rate Non-transparent Mode RLP by MS and IWF Enables flexible bit rates
BSS PSTN
GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS

MSC/IWF
WLAN Bluetooth
Non-Transparent: RLP error handling Transparent: Terminal Protocol handles corrections
TOP Business AG
Standard Channel Coding
240 Block Code 240 + 4
244
bits / 20 ms 1/2 Rate Convolutional Code
488 Puncturing 488 - 32
456
GSM
12 kbps (9.6 net) 22.8 kbps

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GSM CS Data Applications

0.3...9.6kbps Circuit-switched Expensive (time-based billing) E-mail browsing (headlines, low content) M2M (Machine-to-Machine communications)
Vending machine control
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Traffic flow measurements
A First Step Forward: TS Bundling With High-Speed CS Data

3+1 TCH
BSC 3+1 TCH
HSCSD Key Features (1)

Smooth integration into infrastructure by SW updates Net bit rate per TS boost from 9.6 to 14.4 kbps by improved channel coding
290 Block Code 290 + 4 294 bits / 20 ms 1/2 Rate Convolutional Code 588 Puncturing 588 - 132 456
GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS
14.5 kbps (14.4 net) 22.8 kbps
WLAN Bluetooth
TOP Business AG
11
HSCSD Key Features (2)

TCH bundling: 1...4, different for UL and DL Higher net bit rate but less resistant against interference Handover problems at cell borders Adaptive Link Adaptation: Selects either standard or improved channel coding according to transmission quality (BER) for optimized data transmission No QoS levels
TCH 1 2 3 4 9.6 kbps Input 9.6 19.2 28.8 38.4 14.4 kbps Input 14.4 28.8 43.2 57.6

TOP Business AG
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HSCSD System Architecture

PSTN ISDN PDN
Max. 4 TCH
BTS
BSC
TRAU MSC
IWF Split & combine function located in IWF of MSC and MS IWF /MSC: Mapping of 4 TCH at 64kbps each to 1 TCH at 64kbps towards PSTN MS: 3 TS offset between TX and RX TS for adjacent cell monitoring Max. no. of 4 TCH (with 2nd RX)
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13
HSCSD Applications
E-Mail retrieval with low volume attachments Data download from host PC Web surfing Still time-based billing Available at:
Few roaming possibilities
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From CS To PS Data: General Packet Radio Service

Packet Data Network Packet Data Network
GPRS network
Packet Data Network
Packet Data Network
The Idea
GPRS Load Capacity used for delayed GPRS traffic
Necessary Capacity
GSM Load Time
GSM Load
GPRS Load
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GPRS As A Part Of The Packet World
201.19.26.43
GPRS Network 201.19.26.0 Router (IP)
201.19.26.86
TOP Business AG
Network A 202.74.18.0 202.74.18.26
Network B 198.14.76.0
198.14.76.4 198.14.76.27
17
GPRS Terminals Types

Type A - GSM attached AND GPRS attached simultaneous voice and packet data two radio chains required
Class B Class A Class C
Type B - GSM attached AND GPRS attached alternate voice and packet data required for mass market applications complex implementation Type C - GSM attached OR GPRS attached manually switched simple to implement
TOP Business AG
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MS Classes For Multislot Capabilities Multislot class

class class1 class2 class3 class4 . . class8 . . class17 . . class29
max. no. of TS
RX 1 2 2 3 . . 4 . . 7 . . 8 TX 1 1 2 1 . . 1 . . 7 . . 8
Limitation in Phase1 GSM

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GPRS Services
Point -to-Point Services
PTP Connection-Less Network Services (PTP-CLNS) using IP PTP Connection-Oriented Network Services (PTP-CONS) using X.25
Point-to-Multipoint Services
Transmission of packets between a service requester and a receiver group currently located within a geographical area Both, the receiver group and the geographical area are specified by the service requester PTM-M PTM-G IP-M : PTM Multicast : PTM Group Call : IP Multicast
A B

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10
QoS Parameter
Quality of Service (QoS) profile defines the quality of service expected in terms the following attributes: precedence class delay class reliability class peak throughput class mean throughput class
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21
GPRS Network Architecture

A TC BSS A-ter BSC PCU Gb A-bis BTS A-bis BTS
GPRS Backbone
MSC VLR Gs Gd SGSN
A SSS SMS-C Gr Gf Gn Gn
GMSC HLR AuC EIR GGSN BG DNS GGSN

