Project Work For Additional Mathematics 2012 (Penang)

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN (P) ST.
GEORGE

PROJECT WORK FOR ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
2012
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK
SPM 2/2012

Name : Quah Qiu Yu
Class : 5 Nilam
IC Number :
Angka Giliran :
Subject Teacher : Mr Ooi Chong Keat
Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 2012

Content Page
No Content Page No.
1 Acknowledgement 2
2 Objectives 3
3 Introduction 4-6

4

Activity 1
Part (a) 7-16
Part (b) 17
Part (c) 17

5

Activity 2
Part (a) 18
Part (b) 18
Part (c) 19
Part (d) 20
6 Activity 3
Part (a) 21-22
Part (b) 22

7

Activity 4
Part (a) 23
Part (b) 23-24
Part (c) 24
Part (d) 25

8

Activity 5
Part (a) 26
Part (b) 27
Part (c) 27
Part (d) 28
Part (e) 28
9 Reflection 29-30


Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to thank the principle of Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan
Perempuan St. George, Pn. Shariffah Afifah for giving me the permission to do this Additional
Mathematics Project Work.
Secondly, I would also like to show my gratitude towards the endless guidance and
support given by my Additional Mathematics subject teacher, Mr. Ooi Chong Keat throughout
the process of doing this project work. He taught me and my friends patiently on ways to
accomplish this project work.
Apart from that, I would like to acknowledge and range my earnest appreciation to my
parents for giving me supports in every ways, such as money, to buy anything that are related to
this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project.
Lastly, a special thank you to all my friends for aiding me in solving some of the
calculations. They were helpful to share information and ideas in order to get this project work
done.
And especially to God, who made all things possible.
Thank you, everyone.


Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:
To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems
To improve thinking skills
To promote effective mathematical communication
To develop mathematical knowledge through problem-solving in a way that increases
students interest & confidence
To use language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely
To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning.
To develop positive attitude towards mathematics


Introduction
A Brief History of Statistics
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection of demographic
and economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened,
then including the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data.
Today statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic
computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop
"computer-intensive" methods. The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical
theories of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation
between statistics and probability theory developed rather late, however. In the 19th century,
statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial results were found in the17th and
18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy
used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, which
was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized
and extended by Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual
development. In the19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability
models to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology; physical
scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of
thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical reasoning was closely
associated with the development of inductive logic and the scientific method. Statistics is not a
field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science or
operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and
maintains a special concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the
scientific method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy
of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and making best predictions, statistics has
great overlap with the decision science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data,
statistics has overlap with information science and computer science.


Statistics Today
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural research, public
health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial quality control, and economic and
social purposes (unemployment rate, econometric, etc.) necessitated substantial advances in
statistical practices. Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its origins. Individuals
and organizations use statistics to understand data and make informed decisions throughout the
natural and social sciences, medicine, business, and other areas. Statistics is generally regarded
not as a subfield of mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field. Many universities
maintain separate mathematics and statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in departments
as diverse as psychology, education, and public health.
Price Index
A price index (plural: price indices or price indexes) is a normalized average (typically
weighted average) of prices for a given class of goods or services in a given region, during a
given interval of time. It is a statistic designed to help to compare how these prices, taken as a
whole, differ between time periods or geographical locations.
Price indices have several potential uses. For particularly broad indices, the index can be said to
measure the economy's price level or a cost of living. More narrow price indices can help
producers with business plans and pricing. Sometimes, they can be useful in helping to guide
investment.
Some notable price indices include:
Consumer price index
Producer price index
GDP deflator


History of Early Price Indices
No clear consensus has emerged on who created the first price index. The earliest reported
research in this area came from Welshman Rice Vaughan who examined price level change inhis
1675 book A Discourse of Coin and Coinage. Vaughan wanted to separate the inflationary
impact of the influx of precious metals brought by Spain from the New World from the effect
due to currency debasement. Vaughan compared labor statutes from his own time to similar
statutes dating back to Edward III. These statutes set wages for certain tasks and provided a good
record of the change in wage levels. Vaughan reasoned that the market for basic labor did not
fluctuate much with time and that a basic laborers salary would probably buy the same amount of
goods in different time periods, so that a laborer's salary acted as a basket of goods. Vaughan's
analysis indicated that price levels in England had risen six to eightfold over the preceding
century
While Vaughan can be considered a forerunner of price index research, his analysis did
notactually involve calculating an index. In 1707 Englishman William Fleetwood created
perhapsthe first true price index. An Oxford student asked Fleetwood to help show how prices
hadchanged. The student stood to lose his fellowship since a fifteenth century stipulation
barredstudents with annual incomes over five pounds from receiving a fellowship. Fleetwood,
who already had an interest in price change, had collected a large amount of price data going
back hundreds of years. Fleetwood proposed an index consisting of averaged price relatives and
used his methods to show that the value of five pounds had changed greatly over the course of
260years. He argued on behalf of the Oxford students and published his findings anonymously in
a volume entitled Chronicon Preciosu.


