Human Right Manual by Aung Myo Minn

tcef; (9)
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HREIB
Author: Aung Myo Min Director,HREIB
Layout & Design by: Published by:
Lwin Moe Human Rights Education Institute of Burma (HREIB) P.O.Box 37, Chiang Mai University Post office, Chiang Mai, 50202, Thailand hreburma@loxinfo.co.th
Address: E-Mail:
Second Edition: 3000 copies, May 2002. Aung Myo Min All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced, provided that no commercial use is made of it and the author is acknowledged.
Funded by the National Endowment for Democracy (NED)
tcef; (9)
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,ckpmtkyonf 1998 ckEpu xkwa0cJaom vl@tcGita&; vufppmtkyukd 'kw,t}urf f Sf f h hf GJ f d d jznfpuxwa0vdujf cif; jzpfygonf? yxrt=udrf xkwa0pOfaemufyi;f umvtwGi;f h G f k f k f kd hf kf f G xyfrw;kd wufjzpfay:vmaom vl@tcGita&;qdi&m odaumif;p&mrsm;ESihf yxrt}udrwif H ryg0ifcaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk jznfpua&;om;xm;ygonf? hJ h G f ,ckuo@kd 'kw,t}udrtjzpf jznhpuxwa0&jcif;ta=umif;rSm xdo@kd aom ynmay; hJ d f f G f k f k pmtkyfrsdK;rsm;udk xyfrHxkwfa0yg[k 0dkif;0ef;wdkufwGef;cJh=uaom olrsm;/ Tpmtkyfukd vufpxm;I vl@tcGita&; oifwef;rsm; yd@k csaeaomolrsm;ESihf oifwef;rwufEiaomf GJ hf kd f vnf; vl@tcGita&;ta=umif;avhvmcsiI pmtkyrsm;a&;om;yg[k wduwe;f =uaom hf f f k f G olrsm;.qENukd jznfqnf;ay;vdaoma=umifjh zpfonf? h k ,cifxwa0pOftcseEihf ,ck 'kw,t}udrxwa0onfh tcset=um; EdiiwumwGif k f d f S d f k f d f kfH vl@tcGita&;qdi&m wd;k wufajymif;vJrrsm;pGm wd;k wufjzpfay:cJygonf? xdumvwdtwGi;f hf kf _ h k k trsKd ;orD;pmcsKyf aemufqufwrsm;/ uav;pmcsKyf aemufqufwrsm;/ tjynfjynfqi&m GJ GJ kd f &mZ0wfr_ w&m;H;k rsm; touf0ifvmcJ=h uonf? xd@k twl jrefrmEdiioEiiom;rsm;ESihf k f H l kd f H 'Drua&pDta&; v_y&m;awmif;qdaeaom olrsm;t=um;wGif vl@tcGita&;ta=umif;udk kd f S k hf em;vnfvufcvmr_a&csef ydrjkd rifrm;vmcJonfukd awG@&onf? *k%oumESihf wef;wlnrukd H d k h h f d Q D_ tajccHem;vnfvmI rwlujGJ ym;r_rsm;tay: vufcryrvmcJonf? wOD;csi;f . *k%oumudk H _ kd kd h f d Q ydkrdkav;pm;vmcJhonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh tjcm;txl;umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaom tkyp0ifrsm;. tcGita&;rsm;ta=umif;udk eufeufi;f _i;f aqG;aEG;vmI ,cifuxuf f k hf d_ d ydkrdkwefzdk;xm;vmonfudkawG@&onf? tzJG@tpnf;toD;oD;u vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif; oif w ef ; rsm;yd k @ cs&ef awmif ; qd k r _ r sm;vnf ; yd k r d k r sm;jym;vmvsuf & S d o nf ? od k @ aomf jynfovxt=um;wGif vl@tcGita&;ta=umif; qufvufynmay;&ef vdtyfaeqJyif? l l k hf k tjcm;olwOD;wa,mufcsi;f . *k%oumtay: ESrcsapmfum;r_rsm;rSmvnf; qufvuf f d Q d hf wnf&dS aeqJyif? xdk@twGufa=umifh vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjynfht0 av;pm;vdkufem wefzdk;xm;aom tem*wfjrefrmEdiitwGuf &nf&,I avhvmrSwom; usio;kH Edi&ef ,ckpmtkytm; kfH G f f hf k f f
xyfrjH yifqifa&;om;xkwa0vkuygonf? Tpmtkyjf zifh vl@tcGita&;udk umuG,ae=u f d f hf f aom/ vl@tcGita&;udk v_@H aqmfae=uaom/ vl@tcGita&;udk ynmay;ae=uaom rdwaqG hf fh f rsm;tm; *k%f yygonf? txl;ojzifh rdrEitwl vl@tcGita&;ynmay; vkyief;rsm;udk d S hf hf f e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif tm;ud;rmefwuf vkyuiaqmif&uaevsu&onfh vl@tcGita&; f kd f G f f dS hf ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)rS oifwef;yd@k csorsm;/ oifwef;toD;oD;rS oifwef;ol oifwef; kfH l om;rsm;. tm;ay;wkuwe;f csuukd taumiftxnfazmfEicojzifh auseyfEivrrnf[k d f G f kd f hJ kd f d hf ar#mfvifhrdygonf? Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDay;cJhaom H;k wm0efcH ud&vif;xGe;f ESihf tjcm;H;k tzJ@G 0ifrsm;udk aus;Zl;wif rSwwrf;wifvygonf? k J f kd
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tcef; (9)
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vl@tcGifhta&;rdwfquf 8 vl@tcGifhta&;ordkif;a=umif; 13 tm&Swefz;kd (Asia Value) 21 EdkifiHwumOya'rsm; 24 tjynfjynfqi&m vl@tcGita&;Oya'rsm; kd f hf 28 tjynfjynfqdfkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; 28 pmcsLyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;tqifhqifh 34 EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf 37 EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwJG pmcsKyfrsm; 39 vl@tcGifhta&;aumfrwD 41 pD;yGm;a&;/vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&mobmwlpmcsKyf 43 pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESi,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m _ hf hf kf oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD 46 trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;zsufodrf;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf 48 trsKd;orD;rsm;enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;zsufodrf;a&; pmcsKyfaumfrwD 51 trsKd;orD;rsm;enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;zsufodrf;a&; pmcsKyfaumfrwD ay:ayguvmyHtqifqifh f k h 53 54 uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD 59 vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_enf;rsKd;pkHtm;zsufodrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf 61 vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_enf;rsdK;pkHtm;zsufodrf;a&;oabmwl pmcsKyfaumfrwD 63 !i;f yrf;ESypufrEihf tjcm;&ufpufr/_ vlom;rqefaom d f _ S vl*k%oum !Kd ;EGr;f apaom yusirwkd udk qefusiaom f d Q hf _ f oabmwlpmcsKyf/ 63
tcef;(5)
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tcef;(8)
*sDeDAmppfr_qdkif&moabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf tjcm; vltcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm; vltcGita&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ay:ayguvmjcif;tqifqifh hf f h trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhvl@tcGifhta&; trsdK;orD;rsm;tcGifhta&;ordkif;tusOf;csKyf 70 trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:t=urf;zufjcif; urBm@ukvor*~rdwfquf ukvor*~.t"duXme}uD;rsm; taxGaxGnDvmcH vkHcHa&;aumifpDd pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;aumifpD ukvor*~v@l tcGita&;at*siprsm;ESihf vkyx;Hk vkyenf;rsm; hf f D f f vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif.zGJ@pnf;ykH 1503 vkyief;pOftqifqifh f h vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifnDvmcH vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifnDvmcHvkyfief;pOfrsm; tjcm;pmcsKyftajccHtzGJ@rsm; vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;onfh ukvor*~&Sdtjcm;Xmersm; -trsK;d orD;tqiftwef;qdi&m aumfr&Sif h kf -ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&mr[mrif;}uD;Hk; -vl@tcGifhta&;Xme}uD; -ukvor*~'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&mr[mrif;}uD;kH; -tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzGJ@csKyf. vkyfief;pOf a'oqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; Oa&mya'o Oa&myaumifpD tar&duefa'o tar&duefEdkifiHrsm;tzJG@
64 65 66 70 77 84 86 86 89 90 95 95 96 102 103 103 106 107 107 108 109 110 111 113 116 116 116 118 118
tcef; (9)
tmz&dua'o tmz&duefnD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@ tm&yfa'o tm&Sa'o tcef;(9) tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; tpd;k &r[kwaomtzG@J trsKd ;tpm;rsm; f tpd;k &r[kwaomtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tm;ay;axmufcrrsm; f H _ ukvor*~Eihf tpd;k &r[kwaomtzG@J tpnf;rsm; S f tcef;(10) vl@tcGifhta&;}uD;=uyfjcif; vl@tcGifhta&;}uD;=uyfr_vkyfief;pOf tcef; (11) vl@tcGita&;ynmay;r_ hf ordi;f a=umif; k vltcGita&; ynmay;r_qonfrm hf kd S aphpyfaqmf=oay;olqonfrm kd S tcef;(12) owif;Xmersm;ESifhqufoG,fjcif; a&'D,dkkyfjrifoH=um;Xmersm;ESifh awG@qkH&mwGif owdyoifhonfhtcsufrsm; owif;a&;olrsm;ESifhawG@qkH&mwGifowdyoifhaomtcsufrsm; owif;a=unmcsuxwjf yef&mwGif owdyoifaomtcsursm; f k h f owif;a=unmcsufa&;om;jcif; owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJyvkyf&mwGifowdyoifhaomtcsufrsm; tcef;(13) awG@qkHar;jref;jcif; vlawG@ar;jref;&mwGif owdyoifaomtcsursm; h f aemufqufwGJ (1) tjynfjynfqi&m vl@tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf; kd f hf aemufqufw(2) trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm;enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh GJ cJjG cm;zdEyrtm;vH;k yaysmufa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf dS f _ aemufqufwGJ (3) uav;oli,frsm;tcGita&;qdi&moabmwlpmcsKyf hf kf
119 119 120 120 122 123 129 131 133 134 143 143 145 155 160 162 164 164 166 168 169 169 179 192 212
tcef; (1)
vltcGita&; qdonfrmS tb,fenf; hf k

vl@tcGita&;qdonfrm vlom;wa,mufjzpfaoma=umifh vlw@kd wi&aom tcGita&; hf k S G f dS hf [lI d;k d;k av;yifajym&ayrnf? vl@tcGita&;onf vlom;tm;vH;k tay: cJjG cm;jcif;r&SbJ hf d l d H G f dS vlwi;f twGuf wef;wlnr#pm &Saeonf? tjcm;rnfourS rdrxwi&aeaom vl@tcGihf kd D G d ta&;rsm;udk ,laqmifor;f yduI r&acs? xd@k jyif rnfonftcGita&;onf ta&;t}uD;qH;k / d k f h hf rnfonftcGita&;rsm;udawmh ta&;r}uD;[lIvnf; owfrwIr&acs? wckEiwckvnf; h hf k S f S hf tjyeftvSequfpyfaeonf? vl@tcGita&;[laom acgi;f pOfatmufwif vl@tcGita&; f hf G hf rsm;onf wckEiwck tjyeftvSef trDS yaevsu&onf? S hf f dS vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm vlom;wdk@ vl@*k%foduQmtjynfht0jzifh touf&Sifaexdkif&ef vdtyfaom tajccHtqiftwef;tcsursm;jzpfonf[Ivnf; aemufxyfwrsKd ; t"dym,f k h f l ` zGiqxm;vsu&onf? vlom;rsKd ;EG,tm;vH;k t=um; *k%oumESihf wef;wlnrukd wefz;kd hf kd f dS f f d Q D _ xm; av;pm;jcif;onf vl@tcGita&;. tESpom&tcsuyifjzpfonf? vlom;wOD;tm; hf f f av;pm;wefz;kd xm;&efqaomxdtESpom&tcsuukd ,Ofaus;r_wi;f / vlrtodi;f t0di;f wdi;f / kd k f f kd _ k k k udk;uG,fonfhbmomwdkif;/ tawG;tac:t,ltqwdkif;wGif awG@jrifEdkifonf? vl@tcGifh ta&;[k us,us,avmifavmif ajymqdaeaompum;vH;k . t"dutcsurmvnf; xdo@kd f f k fS k vlvcsi;f av;pm;wefz;kd xm;&efukd awmif;qdaejcif;yifjzpfonf? vlwa,muf. vl@tcGihf l k ta&;udk csdK;azmufjcif;qdkonfrSm xdkoltm; vlom;wa,muftaejzifh todtrSwfy rqufqHjcif;yifjzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&; awmif;qdkr_qdkonfrSmvnf; vlom;wkdif;. *k%oumudk av;pm;=u&ef awmif;qdjk cif;omjzpfonf? f d Q
tcef; (9) tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm; f
vl@tcGita&;.tajccHtcsursm;rSmhf f - vl@tcGita&;onf vlwi;f twGuf arG;&mygtcGita&;jzpfonf? (Human Right hf kd hf is inherent) vl@tcGifhta&;udk0,f,lIr&/ v$Jajymif;Ir&? vlwdkif;onf vlom;jzpfaeaom tcsua=umifyif vl@tcGita&;udk &,lyiqici&onf? f h hf kd f kd f G hf dS - vl@tcGifhta&;onf vlom;tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf? (Human Right is universal) tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd ;/ ud;k uG,onfbmom/ Ediia&;/ vlra&;/ tawG;tac:/ vdif f h kfH _ uJGjym;r_ra&G; vl@tcGifhta&;onf vlom;tm;vHk;tay: wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdonf? vlom;tm;vH;k onf arG;zGm;vmonfrS pwifI vGwvyfI wef;wlnaom vl@*%f f D k odumESihf tqiftwef;&Sonf? Q h d - vl@tcGifhta&;udk rnfolurS ,laqmifodrf;ydkufIr&? (Human Right is inalienable.) vl@tcGifhta&;udk rnfolwOD;wa,mufurS ,laqmif odrf;ydkufcGifhr&Sd/ vl wa,muf. arG;&myg tcGifhta&;udk xdkol. EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh Oya'rsm;u todtrSwryonfwiatmif xdowif vl@tcGita&; cHpm;cGi&onf? xdo@kd f h kd f k l G hf hf dS k todtrSwryjcif;onf xdol tay: vl@tcGita&;csKd ;azmufjcif;jzpfonf? f k hf - vl@tcGita&;rsm;onf wckEiwcktjyeftvSef qufpyftrSD yaeonf? (human hf S hf right is indivisible) vl @ *k % f o d u Q m ES i f h t nD aexd k i f t ouf & S i f E d k i f & ef t wG u f vl o m;wd k i f ; onf vGwvyfci/hf vHk cHciEihf vHavmufaomvlaer_b0rsm;tm; vduavsmnDaxGpm f G G hf S k k f G cH p m;cG i f h & S d o nf ? rnf o nf h t cG i f h t a&;ud k r S tjcm;tcG i f h t a&;rsm;xuf ydkrdkta&;}uD;onf[k ajymqdkIr&? vl@tcGifhta&;wckudk csdK;azmufcH&ygu tjcm;tcGita&;rsm;udyg xdcuaponf? hf k kd f
vltcGita&;toGivuQ%mrsm; hf f
(1) vltcGifhta&;tcsdK@onf vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; (Individual Rights) jzpfovdk wcsKrSmvnf; tkypvuEihf oufqiaom tcGita&;rsm; (Group d f k kd f S kd f hf Rights) &Sonf? xd@k jyiftcsKd @rm vlwOD;csi;ESia&m/ tkypvuEiyg oufqiaom tcGihf d S f hf f k kd f S hf kd f ta&;rsm; jzpf=uonf? Oyrm- vGwvyfu;kd uG,,=kH unfcionf vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f f f G hf hf k f k k hf k f usio;kH Ediaom tcGita&;jzpfovdk tjcm;vltyptvduf usio;kH Ediaom tcGihf hf k f ta&;rsKd ;jzpfonf? (2) vl@tcGita&;wcsKd udk csujcif;vufiif;taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&uI&aomfvnf; hf f G f wcsKd udk aqmif&u&mwGif tpDtpOfjzifaqmif&u&onf? vlwa,muf. vGwvyfpm G f h G f f G ajymqdciukd csujf cif;cGihf yI&aomfvnf; ynmoifcitwGuf vdtyfaom ausmif;rsm;/ k G hf G hf k q&mrsm;udk csucsi;f vufiif; taumiftxnfazmfEi&ef rvG,uacs? f kd f f l (3) tcsKd @aom tcGita&;rsm;udk 'Drua&pD vl@abmiftzJ@G tpnf;tusKd ;ESihf vlxtusKd ; hf kd k pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfap/ pdw"mwfpm&dwyi;f qdi&mtwGuf jzpfap vdtyfygu Oya't& f W kd k f k uef@owfEionf? Oyrm - vGwvyfpm oGm;vmcGiqaom tcGita&;udk xdo@kd kd f f G hf kd hf k oGm;vmr_a=umifh trsm;jynfotwGuf rvdvm;tyfaom tusKd ;rsm; jzpfapEdionf l k kf qdygu Oya't& uef@owfEionf? k kd f (4) odk@aomf atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rnfonfhtajctae/ rnfonfhta=umif;rsdK; a=umifhrS uef@owfjcif;r&Sdap&[lI owfrSwfxm;onf? xdktcGifhta&;rsm;rSm touf&ici/hf ESypufnO;f yrf;r_ruif;vGwci/hf u|ef yjcif;rSuif;vGwci/hf tauG;a=umifh SfG df S fG fG csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;rS uif;vGwci/hf jypfrwcktay: ESpcgjyefp&ifjcif;rS uif;vGwci/hf Oya' fG _ f D fG a&SarSmufwGif vlom;wOD;tjzpf qufqHcHydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:,Hk=unf ud;k uG,cihf wd@k jzpfonf? fG wOD;csi;f tcGita&; (Individual Rights) qdonfrm tjynfjynfqi&m vl@tcGita&; hf k S kd f hf a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;aom vlwi;f cHpm;cGi&aom tcGita&;rsm;jzpfonf? kd hf dS hf trsm;tcGita&; od@k r[kwf tkypvutcGita&; (Collective/ Group Rights) qdonfrm hf f k dk f hf k S tkyfpkwck.tzJG@0if (Oyrm- trsdK;orD;/ uav;oli,f/ rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;pk/ 'kuQonf/ wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pk/ a&$ajymif;tvkyform;/ vdifwlcspfolrsm;) jzpfaoma=umifh tjcm;olrsm;cHpm;cGi&aom wOD;wa,mufcsi;f qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGir&aom/ hf dS kf hf hf
10
jiif;y,fc&aom/ cJjG cm;uef@owfcaom tkyp0ifrsm;. tcGita&;jzpfonf? tkypvuf H H f k hf f k kd tcGifhta&;rsm;onf txl;umuG,fapmifha&SSmufay;&ef vdktyfaom tkyfpkrsm;twGuf ay:ayguvmjcif;jzpfonf? tkypwpk. tzJ@G 0ifjzpfaom a=umifh tjrwfxwacgi;f yHjk zwfrukd f fk k f _ ydkrdkcHpm;&aom tkyfpk0ifrsm;. tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;jcif;onfvnf; tkyfpkvdkuf tcGita&;awmif;qdjk cif;yifjzpfonf? hf w&m;a&;qdi&mtcGita&;(Legal Rights) qdonfrm Oya't&todtrSwf yxm;aom kf hf k S tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf? cdkifvHkaomta=umif;tcsufr&Sdrcsif;tjypfr&Sd[k Oya'u zGiqxm;csursm;/ oufao/ tmrcH&&Scirsm;onf w&m;Oya'qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;yif hf kd f d G hf kf hf jzpfonf? vl tcGita&;[laompum;ESitwl trsm;qH;k wGvsuawG &onfpum;vH;k rsm;rSm vl h hf hf J f h h tcGita&;wd;k wufjrifrm;a&; (Promoting Human Rights) ESihf vltcGita&; umuG,f hf h hf f hf apmifa&Smufa&; (Protecting Human Rights) [laompum;ESpv;kH jzpfonf? vltcGita&; h wdk;wuf jrifhrm;a&;qdkonfrSm vltcGifhta&;rsm; wdk;wufvma&;/ EdkifiHawmf. vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif vltcGifhta&; wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; yg0if taumiftxnf azmfvma&;/ vltcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;jyXmef;a&;/ ynma&;ESifhvl r_a&;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif vl tcG i f h t a&;&nf & G , f c suf r sm;ud k xnf h o G i f ; a&;wd k yg0if o nf ? vl tcG i f h t a&; _ umuG,apmifa&Smufa&;qdo!fh pum;&yf.t"dym,fwif vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm; f h k ` G hf tm; ta&;,laqmif&ujf cif;/ jypfwifwcsjcif;/ tm%mtvGo;kH pm;vkyI jynfowkd tay: G _ f J f l zdEyrrsm;udk umuG,wm;qD;jcif;/ zdEyotpd;k &udk Ediia&;t& wduuztm;ay;jcif; dS f _ f dS f l kfH k f kd f d ponfw@kd yg0ifonf? vl tcGita&; wd;k wufjrifrm;atmif vkyjf cif;wGif vltcGita&;rsm;udk w&m;Oya'twGi;f h hf h hf xnfoi;f jyXmef;jcif;ESihf w&m;r#wI aumif;rGeaomw&m;Oya'pepf xlaxmifjcif;om h G f jzpfonf[k a&S;,cifu,lqxm;=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif tpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom vl@tcGita&;tzGJ rsm; xlaxmifjcif;onfvnf; vltcGita&; wd;k wufatmif aqmif&uf hf hf G &mwGif tuH;0ifvmonf? xdktpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJtpnf;rsm;onf ,Ofaus;aom vltzGJtpnf;w&yf xlaxmif&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;urSyg0ifvmonf? zGHzd; wd;k wufqEiiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufc&r_rsm;udk jynfowkd ud,wif J kd f hf H l k f kd em;rvnfojzifh tpd;k &vufatmufwif tom;aoyHpuspmjzifh vltcGita&; csKd ;azmuf G k H G hf
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cHae&onf? xdtjzpfrsm;udk tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm;u rD;armif;xd;k azmfxwf k f k jyoay;Edionf? jynfovx=k um;wGif vltcGita&; todw&m;rsm; tajccdiw;kd wuf kf l l hf kf ap&ef xdtzGJ rsm;u vkyaqmifEionf? xdtzGJ rsm;tjyif vltcGita&; wd;k wufjrifrm;a&; k f kd f k hf h twGuf taumif;qH;k vkyaqmifEiorsm;rSm jynforsm;ud,wiyif jzpfonf? rdrwkd f kd f l l k f kd f d vdtyfaeaom tcGita&;rsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfum OD;pm;ay;r_rsm; owfrw+f yD; rdrwkd k hf S d ,Ofaus;r_ tajctaet& tusdK;&SdEdkifr!fhenf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;yvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh jynforsm;ud,wif vltcGita&;wd;k wufatmifvyaqmif&mwGif yg0if Edionf? l k f kd hf k f kf
vl tcGita&;umuG,apmifa&Smufa&; h hf f h
vl tcGita&; umuG,apmifa&Smufa&;onf vltcGita&;csKd ;azmufonfh oufqi&m h fh f h hf kd f tpdk;&tay: jypfwifa0zef_wfcsjcif;jzpfonf? jypfwif_wfcsjcif;ESifhtwl vdktyfaom ta&;,laqmif&ur_ vkyief;pOfonfvnf; tuH;0ifonf? wcgw&H EdiiwEdii. vl G f f kfH kfH tcGita&;csKd ;azmufrrsm; &yfwef om;atmif xdEiiwi;f &Sd tpd;k &r[kwonftzGJ rsm;u hf _ h G k kd f H G f h h rvkyaqmifEiawmhonftcg tjynfjynfqi&mtzGJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf urBmuvo r*~. f kd f h kd f h h k jypfwifa0zefwcsrEihf ta&;,laqmif&urwkd jh zifh vl tcGita&;csKd ;azmufrrsm;&yfwef _ f _ S G f _ h hf _ oGm;atmif ud;yrf;aqmif&u&awmhonf? G f
12
tcef; (9)
tcef;(2)
vltcGita&;ordi;fk a-umif; hf
vl@tcGifhta&;[laompum;vHk;udk 'kwd,urBmppf aemufydkif;wGif wGifwGifus,fus,f ajymqdo;kH pJvmcJ=h uaomfvnf; xdv@l tcGita&;ESiqiaom t,ltqoabmw&m;wd@k ukd k G k hf hf kd f a&S;ESpaygi;f rsm;pGmuyif vlom;wd@k u toGitrsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh vufcusio;kH vmcJ=h uonfukd f f H hf awG@&onf? vl@tcGita&;[lI trnfwyfac:a0:oH;k pJjG cif; r&Scaomfvnf; xdt,ltqESihf hf d hJ k k J G qifwaomt,ltqrsm;udk vlom;wd@k . ,Ofaus;r_aygi;f pH/k xH;k xrf;"avhrsKd ;pHw@kd xwif l awG@Eionf? kd f vl@ordi;f wavsmufwif rdom;pkEijhf zpfap/ tkypjk zifjh zpfap/ vlrsKd ;pktvkujf zpfap/ tv$m k G S f d tvdujf zpfap/ Ediitvdkujf zpfap aexdicaom vlom;rsm;t=um;wGif tcGita&;ESihf k kfH k f hJ hf wm0ef&rw@kd ukd vufcusio;kH vmcJ=h uonf? a&S;a[mif; vlrtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif dS _ H hf _ rdrdtay: qufqHapvdkonfh yHkpHtwdkif; tjcm;olrsm;udk rdrdu pwifqufqHyg[laom xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;udk vufudkifqJGusifhoHk;cJh=uonf? [dENLa0'usrf;pmrsm;/ Ak'<bmom a[m=um;csuf rsm;/ bmbDv;kd eD;,rf;wd@k . [mrl&mbDu'Oya'/ c&pf,meforRmusr;f pm/ kd tpPvmrfudk&rf usrf;pmESifh uGefjzL;&Syftqdktrdef@rsm;wdk@wGif vlom;wdk@. wm0efESifh tcGita&;wd@k tm; aqG;aEG;wifjycJonfukd awG@&onf? hf h vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m t,ltqrsm;onf Oa&mywdkufwGif a&S;&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu wnf&confukd avhvmawG@&&onf? t*FvefEiiH *|eb&ifvufxufu ay:aygucaom dS hJ dS kd f f k f hJ r*~emumwm (Magna Carta) wGif aemifumvrsm;twGi;f vl@tcGita&;[lI t"dym,f hf ` zGiqvmcJaom oabmw&m;rsm; yg0ifaeonfukd awG@&onf? bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;rsm; hf kd h tm; tpd;k &u 0ifa&mufpuzufjcif;rS uif;vGwci/hf w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwif wef;wl G f fG G nDr#cihf qdaom tcsursm;onf vl@tcGita&;[laom pum;vH;k udk ray:aygurD xdacwf G k f hf f k xdtcseuwnf;u xdpmwrf;wGiyg0ifaom tcsursm;jzpfonf? k d f k f f vltcGita&;qdaom pum;udk 1945 ckEpf urBmuvor*~ ay:ayguvmonfh tcserS hf k S h k f d f pwifI oH;k pGcaomfvnf; vl tcGita&;t,ltqjzpfaom vlwi;f onf rdrwkd .Edii/H J hJ h hf kd d kf ,Ofaus;r_/ bmom/ ud;k uG,rtqifh twef;rcGJ wef;wlnr&onf [laom t,ltqrSm f_ D _ dS
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xdtcserwdiruyif wnf&conf? 18 &mpkEihf 19 &mpktwGi;f Oa&mywduwif vlonf k d f kf D dS hJ S k f G vlom;jzpfaom obm0w&m;a=umifh tcGita&;ydiqici&onf? EdiiwEdii. Ediiom; hf k f kd f G hf dS kfH kfH kfH jzpfaoma=umifh/ vlrsdK;ESifh bmoma&;tkyfpk0if wckckjzpffaom ta=umif;tcsufa=umifh rnforS tcGita&; ydryiqijf cif;r&S[aom obm0w&m; tcGita&; (Natural rights) l hf k kd kd f kd d l hf t,ltqopf ay:ayguvmonf? yxrwGif vlom;wdk onf tm%mudk csKyfuixm;aom f kd f tpdk;&. vufvGwfpy,fzrf;qD;r_rsm;/ w&m;rr#wr_rsm;udk umuG,f&ef olwdk. tcGifh ta&;udk yxrOD;pGm azmfxwc=hJ uonf? xdrwqifh tpd;k &xH rdrwkd . vdvm;awmif;qdk k f k S d k csufrsm; awmif;qdkEdkif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGmpka0;cGifh/ ajymqdkcGifhponfh EdkifiHom;tcGifh kfG hf ta&;rsm;/ tpd;k &udk a&G;aumufwifajrmufEi&eftwGuf rJay;ydicihf tcGita&;rsm;udk kd f azmfxwc=hJ uonf? xdrwqifh b0touf&i&yfwnfEi&eftwGuf vdtyfaom vlaer_ k f k S Sf kd f k tqifhtwef; &&Sda&;/ vkyfief;cGifom,ma&/; ponfhvlr_tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfxkwf cJ=h uonf? xdt,ltqopf. tm;ay;v_@H aqmfrt& 18 &mpkaESmif;ydi;f umvrsm;twGi;f xl;jcm;onfh k _ k awmfvea&;ESpcjk zpfaom tar&duefawmfvea&;ESihf jyifopfawmfvea&;wd@k ay:ayguf S f f S f S f vmcJhonf? 1776 ckESpfwGif ajrmuftar&duwdkuf&Sd +Adwdo#udkvdkeDrsm;u tar&duef vGwfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf; (The American Declaration of Independence) udk xkwjf yefa=unmcJonf? aemufqufw&vm'ftjzpf 1787 ckEpwif tar&duefEiiH zJ@G pnf;yHk h GJ Sf G kd f tajccHOya'udk twnfyjyXmef;Edic+hJ yD; 1791 ckEpwif tar&dueftcGita&;ydnmOf kf S f G hf ay:ayguvmcJonf? tvm;wlyif 1789 ckEpwif jyifopfEiijH ynforsm;u oufO;D qHyif f h S f G kd f l kd bk&ifpepfukd wGe;f vSeEic+hJ yD; jyifopfvom;tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration of f kd f l hf the Rights of Man) udk xkwjf yefvmEdiconf? k f hJ 18 &mpkwijf zpfygG ;cJaom jyifopfawmfvea&;/ tar&duefawmfvea&; wd@k Eihf if;wd@k . G h S f S f S a=unm pmwrf;rsm;wGiyg0ifaom vl tcGita&;t,ltqrsm;onf urBmw0Sr;f &Sd zdEycH f h hf dS f jynfolwdk. vGwfajrmufvdkpdwfudk E_d;qGay;EdkifcJhonf? aemufqufwGJtjzpf vufwif tar&duEdiii,frsm;. vGwajrmufa&; wduyrsm; ay:ayguc&onf? wcsewnf;rSmyif kfH f k f JG f hJ d f vl@tcGita&; t,ltqrsm;onfvnf; a&Swef;od@k a&mufc&onf? od@k &mwGif xdumvrsm; hf hJ k twGi;f u ,lqcJaom vl.tcGita&; (Rights of Man) qdonfrm EdiiwEdiiwif h hf k S kfH kfH G jyXmef;xm;aom trsKd ;om;tcGita&; (National Rights) r#om jzpfonf? wurBmvH;k udk hf
14
v$rf;cH+yD; wurBmvHk;u xdrf;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&r!fh vl@tcGifhta&; pHw&yftaeESifh pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_tqiftxd ra&muf&cao;acs? h dS hJ tawG;tac:ynm&Sirsm;jzpfaom aomrwfye;f ef (Thomas Paine)/ *|epwD;0yfar; (John f d f Stuart Mill) ESihf [ife&Da';Apfaomf&; (Henry David Thoreau) wd@k onf obm0w&m; D tcGita&; (Natural Rights) t,ltqudk tajcwnfI vlom;tm;vH;k ESihf oufqiaom hf kd f tcGifhta&; (Universal Rights) t,ltqudk wqifhwufawG;ac:vmcJhonf? xdk tawG;tac: ynm&Sirsm;. t,ltqonf vD,awmfpwdKG if; (Leo Tolstoy)/ r[wWr f kd *EDN (Mahatama Gandhi) ESifh rmwifvlomuif; (Martin Luther King) ponfh xif&m;aomolrsm;/ tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;tay: rsm;pGm=oZmoufa&mufr&conf? S _ dS hJ vl@tcGita&;ordi;f a=umif;wGif yxrOD;qH;k ay:ayguconfh r*~emumwm (1215)/ jyifopf hf k f hJ vlom;ESihf Ediiom;tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf; (1789)ESihf tar&duefz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' kfH hf k (1791) wd@k onf 20 &mpkwiay:aygucaom vl@tcGita&;Oya'rsm;. ordi;f tp[k qdEif Gf f hJ hf k k kd ovdk xdpmwrf;rsm;onf vltcGita&; oabmw&m;ESihf ywfoufI ,aewdif rSjD irf; k hf k ud;k um;ae&aom pmwrf;rsm;jzpfonf? odk aomf xda=unmpmwrf;rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;/ k uav;oli,frsm;/ tom;a&mif&aomolrsm;/ vlra&;/ bmoma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf Ediia&; dS _ kfH tkyptzJ@G 0ifrsm;. tcGita&;rsm; yg0ifatmifvr;f +cHKEdicjhJ cif;r&Sacs? f k hf $ kf d 20 &mpkumva&mufaomtcg tkyfpkvdkuftcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf pwifvyaqmifvmcJonfukd awG@&onf? 1919 ckEpwif pwifz@GJ pnf;cJaom tjynfjynf k f h S f G h qdi&m tvkyorm;tzJ@G csKyf (International Labor Organization) onf tvkyorm; kf f f rsm;. use;f rma&;ESihf vkyief;cGivkH cHa&;tygt0if tvkyorm;tcGita&;rsm;udk av;pm; f f f hf umuG,&ef oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk pwifjyXmef;cJonf? xd@k twl yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif f h vlrsKd ;pktzJ@G 0ifrsm;tm; umuG,rrsm;ay;&eftwGuf Ediiaygi;f csKyftoif;}uD; (League of f _ kfH Nations) u wifjycJaomfvnf; atmifjrifrr&&Scay? tar&duefEiiukd tzJ@G 0iftjzpf h _ d hJ kd f H 0ifa&mufvmatmif raqmif&uEiconftjyif *syefEiiu wkwEiiEihf refcsL;&D;,m;udk G f kd f hJ h kd f H f kd f H S 0ifa&mufwucujf cif;/ tDo,y;D ,m;tm; tDwvDEiiu wducujf cif;wd@k ukd wm;qD;jcif; kd f kd D kd kd f H k f kd ryEdiconfh Ediiaygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;onf 1939 ckEpf 'kw,urBmppf pwifonftcserpI k f hJ kfH S d h dfS ydysuconf? f hJ
15
'kw,urBmppft+yD;wGif vl@tcGita&; t,ltqrsm; t&Set[kejf yif;jyif;jzifh ay:xGuf d hf d f vmcJjh yefygonf? vl@tcGita&; t,ltqrsm;udk ydrwiwius,us,f ajymqdvmcJ=h u hf k kd G f G f f k onf? 'kw,urBmppftwGi;f *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;/ *spypDrsm;/ vdiwcsporsm; vlO;D a& ajcmufoef; d f f l f l ausmukd owfjzwfowoifcaom emZD*smr%Dw@kd . vky&yfu urBmwckv;kH udk wkevyapcJh f k f hJ f f _f onf? 'kw,urBmppft+yD;wGif ppfEiEiirsm;u olw@kd . vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif vlwOD;pD. d kd f kd f H tcGita&; (Individual Right) udk todtrSwf ycJ=h u+yD; 1945 ckEpwif urBmvaer_ypopf hf Sf G h l kH H (New World Order) wckukd zefw;D wnfaxmifc=hJ uonf? r=umrDwif xdurBmypopfukd G k h kH H tjcm;Ediirsm;uvnf; vduvtwk,l usio;kH vmcJ=h uonf? ppfEir[mrdwtiftm;pk kfH k f H hf kd f f k G rsm;u ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;tm; ao'%fay;rnftpm; vlxa&SarSmufwif w&m;pD&if h Edi&ef EsK&ifbwf Ediiwumppfc;kH udk zGJ pnf;cJonf? EsK&ifbwfEihf wdusKd rdwdk wif ppf kf kfH kH h S k h G &mZ0wfaumifrsm;tm; vlom;rsKd ;EG,w&yfv;kH tay: usL;vGeaom &mZ0wfjypfr_ (Crimes f f against Humanity) ESihf urBm+h idr;csr;a&;udk xdyg;aESmif,uaom &mZ0wfr_ (Crimes f f h S f against Peace) wdk jzifh tjypfay;cJonf? xdjk ypfrrsm;onf oufqi&m Ediiwckcsi;pD. h _ kd f k f H f w&m;Oya'udk csKd ;azmufjcif;/ rcsKd ;azmufjcif;wdk Eihf rywfoufaom Ediiwum &mZ0wfjypfr_ S kfH rsm;yifjzpfonf? ppfEdkifol r[mrdwfrsm;bufu rnfol hudkr# ppf&mZ0wfaumiftjzpf w&m;pGqkd tjypfay;cJjh cif;r&Saom tcsurvI EsL&ifbwf Ediiwum ppfc;kH . pD&ifx;kH J d f S JG kfH kH rsm;onf urBmhordkif;wGif xl;jcm;aom pD&ifxHk;rsm;jzpfcJhonf? EdkifiHwum w&m;Oya' rsm;onf EdkifiHwckcsif;pD. w&m;Oya'rsm;tay: v$rf;rdk;r_&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk yxrOD;qH;k t}udrtjzpf vufawGjyovdujf cif;jzpfonf? ,if;pD&ifx;kH rsm;t& &mZ0wfr_ f k usL;vGeol wOD;csi;f udomru if;wdk . txuft&m&Srsm;udyg }uH&mygrsm;tjzpf ta&;,l f k d k pD&ifcsucsconf? xdr#ru xdo@kd aom &ufpuf=urf;uwfrrsm; aemufxyfw}udrf xyf f hJ k k _ rjzpfym;ap&eftwGuf udwifwm;qD;&ef enf;vrf;rsm; }uHq&SmazGvm=uonf? 'kw, G d urBmppft+yD; Ediirsm;taeESihf Ediiwum+idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf ydyuQ wm;qD;a&;wdk twGuf kfH kfH }uHqpOf;pm;vmcJhonf? vlom;wdk. b0ESifhvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh tcGifh ta&;tm; rnforrw&m;ojzifh apmfum;aESmif,ujf cif; ryEdiatmif umuG,rrsm;y&ef lS h S kf f_ awG;awmvmcJ=h uonf? wdi;f jynfwjynf. tpd;k &wcku wdi;f jynftwGi;f &Sd jynfowkd tay: k k l vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm; rusL;vGeEiap&eftwGuf wurBmvH;k ESihf oufqiaom hf _ f kd f kd f vltcGita&; pHcsepEe;f rsm; owfrw&ef }uHqvmcJ=h uonf? oufqi&m tpd;k &rsm; hf d f H _ S f kd f taeESivnf; rdrwkd jynforsm;tay: xdvl tcGita&; pHcsep!e;f rsm;ESitnD qufqH hf d l k hf d f H $ hf tkycsKyEi&eftwGuf u;d yrf;vmcJ=h uonf? aemufqufwtaejzifh urBmEiirsm; yg0ifaom f f kd f GJ h kd f H
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Ediiwum tzJ@G tpnf;wckukd zJ@G pnf;I vlom;wd@k . vl@tcGita&;udk umuG,&ef[aom kfH hf f l &nf&,csujf zifh 1945 ckEpwif urBmuvor*~ (United Nation) ay:ayguvmcJonf? G f S f G h k f h 1945 ckEpwif urBmuvor*~tzGJ }uD;udk zGJ pnf;cJ=h u+yD; tpd;k &rsm;yrl usio;kH =u&rnfh S f G h k hf EdkifiHwumpHowfrSwf&ef t,ltqw&yf jzpfxGef;vmcJhonf? EdkifiHwumvHkcHa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdyg;aprnfhtE W&m,frsm;ESifhywfoufI cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_rsm;yvkyfcJh=u+yD; &efpusL;ausmonfh Ediirsm;udk ukvor*~u ta&;,laqmif&urrsm; yvkyEi&ef ar#mre;f f kfH G f_ f kd f fS cJonf? xdokd yvky&mwGif EdiitoD;oD;. yrlaqmif&ucsursm;onf vltcGita&;tay: h k f kfH G f f hf wnfr&rnf[aom t,ltqvnf; yg0ifvmcJonf? aemufyi;f wGif vltcGita&;qdi&m DS l h kd hf kf tawG;tac:onf Ediitawmfrsm;rsm;u qufvufxr;f odr;f xm;vdonfh wif;rmaom kfH d k EdiiawmftcsKyftjcmqdi&m t"dym,fziqcsuukd ysu,i;f apcJonf? vltcGita&;pHrsm; kfH kf ` G hf kd f f G h hf jyXmef;vdkufr_onf tpdk;&rsm;. jynfolrsm;tay: zdESdyfr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ vlrsdK;a&; cGJjcm;csdK;ESdrfr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ dkufcsdK;EdkifcJhonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf EdkifiHawmf G f_ kfH G f tpd;k &rsm;taeESihf olwkd .vkyuiaqmif&urrsm;tay: Ediiwum. 0ifa&mufpuzufr_ f kd f odk r[kwf }uD;=uyfrukd vufcvmcJ=h u&awmhonf? _ H vltcGifhta&; t,ltqonf acwfrDEdkifiHrsm; pwifay:xGef;&m Oa&myrSpwifcJhonf qdkaomfvnf; ,aeumvwGif wurBmvHk;&SdEdkifiHrsm;/ jynfolrsm;ESifhvnf; ywfouf qufEG,fr_ &Sdvm+yD; jzpfonf? jynfolwdkonf olwdkudk,folwdk EdkifiHawmftm%mrS umuG,f&eftwGuf txl;ojzifh ,if;tm%monf tcGifhxl;cHvlenf;pk vufxJodk a&mufom;aomtcg umuG,&eftwGuf vltcGita&;qdaom t,ltq ay:xGe;f vm G f hf k &onf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf EdkifiHawmftm%mudk csKyfudkifxm;olrsm;onf olwdk pdwf uduf w&m;Oya'udk olwkd pdwwi;f usa&;qGcihf tcGita&;&Saoma=umifh jzpfonf? f kd JG hf d vltcGita&;onf xdtm%mrsm;. twdi;f twmudk uefowfxm;onf? vltcGita&; hf k k hf '\eynm&Sif *sua':e,fv. oDt&Eihf vufawGtwGi;f u tjynfjynfqi&m vl f D kd D S kd f tcGita&;rsm; pmtkywif vltcGita&;qdonfrm acwfopfEiirsm;. Ediiom; hf f G hf k S kd f H kfH wOD;csi;f tay: ydrvr;f rd;k oufa&mufaom Ediiawmftm%mtay: wefjyefx;kd ESuvuonfh k kd $ kfH f kd f vlxk.zefwD;r_ jzpfonf [kqdkxm;onf? yHkrSeftm;jzifhEdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;wdkudk w&m;Oya'jzifh xde;f csKyfxm;onf? odk aomf vltcGita&;onf w&m;Oya'txufwif hf G wnf&onf? 18 &mpkEihf 19 &mpkrsm;twGi;f u vltcGita&;qdonfrm obm0 w&m; dS S hf k S Oya' (Natural Law) rS qif;oufvmonf[k ajymqdc=hJ u+yD; vltcGita&;udk w&m;Oya' k hf
17
jyXmef;uefowfcsuf (Legislation) jzifh qefusifIr&[k qdkcJh=uonf? pifppftm;jzifh obm0w&m;Oya'qdonfrm wdwusus vufawGqkwuijf yo&ef rvG,aoma=umifh k S d f kd f vl tcG i f h t a&;ES i f h ywf o uf I wd w d u sus&nf ! $ e f ; ajymqd k o nf h t cgwd k i f ; ukvor*~ydnmOfpmwrf; (UN Charter) ESihf Ediiwum oabmwlpmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm; kfH udom tajccHu;kd um;ajymqd&rnfjzpfonf? k k 1945 ckEpf tar&duef qefz&efppPukd rdwGif ukvor*~ ydnmOfpmwrf; (Charter of the S United nations) udk rl=urf;a&;qJ&mwGif tpd;&r[kwaom tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;/ trsKd ;orD; G k f tzJ@G rsm;/ tvkyorm;or*~rsm;ESihf bmoma&;tzJ@G rsm;onf ukvor*~tzJ@G 0if Ediii,frsm; f kfH kf yl;aygi;f I ukvor*~csmwmwGif vl@tcGita&;ESiywfoufI tao;pdwusaom pmyd'rsm; hf hf f yg0if&eftwGuf txl;v_@H aqmfc=hJ uonf? xdo@kd v@H_ aqmfrtusKd ;a=umifh ukvor*~ tzJ@G 0if k _ Ediirsm;onf vl@tcGita&;tm; Ediiwumu 0di;f 0ef;umuG,apmifa&Smuf&ef vdtyfonf kfH hf kfH k f h k qdonft,ltqESihf w&m;Oya'qdi&m vkyx;kH vkyenf; tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;udk csrwf k h kf f f k S kf Ediconf? ydnmOfpmwrf;. tzGie'ge;f wGif Edii}H u;D Ediii,fw@kd wif aexdiaom trsKd ;om;/ k f hJ hf d kf kfH G trsKd ;orD;tm;vH;k wd@k . tajccHv@l tcGita&;tay: ,H=k unfr&onf[I zGiqxm;onf? hf _ dS l hf kd ydnmOfpmwrf;.tydk'f (1) wGif vl@tcGifhta&;udkav;pm;&efrSm urBm@ukvor*~. t"du&nf&,csuwckjzpfa=umif; qdxm;ovdk tyd'f (3) wGif vlrsKd ;/ vdi/f bmompum;ESihf G f f k k ud;k uG,onfbmom cJjG cm;jcif;r&SbJ vl@tcGita&;ESihf tajccHvwvyfciw@kd ukd wd;k wuf f h d hf G f G hf kd k jyef@ym;apa&;twGuf av;pm;vduem&efvtyfa=umif; yef=um;xm;onf? tjcm;tyd'f G k f rsm;wGifvnf; ukvor*~tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh vlom;tm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifaom vl@tcGita&; xGe;f um;ap&eftwGuf vdtyfaom yl;aygi;f vkyaqmifrrsm; vkyaqmif hf k f _ f =uap&ef wduwe;f E_;d aqmfxm;onf? k f G 1946 ckEpwif ukvor*~u zJ@G pnf;cJaom vl@tcGita&;aumfr&SiuaeI ukvor*~ S f G h hf f ydnmOfpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaom vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifh[laom t"dy`m,frsm;udk zGiq&i;f jyEdirnfh tjynfjynfqi&mvl@tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf;udjk yifqifa&;qJconf? hf kd S k f kd f hf G hJ 1948 ckEpf ZGevwGif xda=unmpmwrf;udk t+yD;oyfEict+yD; 1948 ckEpf 'DZifbmv S f k kd f hJ S (10) &ufae@wif jyifopfEiiH yJ&pfrdwGiusi;f yaom urBmh ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcHrS G kd f f D aeI xda=unmpmwrf;udk twnfyjyXmef;Ediconf? k k f hJ
18
,ae@wdkif ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;,E W,m;wckvHk;. tajccHa&aomufjrpfozG,f jzpfaeao;aom tjynfjynfqi&m vl@tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;onf vlom;tm;vH;k kd f hf twGuf r&Srjzpfvtyfaom Ediiom;qdi&mtcGita&;/ Ediia&;tcGita&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ d kd kfH kf hf kfH hf vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; tm;vHk;wdk@udk v$rf;cHazmfjyxm;onf? a=unmpmwrf;yg tcGita&;rsm;udk tao;pdwaemufwzef Ediiwum vl@tcGita&; hf f kfH hf pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;tjzpf jyXmef;xm;ovdk EdkifiHrsm;. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;ESifh tjcm;Oya'rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;vmcJh=uojzifh EdkifiHawmftqifhwGifvnf; xda=unmpmwrf;. teSpom&rsm; touf0ifaeonfuawG@&onf? k f kd a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaomzGifhqdkcsufrsm;u vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm EdkifiHwEdkifiH. jynfwGif;a&;&mrsm;omr[kwfvJ EdkifiHwumESifh oufqdkifaom wm0ef&Sdr_rsm; jzpfonf [laom t,ltqudk xif[yfaponf? xd@k jyif vl@tcGita&;qdonfrm vlom;tm;vH;k ESihf hf k S oufqiaom t&mrsm;/ cJjG cm;Ir&aomt&mrsm; jzpfonf[aom vl@tcGita&;qdi&m kd f l hf kf tajccHtcsufrsm;udk t"dy`m,fazmfjyaeonf? xdktajccHtcsuft& vltcGifhta&;udk vlwi;f onf tcsewi;f wGif cHpm;cGi&aomfvnf; tjcm;olrsm;. tcGita&;rsm;udk paw;+y;D kd d f kd hf dS hf rdrtcGita&;udk cHpm;cGiryoif[I vlom;wd@k u vufcvmcJ=h uonf? d hf hf h l H 1993 ckEpwif ukvor*~u OD;pD;usi;f ycJaom Ekiiwumqki&m vl@tcGita&;nDvmcHwif Sf G h dfH df hf G jyXmef;cJonfh AD,ifema=unmpmwrf;wGif vl@tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf;yg vl@tcGita&; h hf hf tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk ukvor*~tzJ@G 0ifEiiaygi;f 171 Ediiu wcJeufxyfrtwnfy kd f H kfH H kf G hf S f S axmufcconf? xdr#ru vl@tcGita&;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD;H;k wckzivpwm0efay;&efEihf H hJ k hf trsKd;orD;rsm; vl@tcGifhta&; tjynfht0cHpm;Edkifapa&;twGuf EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;ESifh ukvor*~w@kd u OD;pm;ay;vkyaqmif&ef vrf;a=umif;rsm;csrwEiconf? f S f kd f hJ
19
ESpq,f&mpkrwdirD vl@tcGita&;oabmw&m;rsm;jzpfay:vmr_tqifqifh f kf hf h
tjynfjynfqi&mvl@tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf; (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights kd f hf
tar&duefz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (1791 ckEp) US Constitution k S f
jyifopf vlom;ESihf Ediiom;wd@k .tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf; (1789 ckEp) kfH hf S f
French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizens
20
t*Fvef tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf; ( 1689ckEp) hf S f
English Bill of Rights
r*~emumwm (1215 ckEp) S f
Magna Carta
[dEL a0' (Hindu Vedas) N [mrl&mbDu"Oya' (Code of Hammurabi) kd orRmusr;f pm (Bible) ud&rfusr;f pm (Koran) k uGejf zL;&Sy0g' (Analects of Confucius) S f
tcef; (9)
tm&Swefz;dk (Asia Value)

