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if there's a change in state b/w 2 points, then if a process is followed rever sing which there's no change in the system or surrounding, then the process can be stated as a reversible process. FIRST LAW pump. since the fluid is incompressible, there will not be an appreciable change in specific volume. . since the inlet pressure in less than the exit pressure, external work has to be done to pressurize the fluid. throttling. enthalpy before and after throttling remains same. . enthalpies are identical but at different states i.e different pressure and te mperature. this process is known as joule thomson expansion process. . throttling is used to create low temperature. . temperature decreases due to sudden change in throat area and the expansion of fluid after throttling . used in refrigerator and air conditioners SECOND LAW heat engine. works in a cycle . heat from high temp reservoir to low temo sink and net work done. . eg. IC engines, steam power plant refrigerator. works reverse of heat engine -for heat engine, efficiency is calculated and for heat pump coefficient of perf ormance is calculated. . the desired effects are different for heat pump & refrigerator. . for refrigerator, the desired effect is to keep the low temp. heat source at l ow temp. while for a heat pump, the desired effect is to pump certain amount of heat to the high temp heat sink; so for both the expression for COP will be diff erent. . for obtaining max. efficiency in a heat engine, the process have to be reversi ble. -causes of irrversibility1. heat transfer across a finite temperature difference 2. mixing of 2 materials 3. free expnsion 4. different dissipatie processes. -POSTULATES OF CARNOT 1. if t1 and t2, given two tyemperatures, then an engine with reversible cycles will ahve maximum efficiency. 2. if T1 and T2 are fixed, then all REVERSIBLE engines will ahve same efficiency . . plotting of a thermodynamic process is done b/w two intensive properties of th e system. . in a single phase region, if we know any 2 thermodynamic properties, we can de termine all the other properties and in a 3 phase region, if we know any 3 therm odynamic properties, we can determine other properties. . a plot b/w h and s is known as mollier diagram. . in steam table, for a value b/w given values, we have to do interpolation. . the specific heat of a compressible fluid in not constant, it may vary from -i nfinity to +infinity.