FW
PSTN ISDN
Gi Gp
INTERNET INTER-PLMN GPRS Backbone

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Um Ga CG BC
GPRS Core
22
11
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Tasks

Converts protocols used in the IP backbone to
protocols used in the BSS and the MS Takes care of authentication and mobility management Routes data to the relevant GGSN when connection to an external network is required Collects charging data and traffic statistics Ciphers the Packet Data Unit (PDU)
Routing Table

TOP Business AG
23
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Tasks

Acts as the interface between the GPRS network and external networks Collects charging data and traffic statistics Allocates IP addresses for users
The Worl d R nson P ect i on obi roj
B r u c e
J o n e s
D e s i g n
I n c .
1 9 9 2
Address Mapping
GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS
Routes packets coming from external networks towards the correct SGSN and vice versa
Routing Table
WLAN Bluetooth
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12
Packet Control Unit (PCU)
BTS + CCU
Packet Control Unit

PCU
Relay function SGSN
Abis
Gb

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RLC blocks
synchronous
BSSGP Frame Relay
asynchronous
TRAU frames management Radio part
Packet part
BSC
25
Additional GPRS Network Elements
SGSN IntraGPRS Backbone NAT DNS RADIUS GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS DHCP Border Gateway other network WLAN Bluetooth
TOP Business AG
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13
Domain Name Server (DNS)
192.168.0.1 IP address DNS Server
www.topbusinessag.com Symbolic name

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27
Remote Access Dial In User Server (RADIUS)
RADIUS Client request authentication allocation of IP address RADIUS Server
RADIUS Client authentication allocation of IP address

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14
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server ( DHCP)
Request for IP address DHCP Server
Allocation for a leased time

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29
Border Gateway (BG)
Transit Network
Network A Border Gateway Routing ! Address translation ! Port translation ! Fire-Wall functionality
!
Network B
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15
GPRS Open Network Interfaces

Gb: between SGSN and BSS PSTN (Frame Relay) ISDN !Gn: between GSNs (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) !Gr: between SGSN and HLR INTERNET (SS7-MAP) INTER-PLMN !Gs: between SGSN and MSC GPRS Backbone (SS7-BSSAP+) !Gi: between GGSN and external data networks (IP or X.25) !Gf: between SGSN and EIR (SS7-MAP) !Gd: between SGSN and GMSC /SMS-C (SS7-MAP) !Gp: between GSNs of different PLMNs (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
!
A TC BSS A-ter PCU BSC Gb A-bis BTS A-bis BTS
MSC VLR Gs Gd SGSN
A SSS SMS-C Gr Gf Gn Gn
GMSC HLR AuC EIR GGSN BG DNS GGSN

FW
Gi Gp
GPRS Backbone
Um Ga CG BC

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GPRS Core
31
GPRS Air Interface: Timeslot Allocation

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16
GPRS Channel Coding

Four different channel coding schemes have been defined for GPRS:
RLC/MAC block data
Coding Scheme 1 (CS-1) Coding Scheme 2 (CS-2) Coding Scheme 3 (CS-3) Coding Scheme 4 (CS-4)
1 Packet=4 bursts
Channel Coding Scheme Single TSL Data Rate 3 TSL Data Rate 8 TSL Data Rate
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4

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9.05 kbps 27.15 kbps 72.0 kbps
21.4 kbps 64.2 kbps 171.2kbps
33
Coding Scheme Throughputs
Coding Scheme
Theoretical RLC/MAC User Throughput (kbps) User Throughput at Application layer in kbps (without retransmission) Effective User Throughput at Application layer in kbps (with retransmissions: BLER = 4%) Effective User Throughput at Application layer in kbps (with retransmissions: BLER = 10%)
CS1
8
CS2
12
CS3
14.4
CS4
20
7.0
10.6
12.8
17.9
GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN
6.7
10.2
12.3
17.3
6.3
9.5
11.5
16.2
Bluetooth
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17
Coding Scheme Areas

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35
User Throughput vs. C/I ratio

25
20
User Data Throughput (kbps)
15
10
GSM HSCSD
CS-1
GPRS UMTS WLAN

28 30
CS-2 CS-3 CS-4
0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Bluetooth
TOP Business AG
C / I ( dB )
36
18
Global Multimedia Mobility: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Power Spectral Density (PSD) Narrowband Waveform
Noise Level Spread Waveform Frequency
Evolution from GSM to UMTS

UMTS R99 = GSM (Speech) Services + GPRS (Data) Services
Circuit Switched Networks