zGH zd;qJEiirsm;rS wcsKd tpd;k &rsm;u vltcGita&; t,ltqqdonfrm taemufwi;f kd f H hf k S kd tawG;tac: jzpfonf? vltcGita&; t,ltqjzefjzL;r_onf taemufwi;f ,Ofaus;r_ukd hf kd oGwoi;f r_jzpfonf[q=kd uonf? xdokd ajymqdronf vGecaom q,fpEptwGi;f u f G k k k _ f hJ k S f pwifI tm&Sa'owGif us,us,avmifavmif ay:xGuvmcJonf? tm&Sa'orsm;wGif f f f h &Sdaom uGJjym;onfh,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxHk;pHrsm;a=umifh vltcGifhta&;onf wurBmvHk; taeESifh v$rf;cHr_&Sdonf[laom tcsuftay: tm&Swdkuf&Sd tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u apm'uwufc=hJ uonf? tm&Swuwif tm&SwuEihf vduavsmnDaxG&aom tm&Svl tcGita&;pH &S&rnfqonfh kd f G kd f S k f dS hf d kd t,ltqudk tm&Swurtpd;k &tcsKd u wifjyajymqdvmcJonf? tm&Swuwif wnf&dS kd f S k h kd f G aeaom vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f t=um; odk r[kwf vlwOD;wa,mufEitpd;k &wdk t=um; S hf ,Ofaus;r_t&qufoG,fr_onf taemufEdkifiHrsm;ESifh rwlbJ uGJjym;r_&Sdonf[kqdkonf? tm&Svltodkif;t0dkif;wGif vlwef;pm;tzGJ (Community) tusdK;udk ydkrdkOD;pm;ay; k kd aqmif&u+f yD; taemufEiirsm;wGif vlwa,mufcsi;f (Individual) .tusKd ;udk ydrO;D pm;ay; G kd f H onf[kqdk=uonf? vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;udk wefzdk;xm;OD;pm;ay;aom wudk,fawmf oabm (Individualism) xuf "avhx;kH wrf;/ rdom;pk / aqGrsKd ;/ oHa,mZOfaESmifzJG r_/ pkaygi;f vkyaqmifrwkd tay: wefz;kd xm;aom tm&Svl tzGJ tpnf;wGif taemufwi;f rS oGwoi;f f _ kd f G vmaom vltcGita&;t,ltq udk vH;k 0yHwu;l ,l&efrvdtyf[k ta=umif;jy=uonf? hf k l k odk &mwGitm&Swu&dS vltcGita&;tzGJ rsm;/ ynm&Sirsm;u xdt,ltqudk vufrcHEif f kd f hf f k kd a=umif;/ vltcGihf ta&;[lonfrm wurBmvH;k wGi&aom vlom;wdi;f twGuf v$r;f cHr_ S f dS k &Sa=umif; qd=k uonf? tm&Swu&dS tpd;k &wcsKd wdk u xkwazmfajymqdaeouJokd vltcGihf d kd f f k h ta&;onf wurBmvH;k tm;v$r;f cHrr&SEibJ oufqi&m Edii/H a'owdk . ,Ofaus;r_Eihf _ d kd f kd f k f S xH;k wrf;pOfvmwdk tay: rlwnfI uGjJ ym;Edionf[qonfh tm&Swefz;kd (Asian Value) kf k kd t,ltqtay: a':atmifqef;pk=unfu olr. a=umuf&HG jcif;rS uif;a0;a&; pmtkywif f G ,ckva&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmEdii&J 'Drua&pD awmif;qdr_ wduyxrm vltcGita&; kd k f H kd k k f JG J S hf qdwhJ awmif;qdoawGygvmwmeJwydieuf ppftpd;k &&J owif;pmawG/ pmapmifawGrm k k H f S vltcGita&;qdwm taemufwi;f uae tm&S&J ,Ofaus;r_/ xH;k wrf;pOfvmawGukd zsuq;D rJh hf k kd f
21
wdkif;wyg; tawG;tac:w&yfjzpfw,fvdk a0zefykwfcwf/ r[kwfwrf;w&m; ajymqdkvm r,fqwmudk udwifwuqvdk &ygw,f vdk a':atmifqef;pk=unfu a&;om;cJonf? kd G f h tm&Svl tcGita&;okawoD Yash Ghai u tm&Sa'owGif ajymqdaeonfh vlwef;pm; hf k tzGJ tusKd ;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u&rnf[aom t,ltqonf oDt&t& vlwa,muf G f l kd D csi;f tusKd ;xuf vlwef;pm;tzGJ tusKd ;udk ydrumuG,[ef&aomfvnf; vufawGwGif k kd f dS EdkifiHawmf. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;twGuf[lI ta=umif;jyum vlwef;pm;tzGJ . tusKd ;udk ydwyifwm;jrpfaejcif;omjzpfonf[qconf? tm&Sa'o&Sd f k kd hJ k Ediirsm;wGif vlwef;pm;tzGJ tusKd ;. ta&;ygrukd t"duajymqdaeaomfvnf; vlwef;pm; kfH _ tzGJ.b0udk taxmuftuljzpfaponfh vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ rsm; zGJ pnf;xlaxmifciwkd udk av;pm;vduemjcif;r&Syg? Ediiawmfukd xdyg; G hf k f d kfH aESmifh,SufEdkifonf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh EdkifiHom;wdk. vlr_a&;ESifhEdkifiHa&; v_y&m;r_rsm;tay: tm&S&tpk;d &rsm;u wif;wif;=uyf=uyf ydwyifr_ rsm;yvkyaeonf[k f S dS f f Yash Ghai uqdonf? k ,Ofaus;r_Eihf aemufcordi;f a=umif;csi;f rwlnaom vltzGJ tpnf;wGif vltcGita&; S H k D hf qdaomt,ltqonf qDav#mtyfpyfrr&S[aom ta=umif;jycsuonf jynfowkd tay: k f _ d l f l wcsuvw=f oZmv$r;f rd;k ouf a&mufapvdorsm;. ta=umif;jycsuyifjzpfonf? vltcGihf f $ k l f ta&; t,ltqrsm;a=umifh jynfolwdktaejzifh EdkifiHawmftm%mcsKyfudkifr_tay: jyefvnfar;cGef;xkwfvmjcif;rsm;/ EdkifiHawmftm%mudkyg uefowfjcif;rsm; vkyfvmEdkif f h kd f onf[k oabmayguonftwGuf udwifta=umif;jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_qi&m uGm[csursm;udk tajcwnfI vltcGita&;qdi&mOya'tcsKd tay: t"dym,faumuf,r_ f hf kf ` l trsKd ;rsKd ;&Saomfvnf; uGjJ ym;r_rsm;rSm rqdoavmuftao;tzGr#omjzpfonf? ud,v&m d k J k f kd t"dym,fq,xm;aom d;k &m,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH pH[aomta=umif;jycsujf zifh jynfowkd ` JG l l l &oifh&xdkufaom tcGihfta&;rsm;udk rsufuG,fyjcif;rSm rSefuefr_r&SdvSay? a&S;,cifu rd;kd zvm vltodi;f t0di;f rsm;wGif vltcGita&;qdaom pum;vH;k r&Scyg? rdrwkd . wm0ef/ k k hf k d hJ d 0wW&m;ESihf vdtyfcsursm;twdi;f vdtyfaom,E &m;wckukd wnfaxmif+yD; touf&if k f k k W S vkyuif aecJ=h uonf? odk aomf ,aeacwfopfwif ,cifuokd r[kwawmhbJ acwfopf f kd G hJ f Ediirsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h y;D u rBmopfvaer_ypw&yf ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h y;D jzpfonf? a'o odk r[kwf kfH l kH H vltzGJtpnf;wckwGif vltcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm ,cifur&SdcJhonftwGuf ,ckvnf; &Sp&mrvd[aom t,ltqonf rSm;,Gi;f aom t,ltqom jzpfonf? d k l
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tm&Sa'o&Sd tcsdK@tpdk;&rsm;uvnf; EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk wki;f jynf. pD;yGm;a&; zG@H zd;wd;k wufatmif vkyaqmifaepOftwGi;f uef@owfxm;oifonf d f h [laomt,ltqudk xkwazmfajymqdavh&onf? Ekiiom;rsm;tm; Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&; f k dS dfH kfH kfH qdi&m tcGita&;rsm; cHpm;cGiuay;tyfvuygu wdi;f jynf. pD;yGm;a&;zG@H zd;wd;k wufrukd kf hf hf kd kd f k _ t[ef@twm;jzpfaponf [lIvnf; qkdavh&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufvmatmif tmrrcHEdkif a=umif;udk tm&Swu&dS zdvyiEihf tif'e;D &Sm;Ediitjzpftysursm;u oufaojyvsuf kd f d kd f S kd kfH f &Sdonf? xdkESpfEkdifiHpvHk;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;. EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk kd l tm%m&Sitpd;k &wd@k u ydwyifcaomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;c|wf cHus+yD;aemufyi;f jynfow@kd . f f hJ 'Drua&pD awmif;qdrrsm;jzifh &ifqiajymif;vJc&onfukd awG@jrifEionf? kd k _ kd f hJ dk f vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSm vl@*k%foduQmomjzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif; ajymqdk &mwGif vl@*%oumwckv;kH udvr;f cHajymqd&rnfjzpf+yD; wckcsi;f cJjG cm;owfrwf ajymqdI k f d Q k $ k S k kH r&Ediyg? tpd;k &w&yf. wm0efonf jynfow@kd . vGwvyfcifEihf pm;0wfaea&; zlvr_ kf l f Gh S ESpfrsdK;pvHk;tay: av;pm;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? vlwa,mufonf qif;&JiwfrGwfaeygu vGwfvyfr_udk rcHpm;Edkifovdk qif;&JiwfrGwfaeonfhta=umif;udk wifjycGifhr&v#ifvnf; iwfrwrrS vGwajrmufEirnfr[kwyg? G f _ f kd f f vl@tcGita&;qdonfrm vlom;tm;vH;k ESihf oufqiygonf? ,Ofaus;r_wi;f wGivnf; hf k S kd f kd f vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaom tajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk vufcHtodtrSwfyxm; csursm; &Sygonf? od@k aomfwcgw&Hwif ,Ofaus;r_wck. vufcxm;csuwckonf vl@tcGihf f d G H f ta&; tajccHoabmxm;rsm;ESihf udunjD cif;r&SbJ xdywutjiif;yGm;&aom tajctae k f d f kd f rsK;d vnf; &Swwfonf? Oyrm- tmz&duwduEiitcsKd @wif d;k &m,Ofaus;r_t& "avhtjzpf d k f kd f H G vkyaqmifcaom trsK;d orD;. vdit*F gukd jzwfawmufjcif;ESihf ta&Stv,fyi;f a'owGif f hJ f kd usio;kH aeonfh vl.ajcvufujkd zwfawmufI tjypfay;w&m; pD&ifjcif;rsm;onf ,Ofaus;r_ hf tpOftvmESihf vl@tcGita&; tajccHoabmxm;rsm;t=um; tjiif;yGm;p&mjzpfvmonf? hf vl@abmiftodi;f t0di;f twGi;f wGi&aom ,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH pHrsm;udk omreftjrifrsKd ;jzifh k k f dS omref=unf,avmufjzifh rvHavmufay? rdrw@kd . ,Ofaus;r_ xH;k xrf;tpOftvmrsm;onf h kH k d rdrw@kd . *k%oumESihf vl@tcGita&;rsm;udk apmfum;aESmif,ujf cif; &Sr&Sd rdru,wif d f d Q hf h S d d kd f kd oH;k oyfj_ rifwwf&ef txl;vdtyfvonf? k S
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tcef;(3)
EdiiwumOya'rsm; kfH
Ediiwum Oya'rsm;qdonfrm Ediirsm;. vkyaqmifrukd pnf;urf; owfrwxm;jcif; kfH k S kfH f _ S f jzpfonf? Ediirsm;u rdrwkd pdwwi;f us Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;+yD; xifovdrtkycsKyfap&efEihf kfH d f kd k f S rdrwkd . jynfwi;f a&;&mrsm;udk Ediiwumu 0ifa&mufpuzuf&efrvdk rdrwkd ud,wif d G kfH G f d k f kd ajz&Si;f Edionf[aom t,ltqrsm; aysmufu,ap&ef EdiiwumOya'rsm;udk jyXmef;&ef S kf l G f kfH h kfH D f vdtyfonf[aom t,ltqay:vmcJonf? Edii. tpd;k &rsm;t=um; oabmwlncsuukd k l tajccHI Ediiwum Oya'rsm;udk a&;qGjJ cif;jzpfonf? xdk twl Ediiwck. jynfwi;f a&;&mudk kfH kfH G wjcm;EdkifiHwcku 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;ry&[laom xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& ta=umif;rJh 0ifa&mufpuzufjcif;udk [efwm;Edi&eftwGuvnf; xduokd aomoabmwlncsuukd G f kf f k hJ D f tajccHI jyXmef;&jcif;jzpfonf? Edii. tpd;k &rsm;taeESihf oabmwlncsuukd av;pm; kfH D f vduemygrnf[k cH0efcsuryrD xdoabmwlnrnftcsursm;udk udwifI &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; k f f k D h f odEi&ef aqmif&u&onf? xdrwqifh xdEiitm; Ediiwum Oya'rsm;wGif yg0ifapjcif;jzifh kd f G f kS k kd f H kfH Oya'owfrwcsursm;udk av;pm;vduemvmap&ef vkyaqmifonf? xdk aemuf xdEii. S f f k f f k kd f H vkyaqmifrukd EdiiwumOya'wGif yg0ifaom tcsursm;jzifh pHx;kd I xde;f csKyfavh&onf? f _ kfH f dS xdokd xde;f csKyf&mwGif EdiiwumpmcsKyfrsm;wGif vufrwa&;xd;k ap+yD; pmcsKyfyg tcsuf k kfH S f tvufrsm;udk av;pm;vduemapmifxe;f apjcif;jzifjh zpfap/ EdiiwumtzGJ tpnf;rsm;wGif k f h d kfH yg0ifonfhtzGJ0ifrsm;twGuf pHrsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifhjzpfap/ EdkifiHrsm;twGif; tiftm;oHk; ajz&Sif;r_udk [efwm;uefowfjcif;jzifhjzpfap/ EdkifiHrsm;&SdtrsdK;om;Oya'rsm;twGif;wGif EdiiwumpmcsKyfrsm;yg tcsursm; v$r;f rd;k oufa&mufapjcif;jzifjh zpfap xde;f csKyfEionf? kfH f kd f rsuarSmufacwfopfurBmwGif EdiiwumOya'rsm;onf Ediiwckcsi;f tay:wGif omru f kfH kfH awmhbJ tzGJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf Ediiom;wOD;csi;f pDtxd tm%moufa&mufr&vm+y;D jzpfonf? kfH _ dS rsuarSmufumvwGif urBm}uD;rSm wjznf;jznf;usO;f ajrmif;vmcJ+h yD; EdiiwEdiiEihf wEdiiH f kfH kfH S kf t=um; qufo,rcr_ ydrw;kd yGm;vmcJonf? omref jynfowkd uvnf; oufqi&mEdii. G f DS kd k kd h f l kd f k f H tpd;k &wdk tay: ydrI =oZmoufa&mufvmcJ=h uonf? xdtcg EdiiwumOya'rsm;onf k kd k kfH ydrta&;ygvmcJonf? ,cifuEdiiwumOya'rsm;[kqv#if yxrqH;k taeESihf Ediirsm; udk k kd h kfH kd kfH &nf!e;f ajymqdconf? Edii[aompum;vH;k . t"dym,fukd rGewA'kd oabmwlpmcsKywif $ k hJ kfH l ` f DDD f G
24
Ediiqonfrm a&Gajymif;aexdijf cif;r&Saom Ediiom;rsm; aexdi&rnf? twnfwus k f H kd S k d kfH kf owfrwxm;aom e,ferdwyi;f jcm;xm;r_&&rnf? wnf+idrIoufa&mufr&aom tpd;k & S f f kd dS f _ dS w&yfu tkyfcsKyf&rnf? EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;wGif yg0ifr_&Sd&rnf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u todtrSwf yr_&&rnf[k&i;f vif;t"dym,fziqxm;onf? ,cktcgwi'wd ,taejzifh dS S ` G hf kd Gf k ukvor*~ ynma&;/ vlra&;ESi,Ofaus;r_tzGJ (,leufpud- UNESCO) tjynfjynfqi&m _ hf k kd f tvkyorm;tzGJ csKyf (tdit,fvt- ILO) ponftzGJ tpnf;rsm;/ tjynfjynfqi&m f kf f kd h kd f vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGitzGJ (Amnesty International) uJokd tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;yg hf h f yg0ifvm+yD;jzpfonf? wwd,trsdK;tpm;rSm vlxk (Peoples) jzpfonf? ukvor*~ ydnmOfwGif vlxk. qHk;jzwfcsufudk xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;onfhtcsufu EdkifiHwum Oya'wGif vlxukd xnfoi;f todtrSwf yvmonfukd azmfjyaeonf? pwkwtrsKd ;tpm;rSm k h G vlwOD;csi;f pD (Individual) yifjzpfonf? r=umao;rDu jyXmef;xm;cJaom Ediiwum vl h kfH tcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;xJwGif vlwOD;a,mufcsif;pD. tcGifhta&;rsm;udkyg tav;xm; xnhoi;f xm;vmonfukd awGjrif&onf? EdiiwumOya'rsm;onf tm;enf;olrsm;udk f G kfH tumtuG,ay;+y;D w&m;r#wr_rsm; azmfaqmifapEdivmonftxd tm;aumif;vmatmif f kf wdkufyGJ0if&ayrnf? xdka=umifh EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;onf rnfuJhodk&Sdonf/ rnfuJhodk vkyaqmifEionfwkd udk avhvm&eftxl;vdtyfonf? f kd f k EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;onf EdkifiHrsm;.vkyfaqmifr_udk pnf;urf;owfrSwf&ef&nf&G,f+yD; rlEp&yftay: tajccHxm;onfukd awG&onf? xdrEp&yfrm Ediiwi;f onf wef;wlnr#r_ S f k l S f S k f H kd D &Sdonf [laomtcsufESifh tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk rxdyg;&[laom tcsuwkd jzpfonf? Ediiwi;f wef;wlnr#r&onf[q&mwGif Ediiwi;f onf omwlnr#r_ f k f H kd D _ dS k kd k f H kd D tjynft0&Sonf? Edii}H uD;onfra&G;/ i,fonfra&G; tcGita&;nDr#r&onf? ukvor*~ h d kf hf _ dS tzGJ 0ifEiiwi;f nDr#aomtcGita&;rsm;&Sonf[k &nf&,onf? 'kw,tcsujf zpfaom kd f H kd hf d G f d EdiiwEdii. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk rxdyg;&[laom tcsuukd udipI tcsKd tpd;k &rsm; kfH kfH f k f JG onf rdrwkd Ediiwi;f &Svl tcGita&;tajctaersm;udk tjcm;EdiiwEdiiu a0zefajymqdc& d kfH G d hf kfH kfH kH onftcg xdokd ajymqdronf EdiiwEdii. jynfwi;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpuzufjcif;jzpfonf[k h k k_ kfH kfH G G f apm'uwuf a vh & S d o nf ? rd r d w d k Ed k i f i H t wG i f ; &S d vl tcG i f h t a&; csd K ;azmuf r _ r sm;ud k tjcm;wEdiiu 0ifa&mufppfaq; azmfxwci/hf jypfwifa0zefyicir&S[k qdavh&onf? kfH k fG kd f G hf d k dS odk aomf ,cktcsewif vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrukd ta&;,laqmif&ujf cif;onf Ediiwck. df G hf _ G kfH tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk xdcdkufjcif;jzpfonf[lI ta=umif;jyIr&awmhacs? EdkifiHwck. vltcGita&;csKd ;azmufronf xdk Edii. jynfwi;f a&;&mom jzpfonf[aomtcsuukd hf _ kfH G l f
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vuf&acwfopfEiirsm;ESihf EdiiwumOya'rsm;u vufrcHawmhyg? ukvor*~ ydnmOfwif dS kd f H kfH G vnf; tzGJ 0ifEiirsm;. tcsKyftjcmudk av;pm;wefz;kd xm;ouJokd EdiiwEdiitwGi;f &Sd kd f H h kfH kfH vltcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_onf EdkifiHwum+idrf;csrf;a&;udk xdyg;aESmifh,SufapEdkifonf [kvnf;cH,onf? l EdiiwumOya'rsm;wGif EdiiwEdii/H Oya'yv$wawmfw&yfuokd Oya'xkwjf yefEiaom/ kfH kfH kf f hJ kd f xdkjyXmef;xkwf jyefvdkufaom Oya'trdfeftm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufvkyfaqmif&aom &JwyfzJG rsm;/ w&m;H;k rsm;r&Say? oufqi&m EdiiawmfOya'rsm;wGif w&m;cHukd w&m;H;k odk d kd f k f H qifac:I ppfaq;tjypfay;Ediaomfvnf; EdiiwumOya'rsm; wGif Ediiwumygvrefrsm;/ h kf kfH kfH D EdkifiHwumw&m;Hk;rsm;/ EdkifiHwum&JwyfzGJrsm;/ tusOf;axmifrsm;r&Sdyg? EdkifiHwum Oya'rsm;wGif trsdK;om;Oya'rsm;wGif&Sdaom Oya'uJhodk qifwlaomt&mrSm pmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm;/ ydnmOfrsm;/ oabmwlncsursm;jzpfonf? D f pmcsKyfpmwrf;[kqdk&mwGif ESpfEdkifiHt=um; oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom ESpfEdkifiH pmcsKyfrsm;/ (Oyrm-=op=wvsEiiEihf tif'e;D &Sm;ESpEiit=um; vufrwa&;xd;k xm;aom kd f H S kd f kd f H S f e,fpyfa'oqdi&mpmcsKyf) a'otwGi;f &SEiirsm; oabmwlvufrwf a&;xd;k xm;aom kf d kd f H S a'oqdi&mpmcsKyfrsm; (Oyrm- tar&duwduf Ediirsm;. vltcGita&;qdi&mpmcsKyf) kf k kfH hf kf ESihf Ediiwumu oabmwlvufrwa&;xd;k xm;aom Ediiwum oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; kfH S f kfH (Oyrm- ukvor*~yifv,fjyifOya'qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf)wdk yg0ifonf? kf EdiiwumOya' oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk oufqi&mtpd;k &u twnfyvufrwf a&;xd;k kfH kd f S vduonfEihf wydieuf xdEiionf xdoabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsutvufrsm;udk av;pm; k f S f k kd f H k f vduemygrnf[k cH0efcsuuwdyvdujf cif;jzpfonf? tcsKd Ediirsm;. trsKd ;om;Oya'rsm;wGif k f f k kfH if;wdk vufrwa&;xd;k xm;aom EdiiwumOya' oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;yg tcsursm;ESihf S f kfH f vdkufavsmnDaxGr&Sdaom tcsufrsm; yg0ifaeavh&Sdonf? xdktcg jyXmef;xm;aom trsKd ;om;Oya'xJrS rudunaom Oya'rsm;udk ajymif;vJ&efvtyfvmonf? xdtcgrsKd ;wGif k f D kd k Oya'yv$wawmfu Oya'opfukd ajymif;vJtwnfyay;&onf? f EdiiwumOya'rsm;wGif trsKd ;om;Oya'rsm;uJokd w&m;H;k wGif rjzpfrae w&m;&ifqif kfH h kd tppfaq;cH&jcif;r&Say? w&m;&ifqijf cif;onf Ediiwumw&m;H;k (International Court d kd kfH of Justice) . yg0ifywfouf Edirtqiftwef;/ vufrwx;oabmwlxm;aom pmcsKyEihf kf_ h S f kd fS
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vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom EdkifiH. oabmwdktay: rlwnfonf? tcsdKEdkifiHrsm;onf Ediiwum w&m;H;k wGif w&m;&ifqi&jcif;udk vufcoabmwlaomfvnf; tcsKd Ediirsm; kfH kd f H kfH url xdkodkw&m;&ifqdkifjcif;udk vufrcH=u? xdkodk rjzpfraew&m;&ifqdkif&eftwGuf awmif;qdEiavmufatmif vHavmufaom cdirmonfh Oya'oufa&mufrvnf; r&Say? k kd f k kf _ d ukvor*~ tzGJ0if EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk; wufa&mufI qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfavh&Sdaom ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcH. qH;k jzwfcsursm;udk Ediiwum w&m;Oya'pD&ifcsursm;[k D f kfH f rSwf,lEdkifaomfvnf; vHkavmufaompnf;rsOf;rsm; rcsEdkifao;acs? tu,fI xdkodk qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrwjf cif;cH&aom Ediiu xdq;kH jzwfcsursm;udk vduem&efjiif;qefonftcg f S kfH k f k f h rsKd ;Y xdq;kH jzwfcsursm;twdi;f vduemvmatmif zdtm;ay;&mwGivnf; tm;enf;onfukd k f k k f f awG jrif&onf? zdtm;ay;onf[k qdk&mwGif vltcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_jzifh emrnfqdk;aeaom EdkifiHtm; t&Su&apatmif yxrOD;qH;k vkyaqmifEionf? tar&duefEihf wkwEiiwkd uJokd aom S f f kd f S f kd f H h tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;tay: vltcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifr_rSm tvGeenf;yg;vSaomfvnf; Ediiwumtvnfwiif;wdk . tytrltay: a0zefzi[ f kfH Gf G hf ajymqdjk cif;jzifh t&Su&apEdionf? xdEiionf if;wdk . vltcGita&;csKd ;azmufaer_rsm;/ f kf k kd f H hf zdEyonfay:vpDrsm;udk vG,vifwul ajymif;vJcsirS ajymif;vJrnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdEii. dS f h f h f k kd f H tpdk;&rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;taejzifh if;wdkonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD usifhoHk;aexdkifa=umif;udk EdkifiHwumtv,fwGif oufaojyovdkaompdwfrsm; ay:vm aprnfjzpfonf? aemuftqiftaeESihf pD;yGm;a&;ydwqkd r_Eihf tjcm;enf;rsm;jzifh ydwqkd h f S f jcif;rsm;udk vkyaqmifEionf? aemufq;kH tqifrm tiftm;oH;k jcif;jzpfonf? ukvor*~ f kd f h S vHk ca&;aumifptaeESihf EdiiwEdiitay: ppfa&;t& ta&;,laqmif&urrsm; vkyaqmif&ef H D kfH kfH G f_ f yef=um;Edionf? kf
27
tcef;(4)
tjynfjynfqidk &m vltcGita&; Oya'rsm; f hf

