Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AN OVERVIEW
Strip of interlinked terminals (simple system) Thick copper strips/rods (complex system)
Exit
INTRODUCTION
Normally anyone of the THREE types of BUSBAR systems are found in most of the Aircraft. 1. Parallel bus bar systems. 2. Split bus bar systems. 3. Split parallel bus bar systems.
1. Voltages must be within tolerance. 2. Frequencies must be within tolerance. 3. Phase displacement must be within tolerance. 4. Phase rotation must be correct.
Prolongs the generator life expectancy, since each generator is normally run on part load.
Readily absorbs large transient loads
Paralleling
Manual Paralleling is an old method of paralleling generators. To facilitate this method, a lamp is fitted across the main contacts of the GCB. When both generators' outputs are the same, the lamp will darken and go out. When this occurs, the engineer closes the oncoming generator's control switch. This is known as the lamps dark method of paralleling.
Paralleling (continue)
Automatic Paralleling. When using the automatic paralleling method, the generator switch is selected to on at any time, and once the auto paralleling circuits sense that both generators are ready for paralleling, the GCB automatically closes.
Over-Voltage protection devices operate whenever the system voltage exceeds 225 V. They protect the components in the system from damage due to excessive voltages. This protection device operates on an inverse time function, which means that the magnitude of voltage determines the time in which the offending generator is de-energised by tripping the GCR and GCB. The GCR de-energises the field, and the GCB trips the generator off the busbar.
Under-Excitation (Parallel Fault) protection devices operate whenever the excitation of one of the generator fields is reduced. This is sensed when the under-excited generator takes less than its share of reactive load, and a fault signal causes the BTB to trip in a fixed time (3-5 sec). This type of fault could be caused by a fault in anyone of: 1. Reactive load sharing circuit 2. Generator 3. Voltage regulator
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Under-Voltage protection devices operate to prevent damage to equipment from high currents and losses in motor loads, which may cause over-heating and burn out. When this device operates, it trips the GCR and GCB in a fixed time (3-5 sec), resulting in the shut-down of that generator.
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Differential Protection devices operate in the same way as stated in the split-busbar generator system. They operate if any of the following faults exist: A line-to-line or line to-earth fault. If the current flowing to the busbar is different from the current flowing from the generator.
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Instability Protection (Parallel Fault) devices are incorporated in the system to guard against oscillating outputs from the generators, which may cause sensitive equipment to malfunction or trip Off.
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Negative Sequence Voltage Protection devices detect any line-to-line or line-to-earth faults after the differentially protected zone and cause all the BTBs to trip.
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Overheat warning lights illuminate if a temperature sensor fitted in the generator senses an overheat condition. If this warning occurs, the pilot should operate the GCR switch, which will Cause the GCR and GCB to trip.
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Over-speed (Over Frequency) devices operate if a fault occurs in the CSDU, which may cause the generator to exceed its specified frequency limits. If an over-speed condition occurs, it causes the GCB to trip and puts the CSDU into under-drive.
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Under-speed (Under-Frequency) of the CSDU is sensed by an oil pressure switch in the CSDU. This causes the GCB to trip, removing the generator from the busbar, and protecting the loads from an under-frequency.
Fault Protections in A Constant Frequency AC Parallel System (continued) Time delays are fitted in the generator protection system to give the normal circuit protection devices (i.e. circuit breakers and fuses) time to operate, rather than removing a generator from the system.
DC Power Supplies
Primary aircraft DC power supplies are derived from transformer rectifier units, which are supplied from the 200 V AC busbars. The TRUs are normally run in parallel, although some systems have isolation relays installed, which are designed to separate the DC busbars during fault conditions.
Emergency Supplies
In the unlikely event that both IDGs and the APU generator fail, AC can still be obtained from: The aircraft battery which automatically feeds the AC essential busbar via a static inverter. A Ram Air Turbine (RAT) can be automatically or manually dropped into the airstream to drive an AC generator, which produces a constant frequency output for the AC essential busbar.
Battery Charger
Modern aircraft are fitted with battery chargers that are supplied from AC power supplies. These provide a DC supply to charge a battery in the shortest possible time, within certain voltage constraints, and without causing excessive gassing.
Battery Power
The batteries supply secondary DC power on most aircraft, they also feed essential DC and, through a static inverter, essential AC for a period of 30 minutes or more. Some batteries are additionally fitted in nonpressurized areas in the fuselage and are provided with electrically heated blankets to prevent freezing.
Battery charging
Two types of battery charging are employed in workshop: 1. Constant current charging. (Both voltage & current are constant) 2. Constant voltage charging. (Only voltage is constant, current varies) Of these, constant voltage charging is employed in the aircraft.
QUESTIONS?