(e.g. ISDN)
GSM BSS
Gb
GSM NSS
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access IWUIA Network
GSM
IWUIGb UTRAN
Iu
GPRS CN
UMTS CN
HSCSD GPRS
Packet Switched Networks

(e.g. Internet)
UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

TOP Business AG
38
19
UMTS Network Interfaces

AuC HLR EIR PSTN PSTN MSC VLR GMSC VLR
Um
BTS
Abis
BSC
Ater
TC
Gb Uu
Iucs Gs
Gr Gf Gd
GGSN
SMSC BC
Gi
Internet Internet GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS
NODE B
RNC
Gn Iups
SGSN
Iub
NODE B
Iur
RNC
Ga
CG
WLAN Bluetooth
Gn
LIG
Gn
BG
Gp
PLMN PLMN
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User Equipment (UE)
+
ME
! ! !
= UE
USIM
GSM
ME USIM UE
Mobile Equipment Universal SIM User Equipment

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20
UTRAN Element Tasks

Node B (UMTS Base Station)
Transmitter (TX) / Receiver (RX) functions Spreading and de-spreading Softer Handover arrangements Power Control Micro Diversity Encoding and decoding Uu interface channelization Iub signaling and switching ATM termination
Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Radio Resource Management (RRM) Radio Resource Control (RRC) Telecommunication Management
RNC
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UMTS Core Network Element Tasks

GSM-NSS / GPRS-CN / Additional Elements Connection Management (CM)
Bearer Management (BM) Call Control (CC) Supplementary Service (SS) Short Message Service (SMS)
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Session Management (SM) Mobility Management (MM) Security issues Charging
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21
IMT-2000 by ITU-R
IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces by ITU-R
UMTS Approach
IMT-DS Direct Spread IMT-TC Time Code
Source: GSMQ, March 2001
IMT-MC Multi Carrier
IMT-SC Single Carrier
IMT-FT Frequency Time
UTRA-FDD (WCDMA) _________

(3GPP)
UTRA TDD (TD-CDMA) _________

(3GPP)
cdma2000 _________
(3GPP2)
UWC-136 (EDGE) _________

(UWCC/ETSI)
DECT ___________
(ETSI)

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Europe Japan Korea
Europe Japan PR China
USA
USA
Europe
43
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Modes

TD-CDMA (derived from GSM) ! Time Division Duplex (TDD) in unpaired band ! High data rates up to 2 Mbps ! Both symmetric and asymmetric traffic supported ! Suitable for small cells (Pico ... Micro) ! Does not require special wireless network functions W-CDMA (derived from IS-95) ! Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) in paired bands ! Medium data rates up to 384 kbps (2Mbps with restrictions) ! Suitable for larger cells ! Requires extremly fast & precise power control and soft handovers
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22
WCDMA FDD Mode Principle
Code
Fr eq ue nc y
DL UL Time

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WCDMA TDD Mode Principle
Code UL
Fr eq ue nc y
DL

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Time
46
23
UMTS Spectrum Overview
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200 MHz
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
ITU
UMTS (1 xTDD)
IMT-2000
SPA Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
(4 x TDD)
UMTS
GSM 1800
UMTS (12 x FDD)
Europe Japan USA
UMTS (12 x FDD)
PCS (GSM 1900)
Frequency Allocation in Germany

Frequencies for FDD Mode:
Vodafone 1920 2110 Group 3G 1940 2130 e-plus Mobilcom 1950 2140 1960 2150 O2 1970 T-D1 1980
1930 2120
Frequencies for TDD Mode:

Group 3G Mobilcom 1900 1905 1910 T-D1 Vodafone 1915 1920 2020 f / MHz e-plus 2025
DECT

TOP Business AG
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
PHS
IMT-2000
IMT-2000
unlicensed
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
PCS (GSM 1900)
PCS
47
2160 2170 f / MHz

TOP Business AG
Source: RegTP, Aug 2000
48
24
WCDMA Radio Frame Structure Code
Frequency
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2
TS
4 TS TS 5 6 TS 7 TS 8
TS
9 10 11 TS TS TS
TS
TS
TS
13
12
14

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~666.7 s
Time
Frame = 10 ms
49
Separation By WCDMA Codes
Subscriber 1
Subscriber 1 Subscriber 2 Code 1 Code 2
$ "
Subscriber 2
1 2
GSM HSCSD GPRS
$
"
2 1
UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