'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD;wGif EdkifiHrsm;.tpdk;&rsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m+idrf;csrf;a&; xGe;f um;a&;ESihf ydyuQrsm; csKy+f ir;f a&;wdk twGuf u;d yrf;vkyaqmifvmcJ=h uonf? Ediiom; d f kfH wa,muf. touf&Sif&yfwnfcGifhESifh vGwfvyfcGifhudk rnfolwOD;wa,mufrS Oya'rJh xdyg;aESmuf,uf tE &m,fryEdiatmif apmifa&SmufEirnfh enf;vrf;udk awG;awm}uHq S W kf h kd f kfH vmcJonf? EdiiwEdii. tpd;k &w&yfu if;Ediiom;wa,muftay: vltcGihf ta&; h kfH kfH csdK;azmufjcif;rsm;ryEdkifatmif tumtuG,fay;Edkifaom/ wurBmvHk;udk v$rf;cHaom vltcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; ay:xGef;vma&;twGuf awmif;qdkoHrsm; urBmtESH ay:xGufvmcJhonf? EdkifiHtoD;oD;. yrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf vltcGifhta&;tay: wnfr&rnf[aom t,ltqw&yfvnf; ay:xGe;f vmcJonf? aemufyi;f wGif vltcGihf DS l h kd ta&;qdi&m tawG;tac:onf Ediitawmfrsm;rsm;u qufvufxe;f odr;f xm;vdo!fh kf kfH d k wif;rmaomEdiiawmftcsKyftjcmqdi&m t"dym,fziqcsuukd ysu,i;f apcJonf? kfH kf ` G hf kd f f G h
vltcGita&; a-unmpmwrf; hf
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
ukvor*~ ydnmOfpmwrf;. tyd'f (68) t& vl@tcGita&;aumfr&Sif (Commission k hf on Human Rights) tygt0if ukvor*~txl;aumfr&Sirsm;udk udk zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifvm f cJonf? vl@tcGita&;aumfr&Siukd 1946 wGipwifz@GJ pnf;cJonf? xdaumfr&SirO;D pD;OD;aqmif h hf f f h k fS I ukvor*~ ydnmOfpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaom vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhqdkaom t"dym,frsm;udk zGiq&i;f jyEdirnfh tjynfjynfqi&m vl@tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;udk ` hf kd S k f kd f hf jyifqifa&;qJG&ef wm0efay;cJhonf? tar&dueforw uawmfjzpfol t,fvDemdk;pbJh (Eleanor Roosevelt) . acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh a&;qJcaom xdpmwrf;tay: urBm@Eiirsm;u G hJ k kd f H txl;pdwf0ifpm;cJh=uonf? tpdk;&ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJG@rsm;ESifh t}udr}f udraqG;aEG;wdiyifrrsm; vkyaqmift+yD; 1948 ckEpf ZGevwGif xda=unmpmwrf;udk f kf _ f S f k t+yD;owfEiconf? xdr=l urf;udk t}udr}f udrtzefzefavhvmr_rsm;yvkyt+yD; 1948 ckEpf kd f hJ k f f S 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wif jyifopfEiiH yJ&pfrd wGiusi;f yaom urBmh ukvor*~ taxGaxG G kd f f
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nDvmcHrSaeI xdka=unmpmwrf;udk twnfyjyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? EdkifiHaygif; 48 EdkifiHu axmufcconf? bJvwf&yf/ csuupvdaA;uD;,m;/ ydvef/ aqmf'tma&;AD;,m;/ awmif H hJ f kd k k D tmz&du/ ,lu&dr;f / qdA,ufjynfaxmifpEihf ,l*pvm;AD;,m;Ediiponfh Ekii(8)Ediiw@kd u kD kS kd kfH dfH kfH rJray;bJ =um;aecJ=h u+yD; uef@uuEiiv;kH 0r&SbJ twnfyjyXmef;Ediconf? G f kd f H d k f hJ tjynfjynfqi&m vl@tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif vl@tcGita&;ESihf ywfoufaom kd f hf hf taxGaxGEihf tajccHtcsursm;yg0ifonf? xdvl tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf;onf tzGJ 0if S f k hf EdkifiHrsm;taeESifh av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef vdktyfaom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsKd ; r[kwaomfvnf; a=unmpmwrf;ygtcsursm;udk wefz;kd xm; apmifh f f a&Smuf&ef urBmuvor*~tzGJ 0ifEiiwi;f wGif wm0ef&onf? urBmuvor*~ taxGaxG h k kd f H kd dS h k nDvmcHu 1948 ckEpwif jyXmef;vduaom tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; a=unm S f G k f kd f hf pmwrf;onf vufrwa&;xd;k p&mvdtyfaom oabmwlpmcsKyfr[kwaomfvnf; rnfonfh S f k f EdkifiHrqdk ukvor*~ydnmOfpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkuf+yD; ukvor*~tzGJ0if EdkifiH jzpfom;onfEiwydieuf tjynfjynfqi&mvltcGita&;a=unmpmwrf;yg tcsursm;udk G S hf f kd f hf f av;pm;vduem&ef wm0ef&om;+yDjzpfonf? tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; a=unm k f dS G kd f hf pmwrf;udk ukvor*~ydnmOfrvI rnfonfpmcsKyf/ rnfonfOya'urS rv$r;f rd;k Edi? T S JG h h kf a=unmpmwrf;udk EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;. vl@tcGifhta&;ESihfywfoufI av;pm;vdkufemr_udk wdkif;wmaom pHcsdefpH!Gef;tjzpftoHk;yvmcJhonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif omru vHkcHa&;aumifpDwGifyg udk;um;=u&onf? EdkifiHwumOya'qdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm; wGivnf; ud;k um;azmfjy=uonf? Ediitawmfrsm;rsm;. zGJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;wGivnf; f kfH k f udk;um;azmfjyavh&Sdonf? xdkjyifEdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;. Oya'a&;qGJr_rsm;wGifvnf; =oZmoufa&mufr&onfukd awG&+yD; wcgw&H trsKd ;om;Oya'rsm;. tpdwtydi;f jzpfvm _ dS f k onf? EdiitoD;oD;. Ediiawmfw&m;H;k rsm;wGivnf; Oya't& ud;k um;vmcJ=h uonf? kfH kfH f xdvl tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif vlom;wdk . Ediiom;tcGita&;/ Ediia&; tcGihf k hf kfH hf kfH ta&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGita&;/ vlra&;tcGita&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGita&;rsm;udk xnfoi;f hf _ hf hf h G azmfjyxm;onf? tyd'aygi;f (30) yg0if+yD; tyd'f (1) ESihf (2) wd@k onf vl@tcGita&;. k f k hf t"dym,f t,ltqwd@k ukd zGiq&i;f jyxm;onf? tyd'f (3) rS (16) ESihf tyd'f (18) rS (21) ` hf kd S k k wd@k wif Ekiiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;+yD; tyd'f (17) ESihf tyd'f (22) rS G dfH kfH hf k k (2&) txdonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qi&mtcGita&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? _ kd f hf
29
tyd'f (28) rS (30) txdonf xdtcGita&;rsm; av;pm;&ef/ tjcm;olrsm;. tcGita&; k k hf hf rsm;udk av;pm;&ef/ rnforS rcsKd ;azmuf&ef wm0efrsm;udk &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;onf? l Ediiom;tcGita&; (Civil Rights) qdonfrm Ediiom;wd@k . touf&iciEihf vGwvyfcihf kfH hf k S kfH S f G hf S f G wd@k ukd tpd;k &u w&m;vufvwf 0ifa&mufaESmif,ujf cif;rS umuG,ay;aom tcGita&; G h S f hf rsm;[lI t"dym,fziqEionf? Oyrm- touf&ici/hf vHk cHci/hf vGwvyfci/hf vGwvyfpm ` G hf kd kd f SfG G f G f G oGm;vmcGi/hf w&m;a&;t& pD&ifcyiciw@kd jzpfonf? H kd f G hf Ediia&;tcGita&; (political rights) qdonfrm wdi;f jynf&tpd;k &. vkyief;a&;&mrsm;wGif kfH hf k S k dS f EdkifiHom;rsm;u yg0ifywfoufcGifhudk qdkvdkonf? Oyrm- rJay;ydkifcGifh/ a&G;cs,fcHydkifcGifh/ tpdk;&ay:vpDrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Gufr_udk od&Sdyg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh/ owif;Xmersm; vGwvyfci/hf vGwvyfpm pka0;cGiw@kd jzpfonf? f G f G hf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qi&mtcGita&; (Economic, Social and Cultural _ kd f hf Rights) qdonfrm vlom;wd@k . b0vlaer_tqiftwef;rsm; wd;wufjrifrm;vmatmif k S h k h tqifqifh awmif;qkaom tcGita&;rsm;jzpfonf? Oyrm- ynmoif=um;cGi/hf tvkyf h d hf vkyci/hf use;f rma&;ESiuunaom tvkyci&&Sci/hf wef;wlvpmESihf wef;wltvkyvyci/hf fG hf kd f D fGf dG f k fG rdrbmompum; xdr;f odr;f toH;k ycGihf wd@k uqvonf? d kd kd kd vl@tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf;. twdcsKyf&i;f vif;csursm;rSm hf k S f D _ dS tyd'f (1) - vlwi;f onf arG;zGm;vmuxnf;u wef;wlnr&onf? k kd tyd'f (2) - rnfo@l urS cJjG cm;zdEyjf cif;r&Sap&? k kd dS d tyd'f (3) - vlwi;f touf&ici/hf vGwvyfciEihf vHk cHci&onf? k kd SfG f G hf S G h f dS tyd'f (4) - rnfo@l urS u|etjzpfapcdi;f / a&mif;0,fjcif;ry&? k kd f k tyd'f (5) - rnfo@l urS rw&m;ESypufjcif;/ vlrqefpm/ &ufpufpm qufqjH cif; k kd d f G G tjypf ay;jcif;ry&? tyd'f (6) - w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwif vlwi;f tm; vlom;tjzpf todtrSwf y k G kd cHyici/hf kd f G tyd'f (7) - w&m;Oya'a&S@wif wef;wlnci/hf k G DG tyd'f (8) - rdrtcGita&; csKd ;azmufc&ygu Oya'tultnD&,lci/hf k d hf H G
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tyd'f (9) - rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;/ wdi;f jynfrS ESixwjf cif;tm;umuG,r&&Sci/hf k k f k f _ dG tyd'f (10) - vltrsm;=um;em+yD; w&m;r#waom w&m;pD&ifr&&Sci/hf k _ dG tyd'f (11) - cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;r&Sdrcsif; xdkolonftjypfr&Sd[lI k owfrwcyici/hf S f H kd f G tyd'f (12) - yk*~vdu udk,fa&;udk,fwmrsm;tm; 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rS k umuG,ay;jcif;/ f tyd'f (13) - vGwvyfpm v_y&m;oGm;vmcGi/hf k f G f S tyd'f (14) - rw&m;tjypfay;cH&rnfqygu tjcm;Ediirsm;wGif cdvcihf awmif;cH k kd kfH k H_ G ydici/hf kfG tyd'f (15) - Ediiom;jzpfci/hf k kfH G tyd'f (16) - t&G,a&mufowi;f rdrqENjzifh vufxyftr,mxlaxmifci/hf k f l kd d d f G tyd'f (17) - ypPn;f OpPmydiqici/hf k k f kd f G tyd'f (18) - vGwvyfpm awG;ac: ,H=k unf ud;k uG,ci/hf k f G fG tyd'f (19) - vGwvyfpm xkwazmfwifjyajymqdci/hf owif;rsm;&,lci/hf k f G f kG G tyd'f (20) - +idr;f csr;f pGmzJ@G pnf;xm;aom tzJ@G rsm;tm; vGwvyfpm 0ifa&mufci/hf k f G G pka0;cGi/hf tyd'f (21) - tpd;k &wGif yg0ifci/hf k G tyd'f (22) - vlrzva&;cHpm;cGi/hf k _ l kH tyd'f (23) - tvkyvyci/hf tvkyorm;or*~rsm;0ifa&mufci/hf k f k fG f G tyd'f (24) - tyef;ajztem;,lci/hf k G tyd'f (25) - vHavmufaom vlrtqiftwef;cHpm;cGiEihf aq;ukocHyici/hf k k _ h hf S kd f G tyd'f (26) - ynmoif=um;ydici/hf k kfG tyd'f (27) - ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif yg0ifyiciEihf rdrwxirtusKd ;udk rdrcpm;ydici/hf k kd f G hf S d D G f _ dH kfG tyd'f (28) - xdtcGita&;rsm;ukd av;pm;&efwm0ef/ k k hf tyd'f (29) - tjcm;olrsm;. tcGita&;rsm;udk av;pm;&efwm0ef/ k hf tyd'f (30) - rnforS TtcGita&;rsm;udk rcsKd ;azmuf&efwm0ef/ k l hf tjynfjynfqdkif&m vltcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;onf usifh0wfoduQmqdkif&m vkyfxHk; h Oya'owckomjzpf+yD; Oya'oufa&muftaumiftxnfazmfa&;wGif armif;ESijf znfqnf; ay;rnfh Oya',E W&m;wpHkw&mrS ryg&SdcJh? odkaomfwurBmvHk;u xdkvltcGifhta&;
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a=unmpmwrf;udk vufcHoabmwlae+yD;jzpfonf? xkda=umifh,if; a=unmpmwrf;ESifh vltcGita&;qdi&m pmcsKyf}uD;ESp&yfwkd udk vltcGita&;zGH zd;wd;k wufrEihf umuG,f hf kf f hf _ S apmifa&Smufrwkd twGuf Ediiwumu todtrSwf yxm;aompHrsm;[k tcsKd u owfrwf h _ kfH S =uonf? ,if;a=unmpmwrf;udk armif;ESitm;jznfay;rnfh ,E &m;wpHw&mr&Saomfvnf; f h W k d ,cktcgwif Ediiwum "avhx;kH pHOya'rsm;. tpdwtydi;f wcktjzpf a&muf&vm+yD[k G kfH f k dS qdEionf? k kd f xda=unmpmwrf;udtajccHI aemufxyfv@l tcGita&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; trsm;tjym; k k hf ay:xGe;f vmcJonf? tcsKd rSmtouf0ifaecJ+h yD;jzpf+yD; tcsKd rSm Ediirsm; twnfy vufrwf h kfH S a&;xdk;qJom &Sdao;onf? tcsdKrSmrl rl=urf;a&;qJGvsufyif &Sdao;onf? EkdifiHwum vl@tcGita&;Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;,Houfoufomr[kwvJ csKd ;azmuforsm;udk ta&;,l hf k f l aqmif&u&eftwGuvnf; 0di;f 0ef;wd;k wufvyaqmifvmonfukd awG@&onf? ESpaygi;f G f f k k f f rsm;pGm jyif;xefpm 0di;f 0ef;v_@H aqmfrrsm;. aemufq;kH &vm'ftjzpf 1998 ckEpwif EkiiH G k _ S f G df tpd;k &rsm;onf tDwvDEiiH a&mrrdwGif awG@qc+hJ yD; 1998 ckEpf Zlviv (17) &ufaewGif kd f kH S kd f tjynfjynfqi&m &mZ0wfrw&m;H;k (International Criminal Court - ICJ) udk ,m,D kd f _ tcseyi;f r[kwbJ t+rJwapzGivp&ef qH;k jzwfonfh Oya' (Rome Statute) udk jyXmef;cJh d f kd f hf S f =uonf? Ttjynfjynfqi&m &mZ0wfrw&m;H;k onf ukvor*~wiz@GJ pnf;xm;aom kd f _ Gf tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;Hk;uJhodk@ EdkifiHtpdk;&tay: tjypfay;ta&;,l&efomr[kwfbJ xdtcGita&;udk tjyif;txefusL;vGeazmufzsuaom vly*Kd~ vfwOD;csi;f udvnf; wdi=f um; k hf f f k k k ta&;,lEirnfjzpfonf? vl@tcGita&; tjyif;txefusL;vGeaom tr_rsm; qdonfrm kd f hf f k S tpkvutyHowfjzwfjcif;/ vlom;rsKd ;EG,wckv;kH udk tE &m,fyaomjypfrEihf ppfyqi&m kd f f W _ S GJ kd f &mZ0wfr_wdk@udk qdkvdkonf? odk@aomf (Rome Statute) pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD; aemufyi;f wGif usL;vGecaom jypfrrsm;udom ta&;,lEirnfjzpfonf? 2002 ckEpwif kd f hJ _ k kd f S f G owfrwxm;aom Ediiaygi;f (60) oabmwlvufrwf a&;xd;k cJojzifh xdtjynfjynfqi&m S f kfH S h k kd f &mZ0wfrw&m;H;k udk zGivpEirnfjzpf+yD; r=umrD vkyief;rsm; taumiftxnfay:vm _ hf S f kd f f awmhrnfjzpfonf? xdw&m;H;k udk t+rJwapzGivpxm;rnfjzpf+yD; vlom;rsKd ;EG,pk wckv;kH udk k hf S f f tE &m,fyaomvky&yfrsm;/ vlom;rsKd ;EG,wckv;kH tay: usL;vGeaom jypf&yfrsm;/ urBmh W f f f ppf&mZ0wfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udk xdkw&m;kH;rSaeI Hk;wifppfaq; tjypfay;Edkifawmhrnf jzpfonf?
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tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom vltcGita&;pHcsep!e;f kd f hf hf dfH $ rsm;udk ydrI wdwusus tao;pdwjf yXmef;Edi&efEihf Ediirsm;tay: }uD;=uyfrvyief;pOfrsm; k kd d kf S kfH _ kf ydrvyaqmifEi&eftwGuf vltcGita&;pmcsKyf}uD;ESpcukd 1966 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (16) k kd k f kd f hf fk S &ufaewGif jyXmef;cJonf? xdpmcsKyf}uD;ESpcrm tjynfjynfqi&mpD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf h k fk S kd f _ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (International Covenant on Economic, hf kf Social and Cultural Rights) ESihf tjynfjynfqi&m Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m kd f k f H kfH hf kf oabmwlpmcsKyEihf aemufqufwpmcsKyf (International Covenant on Civil and Political fS JG Rights and Potocol) wdjzpfonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcH}uD;u tjynfjynfqi&m k D kd f vltcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf xdvl tcGita&; pmcsKyf}uD;ESpcukd pkaygi;f I tjynfjynf hf k hf fk qdi&m vltcGita&; Oya' (International Bill of Human Rights) [k ac:onf? kf hf tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&;a=unmpmwrf;rS vltcGita&;qdi&mpmcsKyf}uD; ESp&yf kd f hf hf kf f ay:xGe;f vm&jcif;uyifv#if vltcGita&;ESiywfoufI rwlujJG ym;aom '\eqdi&m hf hf kf a&pD;a=umif;ESpc&aeonfukd jyayonf? Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;onf f k dS kfH kfH kf hf vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f oabmudaqmifonf? wOD;csi;f b0ay:wGif Ediiawmf. xde;f csKyfr_ k kfH enf;Edkifor# enf;apa&;[lonfh taemufEdkifiH vpfb&,f0g' pdkufvuQ%mrsm;ESifh xyfwlusonf[kqdkum zGHzd;qJEdkifiHtcsdKESifh ,cifqdk&S,fvpftkyfpkEdkifiHrsm;u txl;o abmrusv? jynfovxtwGuf ynma&;/ td;k tdr/f vlrzva&;ESihf use;f rma&;tultnD S l l k _ l kH wdk udk axmufyay;&jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m pmcsKyfEihf hH _ hf kf S udunonf[qum xdEiirsm;u pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESi,Ofaus;r_ tcGita&;qdi&m k f D k kd k kd f H _ hf hf kf pmcsKyfuyraxmufc=H uonf? kd kd kd pmcsKyf}uD;ESpcukd twnfyjyXmef;cJonfh 1966 ckEprpwifI xdpmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrwf fk h S f S k S a&;xd;k &ef Ediirsm;udk zdwac:cJonf? odk aomf (10) ESpausm=f umjrifc+hJ yD;rS ukvor*~ kfH f h f h tzGJ0ifEdkifiH (35) EdkifiH vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh+yD; pmcsKyfygOya'rsm;vnf; oufa&mufr_ tm;aumif;vmcJonf? xdokd aES;auG;onfjh zpfpOfonf vltcGita&;qdi&m t,ltqESihf h k hf kf ywfoufI Ediirsm;taeESihf vufc&efcufcaejcif;udk !$ejf yv#u&onf? rdrwkd . jynfwi;f kfH H J f dS d G a&;&m udpPrsm;omjzpfonf[k owfrSwfcJhonfh vltcGifhta&;udpPrsm;udk EdkifiHwumrS }uD;=uyfEdkif&ef wHcg;zGifhay;vdkuf&jcif;onf tcsdKEdkifiHrsm;twGuf t"dutcuftcJyif jzpfonf? vltcGifhta&;qdkif&mt,ltqudk t}uD;tus,faxmufcHaeygonfqdkaom Ediirsm;yif vufawGtm;jzifh vltcGita&;qdi&m pmcsKyfwcsKd odk r[kwf trsm;tjym;udk kfH hf kf
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vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef jiif;qdkvsufyif &Sdaeao;onf? Oyrm- tar&duefEdkifiHuJhodkaom EdkifiHrsdK;onfyif ukvor*~. t"du vltcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; r&Sao;acs? d vltcGita&;ESihf ywfoufaom t"duoabmwlpmcsKyf}uD;ESpck ay:ayguvm&jcif;onf hf f f vltcGita&;ESihf ywfoufI rwlujJG ym;aom '\eqdi&m a&pD;a=umif;ESpck &Saeonfukd hf kf f d jyaeonf? Ediia&;ESihf Ediiom;tcGita&;qdi&m pmcsKyfwif vltcGita&; pHcsep!e;f kfH kfH hf kf G hf d f H $ rsm;udk pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;u av;pm;+yD; xdtcGita&;rsm;udk umuG,ray;&rnf[k kd f H k hf f _ a&;om;xm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwif _ hf kf G rdrdEdkifiHwGifwnf&Sdaom "e&if;jrpfpHrsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk;toHk;csI pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm; wd;k wufaumif;rGevmatmif ud;yrf;vkyaqmif&rnf[qonf? xdk a=umifh Ediia&;ESihf f f k kd kfH Ediiom;tcGita&;qdi&m pmcsKyfonf csucsi;f vufiif; ta&;,ltaumiftxnfazmf kfH hf kf f aqmif&Guf&onfh oabmrsdK;&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;ESifh EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;u EdkifiHawmf f _ tpd;k &taejzifh rdrEiiom;wOD;csi;f pD. vGwvyfrukd xdyg;taESmuft,Suf yjcif; ry&ef d kd f H wm;jrpfxm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf _ hf kf onf rdrdEdkifiH&Sd "e&if;jrpfrsm;udk twwfEdkifqHk;enf; vrf;jzifhtoHk;yI wajz;ajz;csif; taumiftxnfazmf vkyaqmif&onfh oabm&Sonf? xd@k a=umifh xdtcGita&;rsm;onf f d k hf rdrEiitwGi;f &Sd jynforsm;taejzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m d kd f H l _ hf kf tcGita&;rsm; wd;k wufcpm;&&SEiatmif pDrue;f rsm;/ tpDtpOfrsm; csrwaqmif&u&rnfh hf H d kd f H d S f G f tpd;k &. wm0ef0wW&m;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
pmcsKyfvufrwa&;xd;jcif;tqifqifh S f k h
pmcsKyftzGJ0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm;udk trSefwu,f twnfy vufrwa&;xd;k &eftwGuf y%mrtqifvufrwa&;xd;k jcif; (Signature) udk vkyaqmif& S f h S f f onf? trsm;tm;jzifh Edii.t}uD;tuJu vufrwa&;xd;k jcif;jzpf+yD; xdpmcsKyfukd twnfy kfH S f k vufrwa&;xd;k &ef qEN&a=umif;/ aemifwcsewif Edii&dS trsKd ;om;Oya' xH;k wrf;pOfvm S f dS d f G kfH rsm;t& twnfyvufrSwfa&;xdk;rnfjzpfa=umif; today;onfhoabm aqmifonf? tcsKd Ediirsm;wGif xdpmcsKyfrsm;tm; twnfyvufrwa&;xd;k jcif;udk Edii. t}uD;tuJur kfH k S f kfH vkyaqmif&yJ ygvrefuom vkyaqmif&aom tajccHOya'rsm;&Swwfonf? f D f d
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aemufwqifjh zpfaom twnfyvufrwa&;xd;k jcif; (Ratification) onf pmcsKyfyg tcsuf S f tvufrsm; tm;vH;k udk av;pm;vduemygrnfjzpfa=umif; oabmwlvufconfh oabm k f H aqmifonf? xdokd twnfy vufrwa&;xd;k +yD;rSom xdEiiukd pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiitjzpf k S f k kd f H kd f H vufcac:a0:Edionf? H kf tcsKd oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;onf jyXmef;+yD;+yD;csi;f touf0ifvmjcif; (Entry into force) r&Say? Oyrm- tjynfjynfqi&m Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyEihf d kd f k f H kfH hf kf fS tjynfjynfqi&m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKywkd udk kd f _ hf kf f h f h 1966 ckEpwif jyXmef;cJaomfvnf; 1976 ck ESpa&mufrS touf0ifvmcJonf? S f G txufwiaz: jyxm;ouJokd touf0ifvm+yD;jzpfaompmcsKyfukd EdiiwEdiiu vufrwf Gf h kfH kfH S a&;xd;k +yD; pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiijH zpfvmjcif;tm; (Accession) jzpfonf[qonf? Oyrmkd f k kd ,cktouf0ifaeaom EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfudk EdkifiHwEdkifiHu ,aevufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufygu xdkEdkifiHonf pmcsKyfudk Accession yvkyonf[k qdonf? f k oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udvufrwa&;xd;k aom tcsKd Ediirsm;onf pmcsKyfygtcsutvufrsm; k S f kfH f tm;vHk;udk r cGif;rcsef vHk;0vdkufemygrnf[k oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;r[kwfbJ pmcsKyfygtcsKd tcsutvufrsm;udk cGi;f csuxm;+yD; vufrwrxd;k bJaeavh&onf? if;udk f f S f dS cGif;csufxm;jcif; (Reservation) [kac:onf? pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd av;pm; vduemygrnf[k oabmwlnaomfvnf; pmcsKyfygtcsKd tcsursm;udk vduem&eftcuftcJ k f D f k f &Sdygonf[kqdkum cGif;csufxm;jcif;rsdK;udk trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh zdESdyfcGJjcm;r_ yaysmufa&; oabmwlncsuwif trsm;qH;k awG&onf? D f G tcsdKEdkifiHrsm;url pmcsKyf.aemufqufwGJpmcsKyfrsm; (Protocol) udk vufcHvdkufem&ef oabmwlvuf rSwa&;xd;k jcif;r&S=d u? pmcsKy. aemufqufwpmcsKyqonfrm yifrpmcsKyyg f f JG f kd S f tcsutvufrsm;. aemufqufwta=umif;t&mrsm;yifjzpfonf? yifrpmcsKyukd vufrwf f JG f S a&;xd;k aomfvnf; aemufqufwpmcsKyfukd rjzpfrae vufrwa&;xd;k p&m rvdtyfojzifh JG S f k aemufqufwGJudk vufrSwfra&;xdk;aom EdkifiHrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&mOya'. aemufqufwGJpmcsKyfwGif yifrpmcsKyfyg tcsutvufrsm;tm; csKd ;azmufaom Ediita=umif;udk vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f taeESihf f kfH
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pmcsKyfaumfrwDxH wdkif=um;Edkifonf[k a&;om;xm;onf? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;u aemufqufwpmcsKyfwiyg0ifaom xdtcsuukd vduemusio;kH &rnfukd pd;k &draoma=umifh JG Gf k f k f hf f yifrpmcsKyuom vufrwa&;xd;k +y;D aemufqufwpmcsKyudk vufrwx;kd avhr&S=d u? Oyrmf kd S f JG f S f tdE,Ediionf tjynfjynfqi&m Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m yifrpmcsKyfukd dN k f H kd f k f H kfH hf kf vufrwa&;xd;k aomfvnf; aemufqufwpmcsKyfukd vufrwa&;xd;k jcif;r&Say? S f JG S f d EdiiwEdiitm; rdrwkd oabmtav#muf vltcGita&;qdi&mpmcsKyfrsm;wGif vufrwf kfH kfH d hf kf S a&;xd;k ap+yD; xdpmcsKyfygtcsursm;udk av;pm;vduemapjcif;rSm xdpmcsKyfrsm;. tESpom& k f k f k f jzpfonf? ukvor*~&dS vltcGita&;pmcsKyftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif pmcsKyfvufrwa&;xd;k hf S f f xm;aom pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiiH (Signatory States) rsm;taejzifh pmcsKyfygtcsutvufrsm; kd f tay:wGif trSewu,fav;pm;vduemr_ &Sr&Sukd apmif=h uyf&eftwGuf pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm; f k f d d &Sdonf? Oyrm - uav;oli,frsm;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk av;pm;vduemygrnf[k vufrwa&;xd;k oabmwlxm;aomEdiirsm;. vkyaqmifrukd k f S f kfH f _ apmif=h unfaqmif&u&ef uav;oli,frsm; tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyaumfrwDu h G f hf kf f wm0ef,&onf? xkd twltrsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHEicjJG cm;zdEyryaysmufa&; oabmwl l k S hf dS f _ pmcsKyfygtcsursm;udk pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;u vduemr_&r&Stay: trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; f kd f H k f dS d enf;rsKd ;pHEihf cGjJ cm;zdEyryaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyaumfrwDu }u;D =uyfaqmif&u&onf? kS dS f _ f G f xdpmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;udk t*Fvybmomjzifh (Treaty-bodies) [kac:onf? k d f vltcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkuf onfEihf wydieuf pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;onf xdpmcsKyfygtcsutvufrsm;tm; rdrwkd S f kd f H k f d taejzifh rnfuokd av;pm;wefz;kd xm; vkyaqmifaeonfukd pmcsKyfaumfrwDxokd rysuf hJ f H ruGuf tpD&ifcH&ef wm0ef&Sdvmonf? pmcsKyftay:rlwnfI tpD&ifcH&rnfh ESpfumv tydi;f tjcm; uGjJ ym;r_&onf? trsm;tm;jzifh pmcsKyfvufrwa&;xd;k +yD; wESpokd r[kwf ESpEpf k dS S f f fS twGi;f yxrpmcsKyfukd wifoi;f &+yD; aemufqufwypH tpD&ifcpmrsm;udk oH;k ESpf odk r[kwf G JG kH H av;ESpw}udrf yHrewifoi;f &onf? f k S f G
36
tcef; (9)
Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf kfH kfH hf kf

(International Convenant on the Civil and Political Rights- ICCPR)
Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;udk tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; kfH kfH hf kf hf kd f hf a=unmpmwrf;. yxrydi;f wGif azmfjyxm;onfukd awG&onf? ukvor*~u 1966 ckEpf k S kfH wGif twnfyjyXmef;+yD; 1976 ckEp/f rwfv (23) &ufaewGif touf0ifvmaom Ediiom; S ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwif tyd'aygi;f (53) yd'yg0ifonf? tyd'f (6) rS kfH hf G k f k f k (27) wd@k wif Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;udk atmufygtwdi;f G kfH kfH hf kf hf k &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;onf? tyd'f (1) k EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyfwGifa&m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf _ hf kf ESpcpvH;k . yxrOD;qH;k aom tyd'wif vlwi;f wGif ud,yiq;kH jzwf fk k f G kd k f kd f ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? ,ckpmcsKyfwGif vlwdkif;onf EdkifiHa&;tqifhtwef; tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ zH@G zd;wd;k wufrrsm;udk _ _ vGwvyfpm qH;k jzwfyici&onf[k azmfjyxm;onf? f G kd f G hf dS f d pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;onf rdrEiiH e,ferdwtwGi;f wGif &Saom kd f H d kd f vlreor#Eihf Edii. w&m;pD&ifx;kH atmufwif tuH;0ifaom vlref Sf S kfH G S or#w@kd ukd rnfonfh ta=umif;t&mESirS cJjG cm;jcif; r&SapbJ ,ck hf d pmcsKyfyg tcGita&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGihf y&rnf? xdorsm;. TtcGihf hf k l ta&;rsm;udk umuG,ay;&rnf? f pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Ediirsm;onf trsKd ;om;/ trsKd ;orD; cJjG cm;jcif;r&SapbJ kfH d ,ck pmcsKyfyg tcGita&;rsm;udk usm;rra&G; wef;wlcpm;cGi&&ef hf H hf dS tmrcHay;&rnf? ta&;ay:tajctaersKd ;wGif tpd;k &taejzifh tcsKd @aom tcGita&; hf rsm;tm; uefowfqi;f ihxm;Ediaomfvnf; vlom;wOD;. touf kd H kf &Sici/hf Oya'a&S@S wif wef;wlnci/hf vGwvyfpm awG;ac:,lqydici/hf fG G DG f G kfG ESypuf!O;f yrf;r_rS uif;vGwci/hf u|ef yjcif;rS uif;vGwci/hf auG;rDS d f fG fG twGuf axmifcsjcif;rS uif;vGwci/hf aemufa=umif;jyefI Oya't& fG ta&;,lrrS uif;vGwciw@kd ukd ydwyifjcif;/ qdi;f ihxm;jcif; ryEdi? _ f G hf f k H kf
tyd'f (2) k
tyd'f (3) k
tyd'f (4) k
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tyd'f (5) k tyd'f (6) k tyd'f (7) k tyd'f (8) k tyd'f (9) k tyd'f (10) k tyk'f (11) d tyd'f (12) k tyd'f (13) k tyd'f (14) k
tyd'f (15) k tyd'f (16) k tyd'f (17) k
(tyd'-18) k f (tyd'- 19) k f
pmcsKyfygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk ysufpD;apvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh T pmcsKyfukd rnfortoH;k rcs&? l S vlwi;f wGif touf&iaexdicihf &Sonf? kd Sf kfG d rnfo@l urS vlom;rqefaom/ &ufpuf=urf;uwfaom tytrlrsm; kd ESihf ESypufrrsm; rcHpm;ap&? d f _ rnfo@l urS u|ef yjcif;ESihf aus;u|etjzpf tvkyapcdi;f jcif; ryap&? kd f f k vlwi;f wGif vGwvyfciEihf vHk cHrukd cHpm;ydici&onf? rnfo@l urS kd f G hf S _ k f G hf dS kd rw&m; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; r&Sap&? d vGwvyfr_ qH;k H;_ cJaom olrsm;udk av;pm;pGmqufq&ef wm0ef&dS f h H onf? rnfo@l urS auG;jyefray;EdiI axmifcsjcif;ryEdi? kd kf kf vlwi;f rdrEiitwGi;f vGwvyfpm v_y&m;oGm;vmcGiEihf wdi;f jynf kd d kd f H f G fS hf S k od@k 0ifxucihf &Sonf? G fG d EdkifiHtwGif; w&m;0if 0ifa&mufvmaom EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; Oya't& jzifom wdi;f jynfrEixwci&onf? h k S S f k f G hf dS Oya'/ &mZ0wfrEihf w&m;r pD&ifx;kH rsm;wGif vlwi;f w&m;Oya' _ S kd a&SarSmufwif wef;wlnr#r&onf? cdivaom taxmuftxm;jzifh G D _ dS k f kH tjypf&onf[k pD&ifcsuf rcsrcsi;f xdowif rjypfr&S? dS k l G d &mZ0wfrtjzpf owfrwxm;jcif; r&Sao;aomtcseu vkyaqmif _ S f d df f cJrukd aemufa=umif;jyefI rnfo@l urS w&m;pJqjkd cif; ry&? h _ kd G rnfonfae&mwGijf zpfap w&m;Oya'a&SarSmufwif vlom;tjzpf h G todtrSwf ycHyici&onf? kd f G hf dS vlwOD;csi;f pD. ud,a&;ud,wmydiqirrsm;/ aetdrrsm;/ pmay; k f k f k f kd f _ f pm,lrsm;tm; w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufpuzufjcif;ESihf vlwOD;. *k%f G f odumudk rw&m; xdcuf apmfum;jcif;r&Sap&? Q kd d vlwi;f vGwvyfpm awG;ac:,H=k unfu;kd uG,cifh &Sonf? kd f G fG d vlwi;f vGwvyfpm pOf;pm;xkwazmfajymqdcihf &Sonf? kd f G f kG d
38
tyd'f (20) vlrsKd ;a&;/ bmoma&; rke;f wD;r_rsm;/ t=urf;zufrrsm;/ zdEyapmfum; k _ dS f r_rsm; jzpfym;ap&eftwGuf aoG;xd;k v_@H aqmf 0g'jzef@rrsm;udk Oya'jzifh G _ wm;qD; ydwyifay;&rnf? f tyd'f (21) +idr;f csr;f pGm pka0;ydici&onf? k k f G hf dS tyd'f (22) vlwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm tzJG@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmif0ifa&mufydkifcGifh k &Sonf? d tyd'f (23) t&G,fa&muf+yD;aom usm;rwdkif; qENjzifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifh/ k vufxyfaygif;oif; uGm&Sif;csdefwGif usm;rtcGifhta&;/ wm0ef wlnpm &&Sci&onf? D G d G hf dS tyd'(24) t&G,ra&mufao;aom uav;rsm;. tcGita&;udk umuG,ay; k f f hf f &mwGif cJjG cm;r_r&SbJ wef;wlumuG,ay;&rnf? uav;wdi;f Ediiom; d f k kfH jzpfyici&onf?/ kd f G hf dS tyd'f (25) Ediiom;wdi;f wdi;f jynftwGi;f &Sd vlxa&;&m Xmersm;wGif yg0ifci/hf k kfH k k k G kd f G hf dS tpd;k &udk a&G;cs,ray;cGiEihf ud,wia&G;cs,f cHyici&onf? f J hf S k f kd f tyd'f (26) vlwi;f w&m;Oya'a&SarSmufwif wef;wlnr#ci&onf? Oya'. k kd G D G hf dS tumtuG,ukd cH,&mwGif cJjG cm;r_v;kH 0r&Sap&? f l d tyd'f (27) EdiitwGi;f wGif aexdiaom vlrsKd ;pk/ bmoma&;ESihf bmompum; k kfH kf qdi&m vlenf;pkrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk ydwyifjcif;ry&? kf f tyd'f (28-53) wd@k wif vl@tcGita&; aumfrwD. wm0efrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? k G hf kfH hf 2002 ckEpf azazmf0g&vtxd Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&; oabmwlpmcsKyf. yifr S D kfH pmcsKyfudk twnfyvufrSwfxdk;xm;onfh EdkifiHaygif; (148) EdkifiHESifh y%mr vufrSwf xd;k xm;aom EdiiH (7) Edii&+dS yDjzpfygonf? kf kfH
Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpmcsKyfrsm; kfH kfH hf kf GJ

EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf (2) ck&onf? aemuf qufwpmcsKyf(1)udk 1966 ckEpf 'DZifbmv (16) &ufae@wif jyXmef;cJ+h yD; dS JG S G 1976 ckEpf rwfv (23) &ufaewGif touf0ifvmcJonf? t"dutm;jzifh pmcsKyftzGJ 0if S h
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EdiiwEdiirS Ediiom;wOD;csi;f taeESihf rdr. vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufc&r_ukd aumfrwDxH kfH kfH kfH d hf H wdi=f um;cGitm;azmfjyxm;onf? TaemufqufwpmcsKyfukd vufrwa&;xd;k xm;aom k hf GJ S f Ediiu rdrtay: yifrpmcsKyfygtcGita&;rsm;ESiywfoufI csKd ;azmufaeonf[k owfrwf kfH d hf hf S aom olrsm;onf aemufqufwpmcsKyf (1). tyd'f (1) t& pmcsKyf. vl@tcGita&; GJ k hf aumfrwDxH qufo,wi=f um;I&ayonf? xdtcgrsKd ;wGif yxrOD;qH;k taeESihf xdwi=f um;r_ G f kd k k kd udk aumfrwDuvufcoifroifh qH;k jzwfonf? vufcoifonf[q;kH jzwfygu wdi=f um;ol H h H h k k tay:pmcsKyfygtcsutvufrsm; rnfokd csKd ;azmufc&onfukd aumfrwDupHprf;ppfaq;+yD; f H k qH;k jzwfonf? qH;k jzwfcsuukd oufqi&mEdiitaeESihf todtrSwf yvmatmif odr;f oGi;f f kd f k f H aqmif&uonf? xdwi=f um;olonf xdEiiwi&aomw&m;Oya'rsm;u ol.epfemcsuf G f k kd k kd f H G f dS f kf k rsm;udk jynf0atmifrvkyaqmifay;Edionfh tajctaersKd ;jzpf&rnf[k xdaemufqufwGJ h pmcsKyf(1). tyd'f (2) u qdxm;ygonf? xdo@kd wOD;csi;f wdi=f um;aomtr_rsm;udk vl@tcGihf k k k k ta&;aumfrwDuvufc+H y;D oufqi&mEdiiukd od&ap&efqufvufta=umif;=um;&ygonf? kd f k f H dS xdkta=umif;t&mESifh ywfoufaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk xdkEdkifiHuajcmufvtwGif; aumf r wD x H jyef v nf t pD & if c H w if j y&onf ? xd k u d p P E S i f h y wf o uf I jzpf y G m ;r_ r sm;/ avh v mawG @ &S d & csuf r sm;/ ta&;,l a qmif & G u f r _ r sm;vk y f a qmif x m;ygu rnf u J h o d k @ vkyaqmifxm;onfponfjzifh jynfjh ynfppjkH yefvnftpD&ifc&ygonf? xdo@kd wi=f um;r_rsm;/ f h kH H k kd oufqi&mEdii. tpD&ifccsursm;udk vltrsm;odap&eftwGurvkyaqmifbJ wki=f um; kd f k f H H f f f d olESifh oufqdkif&mEdkifiHtwGif;om today;vkyfaqmifygonf? xdkodk@=um;emr_rsm;udk aumfrwDu vkyfaqmift+yD; aumfrwD. tjrifESifh,lqcsufrsm;udk wdkif=um;olESifh oufqi&m Ediixo@kd today;ygonf? xdo@kd vyaqmifcsutusO;f csKyfukd pD;yGm;a&;ESihf kd f kfH H k k f f vlra&;aumifprwqifh ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcHo@kd wifoi;f aomtpD&ifcpmwGif _ D S D G H xnfoi;f azmfjyygonf? h G 2002 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtxd EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpmcsKyf (1) udk twnfyvufrwx;kd xm;aom Ediiaygi;f (101) EdiiEihf GJ S f kfH kfH S y%mrvufrwx;kd xm;aomEdiiH (4) Edii&+dS yDjzpfygonf? S f kf kfH Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&; oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpmcsKyf (2) udk 1989 kfH kfH hf JG ckEpwijf yXmef;cJ+h yD; 1991 ckEp/f Zlviv (11)&ufaewGif touf0ifconf? t"durSm S f G S kd f hJ ao'%fcsrwrzsuor;f jcif;udk &nf&,onf? aemufqufwpmcsKyf (2) . tyd'f (1)wGif S f _ f d G f GJ k pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;. w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;atmufwif rnfo@l urS ao'%fay;jcif; r&Sap& kd f H G kd d
40
[lI azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k jyif pmcsKytzJ@G 0if Ediirsm;taejzifh rdrEii. w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;wGif f kfH d kd f H ao'%fay;r_zsufodrf;apa&;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh ud;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;=u&ef wdkufwGef; xm;onf? 2002 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtxd EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpmcsKyf (2) udtwnfyvufrwx;kd xm;aom Ediiaygi;f (46) EdiiEihf y%mr GJ k S f kfH kfHS vufrwx;kd xm;aomEdiiH (7) Edii&+dS yDjzpfygonf? S f kf kfH
vltcGita&;aumfrwD hf
(Human Rights Committee)
Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tay: pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;. kfH kfH hf kf kd f H av;pm;vdkufemr_tm; apmifh=unfh&eftwGuf vltcGifhta&;aumfrwDudk zGJpnf;onf? xdaumfrwDukd Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD[k rac:bJ k kfH kfH hf kf vltcGita&;aumfrwD[k ac: onf? odk aomf aumfrwD. t"duwm0efrm Ediiom;ESihf hf S kfH f kd f H Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf ygtcsursm;tay: pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;. kfH hf kf av;pm;vduemr_tm; apmif=h unfjh cif;jzpfonf? k f pmcsKyftzGJ 0if Ediirsm;rS a&G;cs,wifajrmufxm;aom vGwvyfonfh u|r;f usiol (18) kfH f f f OD;jzifh aumfrwDukd zGJ pnf;xm;onf? aumfrwD. t"duwm0efrm (1) pmcsKytzGJ 0if Ediirsm; S f kfH u wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk zwf_avhvmjcif;/ (2) xdktpD&ifcHpmrsm;tay: oH;k oyfcsursm;/ qH;k jzwfcsursm;csrwjf cif;ESihf (3)oabmwlpmcsKy. yxraemufqufwwif f f S f JG G jyXmef;xm;onftwdi;f vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f u wdi=f um;r_rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;wdk jzpfonf? h k k pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;onf pmcsKyfutwnfyvufrwx;kd +yD; wESptwGi;f aumfrwDokd kd f H kd S f f tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;&onf? yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmudk (5) ESpfv#ifw}udrf wifoGif;&onf? wifoi;f onfh tpD&ifcpmrsm;udk vltrsm;wufa&mufaom aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif G H zwf=um;&onf? tpD&ifcHpmudk EdkifiH. udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;u wifoGif;&+yD; vltcGifhta&;aumfrwDu ppfaq;&onf? ppfaq;onf[q&mwGif w&m;ppfaq;ouJokd =um;emjcif;ppfaq;jcif;rsKd ; k kd h r[kwfay? tpD&ifcHpmppfaq;jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm w&m;pD&ifouJhodk tjypfay;&ef
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r[kwbJ pmcsKyfygtcsutvufrsm;udk vduem&efwm0ef&a=umif; pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiiukd f f k f dS kd f H tyoabmjzif h ajymqd k j cif ; omjzpf o nf ? tpD & if c H p mud k ppf a q;aepOf t wG i f ; Ediiu,pm;vS,. tpD&ifcrEihf E_wjf zifajym=um;r_wkd tay:tajccHI tjcm;aumfrwD0if k f H kd f f H_S h rsm;u Ediiu,pm;vS,ukd ar;cGe;f rsm;xkwjf cif;/ cdirmatmif jyefvnfar;cGe;f xkwjf cif; k f H kd f f kf rsm;udk vkyEionf? aumfrwDonftpd;k &rS wifoi;f aom tpD&ifcpmwckwnf;rS tcsuf f kd f G H tvufrsm;udom rSjD irf;ud;k um;jcif;r[kwbJ tjcm;&if;jrpfrsm;u&&Saom owif;rsm;udyg k f d k rSjD irf;ud;k um;Edionf? xdk a=umifh tjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;u ay;ydk aom owif; kf f rsm;udk ud;k um;Edionf? odk aomf aumfrwDxokd tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;u w&m;0if kf H f tpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifydktpD&ifcHEdkifjcif;r&Sd? xdka=umifhaumfrwD0ifwOD;csif;pDodk tpdk;& k d r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;u tcsutvufowif;rsm; ay;ydk wwf=uonf? xd&&Saom owif; f f tcsutvufrsm;udk tajccHI aumfrwDonf Ediitay: qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrw&onf? f kfH f S f oufqi&mEdiiukd xdq;kH jzwfcsursm;tm; today;&onf? odk aomfaumfrwDwif Oya' kd f k f H k f G oufa&mufapaom tm%m/ odk r[kwf ta&;,lEionfh tm%m (Enforcement Power) kd f r&Say? d Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpmcsKyf (1) t& kfH kfH hf kf GJ pmcsKyftcGifhta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufcH&onf[lIwdkif=um;aom vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;. wdi=f um;r_rsm;udk aumfrwDuvufc&onf? od@k aomfpmcsKyfukd vufrwa&;xd;k xm;onfh k H S f pmcsKytzJ@G 0ifEiiu csKd ;azmufygonf[aom wdi=f um;r_uom aumfrwDu vufcEionf? f dk f H l k kd H kd f tu,fI pmcsKytzJ@G 0ifEiiwcktay: vlwOD;wa,mufu wdi=f um;vm+yqygu aumfrwD f kd f H k D kd u wHcg;ydwftpnf;ta0;jzifh xdkdif=um;r_udkvufcHEdkifrcHEdkif qHk;jzwfonf? aumfrwDu vufcEionf[k qH;k jzwfvu+f yD;rSom aemufwqiftaejzifh xdpypwi=f um;csursm;udk H kd f kd h k G f GJ kd f avhvmoH;k oyfppfaq;Edionf? tu,fI xdtcGita&; csK;d azmufrrsm; cdiva=umif; kf k hf _ k f kH awG@&ygu aumfrwDu qH;k jzwfcsucsaomfvnf; oufqi&m tpd;k &taejzifh rjzpfrae f kd f vduematmif vkyaqmifEionfh pnf;ESmiftm; (Binding force) r&Syg? vduemoifonf k f f kd f d k f h [laom wduwe;f csuavmufom vkyaqmifEionf? k f G f f kd f aumfrwDu avhvmppfaq;r_ajrmufaom wdi=f um;r_upjP zpf&efrm atmufygtcsursm;ESihf k d S f udunr&&rnf? k f D _ dS
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tcef; (9)
(1) (2)
(3) (4) (6)
tr_wi=f um;aomol od@k r[kwf wdi=f um;olrsm;onf trnfrazmfvaomol r[kwf kd k kd &? aemufqufwpmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEii. w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;ESihf tuH;0ifojl zpf&rnf? GJ kd f H csK;d azmufc&olu,wif od@k r[kwf ud,pm;vS,jf zpfou wdi=f um;&rnfjzpfonf? H kd f kd k f l k od@k aomf xdcsK;d azmufc&oltaejzifh olu,wiwi=f um;r_ukd rwifoi;f Edionfh k H kd f kd f kd G kf tajctaersKd ; &Saev#if xdwi=f um;r_ukd aumfrwDu vufcpOf;pm;rnfjzpfonf? d k kd H wdi=f um;r_onf oabmwlpmcsKywif yg0ifaom tcsursm;ESihf udunr&&rnfjzpf+y;D k f G f k f D _ dS aemufqufwpmcsKyf. wdi=f um;cGiukd tvJo;kH pm;vkyI wdi=f um;jcif;rjzpfap&? GJ k hf G f k xdtr_uponf tjcm;aom Ediiwum vkyx;kH vkyenf;rsm;t& udiw,ajz&Si;f k d P kfH f f kf G f S ae&ef pOf;pm;oH;k oyfaeaom udprjzpfap&? P wdkif=um;olonf EdkifiHawmftqifh wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif+yD;aomfvnf; auseyfrr&aom tr_rsKd ;jzpf&rnf? _
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESi,Ofaus;r+tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf + hf hf kf

(International Convention on the Economic, Social and Cultural RightsICESCR)
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;udk ukvor*~ vltcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;}uD;. 'kwd,ydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awG&onf? txl;ojzifh pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlrzva&;cHpm;cGirsm; _ l kH hf yg0ifonf? xdtcsutvuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk 1948 ckEpf rwdiruwnf;u tod k f S kf D trSwfyxm;+yD;jzpfonf? xdktcGifhta&;rsm; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvma&;twGuf 1917 ckEpwif zGJ pnf;cJonfh tjynfjynfqi&m tvkyorm;tzGJ csKyf (International Labor S f G h kd f f Organization) u ud;yrf;vkyfaqmifaecJhonfrSm ,aewdkifyifjzpfonf? TpmcsKyfudk ukvor*~wif 1966 ckEpwijf yXmef;cJ+h yD; 1976 ckEpf Zefe0g&v (3) &ufaerS touf0if G S f G S D vmcJonf? 2002 ckEpazazmf0g&vtxd TpmcsKyfukd twnfyvufrwx;kd xm;aom h S f D S f Ediiaygi;f (145) Edii&+dS yD; y%mr vufrwx;kd xm;onfh Ediiaygi;f (7) Edii&onf? kfH kfH S f kfH k f H dS ,ckpmcsKyfwGiftykd'faygif; (31) ydk'fyg0ifonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfEihf Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwl hf kf S kfH kfH hf kf pmcsKyfw@kd wif yg0ifaom tyd'f (1)/ (3) ESihf (5) wd@k onf xyfwe;D yg;qifwaeonf? pmcsKyf G k l l ESpcpvH;k . tyd'f (1) wGif rdru,yiq;kH jzwfcihf (Self Determination) onf vlwi;f . fk k d dk d kd f G kd
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tcGita&;jzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? vlom;wdi;f wGif ud,yiq;kH jzwfyici&+dS yD; olw@kd . hf k k f kd f kd f G hf Ediia&;tqiftwef;udk vGwvyfpm qH;k jzwfyici&ovdk pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ kfH h f G kd f G hf dS _ zG@H zd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf olw@kd u,wif qH;k jzwfyici&onf[k qdxm;onf? pmcsKyfEpck kd f kd kd f G hf dS k S f pvH;k . tyd'f (3) wGif trsKd ;om;ESitrsKd ;orD;wd@k onf vltcGita&;rsm; tm;vH;k udk cHpm; k hf hf ydici&onf/ xdo@kd cpm;Ediap&eftwGuf tpd;k &u vkyaqmifay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? k f G hf dS k H kf f pmcsKyfEpcpvH;k . tyd'f (5)wGif xdpmcsKyfrsm;wGif yg0ifaom tcGita&;rsm;tay: zdEyf S fk k k hf dS csdK;azmufr_/ vJGrSm;pGm t"dy`m,fzGifhqdk+yD; vkyfaqmifr_/ uef@owfr_wdk@rS umuG,fay;&ef a&;om;xm;onf? tyd'f (6) rS (15) wd@k wif xdpmcsKyfwif txl;yxm;aom tcGita&; k G k G hf rsm;udk zGiq&i;f jyxm;onf? hf kd S pmcsKyfwiyg0ifaom t"dutcsursm;rSm Gf f tyd'f (1) EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwGifa&m k pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwl pmcsKyf _ hf kf k f G kd k f kd f ESpcpvH;k . yxrOD;qH;k aom tyd'wif vlwi;f wGif ud,yiq;kH jzwf fk ydici&onf? ,ckpmcsKyfwif vlwi;f onf Ediia&; tqiftwef; k f G hf dS G kd kfH h tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ zH@G zd;wd;k wufrrsm;udk _ _ vGwvyfpm qH;k jzwfyici&onf? f G kd f G hf dS tyd'f (2) pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;onf ,ckpmcsKyfwGifygaom tcGifhta&; k rsm;udk rdrdwGif&Sdaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukeftoHk;yI tjrifh rm;qH;k od@k wjznf;jznf; a&muf&cpm;Ediatmif tqifqifvyaqmif dS H k f h h kf ay;&rnf? tyd'f (3) pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;onf trsKd ;om;/ trsKd ;orD; cJjG cm;jcif;r&SapbJ k kd f H d ,ckpmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk usm;rra&G; wef;wlcHpm;cGifh&Sd&ef tmrcHay;&rnf? tyd'f (4) tpd;k &taejzifh 'Drua&pDv@l abmif&dS trsm;tusKd ;twGuf a&S_I k kd oifavsmaom tcsKd @tcGita&;rsm;tm; uefowfxm;Edionf? h f hf kf tyd'f (5) pmcsKyfyg tcGita&;rsm;udk ysup;D apvdaom &nf&,csujf zifh T k hf f k G f pmcsKyfukd rnfonfh vlwOD;ujzpfap/ tkypwpkujzpfap/ tpd;k &u f k jzpfap ryvky&? f
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tyd'f (6 ) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwl k pmcsKyfyg tcGita&;rsm;udk rnfonfh vlwOD;u jzpfap/ tkypwpku hf fk jzpfap/ tpd;k &u jzpfap pmcsKyyg tcGita&;rsm;udk ysup;D apvdaom f hf f k &nf&,csujf zifh TpmcsKyfukd wvJtoH;k rcs&? G f G tyd'f (7) cGjJ cm;zdEyrrsm;r&SbJ vlwi;f tvky&mydici/hf oifwef;rsm; wuf k dS f _ d kd f S kfG a&mufci/hf ynm oif=um;cGiwkd &Sonf? tvky&iu a=umif;usKd ;rJh G hf d fSf tvkyrxwypfjcif;/ t"rRvytm; apcdi;f jcif;wd@k ukd umuG,ay;&ef fS k f kf k f tpd;k &wGif wm0ef&onf? trsKd ;orD; tvkyorm;rsm;twGuf trsKd ; dS f om;rsm;xuf redrusaom vkyief;cGif tajctaersm;udk tmrcH&ef hf f vnf; tpd;k &wGif wm0ef&onf? dS tyd'f (8) vlwdkif; tvkyform;or*~rsm; zJG@pnf;cGifh/ qENjycGifh/ EdkifiHwum k tvkyorm; tzGJ rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f yg0ifcihf &Sonf? f G d tyd'f (9) vlr_zlvHka&; tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGifh&Sd&rnf? xdkvlr_zlvHkcGifh k tcGita&;rsm;wGif aq;0g;ukoydici/hf vpmESiaq;cGi/hf om;zGm;cGihf hf kfG hf tmrcH/ touftmrcH/ ouf}uD;&G,ttmrcH/ rawmfwq '%f&m f kd &r_ tmrcH/ tvkyfrS xkwfypfygu av#mfa=u; tmrcH/ rdom;pk tmrcHwkd tuH;0ifonf? tyd'f (10) rdom;pk umuG,apmifa&Smufay;r_ukd tpd;k &uwm0ef,l vkyaqmif k f h f ay;&rnf? tvkyvyol rdcifrsm;ESiuav;tm; apmifa&Smufa&; f k f hf h wdk ukd tpGr;f ukef umuG,unay;&rnf? uav;rsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&; f l D tjrwfxwrrS umuG,ay;&rnf? tvkyvycihf yonhf uav; k f _ f f k fG touft&G,ukd uefowfowfrwf ay;&rnf? f S tyd'f (11) vHavmufr#waom vlaer_tqiftwef; &&Sa&;twGuf tpd;k &u k k h d vkyaqmifay;&rnf? vHavmufr#waom vlaer_tqiftwef; &&Sd f k h a&;twGuf vdtyfcsursm;jzpfonfh wd;k wufaumif;rGeaom vlaer_ k f f tqiftwef;. vHavmufaom tpm;tpm/ t0wftpm;/ aexdif h k k p&m tdr,mpDrue;f wdk tm;vH;k tuH;0ifonf? f H d tyd'f (12) vlx. pdwyi;f qdi&mESihf kyyi;f qdi&m use;f rma&;udk tjrifrm;qH;k k k f kd k f f kd k f h ESihf tjzpfEiq;kH jznfqnf;ay;&ef tpd;k &wGif wm0ef&onf? xdtcGihf kd f h dS k
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ta&;rsm;wGif vHkcH+yD; usef;rma&;_axmifhESifh udkufnDaom ywf0ef;usi&&Sa&; tcsuvnf; tuH;0ifonf? f d f tyd'f (13) usm;r/ touft&G,/f ud,t*F gcsdK,Gif;tm;enf;ol/ a&Gajymif; k k f tvkyorm;rsm;. &ifaoG;rsm;/ vlrsKd ;pk/ bmoma&;vlenf;pkwkd rS f uav;i,frsm;tm;vH;k tygt0if vlwi;f ynmoif=um;cGi&&rnf? kd hf dS tedrq;kH rlvwef;ynmudk tcrJh jzpf&rnf? hf tyd'f (14) xdo@dk rvwef;ynm tcrJjh zpfap&eftwGuf pDrue;f rsm;udk csrwf k k l H d S taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u&rnf? G f tyd'f (15) ,Ofaus;r_b0xJwif vlwi;f yg0ifyiciomru acwfroyynm. k G kd kd f G hf DS d H` wd;k wufr_ tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;wGif yg0ifcpm;ydiciw@kd &onf? vlwOD; H k f G hf dS wa,muf. odyynm/ pmay/ tEkynm xl;c|ertay: pdwyi;f ESihf H` f _ f kd kyyi;f qdi&m tumtuG,ay;r_wkd udvnf; vkyaqmifay;&rnf? f kd k f f k f
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r+tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf aumfrwD + hf kf

(Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;onf _ hf kf kd f H 1985 ckESpftxd rdrdwdkEdkifiH. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&; aumifpDxHodk tpD&ifcHwifoGif;cJh=u&onf? 1985 ckESpfwGif pmcsKyftzGJ0if EdkifiHrsm;. vkyaqmifrrsm;tay: ydrI apmif=h unfEi&eftwGuf ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&; f _ k kd h kd f _ aumifponf vGwvyfaom u|r;f usiol (18) OD;yg0ifonfh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ D f f _ tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwDukd oD;oefzGJ pnf;cJonf? odk &mwGif topf hf kf h zGJpnf;vdkufaom pmcsKyfaumfrwDonf ukvor*~&Sd pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&; aumifpD. atmufwiom qufvuf&aecJonftwGuf tjcm;pmcsKyfaumfrwDuokd pmcsKyfEiom Gf dS h h hJ S hf oufqiaom/ oufqi&mpmcsKyfatmufwif zGJ pnf;xm;aom aumfrwDr[kwacs? kd f kd f G f aumfrwD0if (18) OD;udk (4) ESpv#iw}udrf a&G;aumufaomfvnf; aumfrwD0ifwOD;pD. f f oufwef;ukeq;kH cserm wa,mufEiwa,muf rwln=D uyg? (18) OD;teuf (15) OD;udk f d f S S hf tmz&du/ tm&S/ ta&SOa&my/ vufwiftar&duESifh taemufOa&mywdkrS tnDtr#
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a&G;cs,f+yD; usefoHk;OD;udk pmcsKyftzGJ0ifEdkifiHrsm;xJrS a'otvdkuf xyfrHa&G;cs,fonf? aumfrwDonf wESpv#if (3) ywfawGqHI tpnf;ta0;usi;f yonf? pmcsKyftzGJ 0if EdiiH f k kf rsm;onf pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiijH zpfvm+yD; (2) ESptwGi;f aumfrwDokd tpD&ifcpm wifoi;f &+yD; kd f f H G yHref (5) ESpf v#iw}udrf tpD&ifcwifoi;f &onf? TaumfrwDonf 1995 ckEpu yem;rm; kS f H G Sf Edii&dS tdr,mpDrue;f rsm;udk pHprf;azmfxw&eftwGuf pHprf;ppfaq;a&; tzGJ udk apv$wf kfH f H d k k f k cJonf? xduokd pHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ apv$w+f yD; ud,wiu,us oGm;a&muf pHprf;jcif; h k hJ k k f kd f kd f k rsKd ;udk tjcm;pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;u vkyaqmifjcif;r&Sao;acs? f d tpD&ifcpm wifoi;f rnfh EdiitwGuf ar;cGe;f rsm; jyifqif&ef ud,pm;vS,f (5) OD;ygaom H G kfH k f vkyfief;tzGJudk udwifzGJpnf;avh&Sdonf? tpD&ifcHwif&rnfhEdkifiH udk,fpm;vS,fonf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tpD&ifcpmudk wifoi;f &onf? tpD&ifcpmwGif pmcsKyfyg tcsuf H G H rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif rnfonfhta=umif;a=umifh tm;enf;ae&onfudk tpD&ifcavh&onf? trsm;tm;jzifh Edii. "e&if;jrpfwkd a=umif[I ta=umif;jywwfonf? H dS kfH h l tpD&ifcpmwGif yxrtydi;f taeESihf Edii.taxGaxGtajctae/ pmcsKyfygtcsursm;. H k kfH f taxGaxGtajctaersm;udwifjyI 'kw,tydi;f wGif pmcsKyygtyd'rsm;udk taumiftxnf k d k f kf azmfrta=umif; tpD&ifcpmudk tyd'tvduf tpD&ifc&onf? xdEiiu,pm;vS,tm; _ H k f k H k kd f H kd f f vkyief;tzGJ u jyifqifxm;aomudprsm;/ aumfrwDtzGJ 0ifrsm;u ar;jref;vdaom ar;cGe;f rsm; f P k udk ar;jref;+yD; tpD&ifcpmudk avhvm=uonf? aemufw&uf tpnf;ta0; jyefponftcg H h Ediiu,pm;vS,u ,refaeu ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ajz=um;&onf? xdk aemuf wcg;ydwtpnf; k f H kd f f f ta0;yvkyI wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aom aumfrwD0if wOD;uxdEiitwGuf qH;k jzwfcsuf f k kd f H rl=urf;udk a&;qGonf? xdk aemufxr=l urf;udk useaumfrwDtzGJ 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k u zwf&I J kd f _ oabmwlnDcsuf&,lonf? aemufqHk; vltrsm;wufa&mufaom tcrf;tem;wGif qHk;jzwfcsufudk a=unmonf? xdkaemuf aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpmwGif rSwfwrf;wifonf? xdq;kH jzwfcsursm;onf ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcHtxd oufa&mufr&onf? k f D _ dS tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm; (NGO) rsm;onf oufqi&mEdii. tpD&ifcpmudk avhvm f kd f k f H H &mwGif yg0ifcir&Saomfvnf;/ xdEii. vkyaqmifrtajctaersm;udk yHEyI aumfrwDokd G hf d k kd f H f _ k dS f wifoi;f Edionf? aumfrwD. wHcg;zGiaqG;aEG;yGrsm;wGif (NGO) rsm;taeESihf u|r;f usiol G kf hf J f rsm;tjzpf yg0ifEionf? vkyief;tzGJ xHokd E_wjf ziftpD&ifcEionf? odk &mwGif TaumfrwD kd f f h H kd f ESihf yl;aygi;f vkyaqmifaom NGOs rsm;rSm enf;yg;vSonf? xdk jyifvl wOD;wa,mufcsi;f u f aumfrwDxHodkrdrdwdk EdkifiHESifhtpdk;&wdk. vkyfaqmifaer_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI wifjywdkif
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=um;ydkifcGifhr&Sday? xdkodk@ wOD;csif;wdkif=um;Edkifr_udk cGifhyrnfh aemufqufwJGpmcsKyfwck ay:xGef;vmEdkifap&ef pwifv_H@aqmfvsuf&Sdonf? tcsdKEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh TpD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qi&mtcGita&; oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsursm;ukd vltcGita&; _ kd f hf f hf tjzpf todtrSwf yxm;jcif; r&Sao;acs? Oyrm- tar&duefEiiwif xdk tcGita&;rsm; d kd f H G hf ta=umif;udk orw uvifwef vufxufwirom pwifrwqufajymqd+k y;D aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef GfS d f aeqJ&Sdao;onf? xdktcsufonf ukvor*~wGif vltcGifhta&;qdkif&m t,ltqrsm; aqG;aEG;onftcgwi;f tueftowf jzpfae&ao;onftcsujf zpfonf? h kd h trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r_tm;vH;k zsuor;f a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf f d (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women CEDAW) trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk;zsufodrf;a&;oabmwlpmcsKyfudk trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGita&;rsm;udk umuG,apmifa&SmufaompmcsKyftjzpf urBmu tav; hf f h xm;vsu&onf? TpmcsKyfwif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifcjJG cm;xm;r_Eihf wef;wl f dS G h S nDr#&&rnfh tcsursm;udk t"dym,fziqxm;,Hr#ru xdokd cGjJ cm;xm;r_rsm; yaysmufatmif dS f ` G hf kd k k rnfokd taumiftxnfazmf=u&rnf qdonfukd zGiqkd xm;onf? k hf TpmcsKyfukd 1979 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (10) &ufaewGijf yXmef;cJ+h yD; 1981 ckEp/f pufwifbmv S S (3) &ufaewGif touf0ifconf? jrefrmEdiiH tygt0if Ediiaygi;f (168) Ediiu twnfy hJ kf kfH kfH vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;+yD; aemufxyf (3) EdkifiHu y%mr vufrSwfxdk;xm;onfhtwGuf pmcsKyftzGJ 0if Ediita&twGursm;jym;aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdiionf TpmcsKyfukd kfH f kfH 1997 ckEp/f Zlviv (22) &ufaewGif vufrwa&;xd;k cJonf? S kd f S f h pmcsKyf. tzGiwif ,ckvuf&tcsetxd trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: zdEycsKd ;ESrr_ trsm;tjym; hf G dS d f dS f d f wnf&SdaeqJjzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdkodkzdESdyfcsdK;ESdrfr_rsm;onf vlom;wdk. *k%oumESihf wef;wlnr#rtay: wefz;kd xm;r_tm; csKd ;azmufjcif;jzpfonf[k TpmcsKyfu f d Q D _ qdygonf? pmcsKyfwit"dutm;jzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;. Ediiom;tcGita&;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm; k Gf kfH hf twGuf w&m;Oya't& owfrway;xm;onfh tqiftwef;pHrsm;tjyif trsKd ;orD;rsm; S f h rsKd ;qufjyefyGm;a&; tcGita&;ESihf tcsKd aom,Ofaus;r_ vufccsursm;u vdit&cGjJ cm;r_ukd hf H f f jzpfaponftcsursm; ponfwkd udyg xnfoi;f a&;om;xm;onftwGuf xl;jcm;vSonf? h f k h G h
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pmcsKyf. tyd'f (1) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; zdEycsKd ;ESrr[q&mY Ediia&;/ vlra&;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ k dS f d f _ k kd kfH _ Ediiom; tcGita&;ESihf tjcm;aomursKd ;pHwkd wGif trsKd ;orD; kfH hf k rsm;tm; vdift& uGJjym;r_tay: tajccHI cGJjcm;jcif;/ oD;oef jzpfapjcif;/ uefowfjcif; ponfwkd udk qdvonf[k t"dym,fziqkd k kd ` G hf xm;ygonf? tyd'f (2) wGif pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;taeESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh k kd f H zdESdyfcsdK;ESdrfr_rsm;tay: jypfwifa0zef_wfcs&ef qdkxm;+yD; xdkodk zdEycsKd ;ESrrwkd &yfqi;f oGm;atmif vdtyfovdk ta&;,laqmif&u&ef dS f d f _ kd k G f a&;om;xm;onf? tyd'f (3) wGif xdokd ta&;,laqmif&u&mwGif Oya'rsm; jyXmef;jcif;/ trsKd ; k k G f orD;rsm; wd;k wufjrifrm;a&;twGuf vkyaqmifay;jcif;/ trsKd ;om; h f rsm;ESiwef;wl tajccHvwvyfciEihf vltcGita&;rsm; cHpm;ydicihf hf G f G hf S hf kfG &&Sa&;twGuf vkyaqmifjcif; ponfwkd yg0ifa=umif; zGiqxm;onf? d f hf kd tyd'f (5) wGif vdiujJG ym;r_ tay:r_wnfI ywf0ef;usiu yHaoowfrwvuaom k f f k S f kd f wzufowf t,ltqrsm;/ trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;wdkt=um; tvkyftudkifcGJjcm;r_rsm;/ trsdK;orD;wdkonf trsdK;om;wdkxuf edrusonf[aom t,ltqrsm;tay: pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;u hf l kd f H udiw,vyaqmif&efqxm;onf? kf G f k f kd tyd'f (6) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;ESihf jynfwefqmtjzpf k h toH;k cs tjrwfxwrwkd yaysmufa&;twGuf vdtyfovdk vkyuif k f _ k f kd aqmif&u&efqxm;onf? G f kd tyd'f (7) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;rJay;ydici/hf Ediia&;v_y&m;r_wkd wGif yg0ifyiciwkd udk k kfG kfH f S kd f G hf zGiqxm;onf? 1952 ckEpf trsKd ;orD;rsm; Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m hf kd S kfH hf kf oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsursm;udk Tpmyd'wif xnfoi;f xm;jcif; f k f G h G jzpfonf? tyd'f (8) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;taeESihf trsKd ;om;rsm;ESiwef;wl tpd;k &tzGJ &mxl;rsm;/ k hf EdkifiHwumtqifhtwef;rsm;wGif yg0ifvmap&eftwGuf pmcsKyf tzGJ 0if Ediirsm;u ta&;,l aqmif&u&ef !$e;f qdxm;onf? kfH G f k
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tyd'f (9) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;ESiwef;wl Ediiom;jzpfyici/hf k hf kfH kd f G ajymif;vJyici/hf av#mufxm;ydici&onf[k qdxm;onf? 1957 ckEpf kd f G k f G hf dS k S vufxyf+yD;aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;. Ediiom;jzpfrqi&m oabmwl kfH _ kd f pmcsKyfyg tcsursm;udk Ttyd'u xyfr!e;f qdxm;jcif; jzpfonf? f k f H $ k tyd'f (10) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; ynma&;wGif cGjJ cm;r_r&Sap&ef &nf&,xm;onf? k d G f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; trsKd ;om;rsm;ESiwef;wl nDr#aomjyXmef;csuf hf pmtkyoif=um;csursm;/ nDr#aom ausmif;0ifciowf rSwcsursm; f f G hf f f xm;&Sdap&eftjyif trsdK;orD;rsm; ausmif;rS E_wfxGufaomE_ef; avsmyg;apa&;twGuf vkyaqmif&ef qdxm;onf? xdr#ru rdom;pk h f k k usef;rma&;/ zlvHka&;wdktjyif rdom;pk &ifaoG;,la&;pDrHudef;wdk twGuf vdtyfaom owif;rsm;/ todynmrsm;udk ynmay;jzefjzL; k vkyaqmif&ef qdxm;onf? f k tyd'f (11) (12) (13)ESihf (14) wdk wGif ynma&;/ tvkytudi&&Sa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf k f kf d vlra&; vkyief;rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: cGjJ cm;zdEyrrsm;r&S&ef _ f dS f _ d pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;u ta&;,lvyaqmif&ef zGiqxm;onf? kd f H k f hf kd tydk'f (15) wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;taeESifh trsdK;om;rsm;enf;wl w&m;Oya' a&SarSmufwif wef;wlnr#r&ap&ef zGiqxm;onf? G D _ dS hf kd tyd'f (16) wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm; xdr;f jrm;vufxyfjcif;/ vufxyfxr;f jrm;jcif;qdi&m k d kf Oya'rsm;ESihf &ifaoG;,l cGiwkd udk zGiqxm;onf? tdraxmifzufukd hf hf kd f vGwvyfpma&G;cs,ci/hf tdraxmifptwGi;f nDr#aomtcGita&;ESihf f G fG f k hf wm0ef&&Sci/hf &ifaoG;t&nftwGuEihf &ifaoG;wOD;ESitOD;t=um; dG f S hf umvuGmjcm;r_wdkudk cifyGef;ESifhwef;wlvGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,f wm0ef,lqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh/ rdom;pktrnfESifh tvkyftudkifwdkudk wef;wla&G;cs,fydkifcGifhrsm; azmfjyxm;onf? vltcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfaygi;f rsm;pGmteuf xduokd rdom;pkprue;f ESihf ywfoufaom k hJ DH d tcsursm;udk TpmcsKyfwckxnf;wGiom azmfjyxm;onfukd awG& f f onf? tyd'f (17) rS tyd'f (30) txdrm trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r_ k k S tm;vH;k zsuor;f a&;pmcsKyf aumfrwD. vkyyicirsm;/ vkyaqmifr_ f d f kd f G hf f rsm;udk jyXmef;xm;onf?
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trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;qdi&m TpmcsKyf. tyd'aygi;f (21) yd'yg0ifo!hf aemufqufwGJ hf kf k f k f pmcsKyfukd 1999 ckEpf atmufwbmv (6) &ufwif jyXmef;Ediconf? xdaemufqufwGJ S kd G k f hJ k pmcsKyft& pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEii. w&m;pD&ifx;kH atmufwi&aom vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f dk f H G f dS od@k r[kwf vlwpkcsi;f onf TpmcsKyfygtcGita&;rsm; csKd ;azmufc&ygu pmcsKyfaumfrwDo@kd hf H wduuwi=f um;Edici&vmonf? TpmcsKyfonf 2000 ckEpf 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wif k f kd f kd k f G hf dS S G touf0ifvmcJ+h yD; 2002 ckEprwfvtxd twnfyvufrwa&;xd;k xm;aom Ediiaygi;f S f S f kfH (36) EdiiEihf y%mrvufrwa&;xd;k xm;aom EdiiH (74) EdiiH &Sc+hJ yDjzpfonf? kfH S S f kf kf d
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r+tm;vH;zsuor;a&; pmcsKyfaumfrwD k f df

(Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women CEDAW)
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r_tm;vH;k zsuor;f a&;pmcsKyfygtcsursm;udk f d f pmcsKyftzGJ 0if Ediirsm;u av;pm;vduemaqmif&ur_ &Sr&Stay: apmif=h unf&ef trsKd ;orD; kfH k f G f d d h rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGJ jcm;xm;r_tm;vH;k zsuor;f a&; pmcsKyaumfrwDukd zGJ pnf;xm;onf? f d f aumfrwDwif tzGJ 0if (23) OD;yg0if+yD; pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;u wifoi;f aom trnfpm&if; G kd f H G rsm;uwqifh v#dK0SufrJay;pepfjzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf? pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm; &nf&G,f csufrsm;udk atmifjrifatmif ud;pm;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh olrsm;jzpf&rnf[laom pHjzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf pmcsKyftzGJ EdkifiHrsm;u tqdkyolrsm;jzpf aomfvnf; oufqi&mEdiirsm;udk ud,pm;yolrsm;r[kwbJ oD;jcm;vGwvyf u|r;f usiol kd f k f H k f f f f rsm;omjzpfonf? oufwrf;rSm(4) ESpjf zpfonf? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;udk tar&duefEii/H kd f e,l;a,mufrdwGif ESppOf Zefe0g&vukerpwifI (3) ywf=umusi;f yavh&onf? f D f S dS pmcsKyfwitwnfy vufrwa&;xd;k vduaom Ediionf vufrwa&;xd;k +yD; wESpt=um Gf S f k f kfH S f f wGif tpD&ifcpm wifoi;f &onf? yHretpD&ifcpmudk (4) ESpv#iw}udrf wifoi;f &onf? H G k S f H f f G aumfrwDonf tzGJ 0ifEiirsm;. tpD&ifcpmrsm;ESihf tjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;. kd f H H f ,SOfydiftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcHonf? xdkaumfrwDonf oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif jyXmef; xm;aom tcsursm;tay: tzGJ 0ifEiirsm;u rnfonftwdi;f twmtxd usio;kH ae f kd f H h k hf onfukd yHreapmif=h unfonf? oabmwlpmcsKyfyg &nf&,csuyef;wdirsm;odk wufvr;f k S f h G f f kf S Edia&;twGuf oufqi&mtpd;k &. ay:vpDcsrw&mwGif aphpyfaocsmap&ef tajccHvtyf kf kd f S f kd
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csufrsm;udk axmufulay;onf? trsdK;orD;rsm; wdk;wufzGHzd;a&;udk azmfaqmifaprnfh tpdk;&ay:vpDrsm;wGif trsm;jynfolrsm;u yg0ifEdkifrnfhenf;udk axmufulay;onf? oabmwlpmcsKyygtcsursm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif pmcsKytzGJ 0ifEiirsm;taeESihf f f f kd f H uHawG&rnfhjy\em tcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&SSif;Edkifa&;twGuf tultnDay;jcif;/ xdjk y\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f Edirnfh ay:vpDrsm; csrwjf cif;wdk udk ulnaqmif&uonf? xdk jyif S kf S D G f pmcsKyftzGJ 0ifEiirsm;t=um; owif;zvS,rukd axmufuay;onf? kd f H f _ l aumfrwDonf tpD&ifcpmwifoi;f &rnfEiixH rdrwkd odvaomudprsm;/ ar;cGe;f rsm;udk H G h kd f H d kd P tpD&ifcpm rwifoi;f rD udwiftoday;+yD; tpD&ifcpmxJwiajz=um;&ef yef=um;Edionf? H G H Gf kf tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&onfh EdkifiH. udk,fpm;vS,fonf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif E_wfjzifhtpD&ifcHavh&Sdonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;u xdkEdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,fwifoGif;aom tpD&ifcpmESihf tjcm;aomtpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;u ay;ydk aomowif;rsm;udtajccHI H f k xdEiitay: t}uHay;csursm; xkwjf yef&onf? aemufw}udrf tpD&ifc&mwGif odvaom k kd f H f H kd tcsursm;tm; oufqi&mEdiiokd today;&onf? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0; +yD;qH;k ygu f kd f k f H xdt}uHay;csursm;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcHokd wifjyonf? k f D tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;onf aumfrwDxokd oufqi&mEdiionf pmcsKyfygtcsursm; f H kd f k f H f tay: csdK;azmufaeonfudk w&m;0ifwifjytpD&ifcHEdkifjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; xdkEdkifiH&Sd trsKd ;orD;rsm; tajctaersm; ta=umif;udk ,SOf yitpD&ifcpmrsm;a&;om;I wifjyEdionf? df H kf tpd;k &rsm;u wifoi;f aomtpD&ifcpmrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh tjzpfrersm;udk xdrcsexm; G H Sf f f wwfavh&ojzifh xdEiita=umif;udk wdwususo&dS u|r;f usiaom tzGJ rsm;. tpD&ifcH dS k dk f H d d f pmrsm;/ owif;tcsutvufrsm;onf aumfrwDtwGuf toH;k 0ifonf? xdokd aom ,SOf yif f k d tpD&ifcpmrsm;ESihf owif;rsm;udk oufqi&mEdiiH ud,pm;vS,u aumfrwDtpnf;ta0; H kd f k f k f f wGif tpD&ifcpm rwifoi;f rD uwifI ay;ydk Ediygu ydrtusKd ;&Sonf? tb,fa=umifqaomf H G d kf k kd d h kd xdtpD&ifcpmrsm;/ owif;tcsutvufrsm;tay: ud;k um;I aumfrwDonf oufqi&m k H f kd f tpd;k &udk ar;cGe;f rsm;udwifay;ydk I ajz=um;apEdiaoma=umifjh zpfonf? ,SOf yditpD&ifcpm kf f H rsm;onf wdusr/_ wdawmif;r_&&ef vdtyfonf? k dS k
52
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cJjG cm;xm;r+ tm;vH; yaysmufa&;qdi&m k kf oabmwlpmcsKyf ay:aygufvmyHtqifqifh k h
1972 ck - ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u trsKd ;orD;tqiftwef;qdi&m h kf aumfr&Sitm; trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGita&;ESiywfoufaom pmcsKyf f hf hf topf E S i f h ywf o uf I tpd k ; &rsm;. qEN r sm;/ pmcsKyf wG i f yg0ifapvdkonfh tcsufrsm; rnfuJhodk@&Sdonfudk avhvmpHkprf;&ef wm0efay;cJonf? h 1973 ck - pmcsKyftopfESifhywfoufaom tpdk;&rsm;. oabmobm0rsm; onftyoabmaqmifonftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;aumifpD h _ (ECOSOC) onf trsdK;orD;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aumfr&Sif. wifjycsufudk vufcHcJh+yD; trsdK;orD;pmcsKyfopfudk rl=urf;a&;qJG&ef tzJ@G 0if (15) OD;ygonfh tvkytzJ@G ukd zJ@G pnf;wm0efay;cJonf? f h 1974 ck - xdkpmcsKyf. rl=urf;udkwifjy&ef trsdK;orD; tqifh twef;qdkif&m aumfr&Siu qH;k jzwfconf? f hJ 1975 ck - EdiiwumtrsKd ;orD;ESpf nDvmcH}uD;u xdoabmwlpmcsKyfr=l urf; kfH k tm; xda&mufpm taumiftxnfazmf&ef awmif;qdconf? G k hJ 1976 ck - xdkoabmwlpmcsKyf.rl=urf;udk trsdK;orD;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aumfr&Sifu pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlr_a&;aumifpDESifh taxGaxGnDvmcH. wwd,aumfrwDw@kd wif wifjyaqG;aEG;cJonf? G h 1977 ck - ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcHu xdr=l urf;udk qufvufjyifqif&ef D k tvkytzJ@G ukd qufvufwm0efay;cJonf? f h 1978 ck - uk v or*~ t axG a xG n D v mcH u xd k r l = urf ; ud k t +yD ; oyf & ef tvkytzJ@G uwuwe;f cJonf? f kd kd f G h 1979 ck - ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu pmcsKyfudktwnfyjyXmef;cJh+yD; vufrwx;kd &ef Ediirsm;udzw=f um;cJonf? S f kfH k d h 1981 ck - owfrwxm;aom EdiiH (20) utwnfyvufrwa&;xd;k cJojzifh S f kf S f h pmcsKyftouf0ifvmcJonf? h 1982 ck - trsKd ;orD;pmcsKyf. ,E ,m;pwifvnfywfconf? W hJ
53
uav;oli,frsm; tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf hf kf

(Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC)
uav;oli,fqi&m tcGita&; pmcsKyfEihf ywfoufaom t,ltqonf 1979 ckEpf kd f hf S S urBmh uav;rsm;ESpfudk usif;y&ef pDpOfaqmif&Guf&mrS pwifay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? rlvtpwGif t&Seaumif;aumif;jzifh ay:ayguvmjcif;r[kwcacs? uav;rsm;ESpf txdr;f d f f f hJ trSwf oabmavmufom jyifqif&ef&nf&,c+hJ yD; xdo@kd jyifqifa&;om;&eftwGuf t"du G f k wm0efukd ydvefEiiu 1978 ckEpwif OD;aqmifwm0ef,conf? pmcsKyfr=l urf; 'kw,ydi;f udk k kd f H Sf G l hJ d k jyifqifa&;qJaecsetxd pmcsKyftay: Ediirsm;pGmuvnf; tav;ay; pdw0ifpm;r_r&Sc? G d f kfH f d hJ EdiiwumEdiiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&moabmwlpmcsKyf (ICCPR). tyd'f 24 kfH kfH kfH hf kf k wGif uav;oli,frsm;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;udk oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;+yD; jzpfaoma=umifh aemufxyf uav;oli,fqdkif&m pmcsKyfwck xyfrHrvdktyfawmh [laomt,ltqrsdK; Ediiawmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &Sconf? xd@k jyif taemufEiirsm;u ta&S@Oa&myEdiirsm;u kfH d hJ kd f H kfH a&;qJGaom pmcsKyfrl=urf;onf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;rsm;tay: tom;ay;onf[I pdw0ifpm;jcif; r&Sc=hJ uacs? l f d rl=urf;a&;qJronf 1979 rS 1989 ckEptxd =umjrifconf? od@k aomf 1988 ckEpf ukvor*~ G_ Sf h hJ S vl@tcGita&; aumfr&Siu cef@tyfvuaom tvkytzJ@G u pmcsKyfukd t+yD;owf avhvm hf f kd f f a&;qJonfh tcserpI tpd;k &rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaomtzJ@G rsm;pGmwd@k onf xdpmcsKyfr=l urf; G dfS f k a&;qJ&mwGif pdw0ifpm;vm+yD; tifwutm;wduf yg0ifvmcJ=h uonf? rlva&;qJxm;aom G f kd f k G rl=urf;udk tajccHI tpd;k &rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaom tzJ@G rsm;u xyfrjH znfpuf rGr;f rHrrsm; f h G _ vkyaqmifconf? urBmuse;f rma&;tzJ@G (WHO)/ tjynfjynfqi&m tvkyorm;tzJ@G csKyf f hJ h kd f f (ILO)ponftzJ@G rsm;. wifjycsursm;udvnf; vufco;kH oyfc=hJ uonf? aemufq;kH 1989 h f k H ckEpf Ed0ifbmv 20 &ufae@wif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcHuaeI uav;tcGita&; S k G D hf qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1990 ckEpwif owfrwxm;onhf Ediita&twGuf kf Sf G S f kfH (20) jynfom;ojzifh pmcsKyftouf0ifvmcJonf? jrefrmEdiionf TpmcsKyfukd 1991 ckEpf h G h kfH S Zlvif (15) &ufaewGif twnfyvufrwa&;xd;k cJonf? kd S f h ukvor*~. vl@tcGita&;qdi&m pmcsKyfrsm;xJwif uav;oli,frsm;qdi&m pmcsKyfonf hf kf G kf tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;xuf xl;jcm;r_&onf? xl;jcm;onfyxrtcsurm tjcm;vl@tcGita&; dS h f S hf pmcsKyrsm;xuf ydrjkd ynfpus,jf yef@aom tcGita&;rsm; Tuav;oli,fqi&m tcGita&; f k h kH hf kd f hf
54
pmcsKyfwGif yg0ifaeonf? xdkpmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;. vkyfaqmifr_udk tpD&ifcHapI apmif=h uyfaom vkyief;pOfwif tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm; xufyraumif;rGeaom vkyief;pOfukd f G kd kd f f a&;qGJEdkifcJhonf? xdk@jyif xdkpmcsKyfudk jyifqifa&;qJGcsdefwGif tpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJG@rsm;. vufwJGyl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_onf tjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;udk a&;qJGpOfESifhrwl txl;aumif;rGeonfukd awG@&onf? xd@k jyif ukvor*~. vl@tcGita&;pmcsKyfrsm;wGif f hf Tuav;oli,f tcGita&;qdi&mpmcsKyfukd Ediiwumu txl;av;pm;axmufccojzifh hf kf kfH H hJ pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHaygif; (191) EdkifiHu twnfyvufrSwfxdk;xm;onhf pmcsKyftzJG@0if trsm;qH;k pmcsKyf jzpfaeqJjzpfonf? 2002 ckEpf rwfvtxd vufrwf rxd;k ao;aom Ediirsm; S S kfH rSm tar&duefEiiEihf qdrm;vD;,m;Ediiwkd om usecawmhonf? kd f H S k kfH f hJ pmcsKyfwif tyd'aygi;f (54) yd'yg0if+yD; Ediiom;tcGita&;/ Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ G k f k f kfH hf kfH _ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;aom ta&;udpPrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifonf? pmcsKyfwif t"dutm;jzifh uav;oli,frsm;onfvnf; t&G,a&muf+yD;aom olrsm;uJokd G f h nDr#aom wefz;kd &Sonf? uav;oli,fwi;f tcGita&;&Sonf? uav;oli,frsm;. tawG; d kd hf d tjrifrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;&rnf? uav;oli,frsm;. tusdK;twGuf vkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ umuG,rrsm; vky&rnf[aom oabmrsm; xnfoi;f jyXmef;xm;onf? uav;rsm;. f _ f l h G ud,a&;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESiywfoufonfh tyd'f (8)/ ypkapmifa&Smufci/hf arG;pm;cGiw@kd Eihf k f hf k h S G hf S ywfoufaom tydk'f (20) (21)/ vufeufudkifwdkufyJGrsm;twGif;wGif ESdyfpufcH&aom f kd f kd uav;rsm;tm; pdwyi;f ESihf kyyi;f jyefvnfemvefxvmap&ef vkyaqmifay;a&;ESihf oufqif f kd onfh tydk'f (39) wdk@onf rnfho!hfvl@tcGifhta&;pmcsKyfrsm;wGifrS v$rf;cHyg0ifcJhjcif; r&Sao;aom ta=umif;t&m tcsutopfrsm; jzpfonf? d f xdkuav;pmcsKyfwGifyg0ifaom uav;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk (1) touf&S if&yfwnfcGifh tcGita&;rsm; (Survival rights) (2) zH@G z;d wd;k wufrqi&m tcGita&;rsm; (Development hf _ kd f hf rights) (3) umuG,rqi&m tcGita&;rsm; (Protection rights) ESihf (4) yg0ifaqmif&ur_ f _ kd f hf G f qdi&m tcGita&;rsm; (Participation rights) [lI t=urf;tm;jzifh trsKd ;tpm;av;rsKd ; kf hf cJjG cm;Edionf? kf touf&i&yfwnfcihf tcGita&;qdonfrm uav;rsm;. touf&iciEihf touf&iEi&ef Sf G hf k S S f G fh S S f kd f vdtyfaom tajccHtcsursm;udk qdvjkd cif;jzpfonf? vHavmufaom aexdirtqiftwef;/ k f k k kf_ h tdr,m/ t[m&ESihf aq;0g;ukor_qi&mrsm;&,lciponfw@kd jzpfonf? f kd f G hf
55
zH@G zd;wd;k wufrqi&m tcGita&;rsm;qdonfrm olw@kd .pGr;f &nf&or# zGH zd;wd;k wufapaom _ kd f hf k S dS t&mrsm;udk qdvonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ynmoif=um;cGi/hf tm;upm;ESihf tyrf;ajztem;,lci/hf k kd G ,Ofaus;r_v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ owif;rsm;&,lydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmawG;awmcGifhESifh udk;uG,f ,H=k unfcihf wd@k jzpfonf? G umuG,fr_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm rw&m;yrljcif;/ vpfvl_jcif;ESifh tjrwfxkwf apmfum;jcif;wd@k rS umuG,ay;&ef vdtyfaom tcsursm;jzpfonf? xdt&mrsm;rSm 'kuonf f k f k Q uav;rsm;tm; umuG,fay;jcif;/ ESdyfpufr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;jcif;/ &mZ0wfr_Oya'rsm; atmuf&dS uav;rsm;udk umuG,ay;jcif;/ vufeufuippfyrsm;twGi;f rS uav;rsm;udk f kd f GJ umuG,fapmifha&SSmufjcif;/ uav;tvkyform; apcdkif;r_rSwm;qD;jcif;/ uav;rsm;tm; vdiyi;f qdi&m apmfum;r_ukd wm;qD;apmifa&Smufay;jcif; ponfw@kd jzpfonf? f kd k f h S yg0ifaqmif&urqi&m tcGita&;rsm;qdonfrm if;wd@k .rdom;pk/ ,Ofaus;r_Eihf vlrb0 G f _ kd f hf k S S _ rsm;xHwif yg0ifci&jdS cif;/ if;wd@k Eiywfoufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk wdiyifaqG;aEG; G G fh S hf kf &mwGif today;jcif;/ if;wdk@. ,lqcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;wdk@udk qdkvdkonf? vGwvyfpm wifjyajymqdci/hf tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;zJ@G pnf;cGi/hf jidr;f csr;f pGmpka0;cGiw@kd ukd qdvonf? f G kG hf k kd uav;rsm; zH@G zd;vmr_EivuavsmnDpm if;wd@k .ywf0ef;usif vl@abmifvyief;rsm;twGi;f S hf kd f G kf wdk;wufyg0ifcGifhay;rSom t&G,fa&mufvmcsdefwGif wm0efodaom vlom;wa,muf jzpfvmapayrnf? uav;tcGita&;pmcsKyfwif atmufygtcsursm; yg0ifonf? hf G f tyd'f (1) k tyd'f (2) k tyd'f (3) k tyd'f (4) k tyd'f (5) k tyd'f (6) k touf owfrwcsuf (18) ESp/f S f rnfonfuav;udrS cJjG cm;jcif;r&S&/ h k d EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u uav;rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaomudpPrsm;wGif uav;rsm;twGuf taumif;qH;k tusKd ;udk av;pm;vkyaqmifay;&ef f uav;rsm;tcGita&;udk umuG,&eftwGuf Ediiawmftpd;k &u hf f kfH bufaygi;f pHrS tpGr;f ukef umuG,vyaqmif&ef/ k f k f uav;tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh avsmfnDaom rdbrsm;. wm0ef,l/ xdr;f odr;f vrf;!Geciukd tpd;k &uav;pm;&ef/ f G hf uav;rsm;. touf&i&yfwnfci/hf zG@H zd;wd;k wufci/hf Sf G G
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tcef; (9)
tyd'f (7) k tyd'f (8) k tyd'f (9) k tyd'f (10) k tyd'f (11) k tyd'f (12) k
tyd'f (13) k tyd'f (14) k tyd'f (15) k tyd'f (16) k tyd'f (17) k tyd'f (18) k
tyd'f (19) k tyd'f (20) k tyd'f (21) k tyd'f (22) k tyd'f (23) k
trnfrnyiciEihf arG;pm&if;rSwywifci/hf S hf kd f G hf S f kH G uav;rsm;. rdbrsKd ;d;k aemufa=umif;tygt0if ud,a&;tcsuf k f tvufrsm;od&ciukd tpd;k &uav;pm;&ef/ dS G hf twwfEdkifqHk; rdbESifhrcJGcGm&ef odk@aomf uav;rsm;twGuf taumif;qH;k tusKd ;jzpfygu rdbrsm;ESihf cJcmxm;Edijf cif;/ GG k rdom;pkcsi;f jyefvnfqawG@Ei&eftwGuf EdiitwGi;f vma&mufci/hf kH kd f kfH G xGucmcGihf y&ef/ fG uav;rsm;tm; EdiijH cm;od@k jyefvrf;r&Sac:aqmifjcif;rS umuG,f kf d ay;&ef/ uav;rsm;. tawG;tjrif t,ltqrsm;udk wifjycGi/hf uav;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrw&mwGif xdt,ltqrsm;udk f S f k xnfoi;f pOf;pm;jcif;rsm; vkyaqmif&ef/ h G f uav;rsm;. vGwvyfpmajymqdci/hf owif;rsm;&,lci/hf f G kG G uav;rsm;. vGwvyfpmawG;ac:cGi/hf ,H=k unfu;kd uG,ci/hf f G fG uav;rsm;. vGwvyfpmtzJ@G tpnf;zJ@G pnf;cGi/hf pka0;cGi/hf f G yk*vuvGwvyfciukd rw&m;pGuzufrruif;a0;a&;/ ~ d f G hf f _ S uav;rsm;. vlra&;/ ,Ofaus;r_Eihf pm&dwz@GH zd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf _ S W vlxoifwef;vkyief;rsm;u vkyaqmifay;&ef/ k f f uav;rsm;. zHG@zd;wkd;wufr_twGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdaom rdb tkyxr;f olrsm;udk Ediiawmfu vdtyfaom tultnD axmufur_ f d kfH k l rsm; ay;&ef/ uav;rsm;tm; kyyi;f pdwyi;f ESypufrrS umuG,&ef Ediiawmfu f kd f kd d f _ f kfH vdtyfaom ta&;,laqmif&urrsm; vkyaqmifay;&ef/ k G f _ f rdom;pkEihf a0;uGmaom uav;rsm;udk Ediiawmfu ulnumuG,f S kfH D r_rsm; vkyaqmifay;&ef/ f uav;rsm;. taumif;qH;k aumif;usKd ;twGujf zpfygu arG;pm;jcif;udk Ediiawmftpd;k &u cGihf y&ef/ kfH 'k u Q o nf u av;rsm;tm; vd k t yf a om ul n D u muG , f r _ r sm; Ediiawmfu vkyaqmifay;&ef/ kfH f kyyi;f pdwyi;f ulnr_ txl;vdtyfaom uav;rsm;udk tjcm;uav; f dk f kd D k rsm;ESihf wef;wlz@HG zd;apa&;twGuf Ediiawmfu vkyaqmifay;&ef/ kfH f
57
tyd'f (24) uav;rsm;twGuf tjrifrm;qH;k use;f rma&;apmifa&Smufr_ &&Sapa&; k h h S d udk Ediiawmfu vkyaqmifay;&ef/ kfH f tyd'f (25) apmifha&SSmufa&;Xmersm;atmuf&Sd uav;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef k qef;ppfci&&ef/ G hf dS tyd'f (26) uav;rsm; vlrzva&; tusKd ;rsm; cHpm;cGi&&ef/ k _ l kH hf dS tyd'f (27) vHavmufaom vlaer_b0tqiftwef; &&Sapa&;/ k k h d tyd'f (28) rlvwef;ynm roifraetygt0if wef;wlynmoif=um;cGi/hf k tyd'f (29) uav;rsm;. ud,&nfu,aoG;ESihf Avig;wef wd;k wufapaom k k f kd f ynma&;jzpfa&;/ tyd'f (30) wdkif;&if;om;ESifh rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;pk0if uav;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/ k bmompum;udk umuG,ay;&ef/ f tyd'f (31) uav;rsm;. tyef;ajztem;,lci/hf k G tyd'f (32) rw&m;pD;yGm;a&; tjrwfxwr/_ apcdi;f r_w@kd rS umuG,ay;a&;/ k k f k f tyd'f (33) uav;rsm;tm; rl ; ,pf a q;0g; vk y f i ef ; rsm;wG i f yg0if a pr_ r S k umuG,ay;a&;/ f tyd'f (34) uav;rsm;tm; vd i f y d k i f ; qd k i f & m apmf u m;tjrwf x k w f r _ r S k umuG,ay;a&;/ f tyd'f (35) uav;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;rS umuG,f k ay;a&;/ tyd'f (36) uav;rsm;. b0ukd xdcdkufaprnhf t*wd/ tpJGrsm;rS umuG,f k ay;a&;/ tyd'f (37) uav;rsm;tm; rw&m;tjypfay;ESypufjcif;/ ao'%fay;jcif;wd@k rS k d f umuG,ay;a&;/ f tyd'f (38) touf (15)ESpatmuf uav;rsm;tm; ppfrxrf;apjcif;rS umuG,f k f _ ay;a&;/ tyd'f (39) apmfum;ypfy,fcH uav;rsm;tm; jyefvnfemvefxvmap&ef/ k vlr_todkif;t0dkif; twGif;jyefvnfae&m wusjzpf&efvkyfaqmif ay;a&;/ tyd'f (40) &mZ0wfr_ESihf ywfoufaeaom uav;rsm;udk uav;Oya'rsm; k jzifom udiw,ajz&Si;f &ef/ h kf G f S
58
uav;tcG i f h t a&;pmcsKyf w G i f vuf e uf u d k i f p pf y J G r sm;twG i f ; uav;rsm;yg0if r _ E S i f h ywfoufaom aemufqufwpmcsKyfEihf uav;rsm;tm;a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfwefqmESihf GJ S h uav;npfnrf; pmayrsm;ta=umif;wd@k Eihf ywfoufaom aemufqufwpmcsKyfw@kd &onf? S GJ dS aemufqufwJGpmcsKyf ESpfckpvHk;tm; 2000 ckESpf arv (25) &ufae@wGif jyXmef;cJh+yD; vufeufuippfyrsm;twGi;f uav;rsm;yg0ifrEihf ywfoufaom aemufqufwpmcsKyfonf kd f GJ _S GJ 2002 ckEpf azazmf0g&v (12) &ufae@wif touf0ifvmonf? 2002 ck rwfvtxd pmcsKyf S D G tzJ@G 0ifEiiH (22) Edii&vm+yD; y%mrvufrwx;kd onfEiiaygi;f (101) Edii&onf? xdk kd f k f H dS S f h kd f H k f H dS aemufqufwpmcsKyft& pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;onf touf (18) ESpf rjynfao;aom GJ kd f H h uav;i,ffrsm;tm; ppfyJGrsm;twGif; toHk;yjcif;udk wm;qD;ydwfyif&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? vufeufuif wduytwGi;f yg0ifaeaom tzGJ rsm;tm;vH;k u touf (18) ESpatmuf kd k f JG f uav;rsm;tm; twif;t=uyfjzpfap/ t=uyfuiIjzpfap/ rdrqENtavsmuf yg0ifjcif;jzpfap kd f d uav;ppfom;rsm; toH;k csjcif;udk wm;jrpf&ef tpd;k &wGif wm0ef&onf? dS uav;rsm;tm; a&mif;csjcif;/ uav;jynfwefqmESihf uav;npfnrf; pmayrsm;ta=umif; h wd@k Eihf ywfoufaom aemufqufwpmcsKyfonf 2002 ckEpf Zefe0g&v (18) &ufae@wif S GJ S D G touf0ifvm+yD; pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if (22) EdiiEihf y%mrvufrwx;kd onfh Ediiaygi;f (96) kfH S S f kfH EdkifiH&Sdonf? xdkpmcsKyft& pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm; a&mif;csjcif;/ jynfhwefqmtjzpf apcdkif;jcif;/ npfnrf;pmayrsm;wGif toHk;yjcif;wdk@udk usL;vGefaom olrsm;udk uav;tcGita&;tm; tjyif;txefusL;vGeorsm;tjzpf &mZ0wf'%fay;&ef/ hf f l xdo@kd Ediiaygi;f rsm;pGm yg0ifywfoufaeaom vkyief;}uD;tm; 0di;f 0ef;umuG,f wm;qD; k kfH f k k f f Edi&eftwGuf vlxt=um; todynmay;vkyief; vkyaqmifjcif;/ owif;jzef@csjD cif;wd@k ukd kf vkyaqmif&ef pmcsKyfEiirsm;wGif wm0ef&onf? f kd f H dS
uav;tcGita&;qdi&moabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD hf kf
(Committee on the Rights of the Child)
uav;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf aumfrwDudk pmcsKyftzGJ0if EdkifiHrsm;. vkyaqmifrrsm;udk apmif=h unf&efzJG pnf;xm;onf? vGwvyf+yD; u|r;f usiol (10) OD;jzifh f _ h f f zGJpnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyftzGJ0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf pmcsKyfwGif twnfyvufrSwfxdk;+yD; (2) ESpfwGif aumfrwDodk tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&+yD; yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmudk (5) ESpfv#ifw}udrf wifoi;f &onf? TaumfrwDonf vltcGita&; aumfrwDrsm;xJwif tpd;k &r[kwaom G hf G f
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tzGJrsm;. tcef;uudk ae&mtay;qHk;/ xdktzGJrsm;. yg0ifv_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufEdkifr_ tcef;u trsm;qH;k aumfrwDjzpfonf? aumfrwDonf wESpv#if (2) }udrf Zefe0g&vESihf pufwifbmvwdk wGif *seAmrdY awGqHk f D D D aqG;aEG;onf? yHretpnf;ta0;rsm;t+yD; aemufw}udrf tpnf;ta0;twGuf aumfrwD0if kSf rsm; yg0ifaom tvkytzGJ i,fukd zGJ pnf;I aemufxyf (5) &uf tpnf;ta0;yvkyonf? f f omreftm;jzifh xdtvkytzGJ i,f. y%mrtpnf;ta0;udk azazmf0g&vESihf atmufwbm k f D kd vwdk wGif usi;f yonf? xdtvkytzGJ i,f. wm0efrm aemufEpwif tpD&ifcpmwifjy&ef k f S S f G H tvSnusaom Ediitay: rdrwkd odvaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ tcsutvufrsm;udk hf kfH d kd f jyifqifar;jref;&efjzpfonf? Oyrm - jrefrmEdiionf ouU&mZf 2000 ckEp/f pufwifbmv kfH S wGif uav;oli,frsm; t cGita&;aumfrwDokd yHretpD&ifcpm wifoi;f &ef tvSnusygu hf kSf H G hf xdtvkytzGJ i,frsm;onf jrefrmEdiiEihf ywfoufaom ar;cGe;f rsm;/ tcsutvufrsm;udk k f kfH S f 1999 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv tpnf;ta0;twGif;wGif jyifqif+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk udwif ay;ydk &onf? xdtvkytzGJ i,f. y%mrtpnf;ta0;odk ukvor*~ at*siprsm;om wufa&mufci&+dS y;D k f fD G hf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJrsm; wufa&mufcGifhr&Sd? cGif;csuftjzpf tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef tvSnusaom Ediita=umif;udk tpD&ifcpm xkwa0jzefcsxm;onfh tpd;k &r[kwaom hf kfH H f D f kd f tzGJ rsm;vnf; zdw=f um;r_c&ygu wufa&mufEionf? H zdwf=um;jcif;cHEdkif&eftwGuf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJrsm;taejzifh oufqdkif&m EdkifiH&Sd uav;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom tpD&ifcpmudk a&;om;&rnf? tpD&ifcpmwGif xdEiiwif H H k kd f H G jzpfay:aeaom uav;oli,frsm;. tajctaeESihf tcsutvufrsm;udk wifjy&rnfjzpf+yD; f tpd;k &uwifjyaom EdiitpD&ifcpmrsm;udk aumfrwDu avhvma&;twGuf taxmuf kfH H tuljzpfap&rnf? xdtpD&ifcpmwGif tcsutvufrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&;om;&+yD; Ediia&; k H f kfH taiGtoufrsm; rygap&? t*Fvy/f jyifopf/ pydebmom oH;k rsKd ;teuf bmompum; d f wrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf a&;om;Edi+f yD; pmrsuEm (20) xuf rausmveap&? wjcm;bmomjzifh a&;om; k fS f Gf xm;aom tpD & if c H p mrsm;ud k aumf r wD u vuf c H p Of ; pm;rnf r [k w f ? tpD & if c H p m a&;om;+yD;ygu tpD&ifcpm rdwLESitwl vkyief;tzGJ i,f tpnf;ta0;odk wufa&muf H W hf f vda=umif; yef=um;v$mudk aumfrwDxwifoi;f &onf? k H G
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EdkifiH. tpD&ifcHpmudk OD;aqmifppfaq;&ef tvkyftzGJi,ftwGif;rS aumfrwD0ifwOD;udk acgi;f aqmiftjzpf wifajrmufavh&onf? xdtvkytzGJ i,f. y%mrtpnf;ta0;wGif dS k f tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJrsm;u vkyfief;tzGJi,f.a&SS@arSmufwGif E_wfjzifhtpD&ifcHjcif;udk yvkyEionf? ukvor*~ at*siprsm;uvnf; E_wjf ziftpD&ifcEionf? xdokd E_wjf zifh f kd f f D h H kd f k tpD&ifcrrsm;+yD;qH;k ygu aumfrwDtzGJ 0ifrsm;onf xdwifjycsursm;tay:rlwnfo;kH oyfI H _ k f oufqi&mEdiitwGuf ar;cGe;f rsm; ar;jref;pHprf;Edionf? kd f k f H k kf xdtvkytzGJ i,f y%mrtpnf;ta0;twGi;f oufqi&mEdii&uav;rsm; tajctaeESihf k f kd f k f H dS ywfoufI wifjyaom tcsufrsm;udk tajccHI odvdkaomar;cGef;rsm;udk oufqdkif&m tpd;k &xHay;ydk um pmESia&;om;ajzqd&ef awmif;qdavh&onf? xdk jyifoufqi&mtpd;k &udk hf k k dS kd f aemufw}udrfusif;yrnfh aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;odk wufa&muf&ef zdwf=um;&onf? xdtpnf;ta0;wGif tpd;k &ud,pm;vS,onf aumfrwDu ay;yd@k ar;jref;xm;aom ar;cGe;f k k f f rsm;udk &Si;f vif;ajz=um;&onf? Tw}udrwif tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;onf avhvm S f G f ,Hom avhvmcGi&+dS yD; 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;cGihf r&Say/ aemufq;kH wGif aumfrwDu oufqi&m k hf d kd f tpdk;&tay: avhvmpHkprf;awG&Sdcsufrsm;udk xkwfjyefavh&Sdonf? xdkodk@xkwfjyefr_rsm;udk tpnf;ta0;wufa&muforsm; tm;vH;k od&atmif trsm;oda=unmonf? oufqi&m l dS kd f tpd;k &xHo@kd vnf; xdq;kH jzwfcsursm;udk ay;yd@k onf? k f
vlrsKd ;a&;zdEyr+ enf;rsKd ;pHtm; zsuor;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf dS f k f df

(Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination)
1965 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (21) &ufae@wGif vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_ enf;rsdK;pHktm; zsufodrf;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyukd jyXmef;cJ+h y;D 1969 ckEpf Zefe0g&v (4) &ufae@wif touf0ifvmcJonf? f S D G h TpmcsKyfonf vltcGita&; tajccHpmcsKyf}uD;ESp&yf ray:ayguruyif ay:xGuvmcJ+h yD; hf f f D f ,ckwiqufvufwnf+rJaeaoma=umifh tm;aumif;vSonf[k qdEionf? kd f k kd f oabmwlpmcsKyf. tyd'f (1) t& vlrsKd ;a&;zdEyr_ qdonfrm vlrsKd ;/ tom;ta&mif/ k dS f k S kfH _ S rsKd ;&d;k / vlrsKd ;ESihf vlrsKd ;pk&if;jrpfwkd tay: tajccHI Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ ,Ofaus;r_Eihf tjcm;aomvlaer_b0wdk wGif wef;wlnr#aom vGwvyfci/hf tajccHvl tcGita&;/ tod D f G hf trSwfyr_wdktay: cGJjcm;jcif;/ cGJxkwfjcif;/ uefowfjcif;ESifh rsufESmomay;jcif; wdkudk qdvonf[qonf? k kd k kd
61
tyd'f (2) wGif pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Ediirsm;taejzifh vlrsKd ;a&;zdEyrrsm; csKyf+idr;f ap&efEihf vlrsKd ;rsm; k kfH dS f _ S twGi;f em;vnfrrsm; yGm;rsm;vmapa&;twGuf ay:vpDrsm; csrwtaumiftxnfazmf _ S f aqmif&u&ef wm0ef&a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? G f dS tyd'f (3) ESihf (4)wGif vlrsKd ;a&; rke;f wD;apr_rsm;/ xdo@kd jzpfap&ef v_@H aqmfrrsm;/ t=urf;zufr_ k k _ rsm;udk ta&;ay:wm;qD; vkyaqmifom;&ef azmfjyxm;onf? f G ToabmwlpmcsKyfwif Ekiiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;rsm;tjzpfG dfH kfH hf - w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmersm;a&S@S wif cJjG cm;r_r&SbJ wef;wlqufqcyici/hf G d H H kd f G - jynfow@kd tm; t=urf;zufrrsm;rS vHk cHray;cGi/hf umuG,ay;cGi/hf l _ _ f - a&G;aumufywif yg0ifray;cGi/hf tpd;k &ESihf jynfoa&;&mXmersm;wGif yg0ifci/hf GJ G J l G - vGwvyfpmoGm;vmcGi/hf f G - rdrwi;f jynftwGi;f rS xGucmcGiEihf jyefvnf0ifa&mufyici/hf d kd f G hf S kd f G - Ediiom;jzpfyici/hf kfH kd f G - tdr,mxlaxmifciEihf tdraxmifzufa&G;cs,yici/hf f G hf S f f kd f G - rdru,yiypPn;f od@k r[kwf tjcm;olEihf zufpyfI ydiqici/hf d kd f kd f S k f kd f G - tarGqufcyici/hf H kd f G - vGwvyfpmawG;ac:/ ,H=k unf/ ud;k uG,/f azmfxwajymqdci/hf f G k f kG - +idr;f csr;f pGm zJ@G pnf;pka0;cGihf wd@k uazmfjyxm;onf? kd kd f hf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qi&mtcGita&;rsm;tjzpf_ - tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ oifhwifhr#waomvkyfief;cGif&&SdcGifh/ tvkyfvufrJhjzpfjcif;rS umuG,ay;jcif;/ f - tvkyorm;or*~rsm; zJ@G pnf;0ifa&mufci/hf f G - aexdi&mtdr,mrsm;&&Sci/hf kf f dG - vlxuse;f rma&;/ use;f rma&;apmifa&SmufrEihf vlrzva&;cHpm;cGi/hf k h S _ S _ l kH - ynma&;ESihf oifwef;rsm;&&Sci/hf dG - ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif wef;wlyg0ifyicihf ponfw@kd jzpfonf? kd f G
62
vlrsKd ;a&;zdEyr+ enf;rsKd ;pHtm; zsuor;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf aumfrwD dS f k f df

(Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial DiscriminationCERD)
vlrsdK;a&;zdESdyfr_enf;rsdK;pHktm; zsufodrf;a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;tay: pmcsKyf tzGJ rsm;. av;pm;wefz;kd xm; vkyaqmifrukd apmif=h unf&eftwGuf u|r;f usiol tzGJ 0if f _ h f (18) OD;ygaom aumfrwDudk zGJpnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyftzGJ0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf pmcsKyfwGif twnfyvufrwa&;xd;k +yD; wESpt=umwGif tpD&ifcpm wifoi;f &onf ? yHref tpD&ifcH S f f H G k S pmudk (4) ESpv#iw}urf wifoi;f &onf? xdtpD&ifcpmwGif pmcsKyyg tcsursm;ESihf ywfouf f f d G k H f f I w&m;Oya' a&;qJa&;/ pD&ifa&;/ tkycsKyfa&;ESihf tjcm;aomursm;wGif Ediiawmf G f kfH tpd;k &u vkyaqmifxm;onfh tcsursm;udk wifjy&onf? tpd;k &uxdo@kd rdrvyaqmifr_ f f k d k f rsm;udk wifjyaom tpD&ifcpmomru pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if EdiiwEdiiu tjcm;tzJ@G 0ifEiiH H kfH kfH kd f wEkdifiHonf pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm ud;pm;aqmif&Gufr_r&Sd[k wdkif=um; kd f H k f H yguvnf; xdwi=f um;csuukd aumfrwDu vufcEionf? xd@k tjyif pmcsKyfEiiwEdiiu k kd f H kd f vlwOD;tay: odk@r[kwf vlwpktay: pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm; csKd;azmufaeygonf[lI wdi=f um;aom wOD;csi;f wdi=f um;r_rsm;udvnf; vufcavhvmonf? k k k H
!i;yrf;ESypufrEihf tjcm;&ufpufr/+ vlom;rqefaom vl*k%oum !Kd ;EGr;apaom f df +S f d Q f yusirwkd udk qefusiaom oabmwlpmcsKyf/ hf + f
(Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman of Degrading Treatment of Punishment ) (CAT-1984)
!Of;yrf;ESdyfpufr_qdkif&m oavmwlpmcsKyf[k twdkaumufac:aom TpmcskKyfudk 1984 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wif jyXmef;cJ+h y;D 1987 ZGev (26) &ufae@wif touf0ifvmcJonf? G f G h pmcsKyf. tyd'f (1) wGif ESypuf!O;f yrf;r_qonfrm k d f kd S vlwa,mufxrS xdo@l ta=umif; od@k r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;wa,mufta=umif; H k owif;rsm;ESifh cH0efcsufrsm; &,lap&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;/ xdkol odk@r[kwf tjcm;olwOD;wa,mufu usL;vGecaom od@k r[kwf usL;vGeonf[k oHo, f hJ f &S&aom tytrl od@k r[kwf cJjG cm;zdEyr_ ta=umif;tcsuwckctay: tajccHaom d dS f f k
63
ta=umif;tcsuw@kd Eihf ywfoufIvnf;aumif; '%fay;jcif;/ taESmift,Suf f S h ay;jcif;/ t=uyfuijf cif;a=umifh pdwyi;f od@k r[kwf kyyi;f qki&m tvGetrif; kd f kd f kd d f f emusiapjcif; od@k r[kwf cHpm;&apjcif;aom tytrlreor#ukd qdv+kd yD; xdokd f S f k k emusicpm;ap&jcif;udk jynfo@l 0efxrf; od@k r[kwf xd&mxl;tqiftwef; wm0ef,l fH k h xm;&olu odo&ufEihf od@k r[kwf rodusKd ;u|ef yvsuf usL;vGeapjcif; od@k r[kwf d S f usL;vGeatmif tm;ay;tm;ajrmuf yjcif; ajrmuf&rnf? f [k t"dym,fzixm;onf? ` G hf tydk'f (2)wGif pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf w&m;Oya' a&;qJa&;/ pD&ifa&;/ tkycsKyfa&;ESihf tjcm;aom ursm;wGif Ediiawmftpd;k &u ta&;,l G f kfH aqmif&uf vkyaqmif&ef azmfjyxm;onf? aemufyi;f tyd'rsm;wGif xdo@kd ESypuf!O;f yrf;r_ukd G f dk kf k df tpd;k &u &mZ0wfrtjzpf tjypfay;ta&;,l&ef/ xdo@kd usL;vGerrsm;udk tjypfay;pD&ifEi&ef _ k f_ kd f twGuf vdtyfaom aqmif&ucsursm; vkyaqmifay;&ef/ usL;vGec&onf[k wdi=f um;ol k G f f f fH k rsm;tm; wdi=f um;cGihf y&ef/ vHavmufaom ukpm;r_Eihf avsma=u;rsm;ay;&ef ponfw@kd ukd k k S f azmfjyxm;onf? pmcsKyfaumfrwDukd ta=umif;t&mudk txl;em;vnfu|r;f usiaom u|r;f usiol (10) OD;jzifh f f zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Ediirsm;onf (4) ESpv#iw}udrf yHretpD&ifcpmudk pmcsKyf kfH f f k S f H aumfrwDxH wifoi;f &onf? G
*seAmppfrqi&m oabmwlncsupmcsKyf DD + kd f D f
(Geneva Convention)
txufyg oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tjyif vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;r_udk tajccHI vufeufuif ydyuQrsm;twGi;f t&yfom;ESihf ppfokH yrf;rsm;udk cGjJ cm;r_r&SbJ qufq&ef kd d f H twGuf *seAmoabmwlncsuukd tjynfjynf qdi&m =uufajceD aumfrwD. OD;aqmifrj_ zifh DD D f kf 1864 ckEpwif jyXmef;cJonf? xdoabmwlncsutay: 1906 ckEp/f 1929 ckEpEihf 1949 S f G h k D f S S f S ckEpwkd wGif jyifqifrrsm; xyfrH yvkyconf? 1949 ckEpwif oabmwlncsuf (4) ckukd S f _ f hJ S f G D jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? 1977 ckESpfwGif oabmwlnDcsuf. aemufqufwGJpmcsKyf (2) ckudk xyfrjH yXmef;Ediconf? oabmwlncsuf (1) onf vufeufuif ydyuQrsm;twGi;f '%f&m k f hJ D kd zsm;em&olrsm;udk ypkapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh ywfoufonf? oabmwlnDcsuf (2) onf
64
yifv,fjyiftwGif; oabFmysufonfhppfonfrsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm;/ zsm;emolrsm;tm; ypkapmifha&Smufa&;ESifh ywfoufonf? oabmwlnDcsuf (3) onf ppfoHkyrf;rsm;tm; qufqa&;ESiywfouf+yD; oabmwlncsuf (4) onf vufeufuif ydyuQrsm;twGi;f H hf D kd t&yfom;rsm;tm; umuG,ray;a&;ESihf oufqionf? aemufqufwJG pmcsKyf (1) onf f _ kd f Ediiwum vufeufuif ydyuQrsm;a=umifh 'kua&muf=u&olrsm;udk umuG,ay;a&;ESihf kfH kd Q f oufqi+f yD; aemufqufwpmcsKyf (2) onf jynfwi;f vufeufuif ydyuQrsm;twGi;f kd JG G dk 'kua&muf=u&olrsm;udk umuG,ay;a&;ESihf oufqionf? jrefrmEdiionf *seAmppfzuf Q f kd f kfH D D qdi&m pmcsKyfukd 1992 ckEpf =o*kwv (24) &ufaewGif vufrwa&;xd;k cJonf? kf S f S f h
tjcm;vltcGita&;pmcsKyfrsm; hf
vl@tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf yifrpmcsKyfEpcw@kd tjyif ukvor*~wif jyXmef;xm;aom hf Sfk G vl@tcGita&;qdi&m tjcm;t"du pmcsKyfrsm;vnf; &Sao;onf? xdpmcsKyfrsm;u txl; hf kf d k umuG,fay;&ef vdktyfaom tkyfpktcGifhta&;rsm;udk t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkI EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm; taejzifh xdtcGita&;rsm;udk av;pm;vduem&ef wkuwe;f xm;onf? k hf k f d f G xdpmcsKyfrsm;teuf tcsKd @xif&m;aompmcsKyfrsm;rSmk S - vlom;rsm;tm; tpkvutyHvuf rsKd ;zwfowfjzwfrukd umuG,wm;qD;+yD; kd f kd _ f usL;vGeorsm;udk tjypfay;onfh oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the f l
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1948)
- 'kuQonf tqifhtwef;qdkif&mESifh oufqdkifaom oabmblpmcsKyf

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees- 1951)
(The
- 'k u Q o nf tqif h t wef ; qd k i f & mES i f h ouf q d k i f a om aemuf q uf w J G oabmwlpmcsKyf (The Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees1967)
- a&Gajymif;tvkyorm;rsm;ESihf if;wd@k . rdom;pkrsm; tcGita&; umuG,a&; f hf f qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Protection of the Rights kf
of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families- 1990)
xdo@kd oabmwlpmcsKyftqifukd ra&mufao;aomfvnf; vl@tcGita&;tqiftwef;ESihf k h hf h ywfouf+yD; ukvor*~u jyXmef;xkwjf yefxm;aom a=unmpmwrf;rsm;vnf; &Sao;onf? d
65
vufrwa&;xd;k &onfh pmcsKyfrsm;uJokd xdr;f csKyfarmif;ESitm; (Binding force) r&Sao; S f h f d aomfvnf; vl@tcGita&;pHcsep!e;f t& av;pm;vduemoifonf[k vufcxm;aom hf d f H $ k f h H a=unmpmwrf;rsm;teuf tcsKd rSm- bmoma&;ESifh ,Hk=unfr_wdk@tay:tajccHI onf;rcHr_rsm;ESifh zdESdyfr_rsm;tm;vHk; yaysmufa&; qki&m a=unmpmwrf; (The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms df
of Intolerance and Of Discrimination Based on Religion and Belief - 1981)
- zHG@+zdK;wdk;wufcGifhqdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;
Development - 1986)
(The Declaration on the Right to
- vlrsKd ;a&;/ vlrsKd ;pka&;/ bmoma&;/ bmompum;wd@k a=umifh vlenf;pkjzpfae&aom olrsm;. tcGifhta&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf; (The Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belogning to National or Ethnic, Religious, and Linguistic Minorities) wd@k jzpfonf?
vltcGita&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ay:aygufvmjcif;tqifqifh hf h
1945 ck 1946 ck 1948 ck urBmuvor*~z@GJ pnf;jcif;/ (Founding of the United Nations) h k vl@tcGita&;aumfr&Siz@GJ pnf;jcif;/ (Creation of the Commission hf f
on Human Rights by ECOSOC)
tjynfjynfqi&mvl@tcGita&;a=unmpmwrf;/ (Adoption of the kd f hf

UDHR)
tar&duefqi&m vlom;rsm;. tcGita&;ESihf wm0efrsm; a=unm kd f hf pmwrf; (American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of
Man)
vltpkvutyHvuf owfjzwfrukd umuG,tjypfay;a&;qdi&m kd f kd _ f kf oabmwlpmcsKyf (The Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide)
1949 ck 1950 ck
vlom;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_ ydwyifa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf f

(Convention on the Suppression of Traffic in Persons)
Oa&mya'o vl@tcGita&;ESihf tajccHvwvyfrrsm; umuG,a&; hf G f _ f qd k i f & m oabmwl p mcsKyf (European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom)
66
tcef; (9)
1951 ck 1952 ck 1953 ck
'kuonfrsm;tqiftwef;qdi&moabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on Q h kf
the Status of Refugees)
trsdK;orD;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf

(Convention on the Political Rights of Women)
1926 ck u|ef yr_ q d k i f & m oabmwl p mcsKyf u d k jyif q if a om aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyf (Protocol amending the 1926 Slavery
Convention)
1956 ck 1957 ck
u|ef yjcif ; tm; zsuf o d r f ; r_ q d k i f & m jznf h p G u f a om pmcsKyf

(Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery)
tdraxmif&aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;. Ediiom;jzpfrqi&m oabmwl f dS kfH _ kd f pmcsKyf (Convention on the Nationality of Married Women) vkytm;ay;apcdi;f r_ zsuor;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Abolition of f k f d
Forced Labor Convention)
1958 ck
tvkyfvkyfonfhtcgESifh wm0efxrf;aqmifonfhtcg zdESdyfr_qdkif&m oabmwl p mcsKyf (Discrimination [Employment and

Occupation] Convention)
1960 ck 1961 ck 1962 ck
ynma&;wGif cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_qef@usifa&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf

(Convention Against Discrimination [Education])
Oa&mya'oqdi&mvlrcsmwm (European Social Charter) kf _ tdrfaxmifyonfhqEN/ tedrfhqHk;tdrfaxmify&onfh toufESifh rSwywifjcif;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (Convention on Consent f kH kf
to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registeration of Marriages)
1965 ck
vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_trsdK;rsdK; yaysmufa&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (International Convention on the Elimination

of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)
1966 ck
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ _ kfH hf kf

(International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)
Ek d i f i H o m;ES i f h Ed k i f i H a &;tcG i f h t a&;qd k i f & m oabmwl p mcsKyf /

(International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights)
67
1967 ck
'kuonfrsm;tqiftwef;qdi&m aemufqufwoabmwlpmcsKyf/ Q h kf GJ
(Protocol relating the Status of Refugees)
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh zdEycjGJ cm;xm;r_tm;vH;k yaysmufa&; dS f qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration on the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women)
1968 ck 1969 ck
wD[&rf a=uG;a=umforsm;/ (Proclaimation pof Teheran) D H tar&d u ef vl @ tcG i f h t a&; oabmwl p mcsKyf / (American
Convention on Human Rights)
vl r _ w d k ; wuf r _ E S i f h zG H @ zd ; wd k ; wuf r _ q d k i f & m a=unmpmwrf ; /

(Declaration on Social Progress and Development)
1971 ck
pdw"mwfyi;f csKd @,i;f aeaom olrsm;. tcGita&;qdi&m a=unm f kd G hf kf pmwrf;/ (Declaration of the Rights of Mentally Retarded
Persons)
1973 ck
tom;ta&mifcJGjcm;r_tm; wm;qD;a&;ESifh tjypfay;a&;qdkif&m Ediiwumoabmwl pmcsKyf (International Convention on the kfH

Suppression and Punishment of Apartheid)
1974 ck
iwfrwrEit[m&csKd @wr_ wduzsua&; tjynfjynfqi&m a=unm G f _ S hf hJ k f f kd f pmwrf;/ (Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger
and Malnutrition)
ta&;ay:ESihf vufeufuippfyrsm;twGi;f &Sd trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf uav; kd f GJ rsm;tm; umuG,rqi&ma=unmpmwrf;/ (Declaration on the f _ kd f
Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict)
1975 ck 1976 ck 1979 ck
cE<mud,roefpr;f aomolrsm;. tcGita&;qdi&m a=unmpmwrf; k f G hf kf

(Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons)
Ekiiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;qdi&mpmcsKyf. aemufqufwGJ (1)/ dfH kfH hf kf

(Optional Protocol-1 to the International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights)
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifhcJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; yaysmufa&; qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Elimination of All kf

Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
68
tcef; (9)
1981 ck 1981 ck
tmz&dua'oqdkif&m vlESifhjynfol@tcGifhta&; csmwm

Charter of Human and People's Rights)
(African
bmoma&;qdi&m ,H=k unfrrsm;udk tajccHaom onf;rcHrrsm;ESihf kf _ _ zdESdyfcJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;/
(Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Beliefs)
1984 ck
ESypuf!O;f yrf;jcif;/ vlrqefpmESihf *k%oum !Kd ;EGr;f atmif qufqH df G f d Q tjypfay;jcif; qef@usia&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention Against f
Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment)
1986 ck 1989 ck 1990ck
zHG@zd;wdk;wufcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf
Rights to Development)
(Declaration on the
uav;oli,frsm;tcGita&;qdi&moabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention hf kf
on the Rights of the Child)
a$@ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh if;wdk@.rdom;pkrsm;. tcGifhta&; umuG,rqi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Protection f _ kd f

of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families)
1993 ck 1998 ck 1999 ck 1999 ck 2000 ck 2000 ck
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;qdkif&m a=unmpmwrf;

(Declaration on the Violence Against Women)
tjynfjynfqi&m &mZ0wfr_ w&m;H;k ay:aygua&;qdi&m Rome kd f f kf Statute pmcsKyf trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh cJjG cm;zdEyrrsm; yaysmufa&;qdi&m dS f _ kf oabmwlpmcsKyfaemufqufwGJ (Protocol of the CEDAW) trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cJjG cm;xm;r_tm;vH;k yaysmufa&; qdi&m aemufqufwpmcsKyf (Optional Protocol of the CEDAW) kf GJ uav;oli,frsm;pmcsKyf - (18) ESpatmufuav;rsm; ppfrxrf;jcif; f _ qdi&m aemufqufwpmcsKyf kf GJ uav;oli,frsm;pmcsKyf - uav;rsm;tm; vdifvkyfief;rsm;wGif toH;k csjcif;qdi&m aemufqufwpmcsKyf kf GJ
69
tcef;(5)
trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf vltcGita&; hf

trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;ordi;tusO;csKyf hf kf f
tar&duefawmfvea&;ESihf jyifopfawmfvea&;wdk onf vl@tcGita&; ordi;f a=umif;wGif S f S f hf k ta&;ygaom tcef;uu yg0ifcJhaomfvnf; xdkawmfvSefa&;rsm; +yD;qHk;cJh+yD; tcsdef awmfawmf=um=umtxd trsdK;orD;rsm;. tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm jiif;y,fcHae&qJ jzpfa=umif;udk ordkif;wGif awG&onf? tar&duef vltcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif vlom;wdi;f onf nDwnr# arG;zGm;vmonf[k a&;om;xm;aomfvnf; vlom;[laom k l D pum;vH;k udk (Men) trsKd ;om;[kom a&;om;xm;cJonfukd awG&onf? xdk jyif rJay;Ediol h kf rsm;rSmvnf; vljzLtrsKd ;om;rsm;omjzpfonf? xdk twl jyifopfawmfvea&; twGi;f wGif S f trsdK;orD;aygif;pHkwdkonf trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh vufwGJI ya'o&mZfpepfudk wGef;vSefcJh aomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;+yD;qHk;I tcsdefawmfawmf=umonftxd trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rSm xl;jcm;ajymif;vJvmcJhjcif; r&Sday? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf vltcGifhta&; rsdK;aphcsay;cJhaom xdkawmfvSefa&;ESpf&yf +yD;+yD;csif; pwifEdkifcJhjcif;r&SdbJ tcseumv tenf;i,f=umrSom pwifvmcJonfukd awG&onf? d f h jyifopfawmfvea&;twGi;f u wufuGpm yg0ifcaom trsKd ;orD;wOD;jzpfonfh tdvrfy'a*gh Sf G hJ k DD (Olympe de Gouges) onf jyifopfawmfvea&;twGi;u xkwjf yefcaom vlom;ESihf S f f hJ Ediiom;wd@k . tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration of the Rights of Man and kfH hf l kfH hf Citizens ) udk twk,I trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd ;orD;Ediiom;rsm; tcGita&; a=unm pmwrf; (Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen) udk a=unmcJonf? od@k aomf h trsKd ;om;rsm;u tav;rrlbJ vpfvsL_c=hJ uonf? jyifopfawmfvea&; t+yD;wGif zG@J pnf;cJh S f aom Oya'yv$wawmfu jyXmef;cJaom Oya'wGivnf; trsKd ;orD;rsm;. rJay;ydiciukd f h f k f G hf vpfvsL_conf? hJ 1792 ckEpwirom t*FvefEiiwif trsKd ;orD;a&;v_y&m;r_ t,ltqrsm; pwifvm S f Gf S kd f H G f S cJonf? t*FvefEiirS ar&D0;kd pwke;f c&yfwf qdoonf trsKd ;orD; tcGita&;tm; umuG,f h kd f H k l hf
70
ajymqdr[k trnfay;xm;aom pmwrf;udk 1792 ckEpwif xkwjf yefconf? xdpmwrf;wGif k _ S f G hJ k trsKd ;orD;rsm; wef;wlnwl &&Sa&;twGuf t"du t[eftwm;jzpfapaom tcsursm;rSm D d f tdrwi;f tm%m&Sirsm; &Saejcif;/ Ediia&; tcGita&;rsm;/ ynma&; tcGita&;rsm;ESihf f G Sf d kfH hf fh wef;wltvkyfvkyfudkifjcif;wdkudk jiif;y,fxm;jcif;wdkjzpfonf[k a&;om;xm;onf? tdraxmifzuf cifye;f a,musm;f tay: ZeD;trsKd ;orD;u aiGa=u;t& rScae&jcif;onf f G D kd w&m;0if todtrSwf yxm;aom jynfwefqmoabm oufa&mufonf[k xdpmwrf;wGif h k qdconf? k hJ tar&duefESifh t*FvefEdkifiHwdk&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;rJay;cGifh awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifr_rsm;onf (19)&mpk tv,favmufwirS atmifjrifr&vmcJonf? tar&duefEiiwif 1888 ckEpY Gf _ h kd f H G S f ae&Sie,f trsKd ;orD;rsm;rJay;cGitzGJ udk zGJ pnf;Ediconf? t*FvefEiiwif 1860 ckEprS Sf hf k f hJ kd f H G S f 1890 ckEptwGi;f wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: vduavsmr_rsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJonf? t*Fvef S f k f h ygvrefonf tdraxmif&if trsKd ;orD;rsm;. ud,yiypPn;f OpPm xdr;f odr;f cGiEihf pD;yGm;&SmcGihf D f S k f kd f hf S wdk@udk Oya'jzifh todtrSwfyvmcJhonf? wuUodkvfrsm;odk trsdK;orD;ausmif;olrsm; wufa&mufci&vmonf? jynfwefqm[k oHo,&Sc&ol trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk &JwyfzJG 0ifrsm;u G hf h dH aq;ppfciOya'udk zsuor;f cJonf? odk aomf trsKd ;orD;rsm; rJay;cGir&&Sao;acs? 1897 G hf f d h hf d ckEpY t*FvefEiiwif ae&Sie,f trsKd ;orD;rsm; rJay;cGior*~ukd trsKd ;orD;tzGJ rsm; pkaygi;f I Sf kd f H G Sf hf zGJpnf;EdkifcJhonf? yxrydkif;Y xdkor*~wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm txufwef;v$m a=u;&wwf trsKd ;orD;rsm;om jzpfaomfvnf; aemufyi;f wGif tvkyvyotrsKd ;orD;aygi;f axmifEicsI kd f kf l S hf D yg0ifvmonf? aemufydkif;wGif trsdK;orD;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf t=urf;zufr_rsm; qufpyf vmcJhonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;pGmwdkonf tpdk;&. tzrf;tqD;cHcJh&onf? 1913 ckESpfwGif tDrv0u'if;a'ADqifonf t*Fvefb&ifp;D aom jrif;a&SS wGif vStyI touftaocH+yD; D D kd f k J d f trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;twGuf toufay;cJhonf? yxrurBmppftwGif; trsdK;orD; tcGita&; v_y&m;r_ tiftm;enf;oGm;aomfvnf; aysmufu,om;jcif;r&Say? aemufq;kH hf f S G f G d 1918 ckEpa&mufrS t*FvefEiiwif trsKd ;orD;rsm; rJay;cGiudk cGihf ycJonf? yxrydi;f wGif S f kd f H G hf h k trsKd ;orD;rsm; rJay;cGihf touftydi;f tjcm;udk touf (30) ESpf owfrwxm;cJ+h yD; (10) k S f ESpf=umcJh+yD; aemufydkif;rS trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl toufowfrSwfay;cJhonf? yxr urBmppft+yD;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;rJay;cGiukd todtrSwf yaomEdiirsm; rsm;jym;vmcJonf? hf kfH h trsKd ;orD;tcGita&; v_y&m;r_onf rJay;cGi&&Sa&;rS tjcm;Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Oya'a&; hf f S fh d kfH e,fy,frsm;wGif trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wl&&Sa&;qDokd awmif;qdvmcJ=h uonf? d k
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'kw,urBmppfEihf zufqpfpepfukd qefusi&mwGif trsKd ;orD;xkonf tifwutm;wduf d S f kd f k yg0ifconf? 'kw,urBmppf+yD;pwGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tzdk jyefvnfxaxmifa&; vkyief;rsm; hJ d l f vkyfudkif&if; tvkyf_yfcJh=uonf? 1960 ckESpf0ef;usifrsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;onf jyify vkyief;cGirsm;Y 0ifa&mufvyuic&onf? ,cifu trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESirtyfpyf[k owfrwf f f k f kd f hJ hf S xm;aom vkyief;rsm;Yyif trsKd ;orD;rsm; 0ifa&mufvyuic=hJ u&onf? tpd;k &rsm;uvnf; f k f kd f wdi;f jynfjyefvnfxaxmifa&;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm; tifwutm;wduyg0ifvmEdiap&ef ae k l kd f k f kf uav;xdef;ausmif;rsm;zGifhI ulnDay;onf? odkaomf tcsdef=umvmaomtcg trsdK; orD;rsm;. tqiftwef;onf ,cifurBmppfrwdiru tqifokd jyefvnfa&muf&dS oGm;rnfh h kfD h tjzpfodk a&mufcJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiHwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: tvkyfcGJjcm;r_onf S f fS t"dujy\emjzpfvmonf? odk aomfvrsKd ;a&;cGjJ cm;r_Eihf AD,uferfppfqefusia&; v_y&m;r_ l rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm; yg0ifvy&m;r_ tm;aumif;vmonfukd awGonf? _ f S 1970 ckEp0ef;usiwif trsKd ;orD;rsm;. awmif;qdoonf Ediia&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;wdk wGif S f f G k H kfH wef;wlnr#r&a&; auG;a=umfoxuf ydrvmcJonf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;. t,ltqrsm;wGif D _ dS H k kd h trsKd ;om;rsm;u t&m&mwGif olwkd pdwwi;f us wdi;f wmI trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0udk owfrwf f kd k S ay;xm;onf[aom t,ltqxGe;f um;cJonf? trsKd ;orD; v_y&m;r_ordi;f udk trsKd ;om; l h fS k rsm;u a&;om;cJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiHwGif eD*dk;vlrJjy\emr&Sd/ vljzL rsm;twGuf jy\emom&Sonf[k qdouJokd trsKd ;orD;rsm;wGif jy\emvH;k 0r&S/d trsKd ;orD;rsm; v_y&m; d k h fS awmif;qdaer_a=umifom trsKd ;om;rsm;rSm jy\emudk &ifqiae=u&onf[k ,lqaom k h kd f trsKd ;om; rsm;pGm&Saeonf? trsKd ;om;rsm;onf trsKd ;orD;wdk . uH=urRmwdk udk if;wdk . d vufxJwGif qkwfudkifxm;&if; trsdK;orD;rsm;. qENudk tav;rxm;bJ olwdkpdwf oabmtwdi;f / olwkd . pd;k &drpwrsm;ESihf vdtyfcsursm;. aphaqmfrtwdi;f rnfokd jzpfoifh k fd f k f _ k onfukd qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf [k jyifopftrsKd ;orD; qdire'abmAmu 'kw,vdi [laom kfGfD d f pmtkywif a&;om;cJonf? trsKd ;orD;tcGita&; csKd ;azmufr[k owfrw&mwGif tdrf f G h hf _ S f axmifptwGi;f / vkyief;cGitwGi;f ESihf vltodi;f t0di;f b0 twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: zdEyr/_ k f f k k dS f tjrwfxwrrsm; yg0ifonf[k qdc=hJ uonf? xdk twGuf trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd ;om;. k f _ k pdwxm;rsm; ajymif;vJ&ef vdtyfa=umif; ,lqvmcJ=h uonf? xdokd aom t,ltqonf f k k Oa&myESihf ajrmuftar&duwduwkd wGiomr [kwf urBmtESH tjym;odk yif jyefESH vmcJonf? k f f h tm&Swdkuf. udkvdkeDqefusifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh 19&mpkESifh20&mpkacwfrsm;twGif; jzpfym;cJaom vlr_ ajymif;vJa&; v_y&m;r_rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;tcGita&; v_y&m;olrsm;onf G h fS hf fS
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tcef; (9)
ta&;ygaom tcef;urS yg0ifconf? hJ tm&Sa'o&Sd trsKd ;orD;tcGita&; v_y&m;r_rsm;onf udveqefusia&; v_y&m;r_}uD;wGif hf fS k kd D f fS usihfoHk;cJhaom enf;vrf; (3) cka=umifh jzpfyGm;cJh&onf[k trsdK;orD; okawoD ukrm&D *sm,m0g'em (Kumari Jayawardena) u qdygonf? ukrm&Du yxrtcsurm vlr_ D k f S todkif;t0dkif;wckvHk;udk acwfrDvmatmif twGif;oabmudkyjyifajymif;vJjcif;/ 'kwd, tcsurm twGi;f oabmydi;f yjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif t[eftwm;jzpfapaom tcsursm;udk fS k f zsuq;D jcif;ESihf wwd,tcsurm jynfowkd udk Ediicsppw"mwfrsm; xufoefap&ef pnf;H;k f fS l kfH fd f v_H aqmfay;jcif;wdk jzpfonf[k qdygonf? yxrtcsujf zpfonfh vlrtodi;f t0di;f udk acwfrD k _ k k k D f atmif twGi;f oabmydi;f yjyifjcif;onf acwfrw;kd wufaom trsKd ;orD;rsm; arG;xkway; Edkif&eftwGuf ynma&;ESifh tjcm;aom vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk cGifhyjcif;jzifh trsdK;orD;rsm; tqifhtwef; wdk;wufvm&ef rsm;pGmtaxmuftulycJhonf? EdkifiHcspf pdwf"mwfrsm; wd;k wufapa&;twGuf vkyaqmif&mwGivnf; trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcef;uudk us,us,f f f f jyefjyeftoH;k cs&ojzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;. b0wd;k wufvmcJonf[k qdygonf? Todk jzifh h k tm&Sa'o Ediia&; v_y&m;r_rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf ta&;ygaom tcef;uu kfH f S yg0ifconf[k ukrm&Du aumufcsucsaomfvnf; trsKd ;om;rsm; OD;aqmifaom ywf0ef;usif hJ f twGi;f wGiom usivnfc&onf[k olruaxmufjyonf? tm&S&dS trsKd ;orD;v_y&m;r_rsm; f f hJ fS onf if;xufyr}kd uD;rm;aom Ediia&; v_y&m;r_rsm;atmufwif wdrf ryfc&onf[k olru kd kfH f S G hJ qdonf? Oyrm - tdE,Edii. Ediia&; v_y&mr_wif tdE,trsKd ;orD;wdk wufuGpm k dN k f H k f H f S G dN G yg0ifcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;wck taeESifh odomxif&Sm;aom ajymif;vJr_w&yfudk az:aqmifEdkifcJhaomfvnf; wuf}uGpGmyg0ifcJhaom trsdK;orD;rsm;rSm vlr_b0abmifESifh tdraxmifppnf;rsO;f abmiftwGi;f wdk rS ke;f rxGuombJ&conf? trsKd ;orD;tcGita&; f k f dS hJ hf twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifaom trsdK;orD;wdk. pdwf"mwfESifh qENrsm;rSm EdkifiHvGwfajrmufa&; v_y&m;r_ wduytwGi;f wGif ayguzm;vmEdicihf r&Sawmhacs? trsKd ;orD;rsm; oD;oefzGJ pnf; f S k f JG f G kfG d xm;+yD; trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;twGuf wduy0ifrnfh trsKd ;orD;tzGJ rsm;vnf; xGe;f um; hf k f JG vmcJjh cif;r&SbJ trsKd ;orD;rsm;. cGetm;ESihf pGr;f yum;rsm;onf Ediivwajrmufa&; wduyJG d f kfH G f k f atmifjrifa&; &nfrSef;csufatmufwGif wdrfryfoGm;cJh&onf? xdktcsufrsm;a=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd+yD;onfh aemufwGif trsdK;orD;tcGihfta&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kef aES;oGm;cJ&onf? Ediivwajrmufa&; wduytwGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk toH;k cs a&Swef;wif h kfH G f k f JG cJaom trsKd ;om; Ediia&;orm;rsm;onf vGwvyfa&;&onfEihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk olwkd . h kfH f S
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ae&ma[mif;rsm;qDokd jyefvnfykd aqmifvuonf[k okawoD ukrm&Du aumufcsucsjy kd f f xm;onf? trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_ ordkif;wavsmufudk oHk;oyf=unfhygu udpPt&m&mudk OD;aqmifq;kH jzwforsm; a&G;cs,&mwGif trsKd ;om;rsm;udom t"dua&G;cs,=f u+yD; if;wdk l f k qH;k jzwfxm;onfwkd udvnf; if;wdk zmom taumiftxnfazmf=uonf? xduokd EdiiEihf k k hJ k f H S Ediiwum tzGJ tpnf;rsm;wGif trsKd ;om;rsm;uom umv=um&Snpm tm%mqkyuif kfH f G f kd xm;aoma=umifh tcGita&; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om;rsm;twGuom jzpfae+yD; hf f Oya'tawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf; trsdK;om;rsm;tusdK;udk umuG,fay;aeaom Oya'rsm; jzpfaeonf? vltcGita&; t,ltq xGe;f um;vmr_tay: avhvmolrsm;/ vltcGita&; v_y&m; hf hf f S olrsm;onfyif ordi;f a=umif;t& vltcGita&;t,ltqrsm; wd;k wufajymif;vJvmr_ k hf udom owdycJ=h u+yD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;. wduy0ifrukd tav;ay;avhvm&ef arhavsmc=hJ u k k f JG _ h onf? vltcGifhta&;wdk;wufvmr_jzpfpOfwGif ta&;ygaomumv}uD; (3) ck&Sdonf[k okawoDrsm;u qdkxm;cJhonf? xdkumvrsm;rSm jyifopfawmfvSefa&;/ qdk&S,fvpf awmfvea&;/ udvecsKyf+idr;f a&; umvwdk jzpfonf? odk aomf xdumv (3) ckpvH;k wGif yg0if Sf k kd D k wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcef;ursm;rSm arS;rSdefcJh+yD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. awmif;qdowkd rSmvnf; vpfvsL_cc&onf? k H H hJ rsm;r=umrD umvtcsetxd vltcGita&; wduy0ifaeolwkd onf if;wdk . aqG;aEG;csuf df hf k f JG rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm;tcGita&;udk xnfoi;f pOf;pm;cJjh cif;r&Say? trsKd ;orD;rsm; t=urf;zuf hf h G d r_ukd vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrtjzpf owfrwc+hJ yD; Ediiwumu tav;ay; vkyaqmif hf _ S f kfH f =u&rnfh udpw&yftjzpf ,lqcJonfrm r=umvSao;acs? P h S hf kd f 1993 ckEpf AD,ifemrd wGif usi;f yaom ukvor*~ vltcGita&; nDvmcH. aemufyi;f wGirS S tzGJ0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf trsdK;orD;rsm; wef;wlnDr#a&;ESifh tcGifhta&;wdkudk OD;pm;ay; vkyaqmif&rnf[aom &nfre;f csuf vkyief;pOfrsm; csrwEiconf? odk aomf ,aewdif f l S f S f kd f hJ k atmif trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhqdkifaom EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfrsm;udk oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk; &mwGivnf; Ediitrsm;tjym;onf wm0ef,&r_ enf;yg;ap&eftwGuf cGi;f csursm;xm;+yD;rS f kfH l f vufrSwfa&;xdk;avh&Sdaevsufyifjzpfonf? xdktcsufudk=unfhI trsdK;orD;rsm;. tcGifh
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ta&;udk umuG,apmifa&Smufvaom Ediia&;ESihf vlra&;tjrifrsm; enf;yg;aeao;a=umif; f h kd kfH _ xif&m;pGmazmfjyaeonf? S vltcGita&;onf wurBmvH;k ESihf oufqiI cGjJ cm;Ir&[k t"dym,fziqxm;aomfvnf; hf kd f ` G hf kd trsdK;orD;tcGifh ta&;rsm;onf vltcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf (Womens Rights are Human Rights) [laom t,ltqudk tjynft0 vufc&ef aES;auG;aevsu&ao;onf? h H f dS trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;rsm;onf 'kw,wef;pm; tcGita&;rsm;omjzpfonf[k trsm;u hf d hf vufcHaevsufyif&Sdonf? vltcGifhta&;udk wufuGpGm v_yf&Sm;aeolrsm;xJwGifyif trsKd ;orD;rsm; tcGita&;ESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm; yg0ifEirwkd udk tjynft0vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fae hf kd f _ h v#u&onf? vltcGita&;qdi&m a&;om;csursm;/ tzGJ tpnf;rsm;/ Oya'rsm;/ usix;kH rsm; f dS hf kf f hf wGif trsKd ;orD; rsm;. tcGita&;udk jynf0pGmrawG&ay? tom;ta&mif/ Zmwf/ tv$m/ hf h vlrsdK;ESifh vlenf;pk cGJjcm;cHae&aomolrsm;xJwGif yg0ifae=uaom trsdK;orD;rsm;onf xdokd aom ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh cGjJ cm;cHaeonftjyif trsKd ;orD;jzpfaeonfh tcsua=umifh k h f xyfrI cGjJ cm;zdEycae&onf[aom tcsuukd arhavsmaeavh&onf? H dS f H l f h dS ,ae trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf vdiujJG ym;r_a=umifh cGjJ cm;qufqr_ (Gender- based Discrimif H nation) rsKd ;udk vltcGita&;csKd ;azmufrtjzpf owfrwI xdocGjJ cm;r_rsm; csKyf+idr;ap&ef hf _ S f k kd f awmif;qdwuy0ifv#u&onf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; pepfwus ESypuf!O;f yef;r_ukd !O;f yef; k kd f JG f dS df _ kH H h ESypufrypwcktjzpf todtrSwf y&ef/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; twif;t=uyf jynfwefqm d f tjzpf apcdi;f jcif;udk u|ef yr_ypwcktjzpf todtrSwf y&ef/ rk'e;f usijhf cif;udk vdit=urf;zufr_ k kH H d f yHpwcktjzpf todtrSwf y&ef/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufqufqjH cif;udk vltcGita&; kH hf csKd ;azmufrtjzpf todtrSwf y&ef/ owdk orD;tm; ,ZfyaZmfjcif;[laom vltcGita&;csKd ; _ l hf azmufrukd qefusiwuy0if&ef/ trsKd ;orD;t*F gZmwftm; oif;uGyjf cif; yaysmufap&ef/ _ f kd f JG trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: rnDr#aom axmif'%fp&ifjcif;udk qefusi&ef ud;yrf;aqmif&uvsuf D f G f &Sonf? d trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; wdk;wufjrifhrm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf ukvor*~u }u;D rSL;I urBmtrsKd ;orD;nDvmcHrsm;udk usi;f ycJonfrm av;}ur&+dS yjD zpfonf? h h S df yxrqH;k t}udrf nDvmcHukd ruUpuEii/H ruUpupw;D rdwGif 1975 ckEpf ZGev (19) &ufrS D kd kd f D kd D S f Zlviv (2) &ufaetxd usi;f ycJonf? 'kwt}udrnvmcHukd 'de;f rwfEiiH udyif[efrdwGif kd f h d f D kd f k 1980 ckEpf Zlvif (24) &ufrS (30) &ufaetxd usi;f ycJonf? 1985 ckEpf Zlviv (15) S kd h S kd f
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&ufrS (26) &ufaewGif wwd,t}udrf urBmtrsKd ;orD;nDvmcHukd uifnmEdiiH e_bD rdwGif h kf usi;f y cJonf? xdwwd,t}udrnvmcHwif b0tpdwtydi;f tm;vH;k wd@k wif trsK;d orD; h k f D G f k G rsm;ESihf trsKd ;om;rsm; ppfrepm wef;wlnr#a&;ESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;zdEyrtm;vH;k S f G D dS f _ csKyf+idr;f yaysmufa&;wd@k atmifjrifatmif vkyaqmif=u&ef wduwe;f Ed;k aqmfxm;cJonf? f k f G h 1993 ckEpwif usi;f ycJaom AD,ifem a=unmpmwrf;wGivnf; ukvor*~. vl@tcGita&; Sf G h f hf ,E ,m;twGi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGita&;udk ydrw;kd wufyg0ifatmif vkyaqmif=u&ef W hf k kd f wduwe;f xm;onf? k f G pwkwt}urf urBmtrsKd ;orD;nDvmcHukd 1995 ckEpf pufwifbmv (4) &ufrS (15) &uftxd W d h S wkwEiiH bD*si;f rd wGif usi;f ycJjh yefygonf? xdk bD*si;f ukvor*~ trsKd ;orD;nDvmcH}u;D onf f kd f trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;rsm;onf vl tcGita&;rsm;jzpfonf[aom auG;a=umforsm;ESihf fh hf l H twl ordi;f wGi&pfconf? xdnvmcH}uD;rS trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom k f hJ k D hf bD*si;f a=unmcsupmwrf;ESihf a&Svkyief;pOfrsm;udk xkwjf yefjyXmef;Ediconf? trsKd ;orD; f f k f hJ tcGita&;rsm;udk umuG,apmifa&Smufjcif;ESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 wd;k wufjrifrm;atmif hf f h h vkyaqmifjcif;wdk wGif oufqi&mtpd;k &rsm;wGivnf; wm0ef&a=umif; xda=unmpmwrf; f kd f f dS k wGif azmfjyxm;onf? csrwxm;aom a&Svkyief;pOfrsm;udk atmifjrifatmif taumif S f f txnfazmf vkyaqmif&efrm tpd;k &wdi;f . wm0efjzpfonf[k a&Svkyief;pOfxwif a&;om; f S k f J G xm;onf? vkyief;pOfwif atmufygtcsursm;udk tav;ay;aqmif&uI trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 f G f G f wd;k wufa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef qdxm;onf? if;wdk rSm - trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf qif;&J k iwfrwr/_ trsKd ;orD;rsm;. ynma&;ESihf avhusiysKd ;axmifa&;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf use;f rma&;/ G f hf trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf vufeufuiydyuQ/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf kd f pD;yGm;a&;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf qH;k jzwfcsucsEiaom tqiftwef;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm; wd;k wuf f kd f h jrifrm;a&;twGuf tajccHtaqmufttH/k trsKd ;orD;rsm;. vltcGita&;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf h hf owif;Xme/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf obm0ywf0ef;usi/f trsKd ;orD;i,frsm;. ta&;wdk jzpfonf? ukvor*~wif trsKd ;orD;rsm; tcGita&;ESihf ywfoufI trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHEihf G hf k S cGjJ cm;r_rsm; yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfEihf if;.pmcsKyfaumfrwD/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; S t=urf;zufrqi&m txl;pHprf;ppfaq; a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur on Violence _ kd f k Against Women) wdrSm xif&m;onf? (trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHEihf cGjJ cm;r_yaysmufa&; k S kS oabmwlpmcsKyfEihf if;. pmcsKyfaumfrwDta=umif;tus,ukd tjynfjynfqi&m S f kd f vltcGita&; Oya'rsm; tcef;wGif =unfyg?) hf h
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trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkESifh cGJjcm;r_yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfESifh if;. pmcsKyf aumfrwDwkd onf trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHEihf cGjJ cm;r_rsm;yaysmufa&;ESihf ukvor*~ k S ydnmOfwif jyXmef;xm;aom trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf trsKd ;orD; wef;wlnw&apa&;wdk twGuf G D l dS &nf&,zJG pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? G f
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay:t-urf;zufjcif;
trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufrukd ordi;f pOfwavsmufv;kH wGif rSwwrf;rwifcbJ wdrf ryf _ k f hJ aecJ=h u&onf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufrukd r=umao;rDurSpwifI us,us,f _ f avmifavmifajymqdvmcJ=h u+y;D ,ckwif tcsKd @tpd;k &rsm;u ta&;,laqmif&uf wm;qD;r_rsm; k kd G rvkyaqmif=uao;yg? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufronf trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGita&;udk f _ hf csdK;azmufr_jzpfonf [laomt,ltqudk tpdk;&tcsdK@u vufrcH=uao;yg? trsdK;orD; rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;onf vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufr_ wckjzpfonf[aom t,ltq hf l onf +yD;cJonfh q,fpEptwGi;f rSpI us,us,avmifavmif ay:xGuvmcJonf? h k S f f f f h trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;qdonfrm k S trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; pdwyi;f qdi&mt&jzpfap/ vdiyi;f qdi&mt&jzpfap/ kyyi;f f kd k f f kd k f f kd qdi&mt&jzpfap tE &m,fjzpfapaom/ twemw& cHpm;apaom/ cHpm;ap&rnf kf W [lI +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm;tygt0if ajcmufve@f or;f oGi;f r_rsm;/ if;wd@k . vGwvyfr_ _ S d f rsm;tm; rw&m;z,f&m;jcif;rsm;jzpfapr_/ xdo@kd jzpfapEdiavmufaom tytrlrsm; S k kf tm;vH;k [lI 1993 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif usif;ycJhaom ukvor*~ taxGaxG nDvmcH. trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufryaysmufa&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif t"dym,f zGixm;onf? _ ` hf wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf trsdK;orD;ESifhtrsdK;om;rsm;t=um; trsdK;orD;rsm; tay: wqiferaom tjrifa=umifh ay:ayguvm&aom rnDr#onfh t=urf;zufrukd qdvonf? h d hf f _ k kd 1993 ckEpf ukvor*~ urBmvl tcGita&; nDvmcHwif xdupEiywfoufI us,us,f S h hf G k d P S hf f jyefjyef aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; tdraxmiftwGi;f ESihf jyifywdk wGif t=urf; f zufrukd umuG,&efwifjycJonf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufjcif;qdi&m a=unm _ f h kf
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AmqDvD oabmwlpmcsKyt& Ekiiwum yl;aygi;f aqmif&ur_ wd;k wuf&efEihf +ir;f csr;f a&;ESihf f dfH G f S d vHk cHa&;&&Sap&ef&nf&,csujf zifh 1919 ckEpwif Ediiaygi;f csKyf toif;}uD; (The League d G f S f G kfH of Nations) udk zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifconf? od@k aomf yxrurBmppf}uD; t+yD;wGif zGpnf;cJaom hJ J h Ediiaygi;f csKyf toif;}uD;onf 'kw,urBmppfukd wm;qD;Edijf cif;r&SbJ ysujf ym;oGm;&onf? kfH d k d 'kwd,urBmppf t+yD;wGif aemufxyf urBmppf wm;qD;Edkifapa&;twGuf EdkifiHaygif;csKyf toif;}uD;uJokd Ediiwumyg0ifaom toif;wckukd zGJ pnf;&ef&nf&,c=hJ uonf? ,cifu h kfH G f zGJ pnf;cJ+h yD; xifoavmufatmifjrifr_ r&&Scaom Ediiaygi;f csKyf toif;}uD;. oifcef;pmudk d hJ kfH ,lI rnfuokd atmifjrifatmifzJG pnf;Edirnfudk avhvmtm;xkwc=hJ uonf? 1945 ckEpf hJ kf f S kfH wGif tar&duefEii/H qefz&efppPukd rdY usi;f ycJh aom ukvor*~/ Ediiwum tzGJ tpnf; kd f nDvmcHokd wufa&mufvm=uaom Ediiaygi;f (50) rS ud,pm;vS,rsm;u ukvor*~ kfH k f f vltcGita&;qdi&m vkyx;kH vkyenf;rsm;. tajccHtoufaoG;a=umjzpfaom ukvor*~ hf kf f f ydnmOf (United Nations Charter) udk a&;qGjJ yXmef;Ediconf? ppfa=umifh nDvmcHokd k f hJ rwufa&mufEiaom ydvefEiiuyg aemufyi;f wGif twnfycJojzifh ukvor*~ukd pwif kd f k kd f H kd h f kf k hJ zGJ pnf;cJonfh Ediita& twGuonf (51)EdiijH zpfonf? xdpmcsKyf pwiftouf0ifconfh h kfH 1945 ckEp/f atmufwbmv (24) &ufae rSpI ukvor*~}uD;vnf; touf0ifvy&m; S kd _ f S vnfywfconf? ,cktcgwif ukvor*~ tzGJ 0ifEiiaygi;f (180) ausmf &Sc+hJ yD;jzpfonf? hJ G kd f H d urBmuvor*~.t"du &nf&,csurm h k G f f S - wurBmvH;k +idr;f csr;f a&; pd;k rd;k ap&ef/ - Ediirsm;twGi;f rdwbufqefaom qufo,r_ wd;k wufap&ef/ kfH f G f - jynfolrsm; b0wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef/ qif;&JrJGawr_/ pmrwwfajrmufr_ESifh a&m*gab; xlajymr_w@kd ukd wduzsu&ef/ obm0ywf0ef;usif zsuq;D r_ukd &yfw&efEihf k f f f Hh S wOD;. tcGihf ta&;ESihf vGwvyfrukd wOD;u tjyeftvSef av;pm;&ef/ f _ - xd&nf&,csursm; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf Ediirsm;t=um; A[dcsutjzpf pGr;f aqmif k G f f kfH k f ay;&ef wd@k jzpfonf? xd&nf&,csursm; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf ukvor*~ukd Ediiwum Oya'ESihf ukvor*~ k G f f kfH ydnmOfwkd tay:wGif tajcwnfI zGJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
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ukvor*~. rl0g'rsm;rSm - tzJ@G 0ifEiiwi;f tcsKyftjcmtm%m wef;wlr&onf? dk f H kd _ dS - tzJ@G 0ifEiiwi;f ukvor*~ydnmOfukd vduem&rnf? kd f H kd k f - Ediirsm;onf rwlujGJ ym;r_rsm;udk +idr;f csr;f aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifom ajz&Si;f &rnf? kfH h S - Ediirsm;onf tiftm;oH;k jcif; od@k r[kwf tiftm;oH;k &ef +cr;f ajcmufjcif;wd@k ukd a&Smif=uOf kfH d &rnf? - ukvor*~onf rnfonfEii. jynfwi;f a&;&mudrS 0ifa&mufpuzufjcif;ry? h kd f H G k G f - Ediirsm;onf ukvor*~tm; 0di;f 0ef;yhy;kd ulnoifonf? kfH k H D h ukvor*~udk pwifzGJpnf;&mwGif 'kwd,urBmppf. ppfEdkifEdkifiHrsm;u xlaxmifcJhojzifh vljzLrsm; toif;[kyif ac:a0:cHcJh&+yD; Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;ESifh tar&duefrsm;u v$r;f rd;k xm;onfukd awG&onf? AsLdua&pDEihf Ediia&; ay:vpDrsm; a&;&mwGif ,aewdif k S kfH k if;wdk . =oZm tm%mtiftm; oufa&mufaevsu&onfukd awGjrif Edionf? f dS kf ukvor*~pepft& 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf ukvor*~&dS aumfrwDrsm;/ Xmersm;udk tzGJ 0ifEiirsm;. kd f H yx0De,fajrrsm; tvduf cGwrf;csxm;onf? xdk a=umifh 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf Xmewdi;f wGif e,fajr k J k tvdkuf uefowfxm;aom ta&twGufudk awG&rnfjzpfonf? tzGJ0ifEdkifiHrsm;udk a'otvduf atmufygtwdi;f t=urf;tm;jzifh cGjJ cm;xm;onf? k k (u) (c) (*) (C) (i) tmz&du Ediirsm; (50 Edii) kfH kfH tm&S Ediirsm; (50 Edii) kfH kfH ta&SOa&my Ediirsm; (18 Edii) kfH kfH kfH kfH vufwiftar&du ESihf ua&bD,H Ediirsm; (34Edii) taemufOa&my ESihf tjcm;Ediirsm; (23Edii) wdk jzpfonf? kfH kfH
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85
ukvor*~. t"du Xme}u;rsm; D

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(1) taxGaxG nDvmcH (General Assembly)

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86
tcef; (9)
(u) (c) (*) (C)
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87
csO;f uyf&onf? rdrwkd jzpfapvdaom qH;k jzwfcsuf pum;vH;k rsm;ESihf rl=urf;wifoi;f rnfh EdiiH d k G kf ud,pm;vS,tzGJ u wifoi;f vdonfh pum;vH;k rsm;t=um; !dEi;f r_rsm;pGm yvky&wwf k f f G k d_ f onf? ukvor*~o;kH pum;vH;k rsm;onf wckEiwck t"dym,frwdr;f r,dr;f &Soa,mifEihf S hf ` d S uGjJ ym;aoma=umifh xdokd pum;vH;k rsm;ukd !dEi;f &mwGiyif tcse=f um=um !dEi;f &avh&onf? k d_ f d d_ dS wcsewnf;rSmyif tjcm;EdiiH ud,pm;vS,tzGJ rsm;tm; rdrEiitwGi;f jzpfysuaeaom d f kf k f f d kd f H f vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufcae&r_ tajctaersm;udk aumif;rGepm em;vnfap&ef csO;f uyf hf H f G pnf;H;k &onf? xdr#ru qH;k jzwfcsur=l urf; wifoi;f onfh tcgwif yg0ifwifoi;f Ediatmif/ k f G G G kf odk r[kwf wifoi;f o!fh qH;k jzwfcsuukd 0di;f 0ef;axmufc+H yD; qH;k jzwfcsucsrwf twnfy G f k f S D G Ediatmif pnf;H;k &onf? wEdiiv#iwrJomay;&onfh taxGaxGnvmcHwif qH;k jzwfcsuf kf kfH f wckcsrw&mY tzGJ 0ifEiirsm;. rJta&twGutrsm;pku&&S&ef ta&;}uD;vSonftwGuf S f kd f H f kd d h tzGJ 0ifEiiwi;f . ud,pm;vS,tzGJ rsm;xH csO;f uyfpnf;H;k &efvtyfonf? jrefrmEdiitay: kd f H kd k f f kd kfH taxGaxGnvmcH}uD;rS qH;k jzwfcsuf csrwco!fh umvwavsmufwif wifoi;f cJaom D S f hJ G G h rl=urf; rsm;udk uefuGuor&Sd axmufcavh&aomfvnf; tcsKd Edii. ta&;udprsm;wGif f l H dS kfH P uefuGuoEihf axmufcorsm; &Swwfojzifh rJcq;kH jzwf&avh&onf? f l S H l d JG dS csO;f uyf&mwGif vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufaeonhf rdrEii. tpd;k &ESihf &if;ES;D aom/ qufqr_ hf d kd f H H &Saom/ Ediirsm;rS ud,pm;vS,tzGJ rsm;udvnf; vpfvsL_Ir&ay? xdEiirsm;udvnf; d kfH k f f k k kd f H k csO;f uyfI if;wdk . oabmxm;rsm; ajymif;vJvmap&ef csO;f uyfoifonf? jrefrmEdiia&;ESihf h kfH ywfoufI ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcH}uD;wGif t&Set[keaumif;rGeaom qH;k jzwfcsuf D df f f rsm; csrwvmap&ef oGm;a&mufvH_ aqmforsm;onf jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd vltcGita&;ESihf S f l kfH hf kfH kfH d Ediia&;tajctaersm;/ Ediiwumu jrefrmEdiitay: xm;&Saom oabmxm;rsm;udk kfH ausnufpm em;vnfxm;rSom xduokd Ediiu,pm;vS,trsm;tjym;ukd csO;f uyf&mwGif G k hJ k f H kd f f atmifatmifjrifjrifEihf csO;f uyfEirnfjzpfonf? nDvmcHtcsetwGi;f ud,pm;vS,tzGJ S kd f d f k f f trsm;tjym;udk awGqHcsO;f uyf&o!ftwGuf udwifjyifqifrrsm; yvky&ef txl; vdtyf k h _ f k onf? pnf;H;k v_H aqmf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapEdirnfh pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;/ taxmuf kf f txm;rsm;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ xkwfjyefa=unmcsufrsm;/ "mwfyHkrsm;udkvnf; pkaqmif; jyifqif&ef txl;vdtyfonf? rdrwkd oGm;a&mufcsO;f uyfpnf;H;k rnfh ud,pm;vS,tzGJ rsm; k d k f f onf jrefrmEdkifiH ta&;udpP wckwnf;omr[kwf/ tjcm;aom udpPrsm;pGm &Sdonfukd owdyoifonf? xdk a=umifh xdokd oGm;a&mufrnfh olrsm;taejzifh qufqajymqd&mwGif h k H k u|rf;usifolrsm;jzpf&efvnf; vkdtyfvSonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u csrSwfcJhaom taxGaxG nDvmcH}uD;. jrefrmEdkifiHtay: qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tm; aocsmpGmavhvmxm;&efvnf;
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tcef; (9)
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(2) vHk ca&;aumifpD (Security Council) H

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89
Edijf cif; r&Sonftcg xdjk y\emudk tjynfjynfqi&m w&m;H;k (ICJ) od@k wifjyI xdw&m;H;k rS k d h kd f k aeI rnfolrSefonf/ rnfolrSm;onfudk qHk;jzwfonf? vHkcHa&;aumifpDu ukvor*~ tzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;udk EdiiwEdiiH od@k r[kwf Ediirsm;tay: ukeo,rrsm; &yfwef@ywq@kd &ef/ kd f H kfH kf kfH f G f _ d f yifv,f/ ava=umif;/ rD;&xm;vrf;/ pmwdu/f w,fvze;f / a&'D,kd tp&Sonfh qufo,a&; k Dk d G f enf;vrf;rsm; ydwq@kd ta&;,l&ef yef=um;Edionf? xdo@dk vkyaqmifrrsm; ratmifjrifygu f kf k f _ vHk cHa&;aumifponf ukvor*~ +idr;f csr;f a&;wyfrsm;udk apv$wI vHk cHa&; ESihf ppfrZrsm; D f hJ kH wnfaqmuf&ef od@k r[kwf typftcwf&yfpa&; aqG;aEG;&ef wm0efay; apcdi;f Edionf? J k kf odk@aomf ydyuQwGif yg0ifywfoufaeaom EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk;u oabmwlcGifhyrSom ukvor*~ +idr;f csr;f a&;wyfrsm;udk apv$wEirnfjzpfonf? tcsKd @ta&;udprsm;wGif vHk cHa&; f kd f P kf aumifpu tzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;tm; ppfa&;t& 0ifa&mufjzefajzay;&ef tm%may;Edionf? D kd f H tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;uvnf; xdkodk@ta&;udpP jzpfay:vmygu rdrdwdk@ppfwyftiftm;rsm;udk apv$wun&ef wm0ef&onf? f l D dS t+rJwrf;tzGJ 0if r[kwaom Ediirsm;. oufwrf;udk (2) ESpf owfrwxm;+yD; oufwrf; f kfH S f wd;k cGihf r&Say? xduokd t+rJwrf;r[kwaom Ediirsm;udk a&G;cs,&mwGif qENrJ oH;k yHEpykH d k hJ f kfH f k S f trsm;pk&&efv+kd yD; a'oqdi&m Ediirsm;u oabmwlygu t+rJwrf;r[kwaom tzGJ 0if kf kfH f jzpfEionf? vHk ca&;aumifp. OuUXtjzpf t*FvytuQ&m tpDtpOftwdi;f vpOfajymif;vJ kd f H D df k wm0efxrf;aqmifaponf?
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91
Development Program UNDP)/ ukvor*~ 'kuonfrsm;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD; H; (UN Q kf k High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR) wdonf ukvor*~ &HyaiGEihf tpDtpOf k kH S
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95
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atmufwif tvkytzGJ rsm;/ Ediitvduf vltcGita&; txl;pHprf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srsm;/ G f kfH k hf k d utvdkuf vltcGifhta&; txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sdrsm;tjyif vGwfvyfI u|r;f usiorsm;ESihf zGJ pnf;xm;aom qyfaumfr&Sif (Sub-Commission) wdk udk zGJ pnf; f l ceftyfxm;onf? qyfaumfr&Sif (53) EdiiH kf txl;pHprf;a&;t&m&Srsm; k d Ediitvduf kfH k txl;pHprf;a&; k tmz*efepPwef/ ygy;l 0g e,l;*De/D jrefrm/ usL;bm;/ uarBm'D;,m;/ t,fvqmaA;'d;k / f tDauG';kd / a[wD/ D *Ggwrmvm/ tD&wf/ tD&ef/ ,l*pvm;AD;,m;/ kd ydvef/ b&Gr'/D k f qdrm;vD;,m;/ k Adav;AD;,m;/ k &dar;eD;,m;/ k ygvufpwdi;f / k oD&vuFm/ wd*/kd d k ql'ef/ Zdi,m kf qyfaumfr&Sif (26) OD; tvkytzGJ rsm; f tvkytzGJ (4) ck f rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;qdi&m kf w&m;vufvwf owfjzwfjcif;/ G ESdyfpuf!Of;yef;jcif;/ a=u;pm; ppfom;rsm;oH;k jcif;/ bmoma&; t& zdESdyfjcif;/ uav;oli,f rsm;tm; a&mif;0,fazmufum; jcif;/ vlrsdK;a&; rkef;wD;r_ESifh cJGjcm;zdESdyfjcif;/ vGwfvyfpGm xkwazmfajymqdjk cif;/ w&m;a&; f qd k i f & m ,E W & m;vG w f v yf r _ / trsd K ;orD ; rsm;tm; t=urf ; zuf r _ / pG e f ypf y pP n f ; rsm;. tusKd ;oufa&mufjcif;? u|ef yr_qi&m kd f qufo,rqi&m G f _ kd f zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f r_qi&m kd f
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97
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Enforced of Involuntary Disappearance) (Working Group on (Working Group on
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Arbitrary Detention)
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aumfr&Siatmufwif aemufxyfzJG pnf;xm;aom tzGJ tpnf;rSm qyfaumfr&Sijf zpfonf? f G qyfaumfr&Sionf vltcGita&; aumfr&Siatmuf&dS wckwnf;aom aumfr&Sijf zpf+yD; f hf f trnftjynftpHrm vlenf;pkrsm;tay: cGjJ cm;r_ukd wm;qD;a&;ESihf apmifa&Smufa&; qyf h k S h aumfr&Sif (Sub- Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities ) jzpfonf? aumfr&Si. vltcGia&;&m udprsm; vkyaqmifrukd f fh P f _ t"du taxmuftulyonf? vltcGifhta&; aumfr&SifESifh qyfaumfr&Sift=um; uGmjcm;csufrSm vltcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifudk EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh zGJpnf;xm;+yD; qyfaumfr&Siudk vGwvyfI u|r;f usiol (26) OD;ESihf zGJ pnf;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? xdk (26) f f f OD;udk (4) ESpf oufwrf;pepfjzifh aumfr&Sifu a&G;cs,favh&Sd+yD; wOD;ESifhwOD; oufwrf; ukeq;kH onfh ESprsm;vnf; rwl=uay? xdokd aumfr&Sif tzGJ 0ifEiirsm; ukd ud,pm;ryonfh f f k kd f H k f vGwvyfu|r;f usiorsm;jzifh zGJ pnf;xm;aoma=umifh tpd;k &ud,pm;vS,rsm;. Ediia&;t& f f l k f f kfH wduuyg0ifpuzufrrS uif;a0;onf? odk aomf qyfaumfr&Si&dS tzGJ 0ifrsm;udk if;wdk . k f kd f G f _ f tpdk;&toD;oD;u trnfpm&if; wifoGif;=u&ojzifh vGwfvyfI u|rf;usifolrsm;onf vufawGwGif rnfr#vwvyfoenf;qdonfrm ar;cGe;f xkwp&myif? tcsKd rSm oufqi&m G f k S f kd f Ediirsm;wGif tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;yif jzpfaewwfonf? kfH qyfaumfr&Sionf ESppOf=o*kwvwGif (4)ywf=um tpnf;ta0; yvkyavh&onf? xdk f f f f dS tpnf;ta0;rsm;odk vltcGita&;udpP v_y&m;aqmif&uae=uaom tpd;k &r[kwonfh hf f S G f f tzGJ aygi;f rsm;pGm wufa&mufI yg0ifaqG;aEG;=uonf? f qyfaumfr&Siatmufwif tvkytzGJ (4) ck&+dS yD; xdtvkytzGJ rsm;onf qyfaumfr&Sif f G f k tpnf;ta0; rwdirD awGqH=k uonf? ,if;tvkytzGJ (4) ckrm kf f S (1) rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;rsm;qdkif&m tvkyftzGJ (Working Groyup on Indigenous
Populations WGIP)
(2) u|ef yr_qi&mtvkytzGJ (Working Group on Slavery) kd f f (3) qufo,rqi&mtvkytzGJ (Working Group on Communication ) G f _ kd f f (4) zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;jcif;qdkif&mtvkyftzGJ (Working Group on Detention) wkd jzpfonf? yxr tvkytzGJ awGqHjk cif;ESpcokd vltrsm; wufa&mufaqG;aEG;Ediaomfvnf; wwd, f fk kf wckrm wHcg;ydwf aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfonf? wwd, tvkytzGJ onf vltcGita&; aumfr&SiEihf S f hf fS
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qyfaumfr&SSifwdkxHodk wifoGif;vmaom vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;pD. vltcGifhta&; csKd ;azmufc&r_ wdi=f um;csursm;udk vufcpppfaom tvkytzGJ jzpfonf? H k f H d f 1970 ckEpwif twnfyjyXmef;vduaom ukvor*~ qH;k jzwfcsuf trSwf 1503 t& S f G k f ukvor*~ tzJG@0ifEkdifiH tpdk;& vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ukvor*~o@kd wduuwi=f um;Edionf? xdo@kd vyaqmifaom vkyief;pOftqifqifukd k f kd f kd kf k k f f h h (1503 vkyx;kH vkyenf;)[kac:a0:=uonf? Tvkyx;kH vkyenf;onf ukvor*~taejzifh f f f f wOD;csi;f wdi=f um;r_ukd vufcta&;,l aqmif&uaom vkyx;kH vkyenf;jzpfojzifh xl;jcm; k H G f f f aom enf;vrf;[k qdEiaomfvnf; tqifqifppfaq;+y;D rS vkyaqmifaoma=umifh tm;enf; k kd f h h f csuf rsm;pGm&Sonfukd awG@&onf? xdo@kd wdi=f um;&mwGif vlwOD;csi;f jzpfap/ tpd;k &r[kwaom d k k f tzJ@G ujzpfap wdi=f um;Edionf? ud,wicpm;&ol jzpfp&mrvdyg? od@k aomf owif;pm/ k kf k f kd f H k owif;rsm;tay: tajccHI wdi=f um;r_ rjzpfap&yg? wdi=f um;rnfoonf trnfrazmfbJ k k h l wdi=f um;I r&yg? wdi=f um;onftr_ukd Ediiawmftqifh w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;u ajz&Si;f ay;&ef k k h kfH S rpGr;f omaom tjzpfrsKd ;jzpf&rnf? od@k r[kwf Ediiawmftqifwif ajz&Si;f r_onf usL;vGec& kfH h G S fH oltwGuf taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif rzefw;D Ediaoma=umifjh zpf&rnf? usL;vGeaom tpd;k & kf f tay: ykwfcwfapmfum; ajymqdkjcif; yg0ifyguvnf; xdkwdkif=um;csuf txajrmufrnf r[kwyg? f xdo@dk wdi=f um;r_rsm;udk tvkytzJ@G . wm0efcu vufconf? wdi=f um;pm ay;yd@k oxo@kd k k f H H k l H wdi=f um;r_ukd vufc&&Sa=umif; todtrSwf y jyefpmay;yd@k onf? xdwi=f um;r_ rdwLudk k H d k kd W oufqdkif&m tpdk;&odk@ ay;ydk@+yD; ar;cGef;rsm;xkwf&onf? xdk@aemuf xdkwdkif=um;r_ESifh ywfoufaom tESpcsKyfwifjycsuukd vpOfvwdi;f txl;vSKd @0upmjzifh qyfaumfr&Siwif f f k S f G Sf G xduptm; qufvufuiw,rnfoxH tpD&ifc&onf? xd@k aemuf tvkytzJ@G 0if (5) k d P kd f G f h l H f OD;onf wESpfv#ifw}udrf awG@qHk+yD; xdkwdkif=um;csufrsm;udk avhvmppfaq;onf? wdkif=um;csufrsm;ESifh tpdk;&xHrS wkef@jyefcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfI tvkyftzJG@onf xdwi=f um;r_onf trSewu,f }ud;D }uD;rm;rm; vl@tcGita&; csKd ;azmufr_ [kwr[kwukd k kd f hf f f rJcI qH;k jzwfonf? trSewu,f vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrj_ zpfonf[k ,lqygu xdk GJ f hf wdkif=um;csufudk qyfaumfrwDxHodk wifoGif;+yD; xdkrSwqifh rJqENjzifh aumfr&SSifxHodk qufvufwifoif/h rwifoifukd qH;k jzwfonf? aumfr&Sitaejzifh xdo@kd wifoi;f vmaom h Sf k G wdkif=um;r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI xdkwdkif=um;csufudk y,fcsjcif;/ aemufESpfusrS pOf;pm; aqmif&Guf&ef qdkif;ihHvdkufjcif;/ jzpfysufonfhtr_udpPwckvHk;udk avhvmjcif; (thorough
100
tcef; (9)
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101
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102
tcef; (9)
vltcGita&;aumfr&Sif nDvmcH hf
ajcmufywf=umjrifaom vltcGita&; aumfr&SinvmcHukd ESppOfrwfvvnfrS {+yDv h fh f D f uketxd qGpZmvefEii/H *seAmrdwGif usi;f yonf? nDvmcHwif yxrOD;qH;k aumfr&Si. f f kd f D D G f OuUXwOD;/ 'kw, OuUX oH;k OD;ESihf rSwwrf;wifwOD;udk a&G;cs,wifajrmufonf? xdk aemuf d f f nDvmcH tpDtpOfEihf tcseZ,m;wdk udk owfrw=f uonf? S d f S aumfr&Sif tzGJ 0ifrsm;onf nDvmcH rpwifrEihf nDvmcHtwGi;f wGif if;vufatmuf&dS D S tvkytzGJ i,frsm; tm;vH;k ESihf awGqHonf? nDvmcHrpwifrD awGqHaomawGqHrukd (Pref k k k_ sessional Working Group Meeting) [kac:+y; nDvmcHtwGi; tvkytzGrsm;ESihf awGqHr_ D f f J k f rsm;udk (Sessional Working Group Meetings) rsm;[kac:onf? tcsKd vkyief;tzGJ rsm;. awGqHaqG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif vltrsm; yg0ifwufa&mufEionf? k kd f vltcGita&; aumfr&SinvmcHokd aumfr&SitzGJ 0if Ediirsm;tjyif tzGJ 0ifr[kwaom hf f D f kfH f EdkifiHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ ukvor*~ at*sifpDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ ukvor*~wGif twdiyifctqifh &&Sxm;aom tpd;k &r[kwonfh tzGJ rsm; wufa&mufEionf? kf H d f kd f
vltcGita&;aumfr&SinvmcHvyief;pOfrsm; hf f D kf
nDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;rnfh acgif;pOfudpPrsm;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;. udk,fpm;vS,fu rdwfqufa=unm+yD; xdkacgif;pOfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom aemufcHordkif; a=umif;ESihf pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;udk wifjyonf? txl;pHprf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&SEihf u|r;f usiol f k dS f rsm;. Ediitvduf odk r[kwf utvduf tpD&ifcpmrsm;udk acgi;f pOfrsm;raqG;aEG;cif kfH k k H wifjyavh&onf? xdk aemuf aumfr&SitzGJ 0ifwOD;u acgi;f pOfukd rdwqufay;+yD; aumfr&Sif dS f f S r[kwaom Ediiu,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf ukvor*~wif twdiyifctqifh &&Sxm;aom tpd;k & f k f H kd f f G kf H d r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;. ud,pm;yolrsm;. ud,wi0ifa&mufajymqdwifjyjcif; (Interf k f k f kd f k vention) udk yvkyonf? xdjyif tpd;&r[kwaom tzGtpnf;rsm;taejzifh EdiiwEdiiH f k k f J kfH kf tay: odk r[kwf vltcGita&; uwckta=umif; tpD&ifcpmrsm;udk xkwa0jzefcsEif hf H f D kd onf? xdokd ajymqdc&aom Ediitaejzifvnf; xdajymqdcsursm;tay: jyefvnfacsycGihf k kH kfH h k k f &Sonf? aemufq;kH wGif xdacgi;f pOfEiywfoufI qH;k jzwfcsuukd aumfr&SitzGJ 0ifEiiwEdiiH d k S fh f f kd f H k f
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u rl=urf;wifoGif;I aumfr&SiftzGJ0ifrsm;u rJqENay;um qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonf? aumfr&SitzGJ 0if r[kwaom Ediirsm;onf qH;k jzwfcsur=l urf;udk yl;wGwifoi;f Ediaomf f f kfH f J G kf vnf; rJay;I qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifcGifhr&Sday? xdkodk aumfr&Siu csrwvuaom qH;k jzwfcsursm;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;aumfrwDu twnfy f S f kd f f _ &ef vdtyfonf? k &Si;f vif;&rnfqv#if jrefrmEdii. vltcGita&;csKd ;azmufrukd vltcGita&; aumfr&Sif kd kfH hf _ hf nDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;onfhtcg yxrqHk;,cifESpfrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHtay:csrSwfcJhaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ aemufcHta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHESifhywfoufI a&;om; xm;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzifh pwifzGifhvSpfvdkufonf? jrefrmEdkifiH. vltcGifhta&; tajctaersm;udk pHprf;ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfc&onfh txl;pHprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Su k H k d ol.tpD&ifcpmudwifjyonf? xdk aemuf aumfr&SitzGJ 0ifwOD;u jrefrmEdiiEiywfoufI H k f k f H S hf wifjyaqG;aEG;rnfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk zwf=um;+yD;aemuf tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tpdk;& r[kwfaom tzGJudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vltcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk ta=umif;t&mtvduf wifjyzwf=um;=uonf? xdokd ud,wi0ifa&muf ajymqdjk cif;tay: k k k f kd f jrefrmEdiiH ud,pm;vS,u jyefvnfacsy ajymqdEici&onf? aemufq;kH wGif jrefrmEdiiH kf k f f k kd f G hf dS kf tay: ukvor*~ vltcGita&; aumfr&Siu qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrwonf? hf f f S f vltcGita&; aumfr&Sif nDvmcHwif Ediitcsi;f csi;f awGqHnEi;f r_rsm; vkyaqmifjcif;/ hf G kfH k d d_ f wGe;f tm;ay; v_H aqmfjcif;rsm;udk vkyaqmifavh&onf? aumfr&Si. qH;k jzwfcsursm;onf f dS f f taxGaxG nDvmcH}uD;. qH;k jzwfcsursm;txd t&Seaumif;onftwGuf vltcGita&; f d f h hf v_y&m;olrsm;onf aumfr&SinvmcHtwGi;f rdrwkd wduy0ifaeaom ta&;udprsm;twGuf fS f D d k f JG P aumif;rGeaom qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrw&ef ud;yrf;aqmif&uavh&onf? f f S f G f dS ukvor*~ vltcGita&;qdi&m tzGJ rsm;teuf TvltcGita&; aumfr&SiEihf if;. hf kf hf f S taxmuftuly qyfaumfr&Siwiom tpd;k &r[kwaomtzGJ rsm; wduuyg0if v_y&m; f Gf f k f kd f fS EdionftwGuf xl;jcm;onf[qEionf? xdtzGJ rsm;onf vltcGita&; tpD&ifcpm kf h k kd kd f k hf H rsm;udk ypka&;om;xkwa0+yD; wifjyEdir#ru rdrwkd wifjyaomEdiiH odk r[kwf ta=umif; f k f kH d kf t&m ursm;tay: pdw0ifpm;axmufcvpw&onfh Ediiu,pm;vS,rsm;. a&SarSmuf f H kd d f dS k f H kd f f wGif ud,wiu,us tpD&ifcwifjyEdionf? xdk jyif rdrwkd csrwapvdaom qH;k jzwfcsursm; k f kd f kd f H kf d S f k f csrwapa&;twGuf wGe;f tm;ay; wduwe;f v_H aqmfrrsm; vkyaqmifEionf? ukvor*~ S f k f G _ f kd f
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taxGaxGnvmcHukd Ediiu,pm;vS,rsm;om wufa&mufEiaomfvnf; vltcGita&; D k f H kd f f kd f hf aumfr&Siwif Ediiu,pm;vS,rsm; omru tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;yg yg0ifwufa&muf f G k f H kd f f f Ediaoma=umifh tpd;k &r[kwaomtzGJ tpnf;rsm;. vkyaqmifrukd todtrSwf yaom kf f f _ ukvor*~. nDvmcHwck[k qdEionf? k kd f jrefrmEdiiEiywfoufI vltcGita&; v_y&m;aqmif&uorsm;onf TvltcGita&; k f H S hf hf f S G f l hf aumfr&Sif nDvmcHukd vpfvsL_xm;Ir&ay? taxGaxGnvmcH}uD;wGif pnf;H;k v_H aqmf S D ouJokd TvltcGita&; nDvmcHwivnf; v_H aqmfrrsm; yvky&rnfjzpfonf? odk aomf h hf Gf _ f k kfH k taxGaxGnvmcHwif Ediiu,pm;vS,f tzGJ rsm;udom csO;f uyfI jrefrmEdiitay: ydrkd D G k f H kd f aumif;rGefaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&ef aqmif&Guf&aomfvnf; TvltcGifhta&; aumfr&Sif nDvmcHwif tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;udyg csO;f uyfpnf;k;H &onf? jrefrmjynf. S G f k vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrta=umif;udk tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;taeESihf aumif;pGm hf _ f od&+dS yD; vdtyfaom tcsutvufrsm; xkwjf yefEi&ef/ nDvmcHtwGi;f ud,wif 0ifa&muf k f kd f k f kd ajymqdrrsm; vkyui&eftwGuf wGe;f tm;ay;r_rsm; vkyaqmif&onf? xdk jyif rdrwkd udk k _ f kd f f d ukvor*~wif twdiyifctqif&&Sxm;aom tpd;k &r[kwonftzGJ wzGJ zGJ u wm0ef,+l y;D G kf H h d f h ud,pm;ycGihf (Accredition) ay;ygu nDvmcHokd ud,wiu,uswuf a&mufEionf? k f k f kd f kd f kd f ukvor*~wif twdiyifctqifh &&Sxm;aom tpd;k &r[kwonftzGJ u ay;xm;onfh G kf H d f h ud,pm;ycGijhf zifh nDvmcHwirru,wif 0ifa&mufajymqdEionf? jrefrmEdii&dS vltcGihf k f G f d d kd f kd k kd f kfH ta&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;/ ppftpd;k & ud,pm;vS,tzGJ . vdrvnfxuqcsursm;udk ud,wif _ k f f f G f kd f k f kd ud,us wifjyaxmufjyEdionf? rdrwkd csrwapvdaom qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrwEi&ef k f kf d S f k f S f kd f twGuf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJrsm;rSwqifh odkr[kwf jrefrmEdkifiHtay: pdwf0ifpm; axmufcaom Ediiu,pm;vS,tzGJ 0ifrsm;rSwqifh wGe;f tm;ay;pnf;H;k v_H aqmfEionf? H k f H kd f f kd f xdk a=umifh jrefrmEdiita&;udk vltcGita&; aumfr&SinvmcHwif oGm;a&mufvH_ aqmf kfH hf f D G =urnfh olrsm;onf tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJrsm;udkvnf; *kwpdkufv_HaqmfEdkifatmif ud;yrf;jyifqif&rnf? rnfonftzGJ rsm;onf/ twdiyifctqifh &&Sonf/ vltcGita&; h kf H d hf aumfr&Siwif av;pm;r_ rnfr#&&Sxm;onf/ jrefrmEdii&vl tcGita&; csKd ;azmufcae&r_ f G d k f H dS hf H rsKd ;pHwif rnfonfupukd ydrI pdw0ifpm;onf/ xdk twGua=umifh rnfonftaxmuf k G h d P k kd f f h txm;/ tpD&ifcpm/ "mwfy/kH AD',rwwrf;rsm;udk ,laqmifom;&rnf ponfjzifh udwif H G D kd S f G jyifqif&rnfjzpfonf? tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf; &maygi;f rsm;pGm wufa&mufaom f nDvmcHjzpfonftwGuf wzGJ csi;f qDukd vduvpnf;H;k v_H aqmf&ef rvG,uvacs? xdk a=umifh h k f H f l S
105
nDvmcHusi;f yaepOftwGi;f jrefrmEdii&dS vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk tzGJ tpnf;rsm; kfH hf _ ydro&em;vnfvmapa&;twGuf a[majymyGrsm;/ aqG;aEG;yGrsm;/ "mwfyEihf AD',jkd yyGrsm; k kd d dS J J kH S D J yvkyEi&ef udwifjyifqifoifonf? roGm;a&mufrD rnfonftzGJ u rdrtm; ud,pm;cGifh y f kd f h h d k f rnf/ rnfonfta=umif;t&mudk OD;pm;ay;wifjyrnf/ qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw&mwGif rnfonfh h S f tcsursm;udk yg0ifapcsionf ponfwkd udk jyifqifxm;rSom wdawmif;onfh &ufowWywf f f k (6) ywf=umnDvmcHtcsetwGi;f atmifjrifpm pnf;H;k v_H aqmfEirnfjzpfonf? rdru,wif df G kd f d kd f kd 0ifa&mufajymqdjk cif; yvkyrnfqygu ajymqdrnfajymqdcsuukd (5) rdepfrS (10) rdepf f kd k h k f umvpm udwifjyifqif&rnfjzpfonf? rvdktyfaom tcsufrsm;/ t}udrf}udrftzefzef ajym=um;csufrsm; ryg0ifapbJ wduscdkifvHkaom tcsufrsm;/ ta&;tom;rsm;jzifhom a&;om;ajymqdoifonf? rdrajymqdonftcserwdirD ajymqdrnfh pm&Guukd rdwLW ul;xm;+yD; k h d k h df kf k f owif;ESifhjyef=um;a&;wm0efcHESifh nDvmcH tcef;wm0efcHxH udwifjzefa0xm;Edkifygu aepOfowif;xkwfjyefcsufwGif yg0ifEdkifayrnf? xdkjyif bmomjyefrsm;taeESifh udwif avhvmxm;Edkifojzifh taumif;qHk;bmomjyefEdkif&ef taxmuftulyayrnf? xdkodk ajymqdcsuomru xdupEiywfoufI oD;jcm;xkwjf yefcsursm; xkwjf yefxm;ygu xdk k f k d P S hf f xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udkvnf; rdrdajymqdkrnfhpm&GufESifhyl;wGJI jzefa0Edkifonf? zwf=um;&m wGivnf; r%mrtaejzifh nDvmcHOuUXtay: ol.a&G;cs,wifajrmuf cH&r_tm; cs;D usL; f f *k%,a=umif;jzifh pwif+yD; rdrajymqdcsursm;udk rjrefve;f / raES;vGe;f zwf=um;oifonf? f l d k f G h
tjcm;pmcsKyftajccHtzGJ rsm;
ukvor*~wGif a&;om;xm;aom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk tajccH+yD; zGJpnf;xm;onfh pmcsKyftajccHtzGJ rsm;wGif oufqi&m pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm; yg0ifonf? kd f xdpmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;onf t=urf;tm;jzifh Ediirsm;u wifoi;f aom tpD&ifcpmrsm;udk k kfH G H avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;/ tpD&ifcHpm tcsufrsm;udk avhvmI apmifh=uyfjcif;/ oufqdkif&m tpd;k &rsm;udk jy\emtm;todtrSwf yvm atmifvyaqmifjcif;ESihf owif;zvS,jf cif; k f wdk udk vkyaqmifonf? f xif&m;aom pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;ESihf oufqi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;rSmS kd f - vltcGita&; aumfrwD - Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&; tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwl hf kfH kfH hf kf pmcsKyf/ (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights )
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tcef; (9)
- pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGita&;qdi&m aumfrwD - pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&; _ hf kf _ ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGihf ta&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (International Covenant kf
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)
- vlrsKd ;a&; zdEyrrsKd ;pHk yaysua&; aumfrwD- vlrsKd ;a&; zdEyrrsKd ;pHk yaysmufa&; dS f _ f dS f _ oabmwlpmcsKyf/ (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination )
- oH;k OD;aumfrwD - tom;ta&mif cGjJ cm;aom &mZ0wfr_ csKy+f ir;f a&;ESihf tjypfay;a&; d aumfrwD (International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment
of the Crime of Apartheid )
- trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; zsufodrf;a&;aumfrwD trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;zdEyrrsm; zsuor;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf dS f _ f d
(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women)
- uav;oli,frsm; tcGita&;qdi&m aumfrwD - uav;oli,frsm; tcGita&; hf kf hf qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Rights of child) kf - !Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_ qefusifa&;aumfrwD - !Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_ qefusifa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention Aganist For Ture) - a$ajymif;tvkyorm;rsm;ESihf if;wdk . rdom;pkrsm; tcGita&; umuG,a&; f hf f aumfrwD - a$ajymif; tvkyorm;rsm;ESihf if;wdk . rdom;pkrsm; tcGita&; f hf umuG,a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on thef Protection of the Rights f
of All Migrant Workers and Memvers of Their Families)
xdkpmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;. vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;rSm wckESifhwck wlnDr_r&Sday? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJ rsm;. vkyaqmifEirrmvnf; rwlnay? f kd f _ S D
vltcGita&;qdi&mrsm;udk pdw0ifpm;onfh ukvor*~tjcm;Xmersm; hf kf f trsKd ;orD;tqiftwef;qdi&m aumfr&Sif (The Commission on the Status of h kf S
Women)
trsKd ;orD; tqiftwef;qdi&m aumfr&Sionf pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;aumifpatmufwif h kf Sf _ D G zJ@G pnf;xm;aom vkyief;aumfr&Sif (9) ckteuf wcktygt0ifjzpfonf? (1947) ckEpwif f S S f G
107
pwifxlaxmifcJhaom trsdK;orD;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m aumfr&SSif. wm0efrSm EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ Ediiom;a&;ESihf ynma&;e,fy,frsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;rsm; _ kfH hf wd;k wufjrifrm;apa&;ESihf ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcpmrsm;/ t}uHay;csursm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;ESihf h H f vlra&;aumifpo@kd jyifqifay;&efjzpfonf? xd@k jyif trsKd ;orD;tcGita&; e,fy,fxwif _ D hf J G trsKd ;om;ESihf trsKd ;orD; wef;wltcGita&; &&Sa&;twGuf csucsi;f ajz&Si;f aqmif&uay;&ef hf d f S G f vdtyfaom jy\emrsm;ESihf ywfoufI t}uHOm%frsm;vnf; ay;Edionf? k kf aemufydkif;wGif aumfr&SSif. wm0efrsm; ydkrdkus,fjyef@ tm;aumif;vmcJh+yD; trsdK;orD; tcGita&; pHcsep!e;f rsm; owfrwa&;/ qufo,r_ vkyief;rsm;udk jyefvnfo;kH oyfa&;/ hf d f H $ S f G f f taxGaxG t}uHay;csursm; xkwjf yefa&;wd@k txd us,jf yef@vmcJonf? aumfrwDonf f h trsKd ;orD;rsm;. Ediia&; tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyEihf vufxyf+y;D aom trsKd ;orD; kfH hf kf fS rsm;. Ediiom;jzpfciqi&m pmcsKyfw@kd ukd rl=urf;a&;qJconf? aumfrwD. OD;aqmifrj_ zifh kfH G hf kd f G hJ urBmtrsKd ;orD;nDvmcH (4) ckukd ruUpuefpw;D / udyef[ef/ EkibEihf bD*si;f rdwd@k wif h D D k d f kd D S G atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifcJhonf? rlv pwifzJG@pnf;pOfu aumfr&SSiftzJG@0if (15) OD;&Sd&mrS aemufydkif;wGif (45) OD;xd wdk;yGm;vmonf? xdkaumfr&SSif tzJG@0ifrsm;onf if;wdk@. oufqi&m tpd;k &rsm;udk ud,pm;yonf? kd f k f
= ukvor*~vltcGita&;qdi&m r[mrif;}u;H; hf kf D k
azmfjycJaom ukvor*~ ydnmOftajccHtzGJ rsm;ESihf pmcsKyftajccHtzGJ rsm;tjyif vltcGihf h ta&;ESihf qufpyfaeaom XmerSm ukvor*~ vltcGita&;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD;H;k (UN hf kf High Commissioner for Human Rights) jzpfonf? ukvor*~wif vltcGita&; udprsm;udk xduokd r[mrif;}uD;H;k rsKd ; zGivp+f yD; vkyuif G hf P k hJ hf S f kd aqmif&Guf&ef umvtwef=umuyif ud;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonf? odkaomf EdkifiHtrsm; tjym;. axmufcrenf;yg;r_a=umifh 1993 ckEpf AD,ifemrdwGif usi;f yaom urBmvl tcGihf H _ S h ta&; nDvmcH usi;f yonfwiatmif taumiftxnfay:vmcJjh cif; r&Say? urBmvl tcGihf h kd f d h ta&; nDvmcHokd wufa&mufvmaom Ediiu,pm;vS,rsm;t=um; tacstwifajymqdr_ k f H kd f f k rsm;pGmjzpfay:cJ+h yD; aemufq;kH rS ukvor*~ tzGJ }uD;. vltcGia&;&m vkyief;rsm;udk ydrkd hf f k aumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef &nf&G,fI ukvor*~ vltcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[m rif;}uD;H;k udk zGJ pnf;&ef qdaom vkyief;pOfukd nDvmcH. a=unmcsuwif xnfoi;f Edif k f f G h G k
108
cJonf? taxGaxGnvmcHtm; qH;k jzwfcsucs&ef wm0efay;cJonf? 1993 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv h D f h S (20) &ufaewGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcH}uD;u vltcGita&; qdi&m r[mrif;}uD; D hf kf H;k udk zGJ pnf;&ef uefuGurr&Sd qH;k jzwfconf? 1994 ckEp/f ZEM0g&v (31) &ufaewGif f J hJ S D ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfu tDauG';kd EdiirS rpPwm*sKd pf tm,mvmvufqkd kfH (Mr. Jose Ayala-Lesso) udk yxrOD;qH;aom vltcGita&;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD;tjzpf k hf kf ceftyfc+hJ y;D {+yv (5) &ufaewGif wm0efrsm;pwifxrf;aqmifconf? vuf&vl tcGita&; D hJ dS hf qdi&m r[mrif;}uD;rSm ar&Da&mfbifqif (Mary Robinson) jzpfonf? kf ukvor*~ vltcGita&;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD;H;k udk *seAmrdwGif tajcpdu+f yD; e,l;a,muf hf kf DD k rdwGif jyef=um;qufo,a&;H;k wH;k zGivpxm;&Sonf? r[mrif;}uD;. oufwrf;udk (4) G f hf S f d ESpfoufwrf; owfrSwfonf? u|rf;usifaom 0efxrf;rsm;jzifh ay:vpDESifh vrf;!$efr_rsm; owfrwazmfjyjcif;/ tpd;k &rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f qufqvyuijf cif;/ a=unmcsuEihf tpD&ifcpmrsm; S f H k f kd fS H jyifqifjcif;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif yg0ifoufa&mufjcif;/ owif;Xmersm;ESihf qufqjH cif; ponfwkd udk aqmif&uaeonf? G f
= vltcGita&;Xme}u; (Center for Human Rights) hf D

