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August 14, 2012 5th period Identify and describe the elaborate native civilizations that developed in South and Central America and Mexico. The Incas were developed in South America and created an empire of roughly 6 million people. The Mayans built a sophisticated culture in Central America, The Aztecs established a precarious rule over much of central and southern Mexico and built educational and medical system comparable to the advanced ones of Europe and developed a harsh religion. Describe the way of life of the North American Indians where they lived and how they supported themselves. The Eskimos of the Arctic Circle fished and hunted seals. The hunters of the northern forests led nomadic lives based on pursuit of Moose and Caribou. The tribes of the Pacific Northwest created permanent settlements along the coast and supported themselves by salmon fishing and often engaging into violent competition with one another for natural resources. Another group spread to the Gar West and developed successful and well populated communities based on fishing, hunting small game, and gathering. The most elaborate were those in the southwest because they built large irrigation systems to allow farming on their dry land, and constructed towns that became centers of trade, crafts, and religious and civic revolution. Describe the changes taking place among the North American Indians during the century before Europeans arrived. In the Great Plains region most tribes were engaged in sedentary farming and lived in substantial permanent settlements, even though there were small nomadic tribes that went on by hunting buffalo. How were efforts to determine the pre-Columbian population of America tied to the larger debate over the consequences of European settlement of the Western Hemisphere? Before the Columbian population appeared, there were nearly 16 million Indians in North America. The population of the Indians in North America decreased due to the loss in battles against the spread of white civilization. What changes stimulated Europeans to look toward new lands? Europe in the Middle Ages was not an adventurous civilization. Two changes that made Europeans look forward to new lands were commerce and nationalism. What did Columbus hope to achieve through his voyages, and what did he actually accomplish? He went on what he thought was a course for Japan, which in turn he landed on an island in the Bahamas, and mistook Cuba for China. He then took off again and headed into the Caribbean. In 1498 he finally reached the mainland and cruised along the coast of South America. His voyages were inspired by his conviction to fulfill a divine mission. Why did the conquistadors seek to eliminate the underpinnings of existing American civilizations? How was this destruction accomplished?

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The conquistadors thought of America as an obstacle to their search for a route to the East, but instead they began to consider it a source of wealth surpassing that of the Indies. After Columbuss discoveries, the Spanish claimed for themselves all but Brazil for themselves. Explain the relationship between the Spanish and the Pueblo Indians. How did this relationship shape the development of New Mexico? The Spanish and the Pueblo Indians had similar religious traits, and the revolt of the Pueblo Indians took place on soil of New Mexico. The Pueblo Indians could not keep fighting with the foreigners since they were greatly outnumbered. Describe the demographic differences between the Spanish Empire in America and the empires to the north. What impact did European diseases have on colonization efforts? The Spanish empire became one of the largest in history of the world; it included islands of the Caribbean, coastal areas of South America, Mexico and southern North America, and spread southward and westward into the vast lands of present day Chile, Argentina, and Peru, then later Brazil. What did Europeans gain from the Indians that proved more important than gold? The Europeans gained agricultural discoveries which ultimately proved more important to the future of Europe compared to the gold and silver the conquistadors valued so highly. What did the intermarriage of Spanish and North Americans reveal about the Spanish colonial system and suggest about the Europeans who administered it? It was expected for colonial officials to take their wives with them to America, but the European men outnumbered the woman by a ten to one ratio, showing there were far more European men than woman. The intermarriage colonies came to be dominated. This shows that the men living alone in a strange land craved female companionship and the satisfactions of a family life, the Europeans believed their own kind were to be more powerful and of higher stature than the natives. What role did the Catholic Church play in Spanish colonization efforts? The Catholic Church merged the Spanish natives and the natives of the Newfoundland together, but into a hierarchy. Describe the cultures from which African slaves were taken and brought to America. White Americans portrayed African society as primitive and uncivilized, but most Africans were civilized peoples with well-developed economies and political systems. How did the African Slave trade originate, and how did it evolve? West Africans began selling slaves to traders from the Mediterranean in response to a demand from affluent families who wanted black men and women as servants. The market for slaves grew dramatically as a result of the rising European demand for sugar cane.

