tea w a ae COUT VAS” inierer ¢ [ idl & Sa aT a) 456 fully worked problems > . 221 more practice problems with answers e_ ! Covers all course fundamentals— supplements any class text The perfect aid for higher grades! Use with these courses: (A ntcoduetin ta Statistics 1411 [A Biological Statistics [Hf Business Statistics [Applied Probability and Statistics for Enginezring [7 Statistics for Sociology [Wf Statistics for Psychology [Statistics for the Health Ssiences [7 Statistics for the Earth SciencesSCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF ELEMENTS OF TATISTICS II INFERENTIAL STATISTICS STEPHEN BERNSTEIN, Ph.D. Research Associate University of Colorado RUTH BERNSTEIN, Ph.D Associate Professor University of Colorado SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York San Francisco Washington D.C. Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoStephen Bernstein, Ph.D., Research Associate, Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder Dr. Stephen Bemstein has taught biostatistics, quantitative reasoning, and general biology in his current position, Previously as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UCLA he taught animal behavior, and at the University of Wisconsin he taught statistics for psychologists. He received his B.A. from Princeton University and his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Wisconsin. A recipient of various NIMH fellowships and awards, he attended the University of Zirich and the University of Pais for postdoctoral studies. His published research is in animal behavior, neurophysiology, and brain-body allometry. He is co- author with Ruth Bemstein of three general biology textbooks. Ruth Bernstein, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder Dr. Ruth Bemstein currently teaches ecology and population dynamics, and has taught general biology. Previously, she taught general biology at the University of California, Los Angeles. She received her B.S. from the University of Wisconsin and her Ph.D. in biology ftom UCLA. Her published research is in evolutionary ecology, with emphasis on ants and beetles. She is the co-author with Stephen Bernstein of three general biology textbooks. “Ths book is printed on recycled paper containing 10% posteonsumer waste ‘Schaum's Outne of Theory and Problems of ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS I: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS (Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Allright reserved. Printed in the United ‘States of Amari. Except a permitted unde the Copyright Act of 1976, no part ofthis pbliation ‘may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any mean, or stored in database o retrieval system, without the prior writen permission ofthe publishes. 1234567891011 1213 1415 16 17 PRS PRS9098765432109 ISBN 0.07.005023-6 Sponsoring Editor: Babar Gilson Production Supervisor: Tina Cameron Editing Supervisor: Maurcen B. Walker Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publcation Data McGraw-Hill xz ‘A Divison of The McGraw Fil CompaniesStatistics is the science that deals with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical information, Having a basic understanding of this science is of importance not only to every research scientist, but also to anyone in modem society who must deal with such information: the doctor evaluating conflicting medical research reports, the lawyer trying to convince a jury of the validity of quantitative evidence, the manufacturer working to improve quality-control procedures, the economist interpreting market trends, and so on. ‘The theoretical base of the science of statistics is a field within mathematics called mathematical statistics. Here, statistics is presented as an abstract, tightly integrated structure of axioms, theorems, and rigorous proofs ‘To muake this theoretical structure available to the nonmathematician, an interpretative discipline has been developed called general statistics in which the presentation is greatly simplified and often nonmathematical From this simplified version, each specialized field (e.g., agriculture, anthropology, biology, economics, ‘engineering, psychology, sociology) takes material that is appropriate for its own numerical data. Thus, for ‘example, there is a version of general statistics called biostatistics that is specifically tailored to the numerical data of biology. All introductory courses in general statistics or one of its specialized offshoots share the same core of ‘material: the elements of statistics. The authors of this book have learned these elements in courses, used them ‘in research projects, and taught them, for many years, in general statistics and biostatisties courses. This book, developed from our experience, is a self-help guide to these elements that can be read on its own, used as @ supplement to @ course textbook, or, as it is sufficiently complete, actually used as the course textbook. ‘The science of statistics can be divided into two areas: descriptive statistics and inférential statistics. In descriptive statistics, techniques are provided for processing raw numerical data into usable forms. These techniques include methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, describing, and presenting numerical information. If entie groups (populations) were always available for study, then descriptive statistics would be all that is required. However, typically only a small segment of the group (a sample) is available, and thus techniques are required for making generalizations and decisions about the entire population from limited and uncertain sample information. This is the domain of inferential statistics All courses in introductory general statistics present both areas of statistics in a standard sequence. This book follows this sequence, but separates these areas into two volumes. Volume I (Chapters 1-10) reviews the ‘mathematics required for understanding this book (aspects of high-school algebra), deals with the fundamental principles and techniques of descriptive statistics, and also presents the main theoretical base of inferential statistics: probability theory. Volume II (Chapters 1-20), this volume, deals with the concepts and techniques of ferential statistics. Each chapter of the book has the same format: first a section of text with fully solved problem-examples for every new concept and procedure; next a section of solved problems that both reviews the same material and also makes you look at the material from a different perspective; and finally a section of supplementary problems that tests your mastery of the material by providing answers without the step-by-step solutions. Because this is a book on general statistics, an attempt has been made throughout to have a diverse selection of problems representing many specialized fields. Also, we have tried in these problems to show how decisions are made from numerical information in actual problem-solving situations. ‘To master statistics you must both read the text and do the problems. We suggest that you first read the text ‘and follow the examples, and then go back to re-read the text before going on to the solved and supplementary problems. Also, the book is cross-referenced throughout, so that you can quickly review earlier material that is required to understand later material If you go on to work with statistics, you will likely use a computer and one of the many available packages of statistical programs. This book does not deal with how to use such computer programs, but instead gives you the mastery required to understand which aspects of the programs to use and, as importantly, to interpret theiv PREFACE, ‘output-results that the computer provides. A computer is not required for doing the problems in this book; all problems are solvable with an electronic calculator. ‘We would like to thank the following people at the McGraw-Hill Companies who have contributed significantly to the development of this book: Barbara Gilson, Elizabeth Zayatz, John Aliano, Fred Perkins, ‘Arthur Biderman, Mary Loebig Giles, and Meaghan McGovern. I am grateful to Roger E. Kirk for permission to reprint Table D.10 from Elementary Statistics, 2nd Ed., and to all the other individuals and organizations that ‘gave us permission to use their published materials (specific credit is given where the material is presented). We ‘would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers of the chapters.