ACTIVITY 1

COLLECTING
INFORMATION


ACTIVITY 2

ANALYSING THE
DATA


Based on the data collected,
a) Calculate the percentage of increase in expenditure for each item in 2011 based on
2009.

No
Item of
expenditure
Average expenditure
year 2009 (RM)
Average expenditure
year 2011 (RM)
Percentage of increase
2011 based 2009 (%)
1 Food 1355 1705

2 House Rental 755 935

3 Transportation 300 425

4 Entertainment 284 445

5 Bills 277 386

b) Find the expenditure index for each item.

No Item of expenditure
Percentage
2011 based 2009
Index
1 Food

125.83
2 House Rental

123.84
3 Transportation

141.67
4 Entertainment

156.69
5 Bills
139.35


c) Determine the weightage of each item in percentage. Hence, or otherwise present
your weightages in the form of pie chart.

Percentage
2011 based 2009
Index
Percentage
(Weightage)
Degrees
(Weightage)
1 Food

125.83 45.61 164.20
2 House Rental

123.84 25.41 91.48
3 Transportation

141.67 10.10 36.36
4 Entertainment

156.69 9.56 34.42
5 Bills
139.35 9.32 33.55

Total 100 360

Food, 45.61%
House Rental,
25.41%
Transportation,
10.10%
Entertainment,
9.56%
Bills, 9.32%
Weightage of Each Item
Food
House Rental
Transportation
Entertainment
Bills

d) Find the value of expenditure composite index in the year 2011 based on year 2009.

No Item of expenditure Index, I
Percentage
(Weightage)
W
IW
1 Food 125.83 45.61 5739.11
2 House Rental 123.84 25.41 3146.77
3 Transportation 141.67 10.10 1430.87
4 Entertainment 156.69 9.56 1497.96
5 Bills 139.35 9.32 1298.74
Total 100 13113.45

Composite index,


ACTIVITY 3

INTERPRETING THE
RESULT


a) Describe the expenditure of each item based on the value of expenditure index you
obtained.

Index,
I
1 Food 125.83
2 House Rental 123.84
3 Transportation 141.67
4 Entertainment 156.69
5 Bills 139.35

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Food House Rental Transportation Entertainment Bills
Index

No Item of expenditure Descriptions
1 Food
Food index number is 125.83. Food has increased 25.83%
compared to year 2009.
2 House Rental
House Rental index number 123.84 is the lowest value among
the other items with the increase of 23.84% from the based
year 2009.
3 Transportation
Transportation index number is 141.67, which is 41.67% of
increase based 2009.
4 Entertainment
Entertainment has the largest value of index number which is
156.69 in the list of item. The percentage of increase of
entertainment compared to the year 2009 is 56.69%.
5 Bills
Bills took up third largest value of index number in the entire
item, and the index number is 139.35, increased with
percentage of 39.35%.

b) Make a conclusion based on the composite index of expenditure.

The composite index for overall expenditure is 131.13, the total expenditure increase
31.13% in the year 2011 based on the year 2009.


ACTIVITY 4

FURTHER
EXPLORATION


a) In the year 2013, the cost of living is expected to increase by 20% based on year
2011. Calculate the expenditure index of each item in year 2013 based on year 2009.

Index, I
2011 based 2009
Index, I
2013 based 2009
1 Food 125.83

2 House Rental 123.84

3 Transportation 141.67

4 Entertainment 156.69

5 Bills 139.35

b) From the information in previous activity (4a), use at least two methods to find the
composite index of expenditure in the year 2013 based on year 2009.

Method 1

2009 2011 2013
131.13 120


Method 2
Index,
2013 based 2009
Weightage
1 Food

45.61 6887.11
2 House Rental

25.41 3776.18
3 Transportation

10.10 1717.00
4 Entertainment

9.56 1797.57
5 Bills

9.32 1558.49
Total 100 15736.35

c) The impact of 20% increase in expenditure index in year 2013 can be reduced by
controlling expenses for the certain items. Give your suggestions on how to reduce
this percentage increase of expenditure on some items. Give reasons for each
suggestion given.

Transportation - by using the public transport like buses and using the concept of
car pooling, the cost transportation can be reduced

Entertainment - instead of going to cinemas for movies. Movie DVDs weather its
original or pirated can be bought and watch at home. The cost of DVD is rather
cheaper than movie tickets for a family.
Bills Bills costs like electricity and water can be reduced by saving the amount
of electricity and water usage. One family should use these sources wisely like
turning lights off during daytime, avoid having a long shower time and etc.

d) Show the impact of your suggestion on the composite index of expenditure.

