Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
, :
, :
[2]
Erasmus,
Politecnico di Milano, Urbanistica e Progetto Contemporaneo,
Macchi Cassia. .
.
.
[3]
[4]
RHINE- RUHR
LILLE
RANDSTAD
COPENHAGEN- MALMO
MILANO-TORINO-LYON
[5]
7
9
13
17
24
27
29
34
37
39
[6]
.
.
Archigram
45 . archigram
.
project living city, walking city,
plug-in city, megastructures.
.
50
().
.
CIAM, Ecistics,
.
;
. ,
.
, .
2008
.
[7]
[8]
.
2015
. ,
5.000.000 35. 10
50.
.
( Marne la valee)
( Essex).
-
daily urban system. Ruhr
. :
.
,
.
.
.
, .
Francois Ascher .
, i
. , ,
1
.
.
, .
.
.
.
,
, .,
.:FrancoisArcher,Metapolisoulavenirde
villes,1Metropolisationetmetapoles,.1539
[9]
Greater London
12.629.000
Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne,Essen,Dusseldorf)
11.805.887
Paris
11.695.134
6.620.133
Madrid
6.097.994
Barcelona
4.853.308
Milan
4.320.422
Liverpool,
Stockport,
4.209.132
Berlin
4.025.873
Napoli
3.832.622
Athens
3.799.134
Rome
3.776.313
3.279.604
3.250.155
Frankfurt- Rhine
3.123.410
Lisbon
2.618.411
Budapest
2.571.504
2.566.339
Copenhagen-Malmo
2.379.237
Stuttgart region
2.344.365
Munich
2.324.646
Warsaw
2.250.836
Bucharest
2.209.108
Brussels
2.129.024
2.128.092
Wien
2.081.714
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_European_metropolitan_areas
[10]
1: .
27 - .., 32%
, , , .
14% ..
27 46,5% .
. Ruhr,
Randstad, Lille, Lyon-Milano
[11]
,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, :
, , .
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
,
, effect
tunel, :
(
). ,
: .
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
.
;
,
.
.
;
[12]
. ,
.
1970
.
.
1981 TGV (train Grande
vitesse) Lyon
.
. TGV
.
1985
.
,
Nouvelles Frontieres2
1986.
. ..
.
17 1986
,
.
1988, .
.
AirFranceKLM
Nouvelles Frontieres
.
nouvellesfrontie rs8586
.
:...,,
,.2123
[13]
1993
:
, ,
. 200
1986,
, ,
.
..
-. project Ten-t (trans
European network- Transport) 1990
1993 .
.. .
.. 1994
14
(, , )
. 2001,
(, ). 2004
. 30
..
.
TransEuropeantransportnetwork(TENT)
projects
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19....
/
20..Fehmarn
21.
22..
/
.
23..GdanskWarsawBratislavaVienna
..
24..LyonGenoaBasleDuisburg
Betuwe
Rotterdam/Antwerb
.Divaca/KoperDivaca
25.GdanskBrno/BratislavaVienna
LjubljanaBudapest
26../.
27..
28.Eurocaprail
29..
.CorkDublinBelfastStanray
30.SeineSceldt
Malpensa
Oresund
., ,Benelux
Galileo
.Sines/Algeric asMadridParis
.ParisStrasburgViennaBratislava
Rhine/MeuseDanube
[14]
2:
..
TEN-T.
:
http://ec.europa.en/ten/transport/
.
2
.
[15]
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
/
:
.
: 3,4
( 10-20% ...).
.
( 3%
1975-1985):
(
).
( 33% 10 )
(
12700 km , 20
90%
, 60%
500%
.
,
.
(1,2 //
20% 10 )
(0,2%
//).
(40% 1980, 50%
, 60% ...).
75%
.
.
. ..,
,
2 3.
3
:FrancoisAscher,Metapolisoulavenirdesvilles,4,Lametapolecommemodesdevie,
.118151
[16]
RHINE-RUHR
Francois Ascher
.
.
Ruhr
.
Ruhr
Ruhr , Lippe .
11.233.678
Dusserdorf.
Duisburg,
Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mlheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen,
Bochum, Herne, Hamm, Hagen, Dortmund
Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna
Ennepe-Ruhr.
3: Rhine-Ruhr
.
Dusseldorf Koln.
[17]
.
1960
.
,
1958 .
1980 2002 500,000
.
. ,
. ,
.
Ruhr
,
, .
.
1:
2010.
: http://en.kulturhauptstadt-europas.de/start.php
[18]
2
.
VRR
Ruhr.
.
.
. Essen
Ruhr 582.000
.
RWE. 13 100
.
. colosseum
theater
. 2006 Essen
Ruhr
2010.
4:
1:
Colosseum
Theater
E 2:
[19]
Duisburg,
,
.
Dusseldorf Essen
Ruhr.
. Forum Duisburg
KoningHeinrich 90 57000
, 1300
.
500.000
,
.
5: Duisburg
: Google Earth
3,4:
forum duisburg
[20]
Bochum
.
Bongard
.
Ruhr.
Essen
Dusseldorf
.
To Dusseldorf
Ruhr.
,
.
Duisburg
1000
.
6:
ochum
bongard
.
5: o
Bongard
( )
. ,
.
.
