Kardong Version Chapter 2- Chordate Phylogeny I.

Introduction to Chordate have fluid-filled internal body cavity termed as coelom part of the major radiation w/in the Bilateria, animals built upon bilaterally symmetrical body plan. Within bilateria, 2 distinct and independent evol. lines are present: Protostomia (e.g. molluscs, annelids, arthropods and others) and Deuterostomia (e.g. echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates). Protostome lineage itself is diverged into 2 clades: Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa Distinction between deutero and protosto was initially recognized on the basis of certain embrylogical characteristics II. Embryonic Development Details In both Bilaterian grps., egg begins to divide repeatedly after fertilization, a process termed cleavage, until the very young embryo is made up of many cells formed from the orig. singlecelled egg. In some, dividing cells are offset from each other, a pattern known as spiral cleavage, while for others, dividing cells are aligned, a pattern known as radial cleavage. At this point, embryo is little more than a clump of actively divivding cells that soon become arranged into a hollow, round ball, with cells froming the outer wall around a fluid filled cavity w/in One wall of this ball begins to indent and grow inward in a process called gasrtulation. The opening into this indentation is otherwise known as the blastopore and the indented cells are destined to be gut of the adult. Indentation continues until cells reeach the opposite wall, where they usually break through, froming a 2nd opening into the primitive gut.

After w/c, embryo consists already of 3 basic tissue layer: outer ectoderm, inner endoderm and an in between layer of the two, the mesoderm. If the solid mass of mesodermal cells splits to form the body cavity within them, the result is a schizocoelom(=schizocoely). On contrary, mesoderm arises as outpocketings of the gut that pinch off to form the body cavity, the result is an enterocoelom(=enterocoely) Protostomia Blastopore(mouth) Schizocoelic coelom Spiral cleavage Ectodermal skeleton Deuterostomia Blastopore(anus) Enterocoelic coelom Radial cleavage Mesodermal skeleton

Protostomia name literally means first mouth organisms in w/c the mouth arises from or near blastopore tend to have a spiral cleavage, schizocoelic coelom and a skeleton derived from the surface layer of cells. Deuterostomia