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2008, ...

, :
, :

[2]


Erasmus,
Politecnico di Milano, Urbanistica e Progetto Contemporaneo,
Macchi Cassia. .

.

.

[3]

[4]




RHINE- RUHR
LILLE
RANDSTAD
COPENHAGEN- MALMO
MILANO-TORINO-LYON

[5]

7
9
13
17
24
27
29
34
37
39

[6]



.



.
Archigram
45 . archigram

.
project living city, walking city,
plug-in city, megastructures.

.
50
().
.
CIAM, Ecistics,
.


;
. ,


.

, .

2008
.

[7]

[8]

.
2015
. ,
5.000.000 35. 10

50.


.




( Marne la valee)
( Essex).
-

daily urban system. Ruhr


. :
.
,
.

.

.

, .
Francois Ascher .
, i
. , ,

1



.

.
, .

.
.

.
,
, .,
.:FrancoisArcher,Metapolisoulavenirde
villes,1Metropolisationetmetapoles,.1539

[9]

Greater London

12.629.000

Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne,Essen,Dusseldorf)

11.805.887

Paris

11.695.134

Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht)

6.620.133

Madrid

6.097.994

Barcelona

4.853.308

Milan

4.320.422

Greater Manchester/Liverpool (Manchester,


Oldham, Salford, Rockdale, Trafford)

Liverpool,

Stockport,

4.209.132

Berlin

4.025.873

Napoli

3.832.622

Athens

3.799.134

Rome

3.776.313

Hamburg Metropolitan area

3.279.604

West Midlands (Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton)

3.250.155

Frankfurt- Rhine

3.123.410

Lisbon

2.618.411

Budapest

2.571.504

Upper Silecian metropolitan area

2.566.339

Copenhagen-Malmo

2.379.237

Stuttgart region

2.344.365

Munich

2.324.646

Warsaw

2.250.836

Bucharest

2.209.108

Brussels

2.129.024

Alma (Aachen, Liege, Maastricht)

2.128.092

Wien

2.081.714

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_European_metropolitan_areas
[10]

1: .
27 - .., 32%

, , , .
14% ..
27 46,5% .
. Ruhr,
Randstad, Lille, Lyon-Milano

[11]

,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, :
, , .



. ,
, ,
, ,
.

.
,
.
,
, effect
tunel, :
(
). ,


: .

.
,
,
.

.

.
,
.

.


. ,

.
;
,

.


.
;

[12]



. ,





.
1970
.

.
1981 TGV (train Grande
vitesse) Lyon
.

. TGV

.

1985


.
,
Nouvelles Frontieres2
1986.


. ..
.
17 1986
,


.
1988, .

.

AirFranceKLM
Nouvelles Frontieres

.
nouvellesfrontie rs8586
.
:...,,
,.2123

[13]

1993
:
, ,
. 200
1986,
, ,

.

..

-. project Ten-t (trans
European network- Transport) 1990
1993 .


.. .

.. 1994
14
(, , )
. 2001,

(, ). 2004
. 30
..
.

TransEuropeantransportnetwork(TENT)
projects
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

19....
/
20..Fehmarn

21.

22..

/
.
23..GdanskWarsawBratislavaVienna
..
24..LyonGenoaBasleDuisburg
Betuwe
Rotterdam/Antwerb
.Divaca/KoperDivaca
25.GdanskBrno/BratislavaVienna
LjubljanaBudapest
26../.
27..

28.Eurocaprail

29..
.CorkDublinBelfastStanray
30.SeineSceldt
Malpensa
Oresund

., ,Benelux

Galileo
.Sines/Algeric asMadridParis
.ParisStrasburgViennaBratislava
Rhine/MeuseDanube

[14]

2:

..



TEN-T.
:
http://ec.europa.en/ten/transport/

.

2
.
[15]


.
,
.
,
,
.

.

/
:
.

: 3,4
( 10-20% ...).

.