By assuming the index number for 2011 based on 2009 is 100 for these items
Transportation, Entertainment and Bills.
Index,
2013 based 2009
Weightage
1 Food

45.61 6887.11
2 House Rental

25.41 3776.18
3 Transportation

10.10 1212.00
4 Entertainment

9.56 1147.20
5 Bills

9.32 1118.40
Total 100 14140.89


ACTIVITY 5

CONCLUSION


Based on the result of study,
a) List three (3) important items in a family expenditure. Explain how you select these
important items.
i. Food
Food is the essential need of all living things especially humans and animals.
Without food, one can never obtain nutrients needed for body to function well.
Food plays a vital role in the survival of mankind and it is proven to be the source
of life. Thus, it is one of the important items in a family expenditure.

ii. House Rental
Having a house is very important in every humans life because everyone needs a
shelter. One can be protected and secured being in home. Furthermore, it enables
us to lead a defensive lifestyle as it offers self-assurance and security to mankind.
In order to have a house, we need to pay mortgage every month until the debts are
settled (in the form of housing loans) to a specific party, like banks. While house
rental is paid every month for rented houses.

iii. Transportation
Transportation has become a basis of humans daily life in this era. People need
transportation like cars, motorcycles, buses and etc to travel to a destination.
Besides, they need to travel to gain income too. Many families own at least a
vehicle and hence, they need to spend for the fuel price. While the others who
travels by public transportation, it is still in need to pay for the bus or cab fare. As
a conclusion, transportation is a necessity for a person to travel from one place to
another.

The three important items expenditure are selected by referring to their respective
weightages.


b) What is the cost of living for a family in the year 2011 when compared to year 2009?
Cost of living in the year 2011 is 31.13% more than year 2009.

c) What are the impacts on a family if the cost of living increases by 20% in 2013?
The impacts on a family if the cost of living increases by 20% in 2013 would vary
based on the income of the family. The rising cost of living while the income of
family remains the same will bring immense hardship to a family as they could not
spend enough on food, house rental, transportation, entertainment and bills
accordingly. The possible impact on a family if the cost of living increases by 20% in
2013 is they might be below poverty line. The increase in the general level of prices
implies a decrease in the purchasing power of the currency. Thus, inflation occurs.
One family will face problem like shortage of food and eventually, they will suffer
from malnutrition. Apart from that, the family will have difficulties in paying up their
debts for house loans/rental as the increase of cost living effects the economy and
causing the house rental to be more expensive. Meanwhile, families will also be
financially unstable as there will be a 20% hike in the fuel price.


d) If your suggestions are able to reduce the cost of living, how does it affect the
composite index?
By assuming the index number for 2011 based on 2009 is 100 for these items
Transportation, Entertainment and Bills.
Index,
2013 based 2009
Weightage
1 Food

45.61 6887.11
2 House Rental

25.41 3776.18
3 Transportation

10.10 1212.00
4 Entertainment

9.56 1147.20
5 Bills

9.32 1118.40
Total 100 14140.89

The composite index decreases from 157.36 to 141.41.

e) What is the percentage of reduction in the cost of living in year 2013 if your
suggestions are accepted?

The impact by controlling the 3 items above, we can reduce composite index by
11.28%

Reflection
1. While you were doing this project, what have you learned?
Throughout the project while I was conducting it, I have learned many things. I have
come to realize the importance of mathematics in daily life apart from the regular
calculations of simple numbers. Moreover, I have learnt to be more patient and not to
give up easily. These are the positive attitudes one should have to be able to do
something successfully. Besides, I learned how to cooperate with friends. My friends
and I discussed about the project and we shared ideas amongst ourselves. This
discussion has made me more confident when doing something.

2. List out several moral values that you practice when doing this project.
I have practiced several moral values while carrying out this project work such as
self-discipline. I have tried my very best to complete this project work without
procrastinating and hence, managed to hand it in on time. This project had taught me
to responsible on the works that are given to me to be completed. Nevertheless, I was
hardworking when doing this project and had spent most of my time solving all the
calculations patiently. Besides, I have also practiced teamwork with my fellow
friends by sharing ideas and information throughout the process of doing this project
work. By practicing all these moral values, I have succeeded in completing this
project work of Additional Mathematics.


3. Present your opinions or feelings creatively concerning this project through the
usage of symbols, illustrations, drawings or songs.

When I know you for the first time,
I feel so star struck,
I feel curious about you,
Obsessed to know all about you,
And I even stalk you,
Day and Night,
I am always thinking about you and I realized,
This is what people call falling in LOVE
You are so clingy and addictive,
You make me turns to you 24-hours a day,
Telling me little by little about The Knower of All
Know, I feel so grateful
That He has given me the chance to get to know you
Additional Mathematics
I LOVE YOU

Project Work For Additional Mathematics 2012 (Penang)

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Project Work For Additional Mathematics 2012 (Penang)

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN (P) ST.

139.35 9.32 33.55

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen