Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
t 0d Zm rS 0d Zm odkY
trSefw&m; tvSLawmfvkyfief;
-2-
(1)udavompGrf;
a'goom wu,f tpGr;f xuf&ifozl efqif;xm;wJh avmuBuD; tE&m,f vH;k 0uif;
aeNyDaygh/ avmbom wu,f tpGr;f xuf&if olzefqif;xm;wJh avmuBuD; vdak vao;r&dS
atmifjynfhpHkaeNyDaygh/ tdrfMuufcsif; tdk;rJokwfNyD;cGwfcdkif;ovdk vlvlcsif; igolcGJNyD;
,SOfNydKifcdkif;wm udavom/
udavomudk tjzpfcHNyD;rS rpGefYeJY? jzpfatmifvkyfwJh pdwftusifhudk pGefY/
(2)tjypfpGJ jzKwf
um,uH? 0pDuH rajrmufayr,fholrsm; pdwftaESmuft,Suf jzpfapwmudku
]raemuH } tjypfyJ/ tjypfr&SmeJY? tjypfyJ&dSwmudk vufcHEdkifzdkY BudK;pm;/ tjypfpGJvdkY
tjypfyJjrifaewm/ tcspfpGJvdkY tcspfyJ0ifaewm/
a'goruif;vdkY owfrSwfxm;wJhtjypfawGcsnf; jrifaewm/ avmb ruif;vdkY
oabmus p&m?txifBuD;p&mvdYk xifwm/ rmefrme ruif;vdYk ,SONf ydKifp&m? tEdik ,
f cl sifp&m
vdkY xifwm/ arm[ruif;vdkY bmawGnmawG? b,folb,f0g? b,fae&mb,ftcsdeftcg
qdkwmawGudk t[kwfxifaewm/
avmb?a'go?arm[&JU tjypfudk em;vnfvufcHEdkifzdkYom BudK;pm;&r,fh tpm;
olrsm;tjypfvdkuf&Sm? vdkufajymae&ifemrnfcH? ta&NcHKa,m*DyJ/ olrsm;udk tjypfwifr,fh
tpm; udk,faumif;wm zdvkyfyg/ olrsm; aumif;wmrvkyfawmh udk,fydkvkyfcGifh &wmaygh/
-3-
(4) tylonfrsm;twGuf
arQmfraeeJY ylraeeJYawmh/ tpr&dSatmifarQmfcJh ylcJh&NyD/ tqHk;r&dSatmif arQmfae
ylae&OD;r,f/ rjzpfEdkifwm bmrSr&dSbl;qdkNyD; bmjzpfrSm? nmjzpfrSm ylae&rSm r[kwf?
vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk jzpfatmif vkyf&rSm/
ylvdkY ylp&m&dSwm ylp&mjzpfwm/ bmrSryleJY? tcsdefwef&if t&m&m jzpfvmr,f?
ylae&ifawmhjzpfrSm r[kwfbl;/ wpfckck?wpfa,mufa,mufudk oabmus (odkU) rausreyf
jzpfw,f qdkuwnf;u tylpawmhwmyJ/ tm;r&dSwJhpdwfu bmjzpfrSm?nmjzpfrSm ylw,f?
tm;&dSwJhpdwfu tvdkuif; tyluif;wJhtwGuf bmrjzpfeJY? nmrjzpfeJYvdkY trdefYay;Edkifw,f/
(5)trSefw&m;
txifawGrSm;aew,f? trSefawG rSm;aew,f/ udk,fhpdwfudku rpifMu,fawmh
udk,fjrifwm? Mum;wm? eHwm? pm;wm? xdawGUwm awG;BuHwmawGvnf; rpifMu,f?
rrSefawmhbl;/ t[kwfxifaewmudku wu,fr[kwfwm/ txif[kwfaewmudk t[kwf
xifraeeJY/ trSm;csnf;yJ &dSwmudk bmrSm;w,f? nmrSm;w,fqdkNyD; wpfck? wpfa,mufwnf;
urSm;w,f xifaewmudku tBuD;tus,frSm;aewm/ igrSefw,f? olrSm;w,f tjiif;yGm;
-4-
(7)tpGJwPSmudkpGefY
yk*dKvfpGJudavomu b,folb,f0gvdkY odwm/ ae&mpGJu &dyfomvdkY odwm/
w&m;pGJu bmw&m;?nmw&m;vdkY odwm/ tpGJuif;rS trSefodr,f/ a0'emudkt&dSvkyfvdkY
a0'em&dSwm/ cHpm;vdkY cHpm;csuf&dSwm/ cHpm;zdkUvdkwm/ owfrSwfxm;wJh trSm;?trSeftay:
t[kwfxifaerIudk rpGefUEdkifoa&GU y&rwftrSefw&m;udk rodEdkif/
tpGJuif;atmif BudK;pm;&r,fhtpm; bmtrSm;? nmtrSm;? bmtrSef? nmtrSef qdkNyD;
pGJaewmudku tpGJrSm;aewm/ tpGJyJ &dSwm? tpGJuif;zdkYyJvdkw,f/ tjzpfaumif; qdkvdkY
tvdkuif;? tpGJuif; wJh tjzpfyJ&dSw,f/
-5-
(8)t"d u
jzpfrS ,Hk&rSmr[kwf? ,HkrSjzpfrSm/ bmvkyfw,f rvkyfbl;qdkwmxuf bmpdwfeJU
bmtodPfeJY vkyfwmvJ? bmpdwfeJUbmtodPfeJY rvkyfbJ aewmvnf; qdkwmu
t"du/ wu,frvkyfrjzpfwmu tpGJjzKwfwJhtvkyf/wu,fqdk bmrS rvdkwm odzdkYyJ
vdkw,f/ wu,fvdkwm vkyfzdkYom t"du/ jzpfatmifvkyfzdkYxuf jzpfatmifvkyfcsifpdwfudk
pGefYEdkifzdkY t"du/
udk,fzefqif;xm;wJh udk,fydkifpdwfudkpGefYEdkifwJh r*fPf? zdkvfPfpGrf;tm; eJY qdk
udk,fjzpfcsifwmawGrSeforQ tvdkvdkjzpfw,f/ ]vdk&if tvdkuif;atmifusifh}/ ]tvdkpdwf
awGNrJaevdkY tNrJvdkaewm}? ]tvdkuif;&if tNrJydkaer,f}/
(9)tm;udk;&mppf
bmrqdk tjzpfcH&J? t&m&mudk tqHk;HI;cH&J? pGefYvTwf&JwJhowdudkom tm;udk;?
]jzpfcsifpdwf} eJY ]rjzpfrSmylyefpdwfawG} udk tm;rudk;eJY/ tm;udk;csifpdwfudk pGefYvTwfwJhpdwfudk
tm;udk;/
-6-
(11)ynwf?y&rwf
qdkif;bkwfqGJwm? cGJjcm;wm tusifhygaevdkY ]rom}wifru? tkwf*lrSmyg qdkif;bkwf
qGJae&wm/ bmawGnmawG? b,folb,f0g? b,fae&m-b,f tcsdeftcgqdkwJh owfrSwf
csufawGrSeforQ qdkif;bkwfjyKwfoGm;EdkifwJh tE&m,f tNrJ&dSw,f/ wu,f&dSwJh pdwf?
apwoduf?kyf?edAmef y&rwfw&m;awGurS tE&m,f tNrJ uif;w,f/ ig? ighOpmqdkNyD;
bmudkrS tydkifrpD;csifeJY/ qdkifwmqdkifNyD; rydkifwJh tjzpfudk vufcHEdkifzdkY BudK;pm;/ bmjzpfjzpf
wu,fr[kwfbl;/ wpfckck('Gg&)udk t&dS vkyfNyD; MunfhvdkU tjcm;wpfckck(tmHk)&Sdwm/
rsufpdudku trSefr[kwfawmh jrifwmawGvnf; trSefr[kwfawmhbl;/ jzpfcJhwmawGa&m?
jzpfaewmawGa&m? jzpfawmhrSmawGa&m bmrSwu,fr[kwf/
bmudkrS t&dS rvkyf&if - bmtvkyf rS r&dSawmhbl;/
owfrSwfcsufawGudk t[kwf rxifeJY/ owfrSwfcsuf?
ynwfqdkwm oHk;&rSm? qkyfudkifxm;zdkY? pGJzdkYr[kwfbl;/
owfrSwfcsufawGudk tpGJuif;uif; oHk;wwf&if oHk;rukef
bl;/
tpGJeJY oHk;&ifvnf; tNrJ vdkaerSmyJ/ pGefYwwfrS
odrf;ydkuf? oHk;wwfrS &Sm/ jrifEdkif? Mum;Edkif? eHEdkif? t&om
cHEikd ?f xdawGUEdik ?f BuHawG;Edik ?f odatmifvyk Ef ikd w
f mu tuefY
towf&Sdw,f/ rjrifEdkif? rMum;Edkif? reHEdkif?t&omrcHEdkif?
rxdawGUEdkif? rawG;BuHEdkif? vkyf,lvdkY rodEdkifwmawGu
tuefYtowf r&Sdbl;/
jyKvkyfrIeJY jyKvkyfvdkYjzpfwm&JUwefzdk;u tuefYtowf &dSw,f/ jyKvkyfrIuif;wmeJU
rvkyfbJ jzpfwmu wefzdk;rjzwf Edkif atmif wefzdk;&dSw,f/ obm0tm; u BuD;w,f?
NrJw,f/ bmrSjzpfwmr[kwfbl;? y&rwfoufouf jzpfwm/
bmrS? b,folrSrvdk? b,ftcsdef? b,fae&mrS rvdkatmif NyD;jynfhpHkwmu y&rwf
w&m;yg/ tydk&dS? emrnf&dS? txif&dS ynwftpm;? e*dk&Sd y&rwfudkom wefzdk;xm;yg/
pdwf&JUpGrf;&nfowdteExJu owfrSwfcsufawGrQomjzpfwJh wpfckck(tuefUtowf&dSwJh
ta&twGuf)udkom tm;udk;ae&wJh tjzpf? ow0g teExJu tuefUtowf&dSwJh
wpfa,mufa,muf&JUtjzpf? tpr&dS tqHk;r&dSwJh oHo&mBuD;xJu tuefUtowf&dSwJh
-7-
(12)tw?tew
wefzdk;xm;vdkY wefzdk;&Sdaewmudk ]wefzdk;tppf} qdkNyD; wefzdk;xm;ae&if tw/ ,HkvdkY
,Hkaewmtw? ,Hkaep&mrvdkbJ ,HkaerS tew/
aygif;pyfwm? EIdif;,SOfwm? bmawGnmawGudk t&Sdvkyfwm tw/ raygif;pyfwm?
rEIid ;f ,SOw
f m? bmawGnmawGukd t&Sd rvkyw
f m tew/ wpfc?k wpfa,muf?wpfcsed ?f wpfae&m
qdw
k o
hJ wfrw
S cf sufawGukd rSaD ewm tw/ taumif;?trSef qdw
k o
hJ wfrw
S cf sufukd qkyu
f ikd Nf yD;
wpfa,mufa,muf? wpfckck&JU tjypfvdkuf&Smaewm avmuDtw tvkyf/ tweJU vkyfwm
rSeforQ Mum&SnfrcHbl;/ BuD;us,fwJh pum;awG? BuD;us,fvkyf&yfawGeJY ao;odrfwJh pdwfudk
zH;k uG,af ewmavmuDtwtvky/f OD;aPSmufao;ao;av;eJY avmu tBuD;BuD; taMumif;
udk rwefr&m BuHraeeJY? wpfckckqdkwJh OD;aPSmuftm;udk;wJh tpGJudkomjzKwfvdkuf/
bmawG nmawG? b,folb,f0g? b,fae&mb,ftcsdeftcgqdkwJh owfrSwf
csufawGeJYtNrJ tvkyfIyfaewmavmuZmwfcHk/
]jzpfcJhwmawG} eJY ]jzpfOD;rSmawG} yJ ]tckjzpfaewm} avmu/ bmawGnmawG?
b,folb,f0g? b,fae&m b,ftcsdeftcg qdkwJh tuefYtowfawG vGefajrmufaewm
avmukw&m/ wpfckck?wpfa,mufa,muf tjzpfavmuf ao;odrfwm r&dSovdk wpfck?
wpfa,muf twpGJ jyKwfwJh tewtjzpfavmuf BuD;us,fwmvnf; r&dSawmhbl;/
(13)taMumif;udku tusdK;yJ/
vkyfwmeJY jzpfwm twlwlyJ/ apwemxm;&if ]apwem}jzpfw,f/ arwmxm;&if
xm;wJh ]arwm} &w,f/ pGefYvTwf&if ]pGefYvTwfwm}(pGefYvTwf&JwJhpdwf)&w,f/ vkyf&if
]vkyw
f m} &w,f/ aMumuf&if ]aMumufwm} &w,f/ oHo,jzpf&if ]oHo,jzpfwm} &w,f/
(14)w&m;tvkyf qdkwm
bk&m;&JU pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtarGudk qufcHEkdifzdkUBudK;pm;wm w&m;tvkyf/ ruefYowfzdkY?
rynwfzdkY? rqkyfudkifzdkY? rodrf;ydkufzdkY t"duxm;wm w&m;tvkyf/ b,folb,f0gqdkwJh
wpfa,mufa,muftpGJudk jzKwfNyD; bmawG nmawGqdkwJh wpfckck r[kwfwJh tvkyfudk
b,ftcsdef nmtcsdef ruefYowf? b,fae&m nmae&m rcGJjcm;bJ vkyfwm w&m;tvkyf/
wpfcck v
k yk w
f m uHtvky?f wpfc?k wpfa,muf? wpfcsde?f wpfae&mqdw
k hJ owfrw
S cf sufawGukd
]t&dSt[kwf} vkyfaewJhoabmrSeforQudk pGefYwm Pfw&m;tvkyf/
pOf;pm;wJh tvkyf rvkyfeJY? pdwftvkyfrSeforQudk w&pyf ]pGefYaewJhoabm} urS
-8-
(15)opmav;yg;
]tjzpfaumif;}r&SmeJY jzpforQ 'kuopm/ ]todaumif;}r&SmeJY odorQ 'kuopm/
]tvkyfaumif;}r&SmeJY jyKvkyforQ'kuopm/ jyKjyifwJh? azmufjyefwJh? rwnfNrJwJh?
wpfc?k wpfa,muf?wpfcsed ?f wpfae&m r[kww
f hJ ]oabmtopftopfav;}awGu 'kuopm/
wpfck? wpfa,muf? wpfcsdef? wpfae&m qdkwJh owfrSwfcsufawGudk t&SdvkyfNyD;
cHpm;wJh (rsupf ?d em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? ud,
k ?f pdwf eJY tqif;? toH? teHY? t&om? tawGUtxd?
tawG;tBuH? odp&mawGudk t&dSxifwJh) ]oabm topftopfawG}u ork',opm/
]]jyKjyifw?hJ azmufjyefw?hJ rwnfNrJwhJ oabmy&rwftopftopfawGyJ wu,f&w
Sd m}} qdw
k hJ
trSefw&m;udk vufcHEdkifzdkY BudK;pm;umrwBudK;pm;wm r*opm/
]]jyKjyifrI? azmufjyefrI? rwnfNrJrIuif;wJh oabm}}u eda&m"opm? edAmef/
-9-
(17)ow0gteEtwGufoHo&ma[mpmwrf;/
bmjzpfOD;rSmvnf; rar;eJYawmh?
t&ifuvnf; 'gyJ .. ..
tckvnf; 'gyJ .. ..
aemufvnf; 'gyJ .. ..
('gyJqdkwm t,lrSm;? trSwfrSm;? todrSm; udavom/)
-10-
-11-
-12-
-13-
pMum0Vmtm;vHk;&St
d rSefw&m;(opmw&m;)
orkwdopm
(ynwfw&m;wu,fr[kwf)
tpOftvmt&
owfrSwfxm;aom
trnfrsm;(armifvS? ig? olwyg;?
vl?acG;? pmtkyf )
ponfjzifh-
trSefwu,fr&SdbJ
vsifjrefvGef;pGm
ysufpD;oGm;aeaom
topfjyeftpm;xdk;
jzpfay:aeaom
pGrf;tifowdrsm;
tay:omrmefrsufpdjzifh
vdkufrjrifodEdkif&mrS
tcJ?t&nf?taiGU
tjzpf rsufpdxJ
yHkpHxifvmum
wpfckcktjzpf
wpfpHkwpf&mtjzpf
&Sdaew,f[k
txifrSm;rdaeaom
t&mrsm;
(vsifjrefvGef;pGmvnfaeaom
yefum'vufoHk;ckudk
wu,fr&Sdaom
t0dkif;jym;BuD;tjzpf
xifjrifae&ovdkjzpfavonf)
y&rw opm(4)rsK;d
(y&rwfw&m; wu,f&Sd )
(1)pdwf(odrIrsm;)
(2)apwoduf(cHpm;rIrsm;)
(3)kyf(pGrf;tifowdrsm;)
wu,f&Sdonfqdkaomfvnf;
'Dpdwf'Dpdwf
'Dapwoduf'Dapwoduf
'Dkyf'Dkyf tjzpf
awmufavQmuf
jzpfaewm NrJaewm
&Sdaewmawmh r[kwfpuefYwdkif;
jzpfvmvdkuf ysufoGm;vdkuf
topfjyeftpm;xdk;vdkuf ESifh
tcsdefwdkif;
topf t opf
ajymif ; vJ u m
azmufjyefysufpD;aeaom
oabmobm0av;rsm;
(rNrJaomocFg&obm0w&m;)
(4)edAgef
xm0&
trSef
wu,f
NrJae
&Sdaeaom
tocFw
obm0
w&m;
-8-
-14-
xdt
k ufwrfrsm; atoms \tv,fA[kw
d iG f ydw
k eG f protons
ESifh e,lx&Gef neutrons wdkY&SdNyD; tDvufx&Gefrsm; electrons u
ae-udk urm ESifh N*dK[frsm; u vSnhfywfaeouJhodkY oufqdkif
&m vrf;aMumif;udk,fpDeJY vSnhfywfaeMuygonf/
3
4
trIew
f pfreI w
f nf;rS? wpfcw
k nf;? wpfO;D wnf;? wpfpw
d w
f nf; rS tcsed w
f pfcMk umatmif awmufavQmuf
&Sad ewm jzpfaewmr[kw/f w&pyftopftopf tpm;xd;k ysupf ;D oGm;aeaom pGr;f tifobm0 oufoufobm0w&m;oufoufom jzpfavonf/ awmufavQmuf jzpfaeaom NrJaeaom 0dnmPf