( 3%
1975-1985):
(
).
( 33% 10 )
(
12700 km , 20
90%
, 60%
500%
.
,

.
(1,2 //
20% 10 )
(0,2%
//).
(40% 1980, 50%
, 60% ...).

75%
.

.

. ..,



,

2 3.

3
:FrancoisAscher,Metapolisoulavenirdesvilles,4,Lametapolecommemodesdevie,
.118151

[16]

RHINE-RUHR
Francois Ascher

.
.

Ruhr

.
Ruhr

Ruhr , Lippe .

11.233.678

Dusserdorf.

Duisburg,
Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mlheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen,
Bochum, Herne, Hamm, Hagen, Dortmund
Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna
Ennepe-Ruhr.

3: Rhine-Ruhr
.
Dusseldorf Koln.

[17]

.
1960

.

,
1958 .
1980 2002 500,000
.

. ,

. ,
.

Ruhr
,
, .

.

Route der Industriekultur (


)
Dortmund, Zeche
Zollverein Essen
Landshaftpark Duisburg-Nord.
Ruhr .
Halwerg -
Rotterdam,
.
1847

1:
2010.
: http://en.kulturhauptstadt-europas.de/start.php

[18]

2
.
VRR
Ruhr.
.


.


. Essen
Ruhr 582.000
.

RWE. 13 100
.

. colosseum
theater

. 2006 Essen
Ruhr

2010.

4:

1:
Colosseum
Theater
E 2:

[19]


Duisburg,

,
.

Dusseldorf Essen
Ruhr.
. Forum Duisburg
KoningHeinrich 90 57000
, 1300
.
500.000

,
.

5: Duisburg
: Google Earth
3,4:

forum duisburg

[20]

Bochum
.
Bongard
.
Ruhr.
Essen
Dusseldorf
.
To Dusseldorf

Ruhr.

,
.
Duisburg
1000
.

6:

ochum

bongard

.
5: o
Bongard



( )
. ,

.

.
Ruhr Essen,
Bochum, Oberhausen
Dortmund. Ruhr
.
,
. Ruhr

.

.

[21]

7: Ruhr
VRR. .
: http://www.vrr.de/de/index.html

[22]

[23]

LILLE

6: Euralille.

400.000
.
,
1984,

.

transportation and business hub


,
,
Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

:

,
TGV Lille.
TGV 1985

, .

.

TGV,
Seclin .
1987
Jacques Chirac
- TGV 3
,
. ,

21 ,
.
1988 EURALILLE-Metropole
, ,

.
TGV

,
, ,
[24]

,
70
.

TGV ( Luis Pasteur).
,

.
TGV.


. ,
,
.

8: Euralille 2
Lille.

project
Rem Koolhaas. Koolhaas, Euralille
,
50
.

, ,

,

. Euralille
,
.

,
, .
[25]

9:
Kortrijk

Lille

Euralille
,
. virtual city 40
, ,
,
400.000 .
,
uralille

.

.

.

( )
.

Lille. ,

Lille.

.
Kortrijk 25 .
TGV
1.700.000 .

[26]

RANDSTAD

Randstad


, . Randstad

.
Rotterdam (
) ( )
(
) (
). 7.500.000
(

Randstad 2/3

10: Randstad

[27]

).


. Randstad

.
Randstad
.


.
,

, .

.


.

Ruhr Lille. .
Regio Randstad
( 2002)

Randstad
.


.

11:
Randstad

Amsterdam

Rotterdam

[28]

:http://en.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/Randstad

COPENHAGEN-MALMO


,
Oresund. Oresund Oresund
4
7.845 .

12:
Oresund

Oresund

. Oresund

.
.
3,5 . Jealand
2/3
, Scania
1/3. Oresund

Oresund 1/8 .
1995
14 1999,
1 2000.
, 2005 2006
.
[29]

2007 14.000
Oresund. 2005
43% 2006.

,

,
.

. 2007 25
, 15,2
9,6
.