TOP Business AG
50
25
Direct Sequence Code Spreading (1)
M 1(t) M 2(t)
Baseband part Baseband part
S1(t)
S1(t) C1(t) C1(t) C2(t) S2(t) C2(t) Modulator
S2(t)
Air-Interface
GSM
Integrator
1 0 S1(t) C1(t) C1(t) + S2(t) C2(t) C1(t)

Demodulator C1(t) C2(t) Demodulator
S1(t) Baseband part
M 1(t) M 2(t)

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S1(t) C1(t) C2(t) + S2(t) C2(t) C2(t) 0 1
Baseband Integrator S2(t) part
51
Power Spectral Density (PSD)
Narrow-band Waveform
GSM
Noise Level Spread Waveform Frequency

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26
Power
3.84 MHz

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5 MHz
53

Symbol User Data Spread Seq.
(Code 4,2)
Chip
User Data x Code De-spread Seq.

(Code 4,2)
De-spread Data

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4
Signal After Integration ( 0 -1 )
-4 1 0 0 1
54
27
WCDMA Channelization & Scrambling Code Channelization & Spreading

Signaling Code 2 Code 3
Scrambling
Pseudorandom code
GSM HSCSD GPRS
Code 1 Speech / Data
UMTS WLAN Bluetooth
Signature / ID
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UMTS Service Capabilities

Operating Environment Real Time / Constant Delay BER / Peak Bit Rate Peak Bit Rate Non Real Time / Variable Delay BER /
Max. Transfer Delay
Max. Transfer Delay
Rural Outdoor min. 144 kbps (Terminal Speed (preferable: 384 up to 500 km/h) kbps)
10-3 - 10-7 / 20 - 300 ms
min. 144 kbps (preferable: 384 kbps)
10-5 - 10-8 / 150 ms or more
(Sub-) Urban min. 384 kbps outdoor (preferable: (Terminal Speed 512 kbps) up to 120 km/h) Indoor / Low Range Outdoor (Terminal speed up to 10 km/h)
10-3 - 10-7 / 20 - 300 ms
min. 384 kbps (preferable: 512 kbps)
10-5 - 10-8 / 150 ms or more GSM HSCSD GPRS
2 Mbps
10-3 - 10-7 / 20 - 300 ms
2 Mbps
10-5 - 10-8 / 150 ms or more
UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

TOP Business AG
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UMTS Threat? IEEE802.11 WLAN
WLAN - The Ultimate 3G Threat

IEEE802.11 standard available since 1997
2.4GHz ISM & 5GHz band Unlicensed! Access points and terminals now available at moderate costs
In-house coverage for UMTS-like data services

<11Mbps <54Mbps
LAN 1

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Today: isolated networks Tomorrow: interconnected?
LAN 1
58
29
Ad-hoc WLAN
Desktop
AD HOC Network
Tablet
Laptop
GSM
LAN created solely by wireless devices themselves, with no central controller or access point Each device communicates directly with other devices in the network

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Infrastructure WLAN

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Device traffic is managed by access point Carrier-sense collision-avoidance protocol is used
60
30
Roaming WLAN
State and location information must be moved along with the station Protocols to transfer this information are not defined in the standard Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) under development for roaming and multi-vendor interoperability

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Current WLAN Implementations

First focused on the U.S., now spreading globally PC cards <$100.-, subscription fee <$15.-/month Airwave
www.airwave.com
Mobilestar
www.mobilestar.com 3000 Starbucks outlets Hotels in 27 U.S. states 16 airport lounges
TOP Business AG
Wayport Inc.
www.wayport.net
Surf And Sip Inc.

www.surfandsip.com
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31
WLAN Key Characteristics

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Security Issues
Only low security mechanisms available: optional Service Set Identifier (SSID) Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) algorithm with 40-bit / 104bit secret key for authentication and encryption No management protocol for key distribution defined 802.1x standard was developed specifically to address this issue Access point acts as authenticator using Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) server
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UMTS - WLAN Co-existence (1)

Coverage / Availability UMTS: rural...country-wide...regional...globally WLAN: hot spots Data Rate UMTS: <2Mbps WLAN: <11...54Mbps Commercial Availability: UMTS: year-end 2003 WLAN: year-end 2002 Costs UMTS: high WLAN: low
Pushes Demand
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Combined Future: UMTS R-5 Architecture

Signaling & Data Transfer Interface Signaling Interface
IP-RAN
Radio Access CRRM Server Server
IPv6 Core Network

SGSN Server HSS
OSS & Policy
Service Enabling Platform
Application Servers
Control Plane
IP Multimedia & Messaging
GSM / / GSM EDGE EDGE TDMA / / TDMA EDGE EDGE WCDMA WCDMA 1XEV-DV 1XEV-DV
CPS
RAN GW
IP Connectivity Layer IP / MPLS Backbone

MSS
Service Messaging Creation Servers Environment

Media GW

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Internet Internet
xDSL xDSL WLAN WLAN BRAN BRAN
Broad band GW
SGSN GGSN Router
User & GW Plane

PSTN PSTN
Netw. Mngmt.
OMC
B-(R)AN
66
33
Short Range Connectivity:
Key Features
For voice and data transmission Global usage Low power consumption Based on open standards Very small size Very low cost Line-of-sight not necessary Displacement of IrDA Rival technology to DECT, HomeRF, IEEE 802.11 Interference with IEE802.11!
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Bluetooth Topology
2 topology types: Piconet with a max. of 8 devices Scatternet: up to 10 piconets can communicate with each other
Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint

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Scatternet
First device that establishes a communication acts as master and determines physical network parameter (e.g., frequency hopping sequence, synchronization)
69
Radio Unit
Spectrum: No. of used frequencies: Multiple Access: Frequency hopping rate: TX power: (optional range: RX sensitivity: Link range: (with increased TX power: Authentication: Ciphering key: 2,402 - 2,480 MHz 79 CDMA (FHSS) 1,600 sec-1 0 dBm -30 .. +20 dBm) -70 dBm 0.1 .. 10m up to 100m) SAFER+ Algorithm with128 bit key 8...128bits
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35
Connection Types
Synchronous Connection-oriented Link (SCO) P-t-P, for speech services 2 sub-sequent TS used in fixed intervals P-t-MP, for symmetric / asymmetric data links 64kbps
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Asynchronous Connectionless Link (ACL) 2 x 432.6 kbps 721 + 57.6 kbps
71
Bluetooth Profiles

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Finally... More info... bernhard.kuhn@topbusinessag.com www. topbusinessag.com www.business-interactive.com

Thanks a lot for Your attention...
...and further enjoy the conference!!
TOP Business AG
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37

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Mobile Data Transfer

-Access Technologies for 3G ServicesBonn, April 8, 2003

Vice President Training Telecommunication Networks

Klingenhofstrasse 58, 90411 Nuremberg / Germany

WBTs: GPRS, UMTS, TCP/IP, GSM, ATM, VoIP

Training Telecomms. Networks

Consultancy Mobile & Fixed Networks

Training & Consultancy Org. & Mngmt. Development

Training Proj. Mngmt. Indiv. Skills

Training & Consultancy TQM ISO / TL9000

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

Possible Mobile Data Technologies

DECT IrDA Bluetooth WLAN

HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

Bluetooth WLAN UMTS

HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

IEEE802.11b <11Mbps UMTS <2Mbps

2003 Time frame

Still Alive: GSM Data Services

Value Added Services Supplementary Services Tele-Services Bearer-Services

Transparent / Non-transparent Mode

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS

Non-Transparent: RLP error handling Transparent: Terminal Protocol handles corrections

Standard Channel Coding

240 Block Code 240 + 4

bits / 20 ms 1/2 Rate Convolutional Code

488 Puncturing 488 - 32

12 kbps (9.6 net) 22.8 kbps

HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

GSM CS Data Applications

Traffic flow measurements

A First Step Forward: TS Bundling With High-Speed CS Data

BSC 3+1 TCH

HSCSD Key Features (1)

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS

14.5 kbps (14.4 net) 22.8 kbps

HSCSD Key Features (2)

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

HSCSD System Architecture

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

Few roaming possibilities

From CS To PS Data: General Packet Radio Service

Packet Data Network

GSM Load Time

GPRS As A Part Of The Packet World

GPRS Network 201.19.26.0 Router (IP)

Network A 202.74.18.0 202.74.18.26

GPRS Terminals Types

MS Classes For Multislot Capabilities Multislot class

Limitation in Phase1 GSM

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

GPRS Network Architecture

MSC VLR Gs Gd SGSN

GMSC HLR AuC EIR GGSN BG DNS GGSN

INTERNET INTER-PLMN GPRS Backbone

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Tasks

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS WLAN Bluetooth

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Tasks

GSM HSCSD GPRS UMTS

Packet Control Unit (PCU)

Packet Control Unit