15. What commercial factors contributed to Englands decision to seek colonies in the New World? One attraction was the New Worlds newness in contrast to their current land. They saw America as a place where they could start anew. 16. How did the English Reformation differ from that of Luther and Calvin? Why did it fail to satisfy the religious desires of many English people? The English Reformation was more because of a political dispute between the king and the pope. King Henry VIII became angered by the pops refusal o grant him a divorce from his Spanish wife, who failed to bear him a son. In the end, he broke Englands ties with the Catholic Church and made himself the head of a Christian Faith in his country. 17. What did the Puritans wish to accomplish, and why did they clash with James I? They wanted to worship as they pleased; they clashed with James I because he believed kings ruled by divine right and quickly antagonized the Puritans by resorting to unrestrained taxation. 18. How did the English colonization of Ireland influence the way in which the English colonized America? The English came to the assumption that their future settlements in distant lands must retain a rigid separation from the native population. 19. Where did the French and Dutch establish colonies in North America, and how did their efforts differ from those of the Spanish and the English? France founded its first permanent settlement in America at present day Quebec. The Dutch settled in what is now known as New York. Both the French and Dutch settled to leave the homeland instead of capture and obtain more and more new land. 20. What inspired the English to get into the race for the colonies? Under the leadership of Elizabeth I, they felt a strong sense of nationalism that encouraged dreams of expansion. 21. Describe the colonization efforts of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh. Sir Gilbert was granted the exclusive right for six years to inhabit and possess at his choice all remote and heathen lands not in the actual possession of any Christian prince. They went southward along the coast in search for a formidable location to construct a military outpost that would eventually grow into a colony, but a storm sank his ship and he was lost at sea. 22. How did James I settle the rivalry between London and Plymouth merchants over the exploration of North America? James I issued a new charter which divided American between the two groups.

America in the world 1. Peruse the sites below. What are the basic tenets of Atlantic history? How does it differ from normal American history? Do you think Atlantic history is new type of history? In what ways do you believe it will be helpful in understand the past? Or is it helpful at all? Atlantic history is based upon the connections between western Europe and the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies in North and South America, except with the idea of globalization. I do not think Atlantic history is a new type of history, but rather, a subtopic of history. I believe it would be helpful to understand a deeper connection, if possible, but other than that, I dont see a much reason behind it. 2. What major historical issues are Atlantic history scholars currently researching? How does an Atlantic history perspective influence the questions they ask, or their findings? Scholars have begun to reexamine the way the American past is explained and have revealed a bundle of connections between what happened and what was happening in the rest of the world. An Atlantic history perspective causes a person to really question everything that was happening at the time of the New World Exploration. 3. One of the central questions in U.S. history has been the question of American exceptionalism, whether America is unique among the nations of the world. With that in mind, consider a major issue in American history (slavery, the American Revolution, the Civil War, etc.). How does it look from the perspective of Atlantic history? Do you think these differences illuminate or obscure the realities of Americas historical experience? Looking at major issues in American history and the exceptions America has made makes it seem as though, not only America, but the world suffers from appointing double standards. The differences that Atlantic history creates cause an obscurity of the reasoning as to why such things happened in America, yet it catches your attention and only makes you question it more. Interactive Maps 1. Was the majority of exploration during this period done by one nation in particular? Why might that be? The majority of the exploration during this period was done by the Spanish. The Spanish first set foot in 1492 and continued to expand a collection of new found land. 2. Given what you know about the climate regions of America, is there any correlation between them and the subsistence of Native American peoples? More people settled where the climate was more bearable and better for crops and hunting.

3. As you browse through the timeline, take note of the explorers who sailed around the Caribbean and Central America. Why might exploration of that region continue, while trips to the Canadian coast and New England seem to have stalled? The climate north was not easily sustainable to that of foreign exploration, and it would be harsh to try to travel around Canada. Therefore, settlers only migrated more south. 4. Examine the patterns of slave trade. What trends can you discern from the map? A large amount of slaves were shipped to South America, to the Spanish colonies. As time went on, more began to get shipped to North America, and stopped the routes to Europe. 5. Examine the movement of free, indentured, convicted, and enslaved migrants. What trends are evident? Foreigners all moved to the northern coast of North America. Most moved close to where the Dutch settled. 6. Examine the trade routes of the various nations. Then examine the Prevailing Winds and Pirate activity. What do these layers reveal about trade in the age of sail when juxtaposed? Routes were altered in order to easily trade with other nations or their colonies. 7. Examine the paths of various explorers. Which countries dominated exploration early on? Where did they focus their attention and why? The first few explorers divided between the extremely north coast of North America and the southwest coast of Africa. However, most of the explorers set sail to the Americas.