7: Oresund



.
Orestad,
. , Orestad
Oresund

). Orestad


.
[30]

30 -
.
,
,
.
project .
3.000 ,
3 (
Kalvebod Faelled) 600 . 1/3
.
Orestad 20.000
20.000 80.000
.
, Malmo . ,

.

13: , Orestad
: http://www.orestad.dk/index/uk_frontpage.htm

Oresund

: 2
-
.
- Kastrup,
-
,
.

.
,
[31]

.
Orestad,

.

14: Orestud

9,10,11,12:

Orestud
.
:
http://www.orestad.dk/index/uk_f
rontpage.htm
13:
Orestad.
:
http://www.orestad.dk/index/uk_f
rontpage.htm

[32]

[33]

MILANO-TORINO-LYON


Corridor 5 .
Corridor 5

.

.

-.
1400 750
- 52
-
250-300
. project
.
6
3 .
.

,
.
, 15.000
.

14:
: Google Earth

[34]


.

.

.


.
.

.


.


.
TGV .

,
.
project .

,
.
,

15:

: http://ec.europa.en/ten/transport/

[35]

,

Lille.

.
.

.
,
,
2006.4

16:

:Urbanistica109,,Ilriassetoferroviarionellemetropoliseuropee,
Antonella dellOrto,MassimilianoInnocenti,AlessandroPanighetti,.6

[36]

17:
, 1971
2002

1.700.000
1.300.000,
1992- 2001
110.000
,



58.886 .

18: 59 150
.
.

,
.
19:
,
.
20:
,
.

[37]


,
,

,
,
.
Ruhr


. Lille

.
,
. Randstad
Oresund -,
.

. Oresund

2 ( ).

,

.

.


.

.


Francois Ascher .

, ,
, ,
,
50
;

.

.


:

[38]


. ,

,
.

(, ,
, , , )
(, , ,
, , )
. Ascher
.

.

[39]


1. Francois Ascher, Metapolis ou lavenir des villes, Mai 1995,
Editions Odile Jacob, ISBN: 2.7381.0317.0
2. The metapolis dictionary of advanced architecture : city,
technology and society in the information age / Manuel
Gausa, Barcelona, Actar 2003
3. : : 10
,
, , 2006, ISBN: 9606654257
4. . , ..:
& 1992, :
-..., 1989, ISBN:
9607130014
5. Norman J. G. Pounds. The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and
Economic Geography, 1952
6. Stabilization of the social structure versus change of the
industrial structure : the case of the Ruhr District
/ Helmut W. Jenkis, Hamburg : Verlag Weltarchiv GMBH , 1985
7. Randstad en Delta, Delft, Netherlands:Uitgeverij Waltman,
1957
8. Garlick, Steve, Peter Kresl and Peter Vaessen (2006). "The
resund Science Region: A cross-border partnership between
Denmark and Sweden." Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD), June 2006
9. Greve, Bent and Maj Rydbjerg. Research Paper no. 11/03:
Cross-Border Commuting in the EU: Obstacles and Barriers.
Country Report: The resund Region. Roskilde University,
2003, ISSN 13991396.
10. Milano 1800- 1942: itinerario urbanistico- edilizio/
Ferdinando Reggiori, Milano, Edizioni del Milione,1947

[40]

1. URBANISTICA 108, gennaio- giugno, Mediterraneo,


mediterranei: semiperiferia e centralita a cura di Lorenzo
Bellicini
2. URBANISTICA 109, luglio- dicembre, il riassetto ferroviario
nelle metropolis europee, Antonella dellOrto, Massimiliano
Innocenti, Alessandro Panighetti

: Barcelona,
Euralille/ , , 2004

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Area
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oresund_Region
http://www.regio-randstad.nl/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_European_metropolitan_areas
http://www.orestad.dk/
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euralille
http://ec.europa.en/ten/transport/

http://en.kulturhauptstadt-europas.de/start.php
http://www.vrr.de/de/index.html

[41]

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