Ruhr Essen,
Bochum, Oberhausen
Dortmund. Ruhr
.
,
. Ruhr
.
.
[21]
7: Ruhr
VRR. .
: http://www.vrr.de/de/index.html
[22]
[23]
LILLE
6: Euralille.
400.000
.
,
1984,
.
,
, ,
[24]
,
70
.
TGV ( Luis Pasteur).
,
.
TGV.
. ,
,
.
8: Euralille 2
Lille.
project
Rem Koolhaas. Koolhaas, Euralille
,
50
.
, ,
,
. Euralille
,
.
,
, .
[25]
9:
Kortrijk
Lille
Euralille
,
. virtual city 40
, ,
,
400.000 .
,
uralille
.
.
.
( )
.
Lille. ,
Lille.
.
Kortrijk 25 .
TGV
1.700.000 .
[26]
RANDSTAD
Randstad
, . Randstad
.
Rotterdam (
) ( )
(
) (
). 7.500.000
(
Randstad 2/3
10: Randstad
[27]
).
. Randstad
.
Randstad
.
.
,
, .
.
.
Ruhr Lille. .
Regio Randstad
( 2002)
Randstad
.
.
11:
Randstad
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
[28]
:http://en.wikipedia.o
rg/wiki/Randstad
COPENHAGEN-MALMO
,
Oresund. Oresund Oresund
4
7.845 .
12:
Oresund
Oresund
. Oresund
.
.
3,5 . Jealand
2/3
, Scania
1/3. Oresund
Oresund 1/8 .
1995
14 1999,
1 2000.
, 2005 2006
.
[29]
2007 14.000
Oresund. 2005
43% 2006.
,
,
.
. 2007 25
, 15,2
9,6
.
7: Oresund
.
Orestad,
. , Orestad
Oresund
). Orestad
.
[30]
30 -
.
,
,
.
project .
3.000 ,
3 (
Kalvebod Faelled) 600 . 1/3
.
Orestad 20.000
20.000 80.000
.
, Malmo . ,
.
13: , Orestad
: http://www.orestad.dk/index/uk_frontpage.htm
Oresund
: 2
-
.
- Kastrup,
-
,
.
.
,
[31]
.
Orestad,
.
14: Orestud
9,10,11,12:
Orestud
.
:
http://www.orestad.dk/index/uk_f
rontpage.htm
13:
Orestad.
:
http://www.orestad.dk/index/uk_f
rontpage.htm
[32]
[33]
MILANO-TORINO-LYON
Corridor 5 .
Corridor 5
.
.
-.
1400 750
- 52
-
250-300
. project
.
6
3 .
.
,
.
, 15.000
.
14:
: Google Earth
[34]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TGV .
,
.
project .
,
.
,
15:
: http://ec.europa.en/ten/transport/
[35]
,
Lille.
.
.
.
,
,
2006.4
16:
:Urbanistica109,,Ilriassetoferroviarionellemetropoliseuropee,
Antonella dellOrto,MassimilianoInnocenti,AlessandroPanighetti,.6
[36]
17:
, 1971
2002
1.700.000
1.300.000,
1992- 2001
110.000
,
58.886 .
18: 59 150
.
.
,
.
19:
,
.
20:
,
.
[37]
,
,
,
,
.
Ruhr
. Lille
.
,
. Randstad
Oresund -,
.
. Oresund
2 ( ).
,
.
.
.
.
Francois Ascher .
, ,
, ,
,
50
;
.
.
:
[38]
. ,
,
.
(, ,
, , , )
(, , ,
, , )
. Ascher
.
.
[39]
1. Francois Ascher, Metapolis ou lavenir des villes, Mai 1995,
Editions Odile Jacob, ISBN: 2.7381.0317.0
2. The metapolis dictionary of advanced architecture : city,
technology and society in the information age / Manuel
Gausa, Barcelona, Actar 2003
3. : : 10
,
, , 2006, ISBN: 9606654257
4. . , ..:
& 1992, :
-..., 1989, ISBN:
9607130014
5. Norman J. G. Pounds. The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and
Economic Geography, 1952
6. Stabilization of the social structure versus change of the
industrial structure : the case of the Ruhr District
/ Helmut W. Jenkis, Hamburg : Verlag Weltarchiv GMBH , 1985
7. Randstad en Delta, Delft, Netherlands:Uitgeverij Waltman,
1957
8. Garlick, Steve, Peter Kresl and Peter Vaessen (2006). "The
resund Science Region: A cross-border partnership between
Denmark and Sweden." Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD), June 2006
9. Greve, Bent and Maj Rydbjerg. Research Paper no. 11/03:
Cross-Border Commuting in the EU: Obstacles and Barriers.
Country Report: The resund Region. Roskilde University,
2003, ISSN 13991396.
10. Milano 1800- 1942: itinerario urbanistico- edilizio/
Ferdinando Reggiori, Milano, Edizioni del Milione,1947
[40]
: Barcelona,
Euralille/ , , 2004
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Area
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oresund_Region
http://www.regio-randstad.nl/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_European_metropolitan_areas
http://www.orestad.dk/
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euralille
http://ec.europa.en/ten/transport/
http://en.kulturhauptstadt-europas.de/start.php
http://www.vrr.de/de/index.html
[41]