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CAL 188, Final exam, June 21, 2012 - No. 1 / Solution of problem no.
No. 1 / Solution of problem no. 1

Karabuk University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Prof. Mihai Cernat
Linear Algebra (CAL 188), Final exam June 21, 2012
1st subject (10%): Evaluate A using minors from a row or a column and from two rows or two
columns
0
0
A=0
4
4
1
0
0
0
5
1
1
1
1
1
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
3
3
3
a) Using minors from the first two rows

We will use the Laplace expansion :
j , j ,L, j
,j
,L, jn
A = ( 1)s Ai 1,i ,2L,i m Ai m +1,i m +,2L,i

1 2
m
m +1 m + 2
n
p
n(n 1)L (n m + 1)
where : p =
m!
In our case : n = 5, m = 2,
p=
s = i1 + i2 + L + im + j1 + j2 + L + jm
54
= 10
1 2
i1 = 1, i2 = 2,
( j1, j2 ) {(1,2); (1,3); (1,4); (1,5); (2,3); (2,4); (2,5); (3,4); (3,5); (4,5)}
Non - zero minors are only : (2,3); (2,4); (3,4 )
The corresponding algebraic minors are
1 1
=1
0 1
( 1)1+ 2+ 2+3 A12,2,3
( 1)1+ 2+ 2+ 4 A12,2,4
( 1)1+ 2+3+ 4 A13,,24
1 0
= 2
0 2
1 0
=2
1 2
The corresponding complementary minors are:
0 2 3
2 3 =0
4 2 3
A31,,44,,55 = 4
0 1 3
A31,,34,,55 = 4 1 3 = 0
4 1 3
0 0 3
0 3 = 0 0 3 + 4 5 3 + 4 0 3 3 0 4 + 3 5 0 + 3 4 0 = 60
4 5 3
A31,,24,,55 = 4
By Laplace expansion, the value of the determinant is: 1 0 2 0 + 2 60 = 120
CAL 188, Final exam, June 21, 2012 - No. 1 / Solution of problem no. 1
b. Using minors from the first two columns

j , j ,L, j
,j
,L, jn

1 2
m
m +1 m + 2
n
where : p =
n(n 1)L (n m + 1)
m!
j1 = 1,
p=
s = i1 + i2 + L + im + j1 + j2 + L + jm
54
= 10
1 2
j2 = 2
(i1, i2 ) {(1,2); (1,3); (1,4); (1,5); (2,3); (2,4); (2,5); (3,4); (3,5); (4,5)}
The minors are :
A11,,22 =
0 1
A12,,24 =
0 0
0 0
4 0
=0
A11,,32 =
0 1
=0
A12,,25 =
0 0
0 0
4 5
=0
A11,,42 =
0 1
=0
A31,,24 =
0 0
4 0
4 0
=0
A11,,52 =
0 1
=0
A31,,25 =
0 0
4 5
4 5
= 4
=0
A12,,23 =
A14,,25 =
0 0
0 0
4 0
4 5
By Laplace expansion, the value of the determinant is:
0
( 1)1+ 5+1+ 2 A11,,52 A23,,34,.45 =
4
4
( 1)4 + 5+1+ 2 A14,,25 A13,,24,.35 =
4
1 2 0
1 2 3 = 4 0 = 0
1 2 3
1 0 0
1 2 0 = 20 6 = 120
1 2 3
A = 0 + 120 = 120
c. Using minors from the first column

j , j ,L, j
,j
,L, jn

1 2
m
m +1 m + 2
n
n(n 1)L (n m + 1)
where : p =
m!
p=
s = i1 + i2 + L + im + j1 + j2 + L + jm
5
=5
1
The minors are:
A11 = 0
A12 = 0
A31 = 0
A14 = 4
A51 = 4
By Laplace expansion, the value of the determinant is:
1 1 0 0
1 2 0
0 2 0
= 4 1 1 2 3 1 0 2 3 = 4 (0 30) = 120
3
1 2 3
5 2 3
5 1 2 3
0 1 2
( 1)1+ 4 A14 A12,2,3,,34,5.5 = 4
0 1 2
1 1 0 0
( 1)1+ 5 A51 A12,2,3,,34,4.5
= 4
0 1 2 0
0 1 2 3
= 40 = 0
0 1 2 3
A = 120 + 0 = 120
=0
= 20

Prof. Mihai Cernat
2nd subject (20%): Find the canonical matrix row equivalent of
1
1
1 1
1 2
3 4
A=
2 3
5 5
2 4 5 8
Verify by calculating the determinants.
1
1 1 1
1
1 1 0 1 6 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 4
1 1
1 2
3 4 0 1
2 5 0 1 2 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
~
~
~
~
A=
2 3
5 5 0 1
3 7 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2

2 4 5 8 0 6 7 6 0 0 5 24 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 1
[H 21 (-1), H 31 (-2), H 41 (-2)] [H12 (-1), H 32 (-1), H 42 (6)] [H13 (1), H 23 (-2), H 43 (-5)] [H 4 (-1/14)]
1 0 0 4 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
~
~
0 0 1 2 0 0

0 0 0 14 0 0
[H14 (-4), H 24 (1), H 34 (2)]
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
The rank of A is r=4.

The canonical matrix row equivalent is
1
0
C=
0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Proof:
A=
2 4 5
= 3
5 2
5 + 2
5 2
5 =
4 5
2 5
2 4
2 4 5
= 2 5 8 + 3 ( 5) ( 4) + ( 4) 3 ( 5) ( 4 ) 5 ( 4) ( 5) ( 5) 2 8 3 3
1 5 8 2 ( 5) ( 4) 2 3 ( 5) + ( 4 ) 5 2 + ( 5) ( 5) 1 + 8 3 2 +
+ 1 3 8 + 2 ( 4) ( 4) + 2 2 ( 5) ( 4) 3 2 ( 5) ( 4) 1 8 2 2
1 3 ( 5) 2 ( 4 ) 3 + 2 2 5 + 3 3 2 + 5 4 1 + ( 5) 2 2 =
= 2 7 + 8 + 19 = 14

Prof. Mihai Cernat
3rd subject (20%): Find by two methods the inverse from
3 1
1
A = 1 1 3
3 1 0
Verify the obtained result.

First method (by adjoint)
3 1
1
A = 1 1 3
3 1 0
1
3 1
A = 1
3 = 1 1 0 + ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) + ( 3) 3 3 ( 1) 1 ( 3) ( 1) 1 3 ( 1) 0 3 = 28
3 1
11 =
1 0
21 =
31 =
=3
3 1
1
=1
= 10
12 =
1 3
3 0
22 =
32 =
= 9
13 =
3 1
= 3
23 =
= 2
33 =
=4
3
3 1
1 1
= 8
=4
1 10
1 10
3
3
1
Adj ( A) = 9 3 2
A 1 =
3 2
28
4 8 4
4 8 4
3 1 3 1 10
1
28
1
1
1
= 1
1
1
3
9
3
2
28
A A =
=
28

28
3 1 0 4 8 4
28
1
Second method (by elementary transformations)

3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1
1

A = 1 1 3 ~ 0 4 2 ~ 0 1 1 / 2 ~ 0
3 1 0 0 8 3 0 0 7 0
[H 21(1), H 31 (3)] [H 32 (2), H 2 (1 / 4)] H 3 (1 / 7)
3 1 1 3 0 1 0 0

1 1 / 2 ~ 0 1 0 ~ 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
H 23 (1 / 2), H 31 (1) H12 (3)
P = H12 (3) H13 (1) H 23 (1 / 2) H 3 (1 / 7) H 2 (1 / 4) H 32 (2) H 31 (3) H 21 (1)
P = H12 (3) H13 (1) H 23 (1 / 2) H 3 (1 / 7) H 2 (1 / 4) H 32 (2) H 31 (3) H 21 (1)

1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 3 1
1/ 4
1 1 1 =
1 1 1 / 2 1
P =
1
1
1
1
1
1 2 1 3
1
1
1 / 7
1 3 1 1
1
1
1 3 5 / 14 1
1
1
1
/
14
1
/
4
1
1
1
1
/
14
1
/
4
1
/
4

=
1 / 7 2 1 3
1 / 7 1
2 1
1
1
3 / 28 1 / 28 5 / 14
3 1 10
1
= 9 / 28
3 / 28
1 / 14 =
9
3
2
28
1 / 7
4 8 4
1 / 7
2/7
3 1 3 1 10
1
28 0 0 1 0 0
1
1
1
1 1 3 9
A A =
3
2 =
0 28 0 = 0 1 0
28
28
3 1 0 4 8 4
0 0 28 0 0 1
Third method (by elementary transformations applied to extended matrix)

3 1 1
1 3 1 1
1 3 1 1
1
A = 1 1 3 1 ~ 4 2 1 1 ~ 1 1 / 2 1 / 4 1 / 4 ~
3 1 0
7 1 2 1
1 8 3 3
1
[H 21 (1), H 31 (3)]
[H 32 (2), H 2 (1 / 4)] H 3 (1 / 7)
1 3 1 1
1 3 6 / 7 2 / 7 1 / 7 1 0 0 3 / 28 1 / 28 5 / 14
~ 1 9 / 28 3 / 28 1 / 14 ~ 0 1 0 9 / 28
~ 1 1 / 2 1 / 4 1 / 4
3 / 28
1 / 14

1 / 7
1 1 / 7 2 / 7 1 / 7
1 1 / 7 2 / 7 1 / 7 0 0 1 1 / 7
2/7
H 23 (1 / 2), H13 (1)
H12 (3)
3 1 10
1
=
9
3
2
28
4 8 4
A A
3 1 3 1 10
1
28 0 0
1

1
=
1 1 3 9
3
2 =
0 28 0
28
28
3 1 0 4 8 4
0 0 28

Prof. Mihai Cernat
4th subject (10%): Find all solutions of
x1 + x2 + x3 x4 = 10
x + x x + x = 6
1 2 3
4
x
+
x
+
x
3
4 = 4
1 2
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
Verify the obtained result

The coefficient matrix and the vector of constants are respectively:
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
A=
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
A=
1 1
10
6
H =
4
0
1
= 1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1 1
11
1 1
1
1
1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 =
1
A = 1 11 + ( 1) 1 1 + 1 ( 1) 1 11 1 11 1 1 ( 1) ( 1) 0 + 0
[1 ( 1) 1 + 1 1 ( 1) + 1 11 ( 1) ( 1) 1 1 11 1 1 1] = 4 4 = 8
Solution by using elementary row transformations

1 1 10
1 1 10
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 0 2 2 4
1 1 1 1 6
~ 0 0
[AH ] =
0 1
0 2 0
1 1 1 1 4
2 6
1 1 0
0
2 10
0 0
1 1
0 0
[H 21(1), H 31(1), H 41(1)]
1
1
1
H 2 2 , H 3 2 , H 4 2

1 1 1 0 5
1 0
0 0 1 0 3
~ 0 0
~
0 1 0 0 2
0 1

0 0 0 1 5
0 0
[H12 (1), H13 (1)]
H 23
x1 = 10
0 0 10
1
0
1 0 3
~
0
0 0 2
0 1 5
0
x2 = 2
x3 = 3
Proof
x1 + x2 + x3 x4 = 10
x + x x + x = 6
1 2 3
4
x1 x2 + x3 + x4 = 4
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
10 + 2 + 3 5 = 10
10 + 2 3 + 5 = 6
10 2 + 3 + 5 = 4
10 + 2 + 3 + 5 = 0
1 1 10
1 1 2
~
0 1 3
0 1 5
[H14 (1), H 24 (1), H 34 (1)],
0 0 0 10
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 3
0 0 1 5
x4 = 5
10
2
~
X =
3
Solution by using Cramers rule

1
1
A=
1
1
A = 8
A1 =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
10
6
H =
4
10
1 1
= 10 1
1
1 1
1 ( 6) 1 1
1 + ( 4 ) 1 1
1 =
= 10 ( 4) ( 6) 4 + ( 4) ( 4) = 80
A2 =
1 10
1 1 1
1 1 1
= ( 10) 1
1 + ( 6) 1 1
1 ( 4) 1 1
1 =
1 1 1
1 1
= 10 0 6 0 + 4 ( 4 ) = 16
A3 =
10 1
1 1
1
= ( 10) 1 1 1 ( 6 ) 1 1
1
1 + ( 4 ) 1 1
1 =
1 1
= 10 0 ( 6) ( 4) + ( 4) 0 = 24
A4 =
10
1 1
= ( 10) 1 1
1
1 1
1 + ( 6) 1 1 1 ( 4) 1 1 1 =
1
1 1
= 10 ( 4) ( 6 ) 0 + ( 4) 0 = 40
x1 =
80
= 10
8
x2 =
16
=2
8
x3 =
24
=3
8
x4 =
40
=5
8
Solution by inverse matrix A-1

1
1
A=
1
1
A = 8
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1
11
10
6
H =
4
= ( 1)1+1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 = 4
1 =4
23 = ( 1)2+3 1 1
1
32 = ( 1)3+ 2 1 1
1
41 = ( 1)4+1 1
1
1=0
1 1
33 = ( 1)3+3 1 1
1 =4
= ( 1)4+ 4 1
1 = 4
1
1
1 =0
1
1
1 1
1
1 = 4
43
1 1
= ( 1)4+3 1
1 = 4
1 1
4 4 4 4
0
4
0
1 0
A 1 =
4
0 4
8 0
0
0 4
4
4 4 4 4 10
80
0
0
4
0 6 1 16
1
A 1 H =
=
4
0 4 4 8 24
8 0
0
0 4 0
4
40
x2 =
16
=2
8
x3 =
24
=3
8
x4 =
1
1
10
6
H =
4
80
= 10
8
1 = 4
34 = ( 1)3+ 4 1 1 1 = 0
4 4 4 4
0
0
4
0
Adj ( A) =
0
4
0 4
0
0 4
4
A = 8
x1 =
31 = ( 1)3+1 1 1
42 = ( 1)4+ 2 1 1
1 1
1 =0
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
22 = ( 1)2+ 2 1 1
24 = ( 1)2+ 4 1 1 1 = 0
1
1
1
1
13 = ( 1)1+3 1 1 1 = 0
1 = 4
1 =4
21 = ( 1)1+ 2 1 1
1
1 =4
12
14 = ( 1)1+ 4 1 1
44
1 1 1
= ( 1)1+ 2 1
40
=5
8

Prof. Mihai Cernat
5th subject (20%): Find non-trivial solutions of
x1 2 x2 + 3 x3 = 0
2 x1 + 5 x2 + 6 x3 = 0
Verify the obtained result
Since
1 2
2
= 5+4 = 9 0
the rank of the matrix is r = 2.
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 3
A=
~
~
2 5 6 0 1 0 1 1 0
[H 21(2)] H12 (2)
x1 0
1 0 3
0 1 0 x 2 = 0
x 0
3
x1 + 3 x3 = 0
x2 = 0
x1 = 3a
x =0
2
x3 = a
3a 0 + 3a = 0
2(3a) + 5 0 + 6a = 0

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CAL 188, Final exam, June 21, 2012 - No. 1 / Solution of problem no.

No. 1 / Solution of problem no. 1

a) Using minors from the first two rows

A = ( 1)s Ai 1,i ,2L,i m Ai m +1,i m +,2L,i

( 1)1+ 2+ 2+3 A12,2,3

( 1)1+ 2+3+ 4 A13,,24

The corresponding complementary minors are:

By Laplace expansion, the value of the determinant is: 1 0 2 0 + 2 60 = 120

b. Using minors from the first two columns

A = ( 1)s Ai 1,i ,2L,i m Ai m +1,i m +,2L,i

We will use the Laplace expansion :

By Laplace expansion, the value of the determinant is:

c. Using minors from the first column

A = ( 1)s Ai 1,i ,2L,i m Ai m +1,i m +,2L,i

We will use the Laplace expansion :

The minors are:

By Laplace expansion, the value of the determinant is:

( 1)1+ 5 A51 A12,2,3,,34,4.5

No. 1 / Solution of problem no. 2

Verify by calculating the determinants.

The rank of A is r=4.

No. 1 / Solution of problem no. 3

Verify the obtained result.

Second method (by elementary transformations)

P = H12 (3) H13 (1) H 23 (1 / 2) H 3 (1 / 7) H 2 (1 / 4) H 32 (2) H 31 (3) H 21 (1)

P = H12 (3) H13 (1) H 23 (1 / 2) H 3 (1 / 7) H 2 (1 / 4) H 32 (2) H 31 (3) H 21 (1)

Third method (by elementary transformations applied to extended matrix)

No. 1 / Solution of problem no. 4

Verify the obtained result

Solution by using elementary row transformations

[H 21(1), H 31(1), H 41(1)]

[H14 (1), H 24 (1), H 34 (1)],

Solution by using Cramers rule

Solution by inverse matrix A-1

No. 1 / Solution of problem no. 5

Verify the obtained result

the rank of the matrix is r = 2.

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