aemufXmewckrm ukvor*~wif ta&;ygaom vltcGita&;Xme}uD;jzpfonf? *seAmrd S G hf D D wGif tajcpdkuf+yD; vltcGifhta&;qdkif&m vufaxmuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfu wm0ef,l OD;aqmifonf? TXmeudk vufaxmuf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf;kH ESihf t"du XmecGJ (6) ckwkd jzifh zGJ pnf;xm;onf? ukvor*~. vltcGita&; tpDtpOfrsm;udk }u;D =uyfI hf txufygaumfrwDrsm;u vdtyfaom 0efxrf;rsm;udk jznfqnf;ay;onf? k h
tjcm;vltcGita&;ESiqufpyfaeaom ukvor*~tzGJ tpnf;rsm;rSmhf hf

- ukvor*~ 'kuonfqi&mr[mrif;}uD;H;k (UNHCR) Q kd f - tjynfjynfqi&mtvkyorm;tzGJ csKyf (International Labor Organization kd f f
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- ukvor*~ ynma&/;/ odyEihf ,Ofaus;r_tzGJ (UNESCO) `H S - urBmuse;f rma&;tzGJ (WHO) wdk jzpfonf? h
109
= ukvor*~ 'kuonfrsm;qdi&m r[mrif;}u;H; (UNHCR) Q kf D k

1950 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (14) &ufaewGiq;kH jzwfcaom ukvor*~ taxGaxGnvmcH}uD;. S f hJ D qH;k jzwfcsut& ukvor*~ 'kuonfrsm;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD;H;k udk 1951 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v f Q kf S D (1) &ufaewif zGJ pnf;cJonf? ukvor*~tzGJ twGi;f 'kuonfrsm;jy\emudk udiw,f G h Q kf G ajz&Sif;onfh t"dutzGJtpnf;jzpfonf? T'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;Hk;u kfH 'kuonfqonfrm vlrsKd ;a&;udp/P bmoma&;udp/P Ediiom;jzpfr/_ Ediia&;t,ltqESihf Q kd S kfH vlrtzGJ wzGJ zGJ odk tzGJ 0ifa&mufrwkd a=umifh !O;f yef;ESypuf tjypfay;cH&rnf[k a=umuf&HG _ _ df &ef cdivaom tcsutvufrsm;&So/l xdokd a=umuf&HG r_ukd ta=umif;yI rdrwkd EdiiH k f kH f d k d kf tpd;k &. umuG,apmifa&Smufrukd rcH,Eiaomolrsm; [k t"dym,fziqxm;onf? f h _ l kd f ` G hf kd f _ S Tr[mrif;}uD;H;k onf 'kuonfrsm;ESihf ywfoufI Ediiwum umuG,rrsm;ay;&efEihf Q kfH 'kuonfrsm; jy\emudk xm0&ajz&Si;f Ediaom tcsursm;&SmazG&ef t"duvkyaqmifonf? Q kf f f ae&yfokd jyefvnfaexdicaom 'kuonfrsm;ESihf jynfwi;f rSmyif vSnvnfaexdiaeaom k f hJ Q G hf kf ae&mtwnfwus raexdi&olrsm;tygt0if urBmay:&Sd 'kuonfaygi;f oef; (30) cef. kf Q ta&;udprsm;udk aqmif&uae&onf? Ediiwum umuG,r[q&mwGif 'kuonfrsm;tm; P G f kfH f _ k kd Q rdrdqENrygbJ twif;t=uyfjyefvnfydkaqmifjcif;ukd umuG,f&ef/ 'kuQonfrsm;tm; zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f jcif;ukd umuG,&efEihf 'kuonfrsm;. vHk ca&;udk wm0ef,&efwkd yg0ifonf? f S Q H l xdr#ru 'kuonfrsm;qdi&m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd Ediirsm;u oabmwlvufrwa&;xd;k k Q kf kfH S f vmap&ef/ rdroabmtav#muf ae&yfokd jyefonfh tpDtpOfrsm;jzifh 'kuonf jy\em d Q rsm;udk ajz&Si;f &efEihf tjcm;u,fq,fa&;tzGJ rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f vufwI 'kuonfrsm;tm; S JG Q ulnaxmufyrrsm; vkyaqmif&efwkd udk ud;yrf;v#u&onf? vuf&wm0efxrf;aqmifae D hH _ f f dS dS aom 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;rSm e,fomvefEkdifiH. 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;jzpfol k'vwfAbm (Ruud Lubbers) jzpfonf? f f Ekiiwumu 'kuonfrsm;udk umuG,apmifa&Smuf&efEihf ywfoufaom tajccHtcsuf dfH Q f h S S rsm;rSm 'kuonfrsm;tm; twif;t=uyf ae&yfo@kd jyefvnfy@kd aqmifjcif;tm; wm;jrpfjcif;? Q 'kuonfrsm;tm; umuG,ay;a&;ESihf ywfoufI tajccHtusq;kH umuG,ay;r_rm Q f f S xd'uonfrsm;udk ae&yfo@kd armif;xkwjf cif;/ jyefy@kd jcif;ry&efjzpfonf? ol.vlrsKd ;jzpfr/_ k k Q ud;k uG,r/_ Ekiiom;jzpfr/_ vlra&; od@k r[kwf Ediia&;toif;tzJ@G wif tzJ@G 0ifjzpfra=umifh f dfH _ kfH G _
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ae&yfujkd yefv#if tE &m,fusa&mufEiygu xd'uonfukd ol.ae&if;t&yfo@kd jyefvnf W kd f kk Q yd@k aqmifjcif; ry&ay? 'kuonfrsm;.vHk cHr? Q _ 'kuonfrsm;. vHk cHrrmvnf; tajccHusaom tcsuwcsujf zpfonf? cdvciawmif;cH Q _S f k H_ G hf aom olrsm;onf olw@kd b0 touf&ioefa&;twGuf cdvcihf awmif;cHjcif;jzpfonf? Sf k H_ G 'kuQonfrsm; cdkv_HcGihf awmif;cHaeaom e,fajrwGif xdkolwdk@udk vHkcHr_ray;Edkifygu 'kuonfrsm;tm; umuG,apmifa&Smufronf t"dym,frjhJ zpfayvdrrnf? 'kuonf Q f h _ ` hf Q rsm;. kyyi;f qdi&m vHk cHa&;ESihf 'kuonfrsm; cdv&mae&ma'orsm;. vHk cHa&;vnf; f kd k f Q k H_ Ttcsuwif tu;H 0ifonf? trsKd ;orD; 'kuonfrsm;tm; vdiyi;f qdi&m t=urf;zufr_ f G Q f kd k f onfvnf; ,cktcsuwif tuH;0ifygonf? f G 'kuonfrsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;? Q rdrdtouf&SifcGifhudk tE W&m,fay; taESmuft,Sufyaeaom wdkif;jynfrS tjcm; wdi;f jynf twGi;f od@k xGuajy;wdr;f a&Smifvmaom rnfonh'uonfurS wdi;f jynf k f S f k Q kd k twGi;f w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufroufoufjzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; ry&ay? ol. vlrsKd ; _ jzpfr/_ ud;k uG,r/_ Ekiiom;jzpfr/_ vlra&; od@k r[kwf Ediia&;toif;tzJ@G wif tzJ@G 0if f dfH _ kfH G jzpfra=umifh ol.wdi;f jynfwif tE &m,f&I xGuajy;wdr;f a&Smifvmolonf xdtcsuf _ k G W dS f k kd f G k f kd k kH kf k udk oufqi&m tpd;k &xHwif cdicif vHvwifjyEdiygu if;wd@k ukd wdi;f jynftwGi;f w&m; r0if 0ifa&mufrj_ zifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifI r&ay? 'kuonfrsm;qdi&m r[mrif;}uD;onf 0efxrf;aygi;f ig;axmifausmjf zifh vnfywfv#uf Q kf &Sdonf? 0efxrf;rsm;. (80) &mcdkifE_ef;rSm vufawGe,fy,frsm;wGif vkyfudkifv#uf&Sd+yD; Ediiaygi;f (115) Ediiwif H;k cGaygi;f (200) ausmf zGivpxm;onf? 'kuonfrsm;qdi&m kfH kfH G J hf S f Q kf r[mrif;}uD;H;k . A[daumfrwD0if Ediiaygi;f rSm (50) Edii&onf? k kfH k f H dS
tjynfjynfqi&m tvkyorm;tzGJ csKyf (International Labor Organization ILO) kd f f

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tcef;(8)
a'oqdi&m vltcGita&; tzGJ tpnf;rsm; kf hf

vltcGifhta&; tqifhtwef; wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf a'otwGif;wGif yl;aygif; aqmif&uvyuijf cif;onf Ediiwum vltcGita&; v_y&m;wd;k wufrrsm; atmifjrif&ef G f k f kd kfH hf fS _ twGuf r&Srjzpfvtyfaom tcsujf zpfonf? a'otwGi;f wGif vltcGita&;qdi&m tzGJ d kd hf kf wzGJ &Sygu xdtzGJ onf a'otwGi;f &Sd jynforsm;. vltcGita&; tajctaersm;udk d k l hf teD;uyf apmif=h unfEi+f yD; a'otwGi;f &Sd vltcGita&; jy\emrsm;udk a'otwGi;f rSmyif h kd hf ydrajyvnfpm ajz&Si;f Ediavh&onfukd awGonf? xdr#ru a'otwGi;f &Sd Ediiwcktay: k kd G kf dS k kfH a'otwGif;u EdkifiHa&; zdtm;ay;r_onf tjcm;a'orsm;u jypfwifajymqdkr_rsm;xuf ydrxa&mufa=umif; awG&S&onf? xdk a=umifh ukvor*~ at*siprsm;onf a'oqdi&m k kd d d f D kf vltcGita&; tzGJ rsm; ay:ayguvmap&ef txl;tm;ay;aqmif&uaev#u&onf? hf f G f f dS a'oqdi&m vltcGita&;tzGJ [k qdaomfvnf; tcsKd tzGJ rsm;rSm yx0Da&ajr taetxm; kf hf k t& zGJ pnf;xm;jcif;rsKd ; r[kwbJ tjcm;a'orS Ediirsm;yg yg0ifzJG pnf;xm;onfukd awG& f kfH onf? tzGJ rsm;. OD;wnfcsu/f &nfre;f csu/f oabmwlncsursm;tay: vufcoabmwl S D f H d S f Edionfh Ediirsm;onf a'otvducJG jcm;r_r[kwbJ rdrEpouf&mtzGJ odk yl;aygi;f wwf kf kfH k f f onfuvnf; awG&onf? kd
Oa&mya'o Oa&myaumifpD (The Council of Europe) ESihf Oa&myvltcGita&; oabmwlpmcsKyf hf

(The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights)
Oa&myaumifponf taemufOa&my Ediirsm;tm;vH;k yg0ifzJG pnf;xm;aom a'oqdi&m D kfH kf vltcGita&; tzGJ tpnf;wckjzpfonf? 1949 ckEpwif usi;f yaom Oa&my uGe*&uf hf S f G f odk wufa&mufvm=uonfh Ediiaygi;f (16)EdiirS ud,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf zGJ pnf;onf? 2001 kfH kfH k f f ckEpuewif tzJ@G 0ifEiiaygi;f (41) Edii&+dS yDjzpfonf? S f k f G kd f H kfH
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Oa&myaumifpwif tpd;k & ud,pm;vS,rsm;/ Ediiawmf ygvrefrsm;ESihf EdiiawmfEihf a'o D G k f f kfH D kfH S qdkif&m tm%mydkifrsm;udk oHk;rsdK;cJGjcm;I zJG@pnf;xm;onf? tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;. tpdk;& ud,pm;vS,rsm;onf Oa&myaumifp. tpdwtydi;f oH;k ckteuf wckjzpfaom 0ef}uD;rsm; k f f D f k aumfrwD (Committee of Ministers) wGif yg0ifonf? Ediirsm;. ygvrefrsm;u a&G;cs,f kfH D wifajrmufxm;onfh ud,pm;vS,rsm;onf aemufxyftpdwtydi;f wckjzpfonfh aumifp. k f f f k D ygvrefvwawmf (Parliamentary Assembly) wGif yg0ifonf? aemufxyftpdwtydi;f wck D $ f f k jzpfonfh Oa&mya'oqdi&m tm%mydirsm;uGe*&uf (Congress of Local and Regional kf kf f Authorities of Europe) udk a'oqdi&m tm%mydirsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? xd@k jyif kf kf Oa&myaumifponf twdiyifctqiftjzpf todtrSwf ycHxm;&aom tpd;k &r[kwonfh D kf H h f tzJ@G aygi;f 400 ausmEihf wdiyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; yvkyavh&onf? f S kf f dS Oa&myaumifponf Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&; umuG,a&; tajccHtcGita&;rsm;udk D kfH kfH hf f hf umuG,apmifa&Smuf&eftwGuf Oa&mya'o vltcGita&; umuG,a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf f h hf f (The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights) udk 1950 ckEpwif S f G jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1953 ckEpwif touf0ifvmonf? xdpmcsKyfonf vuf&wnf&aeaom a'o Sf G k dS dS qdi&m vltcGita&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;xJwif tjynfpq;kH ESihf tcdirmqH;k aom pmcsKyf kf hf G h kH kf jzpfonf? pmcsKyfyg oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk }uD;=uyfEdkif&eftwGuf Oa&mya'o vltcGifhta&; aumfr&SiEihf Oa&my a'o vltcGita&;qdi&m w&m;H;k wdk udk zGJ pnf;xm;cJonf? od@k aomf fS hf kf h Sf S hf 1993 ckEpwif xdaumfr&SiEihf w&m;H;k wd@k ukd aygi;f pyfI Oa&my vl@tcGita&; w&m;H;k S f G k (European Court of Human Rights) tjzpf jyifqifz@GJ pnf;&ef qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? xdk w&m;H;k opfukd Oa&myaumifpEihf wJzufI Strasboug rdwGif 1998 ckEpf Ed0ifbmv (1) D S G S k &ufaerS pwifI zGivpEiconf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf vGwvyfaomolrsm; jzpf=u+yD; hf S f kd f hJ f if;wd@k ukd Oa&myaumifp&dS Oa&myygvrefvwawmfu a&G;cs,wifajrmufonf? vly*Kd~ vf D D $ f f k wOD;csi;f pDEihf Ediirsm;uaeI vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk wdi=f um;ydici&onf? S kfH hf _ k k f G hf dS Oa&myaumifpwif aemufxyfta&;}uD;aom vlra&;qdi&m pmcsKyfwckjzpfaom Oa&my D G _ kf vlr_csmwmonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f apmifa&Smuf&ef jyXmef;xm;aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf? 1965 ckEpwif jyXmef;cJonf? 1996 h S f G h ckEpwif jyefvnfjyifqifrrsm; yvkyconf? csmwmwGif tvkyvyyici/hf pnf;H;k ydici/hf S f G _ f hJ f k f kd f G kfG
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aq;ukocHyici/hf vltrsm;ESihf pkaygi;f I vkyc/ tvkycseponfwkd tay: tavsmtwif; kd f G f f d f h vkyyici/hf vlrzva&; cHpm;ydici/hf tvkyorm;rsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;yg tvm;wl tusKd ;cHpm; f kd f G _ l kH kfG f ydici/hf a$ajymif;tvkyorm;rsm;ESihf if;wdk rdom;pkrsm;twGuf tumtuG,Eihf tultnD kfG f fS rsm; awmif;cHcirsm;tjyif vkyief;cGiwif wef;wlnr#tcGita&; &&Sa&;ESihf uav;oli,f G hf f f G D hf d rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;tay: umuG,ay;a&;wkd yg0ifonf? f pmcsKyfwif vufrwa&;xd;k xm;aom Ediirsm;onf pmcsKyfyg tcsutvufrsm;udk av;pm; G S f kfH f vduemaqmif&uaea=umif; (2) ESpv#iw}udrf tpD&ifcpm wifoi;f &onf? vGwvyf+yD; k f G f f f H G f u|r;f usiorsm;jzifh zGJ pnf;xm;aom aumfrwDu xdtpD&ifcpmrsm;udk pDppfavhvm&onf? f l k H
tar&duefa'o tar&duefEiirsm;tzGJ (The Organization of American States- OAS) f kd f H

tar&duefEiirsm;tzGJ udk 1948 ckEpwif zGJ pnf;cJ+h yD; tar&duefa'o/ vl.wm0efEihf kd f H S f G S tcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;udk jyXmef;cJonf? 1969 ckEpwif tar&duefa'o vltcGihf hf h S f G S f G h ta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfukd jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1978 ckEpwif pmcsKyf touf0ifvmcJonf? 1995 ckEpwif tzGJ 0ifEiiH (35) Edii&vmonf? tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; a=unm S f G kd f k f H dS kd f hf pmwrf;ESihf tajccHtESpom& wlnaomfvnf; tar&duefa'o/ vltcGita&; oabmwl f D hf pmcsKyf. xl;jcm;csurm Ediiom;wdk . wm0efukd tyd'f (10) yd'jf zifh zGiq&i;f jyxm;jcif; f S kfH k k hf kd S jzpfonf? pmcsKyfyg tcsursm;udk }uD;=uyf&ef tar&duefEiirsm;aumfr&Sif (The Inter-American f kd f H Commission) ESihf tar&duefEiirsm;qdi&m vltcGita&;w&m;H; (The Inter-American kd f H kf hf k Court of Human Rights) wdudk zGpnf;xm;onf? aumfr&Sionf pmcsKyftzG0ifEiirsm; k J f J kd f H tm;vH;k . vltcGita&; wd;k wufa&;twGuf aqmif&u&ef/ vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufr_ hf G f hf rsm;udk oGm;a&mufpHkprf;+yD; tpD&ifcH&ef/ vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;pD. wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &efEihf vltcGita&; w&m;H;k . vkyief;rsm;udk ulnvyaqmif&efwkd jzpfonf? S hf f D k f
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tar&duefEiirsm;qdi&m vltcGita&; w&m;H;k udk w&m;ol}u;D (7)OD;jzifh zGJ pnf;xm;onf? kd f H kf hf pmcsKyftzGJ0if EdkifiHrsm;tay: tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u vltcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_jzifh pGJcsuf wifonftcg w&m;H;k u udiw,ajz&Si;f &onf? xdokd pGypcsursKd ;udk aumfr&Sirwqifh h kf G f k f JG f Sf S w&m;H;k u vufcavh&onf? H dS 1995 ckEpwif aemufxyf tar&duefa'oqdi&m vltcGita&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwck S f G kf hf xyfrtouf0ifvmcJonf? xdpmcsKyfrm tar&duefEiirsm;. trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf; H h k S kd f H zufrtm; umuG,a&;/ tjypf'%fcsrwa&;ESihf csKyf+idr;f apa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf jzpfonf? _ f S f h xdpmcsKyftwGuf tar&duefa'o/ trsKd ;orD;qdi&m aumfr&SiuzJG pnf;cJonf? pmcsKyf k kf f kd tzGJ 0ifEiirsm;u trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;ESihf ywfoufI csKd ;azmufrrsm; usL;vGeaeygu kd f H hf _ f xdEiirsm;rS vly*Kd~ vfwOD;csi;f ujzpfap/ tzGJ vdujf zpfap/ tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf; k kd f H k k f rsm;ujzpfap trsKd ;orD;aumfr&SixH wdi=f um;Edionf? aumfr&Siu xdwi=f um;csursm; f k kf Sf k kd f udk pHprf;ta&;,laqmif&uom;rnfjzpfonf? k G f G
tmz&dua'o tmz&dunDnwa&;tzGJ (The Organization of African Unity OAU) G f

tmz&dua'owGi&aom a'oqdi&m tzGJ tpnf;rSm tmz&du nD!wa&;tzGJ jzpfonf? f dS kf G f 1981 ckEpwif tmz&du vlEihf jynfowkd . tcGita&; csmwm (African Charter on S f G S l hf Human and Peoples Rights) udk jyXmef;cJ+h yD; 1986 ckEpwif touf0ifconf? 1995 S f G hJ ckEptxd tmz&duef Ediiaygi;f (49)Ediiu vufrwa&;xd;k cJonf? csmwmwGif yg0ifaom S f kfH kfH S f h tcsufrsm;rSm tjynfjynfqdkif&m EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsursm;ESihf tajccHtm;jzifh wln+D yD; tjynfjynfqi&m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ f kd f _ qdi&m tcGita&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI vGwvyfpmydiqici/hf tvkyvyyici/hf ynma&;/ kf hf f G k f kd f G f k f kd f G use;f rma&;ESihf rdom;pkumuG,r_ cHpm;ydiciwkd udk jyXmef;xm;onf? f k f G hf pmcsKyfyg tcsursm;udk }uD;=uyf&ef tmz&du a'oqdi&m aumfr&Siukd 1987 ckEpwif f kf f S f G pwifzGJpnf;cJhonf? aumfr&Sifukd tmz&du nD!Gwfa&;tzGJu a&G;aumufwifajrmuf
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vduaom ud,pm;vS,f (11) OD;jzifh zGJ pnf;xm;onf? Ediirsm;/ tzGJ tpnf;rsm;. wdi=f um; k f k f kfH k csursm;tjyif vlwOD;csi;f pD. wdi=f um;csursm;udyg ta&;,lpprf;onf? tzGJ 0if Ediirsm; f k f k kH kfH onf (2) ESpv#iw}urf aumfr&SixH rdrwkd Edii. vltcGita&; tajctaersm;udk tpD&ifcH f f d f d kfH hf wifoi;f &onf? od@k aomf wnfqOya'rsm; ta=umif;rsm;omjzpf+yD; vufawG@rus vSay? G J a'oqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; ,E W,m;rsm;xJwGif oufwrf;tEkqHk;jzpfonfh tmz&du yHponf zH@G z;d wd;k wufr_ tenf;qH;k ESihf oufa&mufrtenf;qH;k jzpfaeao;onf? a'oqdi&m kH _ kf vl@tcGita&; w&m;H;k wck zJ@G pnf;xlaxmif&ef qH;k jzwfcsuusc+hJ y;D jzpfaomfvnf; oabmwl hf f vufrwx;kd rnfh Ediita&twGuf rjynfao;onftwGuf touf0ifvmjcif; r&Sao;yg? S f kfH h h d
tm&yfa'o
tm&yfa'owGif vl@tcGita&; aumfr&Sir&Sao;aomfvnf; 1990 ckEpwif tpPvrftzJ@G hf Sf d S f G tpnf;rsm; nDvmcH (Organization of Islamic Conference) u udikd vl@tcGita&; kf hf a=unmpmwrf;udk jyXmef;cJonf? od@k aomf tcsKd @aom avhvmolrsm;u xdpmwrf;wGif h k ygaom oabmw&m;rsm;onf vl@tcGita&;onf wurBmvH;k ESihf oufqionf [laom hf kd f t,ltqESihf uJvaeonf[k axmufjy=uonf? 1994 ckwif tm&yfEiirsm; aygi;f csKyftzJ@G G GJ G kd f H (League of Arab States) u tm&yfv@l tcGita&; csmwm (Arab Human Rights hf Charter) udk vufcoabmwlc+hJ yD; vl@ tcGita&; u|r;usiorsm; aumfrwD (Human H hf f f l Rights Committee of Experts) udk zJ@G pnf;cJonf? xdaumfrwDu tzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;. h k kd f H tpD&ifcpmrsm;udk (3) ESpv#iw}udrf avhvmoH;k oyfonf? od@k aomf w&m;H;k r&Sao;acs? H f f d xdcsmwmonfvnf; vl@tcGita&;onf wurBmvH;k ESihf oufqionf[aom t,ltqudk k hf kd f l csevyxm;+yD; ta&;ay:tcsewif jynfow@kd . tcGita&;rsm;udk tpd;k &uaeI qdi;f iHh f S f d f G l hf k xm;cGifh tjynfay;xm;onf? h
tm&Sa'o
tm&Sa'oonf vltcGita&;uwGif Ediiwum. apmif=h uyfxr;f csKyfrtay: tm;ay; hf kfH d _ axmufcr_ tenf;qH;k a'ojzpfonf? tm&Sa'otwGi;f &Sd tcsKd EdiiH tpd;k &rsm;u Ediiom;ESihf H kf kfH
120
Ediia&; tcGita&; qdonfrm tiftm;}uD; Ediirsm;. v$r;f rd;k r_ukd wzufvnEihf zH;k uG,f kfH hf k S kfH S hf S xm;aom pum;vHk;jzpfonf[k qdk=uonf? tcsdKuvnf; wwd,EdkifiHrsm;. vuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&; zGH zd;wd;k wufr&atmif vkyaqmifaeaom tajctaersKd ;wGif vltcGita&;rsm; _ dS f hf tay: uefowfrrsm;xm;&S&ef vdtyfonf[k qd=k uonf? tm&SEiirsm;. vltcGita&; _ d k kd f H hf qdi&m tawG;tjrifrsm;tay: taESmift,Suf yaeaom tcsurm tm&Sa'o&Sd tm%m&Sif kf h fS tpd;k &rsm;onf if;wdk cHpm;aeaom tcGix;l rsm; aysmufysuom;rnfukd pd;k &drae=ujcif;yif hf f G f jzpfonf? if;wdk u vltcGihf ta&; tawG;tjrifrsm;onf Oa&my vpfb&,f'rua&pDEihf D kd S qd&,0g'wdk . tpdwtydi;f rsm;jzpf+yD; tm&Sa'otwGuf txl;tqef;rsm; jzpfaeonf[k k S f f k qd=k uonf?
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tcef;(9)

tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm; (Non Governmental Organization - NGO) onf f vltcGita&; umuG,a&;ESihf vltcGita&; wd;k wufjrifrm;a&;wdk twGuf wduy0if&m hf f hf h k f JG wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;urS yg0ifaeonf? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJtpnf;rsm;. vkyaqmifcsuryg0ifbJ tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; v_y&m;r_rsm; ay:ayguvmrnf f f kd f hf f S f r[kway? ukvor*~&dS vltcGita&; at*siprsm;onf vltcGita&;rsm; xGe;f um;a&;udk f hf fD hf u;d yrf;vkyaqmifae+y;D EdiiwumwGif vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufaeaom tpd;k &rsm;udvnf; f kfH hf k jypfwifa0zefrrsm; vkyaqmifv#u&onf? odk &mwGif ukvor*~ ud,pm;vS,rsm;rSm _ f f dS k f f tpd;k &ud,pm;vS,rsm;om jzpfaeojzifh vltcGita&;ESihf ywfoufI tpd;k &wcku tjcm; k f f hf tpdk;&wckudk a0zefonfhtcg tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;ESifh uH&awmhonf? tjcm;EdkifiHudk rdrd a0zefv#if rdrEii. tusKd ;udyg xdcuvmEdionf[aom pd;k &drrj_ zifh jywfjywfom;om; d kd f H k kd f kf l f rvkyaqmifEiawmhacs? xdk a=umifh tpd;k & tcsi;f csi;f rdrtusKd ;pD;yGm;csi;f umuG,&if;ESihf f kd f d f vltcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;aejcif;wdka=umifh tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJ tpnf;rsm;udk wm0efay;jcif;onf ydrkd aumif;onf[aom t,ltqay:vmonf? k l tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm;onf vlrtzGJ tpnf;rsm;. t"duausmd;k jzpfonf? f _ tjrwftpGe;f &&Sa&;twGuf r&nf&,bJ zGJ pnf;xm;aomtoif;tzGJ rsm;/ tzGJ tpnf;rsm;/ d G f tkyprsm;ESihf apwemh0ef xrf;rsm;wdk onf tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? f k f tzGJ wzGJ csi;f pD. zGJ pnf;r_rsm;/&nf&,csursm;/ t"duvkyief;rsm;rSm uGjJ ym;r_&onf? tcsKd u G f f f dS ynma&;qdi&m/ tcsKd u owif;qdi&mESihf tcsKd u ulnaxmufyrrsm; ay;aomtzGJ rsm; kf kf D hH _ ponfjzifh trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sonf? wlnaom tcsurm xdtzGJ rsm;onf tpd;k &. tpdwtydi;f wck d D fS k f k r[kwf qdaom tcsuwcsuyifjzpfonf? xdtcsutm; tpd;k &u xdtzGJ tay: axmufyr_ k f f k f k hH &Sr&S[aom tcsujf zifh pHcsex;kd Edionf? tpd;k &. axmufyr&aom tzGJ rsKd ;onf wenf; d d l d f kf hH _ dS tm;jzifh tpd;k &. uefowfrrsm;atmufwif wnf&aewwf+yD; wcgw&Hwif tpd;k &ay:vpD _ G dS G rsm;twGuf vkyaqmifaewwfonfukd awG&onf? f tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm;. vltcGita&;ESihf ywfoufaom t"duvkyief; (3) f hf f &yfrm S
122
tcef; (9)
(1)
vltcGita&; tqiftwef; pHrsm;owfrwjf cif; (Setting Human Rights hf h S u|rf;usifaom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJtpnf;rsm;onf oufqdkif&mtpdk;&ESifh yl;aygi;f +yD; vltcGita&; tqiftwef;pHcsetqifrsm;udk owfrw&mwGif yg0ifvyf hf h df h S f k aqmifwwfonf? ukvor*~. vltcGita&; Oya'rsm;/ vltcGita&; vkyief;pOf fh hf f rsm;ESitnD vltcGita&; pHrsm; ay:xGe;f vmatmif vkyaqmifonf? hf hf f
Standards)
(2)
jynforsm;t=um;v_H aqmf aqmf=ojcif; (Advocacy among people) l vltcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufI wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif v_Haqmf aqmf=or_ rsm;udk atmufajc jynfolrsm;t=um;wGif vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHwumtqifhwGif vnf;aumif;/ tjynfjynfqi&m aqG;aEG;yGrsm;wGif vnf;aumif; vkyaqmifavh&dS kd f J f onf? xdokd vkyaqmifjcif;jzifh jynfovxt=um;wGif vltcGita&;ESihf ywfouf k f l l k hf I ydrus,jf yefaom tjrifrsm;/ A[kowrsm; wd;k yGm;apEdionf? vltcGita&; k kd k kf hf qdi&m ynmay; jcif;rsm;tjyif vlxqENjyyGrsm;/ owif;Xmersm;wGif owif;ay;r_ kf k J rsm;udvnf; vkyaqmifEionf? k f kd f wduuf ta&;,laqmif&ujf cif; (Intervention) k f kd G ta&;udpPrsm;tay:rlwnfI wdkufdkuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif; trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf? Oyrm - Ediiawmfwif vdtyfaeaom vltcGita&; oifwef;rsm;/ aqG;aEG;yJrsm; kfH G k hf G zGivpjf cif;/ Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm; vGwajrmufa&;twGuf tpd;k &xH ta&;qdk hf S kfH f v_H aqmfjcif; ponfwkd jzpfonf?
(3)
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJtpnf;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk wurBmvHk;qdkif&m vlr_v_yf&Sm;r_ toGifjzifhvnf; jrifEdkifonf? v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfolwdkt=um;wGif tawG;tjrif opfrsm; jzpfay:aponf? xdk a=umifh vltcGita&; v_y&m;r_rsm;onf vlrvy&m;r_rsm; hf f S _ _ f S yifjzpf+yD; xdvy&m;r_rsm;. v_H aqmf aqmf=or_rsm; tusKd ;quftjzpf jynfowkd . tawG; k _ f S l tjrifrsm; wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmaponf?
tpd;&r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf; trsK;tpm;rsm; k f d

tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm;udk atmufygtwdi;f t=urf;tm;jzifcjJG cm;Edionf? f k h kf
123
(u) tvkyorm;or*~ sm; f r

tvkyorm;or*~rsm;udk yxrydi;f wGif tvkyorm;tcGita&;rsm; awmif;qd&eftwGuf f k f hf k om zGJpnf;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif tcsdKzGHzd;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;&Sd tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf tiftm;}uD;rm;aom Ediia&; tajccHtiftm;rsm; jzpfvmojzifh vlrw&m;a&; ursm;/ kfH _ yjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyief;rsm;udk atmifjrifpm vkyaqmifEiconf? f G f kd f hJ tvkyform;or*~rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;. &HyHkaiGxnfh0ifjcif;jzifh &yfwnfae=u aoma=umifh vGwvyfaom tzGJ rsm;jzpfonf? rdrwkd vkyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm vkyuif f d f f G f kd Edionf? tcsKd tvkyorm;or*~rsm;onf Ediia&;ygwrsm;uJokd Ediia&;tajccHr0g'rsm; kf f kfH D h kfH l csrwxm;+yD; tjcm;Ediia&;orm;rsm;/ Ediiwum tzGJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f I tcsKd S f kfH kfH udp&yfrsm;udk vkyaqmifvsu&onf? Oyrm - e,l;u,fv';kd eD;,m;EdiiH vGwvyfa&; P f f dS D kf f wdkufyGJtay: EdkifiHwumrS tvkyform;or*~rsm;u tjynfht0axmufcHr_rsm;ay;cJh+yD; wufuGpm0di;f 0ef;v_y&m; aqmif&uconf? G k f S G f hJ tvkyorm; tcGita&;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aom vltcGita&;rsm;twGuf wduy0ifae=uaom f hf hf k f JG v_y&m;olrsm;onf EdiiwumwGi&aom tvkyorm;or*~rsm;ESihf qufo,I f S kfH f dS f G f (1) tjynfjynfqi&m tvkyorm;tzGJ csKyf. vkyief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifvy&m;Edionf? kd f f f _ f S kf (2) rdrwkd v_y&m;aeaom ta&;udprsm;tay: axmufcaom tm;ay;axmufcpmrsm; d fS P H H &&SEionf? d kd f (3) tjynfjynfqi&m tvkyorm;or*~ nDvmcHrsm;wGif rdrwkd ta&;udpukd v_H aqmf kd f f d P apEdionf? kf (4) vkyief;trsKd ;tpm;tvduf oydwarSmufyrsm; pDpOfaqmif&uEionf? (Oyrm f k f JG G f kd f zD*sDEdkifiH. tm%modrf;r_udk uefuGufonfhtaejzifh =opa=w;vsEdkifiH qdyfurf; tvkyorm;rsm;or*~u zD*sD oabmFrsm;udk ukeypPn;f csciywyifconf?) f f G hf d f hJ (5) &efyaiGtm;enf;aom tzGJ rsm;twGuf axmufyaiGrsm;&&SEionf? kH hH d kd f
(c) Ediiwumulnaxmufya&;at*siprsm; kfH D hH fD

Ttpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;onf zGH zd;wd;k wufqEiirsm;udk zGH zd;wd;k wufa&;qdi&mESihf f J kd f H kf
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ta&;ay:vdtyfaom tultnDrsm; axmufy&ef &nf&,zJG xm;jcif;jzpfonf? zGH zd;+yD; k hH G f Ediirsm;wGif tajcpduavh&+dS yD; zGH zd;qJ Ediirsm;Y vkyazmfuizuftzGJ rsm; zGivpxm;&S+d yD; kfH k f kfH f kd f hf S f vdtyfaom tultnDrsm; axmufyavh&onf? tcsKd tzGJ rsm;onf oufqi&mtpd;k &. k hH dS kd f zGH zd;a&;pDrue;f rsm;udk axmufyonf? tcsKd tzGJ rsm;u bmoma&; &nf&,csuf &Swwf H d hH G f d =uovdk tcsdKtzGJrsm;u EdkifiHa&;t& &nf&G,fcsufrsm;&Sdwwfonf? vltcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh ywfoufI tultnDay;EdkifaomtzGJ tenf;i,fvnf; &Sdwwfonf? &nf&,csuaumif;aumif;ESihf axmufyunrrsm;ay;aomtzGJ rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh G f f hH l D _ rdrdulnDaeaomolrsm;. b0wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&;udk &nfrSef;aom &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdonf? ta0;rSaeI xde;f csKyaomtzGJ rsKd ;r[kwbJ a'otwGi;f &Sd tjcm;vkyazmfuizuf tzGJ rsm;rS f f f kd f wqifh zGH zd;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmifavh&onf? zGH zd;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyui&mwGivnf; f f dS f f kd f f trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf vlenf;pkrsm;tay: t"duxm; axmufyaom tpDtpOfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay; hH vkyaqmifwwfonf? f
(*) rdru,rrd rScaomtzGJ tpnf;rsm; d kd f d D kd

TtzGJ rsm;onf ppfreaomEdiia&;/ ,Ofaus;r_Eihf pD;yGm;a&; zGH zd;wd;k wufrrsm;twGuf S f kfH S _ tajccHzGJpnf;xm;+yD; urBmtESHtjym;wGif&Sdonf? &HyHkaiGjzifh vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufjcif; r&Saomfvnf; ta&;udpwcktay: txl;pdw0ifpm;aomolrsm; pkaygi;f zGJ pnf;I tajcwnf d P f v_y&m;onf? &nf&,csuvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ;&Swwfonf? xdtzGJ rsKd ;onf ao;i,f+yD; vcpm; fS G f f d k 0efxrf;rsm;r&Swwfay? odk aomf vltcGita&; v_y&m;olrsm;. ta&;udprsm;udk xdtzGJ d hf f S P k i,frsm; rlwnfvy&m;aeonfh vlwef;pm;todi;f t0di;f tzGJ tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif owif; _fS k k jyefyGm;atmif txl;taxmuftuly v_H aqmfay;Edionf? kf
(C) vltcGita&;tzGJ tpnf;rsm; hf

TtzGJ rsKd ;udk Ediia&;v_y&m;ol trsm;pku zGJ pnf;xm;+y;D tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; kfH fS kd f hf a=unmpmwrf;ESihf tjcm;ukvor*~ vltcGita&; pmcsKyfrsm;wGif azmf!e;f xm;aom hf $ vltcGita&; pHrsm;tay: tajcwnfI v_y&m;avh&onf? hf f S dS vltcGita&; tzGJ tpnf;trsm;pkonf Ediiom;ESihf Ediia&;tcGita&;rsm;tay: t"du hf kfH kfH hf
125
tav;xm; aqmif&uwwfonf? tb,fa=umifqaomf xdtcGita&;rsm;onf trsm;qH;k G f h kd k hf csKd ;azmufcae&aom tcGita&;rsm; jzpfaeaoma=umifjh zpfonf? xdk jyif xdtcGita&; H hf k hf rsm;udk apmif=h uyf&efEihf tpD&ifcEiaom Oya',E &m;rsm; tajcwnfae+y;D jzpfaoma=umifh S H kd f W vnf;jzpfonf? xdtzGJ rsm;onf taemufEiirsm;ESihf owif;Xmersm;. pdw0ifpm;r_ &&Sd k kd f H f atmifvnf; vkyaqmifEi=f uonf? vltcGita&; v_y&m;aom tzGJ wGif ESprsKd ;&Sonfukd f kd hf f S f d awG&onf? yxrwrsKd ;rSm Ediia&;v_H aqmf&mwGif yg0ifaqmif&uaom tzGJ jzpfonf? kfH G f xdtzGJ rsKd ;. &nf&,csuwif Ediia&; yjyifajymif;vJa&; odk r[kwf tjcm;Ediia&; tzGJ k G f f G kfH kfH tpnf;wck tm%m&&Sa&;wdk yg0ifwwfonf? 'kw,trsKd ;tpm;rSm Ediia&; v_H aqmfr_ d d kfH vkyief;rsm;wGif ryg0ifaomtzGJ rsKd ;jzpfonf? tzGJ wckck tm%m&&Sa&;udk r&nf&,r#ru f d G f kH tzGJ tm;vH;k . vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk wajy;nDqufqH aqmif&uonf? hf _ G f vltcGita&; vkyui&mwGif tcsKd u wOD;csi;f aqmif&uwwfonfuvnf; awG&onf? hf f kd f G f kd trsm;pkrm a&Saersm;jzpf+yD; Ediia&; tusO;f om;rsm;/ rdr,=kH unfcsua=umifh tusO;f us S kfH d f aeolrsm;zufrS a&Saevduay;jcif;/ rw&m;onfh trdef rsm;udk zsuor;f ay;a&; wduy0ifjcif; k f f d k f JG rsm;udk ulnaqmif&uay;=uonf? tcsKd rSm olwkd . vkyaqmifrukd tpd;k &u tE &m,fy D G f f _ W vmcJonftwGuf wdi;f jynfu wdr;f a&Smif&onftxd &Sconf? tcsKd a&Saersm;u toif; h h k d hJ tzGJ rsm;zGJ pnf;I vltcGita&;udprsm;udk wufuGpmv_y&m;onf? Oyrm - Ediiwum hf P G f S kfH vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf tzGJ }uD;udk +Adwo#a&SaewOD;u pwifzJG pnf;wnf axmifc&m ,cktcg d hJ wGif tzGJ 0if woef;ausmc+hJ yD;jzpfonf? f vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk wifjya&;om;/ azmfxwwuy0ifaeolrsm;xJwif pma&; hf _ k f kd f JG G q&mrsm;/ uAsmq&mrsm;/ t,f'wmrsm;ESihf owif;pmq&mrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? if;wdk D hf _ k k l onf oufqi&m tpd;k &. vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk pHprf;azmfxw+f yD; jynforsm; kd f t=um;ESihf Ediiwumodk wifjywwf=uonf? xdokd vkyaqmifra=umifh tcsKd rSm zrf;qD;cH& kfH k f _ +yD; tcsKd rSmtoufq;kH _;H onftxd &ifqic=hJ u&onf? e,l;a,mufrd&Sd owif;pmq&mrsm; kd f umuG,a&;aumfrwDu rw&m;zrf;qD;ESypufcae&onfh uavmif&irsm;pm&if;udk ESppOf f d f H Sf f xkwfjyefa=unm,Hkr#ru uavmifjzifh vltcGifhta&;wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;xJrS xl;c|efpGm wduy0ifol tcsKd udk *k%f yqkcs;D jriavh&onf? k f JG hf dS tcsdKq&m0efrsm;/ aq;ynm&Sifrsm;onfvnf; vltcGifhta&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0if =uonf? if;wdkonf nOf;yef;ESdyfpufcH&&if; aoqHk;oGm;olrsm;. tavmif;ukd cGJpdwf
126
=unf&+_ yD; aoqH;k olrsm; ESypufc&yH/k aoqH;k &onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;ukd pHprf;azmfxwI h d f H k k f vdtyfonfh w&m;pGqrrsm;/ ta&;,lrrsm; vkyaqmif&ef wifjy=uavh&onf? k J kd _ _ f dS vltcGita&; csL;azmufrrsm;a=umifh rdrwkd tpd;k &udk &J&00hH a0zefajymqdorsm;xJwif hf d _ d J hH k l G odyynm&Sirsm;/ ygarmuQrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf? Oyrm - qdA,ufoyynm&Sif tif'&D `H f k D d `H qmcga&mhonf ol.emrnfxif&m; ausm=f um;r_utoH;k yI qdA,uftpd;k &. vltcGihf S kd k D ta&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk urBmuodvmatmif aqmif&ucojzifh wdi;f jynfrS ESixwccJh _ G f hJ k f k fH &onf? orw a*:Amacsmh tm%m&vmrS oludkjyefvnf ajrmufpm;cJhonf? olonf 'Drua&pDEihf vltcGita&;rsm;twGuf qufvufwuy0if&if; uG,veom;cJonf? kd S hf kd f JG f G f G h bmoma&; acgi;f aqmifrsm;onfvnf; vltcGita&; wduyrsm;wGif a&Swef;rS pGr;f pGr;f wrH hf k f JG wduy0ifc=hJ uonfukd awG&onf? zdvpfyiEiirS c&pf,mefbmoma&;tzGJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf k f JG kd f kd f H bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;onf tm%m&Sirm;udk pfukd zwfcsEionfh vlxatmifyrsm;wGif wufuG f kd f k JG S kfH < pGm yg0ifc=hJ uonf? uarBm'D;,m;/ AD,uferf/ wdbufEihf jrefrmEdiiwkd rS Ak'bmom bke;f awmf }uD;rsm;onfvnf; vltcGita&; wduyrsm;wGif a&Swef;rSyg0ifc=hJ uonf? hf k f JG
(i) ywf0ef;usixe;odr;a&;tzGJ rsm; f df f

ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&; udpukd wefz;kd xm;av;pm; ta&;,laqmif&ur_ rsm;jym;vm P G f atmif v_H aqmfr/_ pnf;H;k r_rsm;udk ,cifuxuf ydrvyaqmifvmcJ=h uonf? obm0 k kd k f ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;/ opfawmrsm; yef;wD;r_rS umuG,a&;/ obm0wd&p>mef apmifh f a&Smufa&;/ urBmajr}uD;tm; umuG,a&;/ EsLuvD;,m; qefusia&;[laom toHrsm;udk f f ,cktcg us,us,avmifavmif =um;ae&+yDjzpfonf? xdtzGJ rsKd ;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif f f k xde;f odr;f apmifa&Smufa&; udprsm;udk pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&uonfh tzGJ rsm;jzpfonf? wcg h P G f w&Hwif tpGe;f a&muftjrif&ol v_y&m;olrsm;a=umifh tcsKd udprsm;wGif rvdvm;tyfaom G dS fS P k jy\emrsm; ay:ayguwwfonfuvnf; awG&onf? odk aomf ,cktcgwif wd;k wufaom f kd G tjrifrsm;ESihf trSewu,f vkyuiaqmif&uonfh tzGJ rsm; ay:ayguvm+yDjzpfonf? f f kd f G f f
127
(p) trsKd ;orD;rsm;qdi&m tzGJ tpnf;rsm; kf

trsKd ;orD;rsm; zdEyrrS vGwajrmuf&efEihf w&m;r#waom tcGita&;rsm; &&S&ef[aom dS f _ f S hf d l &nf&,csursm;jzifh Ediiwi;f / ae&mwdi;f wGif trsKd ;orD; tcGita&;qdi&m tzGJ rsm; wd;k yGm; G f f k f H kd k hf kf vmcJonf? ESpaygi;f rsm;pGm zdEycae&aom trsKd ;orD;tcGita&;rsm;udk wefz;kd xm;vm h f dS f H hf &efEihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 wd;k wufjrifrm;&ef [laom auG;a=umforsm;jzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm; S h H dS k f kd f k f wduy0ifvmcJ=h uonf? urBmvO;D a&xuf0uf&aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;ud,wiyg0if wduyJG k f JG h l 0ifr_ r&SbJ urBmay:wGif trsKd ;orD;rsm; tcGita&;udk tvdtav#muf aqmifusO;f ay;Edif d hf k k rnf r[kw[aom tjrifjzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm; oD;oefzGJ pnf;xm;aom tzGJ rsm;/ trsKd ;orD; f l a&;&mudom t"duaqmif&uaom trsKd ;orD;tzGJ rsm;wnf&vmcJonf? tcsKd tzGJ tpnf; k G f dS h rsm;onf trsdK;orD;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;. vlr_zlvHka&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;/ f hf S f trsKd ;orD;rsm;0ifaiG wd;k wufa&;twGuf tdrwi;f pD;yGm;a&; vkyief;i,frsm; zGivpay;jcif;/ f G wydiwEdif pD;yGm;a&; vkyief;rsm; rwnfay;jcif;/ ponfvyief;rsm;udom vkyaqmifavh kf k f h k f k f &Sonf? xdokd aom vkyief;rsKd ;onf trsKd ;orD;rsm; vkyui&rnf/h trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESiom d k f f kd f hf oufqdkifonfh vkyfief;rsdK;[k xifjrifae=uaom ywf0ef;usifrsdK;wGif xdkodk vkyfief;rsm; vkyuijf cif;ukd axmufc=H uonf? odk aomf tcsKd tzGJ tpnf;rsm;onf trsKd ;orD;rsm;. f kd Ediia&;tcef;u wd;k wufjrifrm;&ef/ qH;k jzwfcsucsrwEionfh tqifqokd trsKd ;orD;rsm; kfH h f S f kd f h D a&muf&Sdap&ef &nf&G,fI EdkifiHa&;ESifh b0wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;/ trsdK;orD; acgi;f aqmifoifwef;rsm;udk vkyuiavh&onf? trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf tdraxmifxe;f odr;f a&; f kd f dS f d vkyief;rsm;ESiom oufqionf[k a&S;d;k pGjJ rifvmcJ=h uaom tcsKd ywf0ef;usiwif xdokd f hf kd f f G k oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 jrifrm;atmif vkyaqmifjcif;rsm;udk tvG,wul h f f vufrcHEi=f uay? trsKd ;orD;onf if;wdk ESirqdionfh udprsm;udk vduvvyuiaeonf[k kd hf k f P k f H k f kd f jrifum axmufctm;ay;r_rsm; ray;vd=k uacs? xdk a=umifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm; H }uD;pd;k aeaom rdrywf0ef;usitwGi;f wGif rdrwkd vkyuiaqmif&uaeaom vkyief;rsm;udk d f d f kd f G f f em;vnfoabmayguf axmufcvm&efuvnf; aqmif&u&rnf? rdrwkd vkyuiaeaom H kd G f d f kd f t&mrsm;onf trsKd ;om;rsm;udk &efzufozG,f ,SOf ydiaejcif;r[kw/f umvrsm;pGm vpfvsL_ f cHc&aom tcGita&;rsm;udk jyefvnfazmfxwI aemufususecaom trsKd ;orD;b0rsm;udk hJ hf k f f hJ jyefvnfjriwif&ef [laomtodrsKd ; ay;&rnfjzpfonf? rdrwkd taeESivnf; trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf hf d hf ,SOv#if tppt&m&m aemufususecaomb0rS trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wlwm0efca0r_/ f f hJ JG qH;k jzwfcsucsrwEirrsm; vkyuiEi&ef trsKd ;om;rsm;xuf ESpqud;yrf; vkyaqmif& f S f kd f _ f kd f kd f f f rnfjzpfonf?
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tcef; (9)
tpd;&r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf tm;ay;axmufcrrsm; k f H+

txufwiaz: jycJaom tzGJ tpnf;trsKd ;tpm;rsm;rSm urBmay:wGiawGjrif&onfh tpd;k & Gf h f r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;trsKd ;tpm;rsm;jzpfonf? tcsKd tzGJ rsm;onf trsKd ;tpm; wrsKd ; f wnf;om r[kwf ESprsKd ;/ oH;k rsKd ;ESihf tuH;0ifaewwfonfuvnf; awG&onf? tzGJ tm;vH;k f kd wGif wlnDonfhtcsufrSm rdrdwdkvkyf aqmifaeaomvkyfief;rsm; atmifjrif&eftwGuf Ediiwum. tm;ay;axmufcrukd vdtyfaeaomtcsujf zpfonf? Ediiwum axmufcH kfH H _ k kfH r_[k qd&mwGif aiGa=u;/ u|r;f usir/_ pdw"mwfyi;f qdi&m axmufctm;ay;r_ ponfwkd k f f kd k f H yg0ifonf? Ediiwum tm;ay;axmufcrr&SbJ rdrwkd vkyief;rsm;ukd atmifjrifpm vkyaqmif kfH H_ d d f G f Edi&ef rvG,uvacs? kf f l S tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;twGi;f tcsi;f csi;f qufo,a&; uGe,ufwck wnfaqmuf f G f f xm;&ef txl;ta&;}uD;onf? rdrwkd tzGJ u ta&;ay:owif;rsm; xkwjf yef+yD; tcsetenf; d df i,ftwGi;f tjcm;Ediirsm;rS tzGJ rsm;u ta&;,laqmif&urrsm; yvkyEiovdk tjcm;tzGJ kfH G f_ f kd f rsm;. ta&;ay: owif;rsm;udk rdrwkd taejzifvnf; csucsi;f ta&;,laqmif&uEionf? d h f l G f kd f xdokd qufo,a&; uGe,ufrwqifh vdtyfaom owif;tcsutvufrsm;udk awmif;cH k G f f S k f Ediovdk rdrwkd uvnf; yHy;kd ay;Ekionf? xdjk yif rdrwkd udk tpd;k & odk r[kwf tm%mydiwkd u kf d h df d kf taESmift,Suf yonftcgwif xdqufo,a&; uGe,ufrwqifh tjcm;tzGJ tpnf;rsm;udk h h G k G f f S today;+yD; aemufxyftaESmiht,Suay;jcif;ukd umuG,Eionf? tcsKd tzGJ rsm;onf f f f kd f taqmwv#if ta&;,laqmif&ua&;tzGJ (Urgent Action Network) rsm;jzpfonf? if; G f wdk onf if;wdk xH a=u;eef;/ zufp/f zke;f ESihf tD;ar;vfwkd rSwqifh ay;ydk vmaom owif;rsKd ; (Oyrm- vlwOD;tzrf;qD;cH&jcif;/ ao'%f csrwc&jcif;/ Ediia&; tusO;f om;wOD; use;f rm S fH kfH a&; txl;qd;k 0g;aejcif;) &&Sygu csucsi;f oufqi&m tpd;k &rsm;ESihf tzGJ tpnf;rsm;xH xdol d f kd f k rsm;udk jyefvway;&ef/ rowf&efEihf aq;ukor_ay;&efwkd udk awmif;qdyef=um;Edionf? $ f S k kf rdruokd tjcm;tzGJ tpnf;rsm;/ tjcm;Ediitpd;k &rsm;udvnf; xduokd awmif;qdyef=um; d hJ kfH k k hJ k pmrsm; a&;ydk&ef v_HaqmfEdkifonf? EdkifiHwumtzGJrsm;. tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm;onf vltcGita&; v_y&m;olrsm;twGuf umuG,rrsm; jzpfaponf? hf f S f _ vltcGita&; wduy0ifol odk r[kwf Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk tumtuG,ay;aom hf k f JG kfH f enf;wenf;rSm xdoukd vltcGita&;qkrsm; wck+yD;wck cs;D jrijhf cif;jzpfonf? xdokd qkrsm; k l hf k cs;D jrijhf cif;onf qkay;cH&olrsm;udk w&m;0if todtrSwf y&ma&mufonftjyif urBmu h
129
tmHrysuf qufvufpw0ifpm;aeap&efvnf; taxmuftulyEdionf? xdokd qkrsm; k d f kf k cs;D jrira=umifh vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufaeol tpd;k &taejzifh xifovdrvky&awmhacs? hf _ hf k f J Oyrm- jrefrmjynfrS a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd Ediiwumu qkrsm;tqufrjywf cs;D jriaer_ kfH fh a=umifh ppftpd;k &onf a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: xifovdrvky&awmhacs? k f J if;tjyif tpd;k &wck. vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk if;tpd;k &tay: =oZmanmif;onfh hf _ tpd;k &wckrS oHwrefenf;t& wd;k wd;k wdwwwf ta&;,laqmif&uonfh enf;vrf;vnf; f d G f &Sonf? xdk a=umifh vltcGita&;v_y&m;olrsm;ESihf tzGJ tpnf;rsm;onf =oZm&Saom d hf f S d f dS tpd;k &rsm;udk csO;f uyfI vltcGita&; umuG,ay;r_rsm;vkyaqmif&ef yef=um;avh&onf? hf f tpdk;&rsm;tay: wdwfwqdwfcsOf;uyfI yef=um;onfh enf;udkoHk;aom vltcGifhta&; tzGJ rSm tjynfjynfqi&m =uufajceDaumfrwD (ICRC) jzpfonf? (ICRC) onf xdenf;udk kd f k toH;k yI Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awGcGi&&eftwGuf ud;yrf;&mwGif awGcGi&onfu kfH hf hf rsm;onf? odk aomf wdwwqdwyef=um;aom oHwrefenf;udom toH;k yae=uygu tpd;k & f f k onf olwkd . vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk &yfwef;u&yfvrrnfr[kwojzifh wduuf hf _ d hf f k f kd a0zefxwf azmfajymqdaom enf;udvnf; usio;kH &avh&onf? k k k hf dS txufyg tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;tjyif vltcGita&; v_y&m;olrsm;udk vdtyfaom f hf f S k tcsewif vdtyfaom tultnDrsm; ay;Edionfh woD;yk*vursm;/ toif;rsm;vnf; d f G k kf ~ d &Sao;onf? tcsKd tzGJ rsm;onf jynfwi;f &Sd Ediia&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk axmufctm;ay; d G kfH H aeonfh jynfya&muf tiftm;pkrsm;udk tajccHzJG xm;onf? xdtzGJ rsm;onf owif;Xme k rsm;. pdw0ifpm;r_&&Satmif ulnaqmif&uay;Edionf? aiGa=u; odk r[kwf apwemh0efxrf; f d D G f kf rsm;jzifh ulnEionf? oufqi&m vlxpa0;yGrsm;/ nDvmcHrsm;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif rdrwkd D kd f kd f kk J d ud,pm; v_H aqmfrrsm; yvkyay;Edionf? tjcm;EdiiEihf tpd;k &wdk . axmufcrrsm; &&Sd k f _ f kf kfH S H _ atmif v_H aqmfpnf;H;k ay;Edionf? wdi;f jynfrS wdr;f a&Smifvm&olrsm;udk vHk cHrwm0ef,I kf k _ l ulnEionf? D kd f xdtzGJ rsm;tjyif wuUovrsm;rS ynm&Sirsm;uvnf; ta&;ygaom vkyief;rsm;jzifh ulnD k kd f f f yHhydk;r_rsm; ay;Edkifonf? xdkolrsm;onf ynm&yfqdkif&mt& vlxkESifh owif;Xmersm;. av;pm;r_ukd &&Sxm;olrsm;jzpfonf? xdokd av;pm;r_rsm;udk tajccHI rdrwkd ta&;udprsm; d k d P tay: v_Haqmfr_rsm; vkyfaqmifay;Edkifonf? xdkjyif rdrdwdk ta&;udpPESifh ywfoufI okawoe pmwrf;rsm;ypkjcif;/ tpD&ifcpmrsm; a&;om;jcif;/ nDvmcHrsm; OD;aqmifusi;f yjcif;/ H
130
tcef; (9)
owif;Xmersm;udk qufo,I owif;rsm;ay;jcif;? aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;jcif;wdk vkyui&mwGif G f f kd f xdokd aom ynm&Sirsm;onf toH;k 0ifvonf? k f S
ukvor*~ESihf tpd;&r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm; k f
ukvor*~onf Ediirsm;yg0ifzJG pnf;xm;aom Ediiwum tzGJ tpnf;jzpf+yD; rJqENrsm; kfH kfH ay;&mwGif Ediirsm;uom ay;ydici&onf? odk &mwGif aemufyi;f wGif ukvor*~. vltcGihf kfH k f G hf dS kd f D f k kd ta&;qdi&m at*siprsm;wGif tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;. tcef;urSm ydrta&;yg kf vmonf? ukvor*~ydnmOf tyd'f (71) wGip;D yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;aumifpD ECOSOC . &nf&,csuf k f _ G f rsm;ESihf udunonfh tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ tpnf;rsm;udk twdiyifctjzpf owfrwEif k f D f kf H S f kd onf[k a&;om;xm;onf? xdokd owfrwc&aom tpd;k &r[kwonfh tzGJ tpnf;rsm;onf k S fH f ECOSOC ESihf tjcm;Xmersm;. tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ vltcGita&; aumfr&Si. tpnf;ta0; hf f rsm;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;uu yg0ifavh&onf? tpnf;ta0; qH;k jzwfcsuf csrwf dS S &mwGif xdktzGJrsm;onf yg0ifqENrJay;cGifhr&aomfvnf; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif ta&;ygaom tpD&ifcpmrsm; wifoi;f jcif;/ zwf=um;jcif;rsm; yvkyEionf? qH;k jzwfcsuf H G f kd f csrwonfh tcgwif avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufavhvmEdionf? twdiyifctqifh &&Sd S f G kf kf H aom tzGJ rsm; onf vltcGita&; aumfr&SiEihf qyfaumfr&Sif ponfh ukvor*~tzGJ rsm;. hf fS vltcGita&; apmif=h uyfr_ vkyief;rsm;wGif wefz;kd &Saom owif;tcsutvufrsm; ay;ydk hf f d f jcif;jzifh taxmuftul yEdionf? kf tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;tay: xm;&Sonfh twdiyifctqifukd (3) rsKd ; owfrwcjJG cm; f d kf H h S f xm;onf? yxrtqifjh zpfonfh taxGaxG twdiyifctqifh qdonfrm ECOSOC . kf H k S vkyief;trsm;pkwif &nf&,csuwl taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&uaeaom tzGJ rsm;udk f G G f f G f ay;tyfaom tqifjh zpfonf? 'kw,tqifjh zpfaom txl;twdiyifctqifh qdonfrm d kf H k S ECOSOC . vkyfief;rsm;teuf tcsdKaomvkyfief;rsm;wGif &nf&G,fcsufwl taumif txnfazmf aqmif&uaeaom tzGJ rsm;ukd ay;tyfaom tqifjh zpfonf? aemufq;kH tqifh G f jzpfonfh (Roster) tqifqonfrm txufygtqifh ESprsKd ;vH;k ESihf tuH;r0ifaomfvnf; h kd S f
131
ECOSOC udk toH;0if ta&;ygaom tcsutvufrsm; ulnaxmufyhH Edionfh tzGrsm;udk k f D kf J
ay;tyfaom tqifjh zpfonf? u zGJpnf;ay;xm;aom tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzGJtpnf;rsm; aumfrwD (Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations NGO Committee) onf (2) ESpfv#ifw}udrf awGqHkaqG;aEG;I twdkifyifcHtqihf av#mufxm;vmaom tzGJrsm;udk qH;k jzwfjcif;/ ECOSOC wGif wifjyrnftcsursm;udk wdiyifE;DS aESmjcif;rsm; yvkyonf? h f kf f
ECOSOC
ukvor*~wif twdiyifctqif&&S+d yD; tav;xm;cH&aom tpd;k &r[kwonfh tzGJ tpnf; G kf H h f rsm; jzpf&eftwGuf wdusaom yHomeftqifh &S&rnf? wdusreuefaom owif;rsm; k d S f ay;ydk Edi&rnf? xdk jyif aemufqufwJG owif;rsm; ay;ydk Ei&rnf? tqiftwef;rSaom kf kd f h D tpD&ifcrrsm;/ tpD&ifcpmrsm;/ xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm; xkwjf yefEi&rnf? ta&;w,l H _ H f kd f a&;qGxm;aom pDrcsursm;ESihf aooyfaom enf;vrf;a=umif;rsm;&S&ef vdtyfonf? J H f d k
132
tcef; (9)
tcef; (10)
vltcGita&; }uD;-uyfjcif; hf
vl@tcGita&; }uD;=uyfjcif;qdonfrm tjzpftysuf od@k r[kwf tajctaewpfctay: pHprf; hf k S k k ppfaq;+yD; tcsutvufrsm; ypk&r#ru xdtcsutvufrsm;udk vltrsm;u wGiwif f kH k f f G us,us,o&vmatmif vkyaqmifjcif; vkyief;pOfrsm;yg0ifonf? xd@k a=umifh vltcGita&; f f d dS f f hf }u;D =uyfjcif; qdonfrm vl@tcGita&;csK;d azmufr_ tjzpftysuwpfck od@k r[kwf uwpfcukd k S hf f k f tcsutvufpaqmif;+yD; pHprf;jcif;omrubJ xduptay: okawoe yvkyjf cif;/ rSwwrf; f k k k dP ypkjcif;/ tpD&ifcjH cif;ESihf qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrwvmatmif yg0ifaqmif&uvH_ aqmfjcif;wd@k yg f S f G f yg0ifonf? vl@tcGita&;}uD;=uyfrr[kwbJ tjcm;aom}uD;=uyfrrsm;vnf;&Sonf? if;wd@k rmhf _ f _ d S - a&G;aumufy}JG uD;=uyfr_ tpd;k &r[kwaom tzG@J rsm; od@k r[kwf EdiiwumtzG@J rsm;u a&G;aumufyonf vGwvyfI f kfH JG f w&m;r#wr_ &Sr&Sd a&G;aumufytcsetwGi;f vma&muf}uD;=uyfjcif;rsK;d jzpfonf? tusK;d d JG d f oufa&mufr_ txl;&Sonfukd awG@&onf? xdo@kd }uD;=uyforsm; vma&muf}uD;=uyfra=umifh d k l _ rJvrrrsm;/ rJa&mif;0,frrsm;/ ydizufygwrsm;tay: zdEyrrsm; avsmenf;oGm;wwfonf? d f _ _ f D dS f _ h - w&m;pD&ifa&;}uD;=uyfr_ a&S@aersm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom tzG@J rsm;u tr_u=kd um;emcse/f t,lc0ifcse/f oufaoxGuqkd d H d f cseEihf trde@f csrwcsersm;wGif vma&mufI w&m;r#wrSeuefaom qH;k jzwfcsujf zpfap&ef d f S S f d f f }u;D =uyfjcif;rsK;d jzpfonf? rw&m; pGcsuwifcae&olrsm;/ Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. tr_rsK;d udk J f H kfH aqmif&uavh&onf? G f dS - (24)em&D}uD;=uyfr_ vltcGita&;udk wufuGpmumuG,aqmif&uaer_a=umifh touftE &m,f pd;k &drae& hf G f G f W f olrsm;udk tjynfjynfqi&m +ir;f csr;f a&;wyfzJG 0ifrsm;u +ir;f csr;f a&;rsujf rifoufao [laom kd f d d trnfjzifh apmifa&Smuf}uD;=uyfjcif;rsKd ;jzpfonf? ud,&awmftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif; h k f H r[kwbJ xdorsm;ESitwl vduygjcif;jzifh jyefay;qGjJ cif;/ t=urf;zufjcif;rsm;ukd rsujf rif f k l hf k f
133
uHawGcHpm;&ayrnf? xdokd (24) em&D vduygaejcif;jzifh vlrodorod vky}f uHvorsm;tzdk k k f l kd l tcufuHEionf? xdokd umuG,apmifa&Smuforsm;rSm EdiijH cm;om;rsm; jzpfavh&ojzifh kd f k f h l kf dS if;wdk udyg vky}f uHygu EdiijH cm;om;wOD;udk vky}f uHowfjzwfvujf cif;a=umifh rvdvm; k kf kd k tyfaom vltrsm;pdw0ifpm;r_rsm; ay:ayguapEdiaoma=umifh vky}f uHvorsm; tcufuH& f f kf kd l wwfonf?
vltcGita&;}u;-uyfrvyief;pOf hf D + kf
(u) tcsutvufpaqmif;pHprf;jcif; f k k vltcGita&; }u;D =uyfjcif;wGif tajccHtusq;kH tqifrm vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufr_ tcsuf hf hS hf tvufrsm;/ owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;pHprf;jcif;jzpfonf? xdqprf;csursm;udk tjynfjynfqi&m k k kH f kd f vltcGita&;tzGJ rsm;qDokd vnf;aumif;/ tpd;k &tzGJ rsm;xHokd vnf;aumif;/ owif;Xme hf rsm;ESihf tjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaom tzGJ rsm;qDokd vnf;aumif; ay;ydk +yD;tpD&ifc&onf? xkokd f H d aom vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm; &yfwefEdi&eftwGuf qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrwtaumif hf _ kf f S f txnfazmfEi&ef aemufxyfwqifh ud;yrf;aqmif&u& onf? xdk a=umiftajccHusaom kd f G f h pHprf;ppfaq;a&;tqifwif wdusreuefaom owif;tcsutvufrsm; &&S&ef ta&;}uD; k h G S f f d vSonf? tcsKd udprsm;wGif tcsutvuf pkaqmif;a&;tzGJ onf vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufc&aom P f hf H olwOD; odk r[kwf vltenf;i,fEihf awGqHar;jref;I tcsutvufpaqmif; aqmif&uf S k f k G Ediaomfvnf; tcsKd udprsm; (Oyrm- tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f vltcGita&;csKd ;azmufr) kf P hf _ udk avhvmpHprf;&mwGif axmif0efxrf;rsm;/ axmifom;rsm;. rdom;pkrsm;/ axmifxursm; k G f udyg vduvawGqHar;jref;&ef vdtyfonf? k k f H k k tcsuftvufpkaqmif;onfhtzGJudk apv$wf&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifavh &Sonfukd awG&onf? d
134
tcef; (9)
tawGtuH&aom avhvmolrsm;udk tcseumv tydi;f tjcm;twGi;f xda'oodk dS d f k k apv$wIpHprf; ppfaq;jcif;/ f k vltcGita&;pHprf;a&; vkyom;rsm;udk a'otwGi;f odk umv=um&Snpm apv$wf hf k f f G xm;+yD; vltcGihf ta&;owif;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;apjcif;/ eD;pyf&ma'otwGi;f rS yk*Kd~ vfrsm;yg0ifonfh pHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ udk apv$wjf cif;/ k vlorsm;xif&m;onfh yk*Kd~ vfrsm;yg0ifonfh pHprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJ udk apv$wjf cif;/ d S k EdkifiHwumrS EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; trsm;qHk;yg0ifonfh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJudk apv$wjf cif; ponfwkd jzpfonf?
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140
tcef; (9)
(*) rSwwrf;wifpaqmif;jcif; f k vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufrrsm; pHprf;pkaqmif;+yD; &&Svmaom owif;tcsutvufrsm;udk hf _ k d f rSwwrf;wifor;f qnf;jcif;onfvnf; vltcGita&;}uD;=uyfr. tqifwqifjh zpfonf? f d hf _ h &&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pepfwusodrf;qnf;xm;rSomv#if vdktyfaom tcsdefwGif vdktyfovdktoHk;yEdkifrnfjzpfonf? rSwfwrf;wifpkaqmif;&mwGif rdrdtzGJ tpnf;. vkyief;udvuI pkaqmif;enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;&Sonf? rdrtzGJ onf tpD&ifcpmwapmif f k kd f d d H a&;om;xkwfa0&ef jyifqifaeygu rdrdtpD&ifcHpmwGif yg0ifaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk vktyfovdk toH;k yEdiaomenf;jzifh odr;f qnf;xm;&onf? tjcm;tzGJ rsm; vdtyfaom d kf k vltcGita&; owif;rsm;udk rSwwrf;wif&efqygu utvdu/f ae&ma'otvdu/f hf f kd k k jzpf&yftvdkuf/ jzpfysufonfh aepGJtvdkuf/ umvtydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf owif;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;xm;&efvtyfonf? ,cktcgwif acwfrSD uGejf yLwm yd*&rfrsm;jzifh rdrxwif kd G k d H G &Saom owif;rsm;udk vdtyfonftcsewif vdtyfovdk vG,vifwul xkw,toH;k y d k h d f G k f h f l f kH H Edi+f yDjzpfonf? rSwwrf;wifor;f qnf;&mwGif toH;k 0ifonfh a&;om;csuyprsm;/ Z,m;rsm; k f d vnf; ay:xGuvm+yDjzpfI rSwwrf;wifor;f qnf;olrsm;/ owif;tcsutvuf vktyf f f d f d olrsm;taeESihf vG,v,uul owif;xkwEi/f &SmazGEionf? rdruokd vltcGita&; f G f l f kd kd f d hJ hf csKd ;azmufrrsm;udk rSwwrf;wifypkonfh tjcm;tzGJ rsm;ESihf qufo,a&; uGe,ufrsm; _ f G f f wnfaqmufxm;&ef txl;ta&;}uD;onf? xdokd yvkyjf cif;jzifh owif;tcsutvufrsm;/ k f tquftoG,frsm;udk xdrf;odrf;Edkifonfhtjyif aiGukefa=u;usenf;enf;jzifh owif;rsm; &,lEionf? zvS,Eionf? tifwmeufac: uGejf yLwmqufo,a&;pepfonf aiGueusr_ kd f f kd f G f kf enf;enf;jzifh jrefqef/ toH;k 0ifwusaom owif;tcsutvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;Edionf? d f kf xdk jyif tzGJ wzGJ ESiwzGJ t=um; ,H=k unfu;kd pm;r_rsm; wnfaqmufEionf? hf kd f (C) tpD&ifcjH cif; tpD&ifcjH cif;qdonfrm rdrawG&Soawoeyvkyxm;onftcsuukd oufqi&mtpd;k &/ k S d d k f h f kd f tzGJ tpnf;ESihf jynforsm; od&em;vnfoabmaygu&ef aqmif&ujf cif;jzpfonf? ukvor*~ l dS f G vltcGita&;nDvmcHrsm;wGif wufa&mufwifjyjcif;/ tpD&ifcpmrsm;jzefa0jcif;/ owif; hf H Xmersm;ESihf qufo,I vltrsm;od&tmHpuvmatmif vkyaqmifjcif;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ G f dS k kd f f ES;D aESmzvS,yrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;jcif; ponfwkd onf tpD&ifcjH cif;tqifwif tuH;0ifonf? f JG h G
141
ta&;ay: ta&;,laqmif&ucsursm; vkyui&ef Ed;_ aqmfjcif;/ tzGJ tpnf;rS a=unmcsuf G f f f kd f rsm; xkwjf yefjcif;wdk onfvnf; tpD&ifcjH cif;rsm;yifjzpfonf? (i) qH;k jzwfcsursm;csrwvmatmif v_H aqmfjcif; f S f vltcGita&; csKd ;azmufr_ awG&Scsursm;tay: tajccHI rnfokd aom vkyaqmifrrsm;udk hf d f f _ taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufoifha=umif; wifjyxm;onfh rdrd.t}uHay;csufrsm;/ wduwe;f csursm;/ awmif;qdcsursm;udk oufqi&mtpd;k &/ EdiiEihf tzGJ tpnf;rsm;u k f G f k f kd f kfH S av;pm;vduem aqmif&uvmatmif v_H aqmfaqmif&ujf cif;onf vltcGita&; }u;D =uyf k f G f G hf jcif;. aemufqHk;tqifh[k qdkEdkifonf? vltcGifhta&; csdK;azmufaeaom tpdk;&udk xdokd csKd ;azmufrrsm; &yfwef&ef/ xdokd csKd ;azmufaer_a=umifh Ediiwumu jypfwif&wcs&ef/ k _ k kfH _ f vdtyfovdk ta&;,laqmif&ujf cif;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&; ydwqkd r_rsm; yvky&ef/ ponfwkd uJokd k G f f h aom t}uHay;csursm;/ wduwe;f csursm;udk taumiftxnfay:aqmif&uvmatmif f k f G f G f ud;yrf;vkyaqmifom; =u&rnf? f G
142
tcef; (9)
tcef; (11)
vltcGita&; ynmay;r+ hf
ordi;a-umif; kf
vl@tcGita&; ynmay;r_EiywfoufI 1945 ckEpavmufupwifI EdiiwumESihf a'o hf S hf S f kfH qdkif&m Oya'rsm;xJwGif pwifazmfjya&;om;vmcJh=uonf? 1945 ckESpfwGif a&;qJG f _ jyXmef;cJaom ukvor*~ ydnmOfpmwrf;Y vl@tcGita&;ESihf tajccH vGwvyfrw@kd tay: h hf av;pm;r_tm; wd;k wufapa&;ESihf tm;ay;a&;wd@k twGu Ediirsm;taejzifh vltcGita&; f kfH hf ynmay;r_udk yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;Edk;aqmfxm;onf? xdk@twGufa=umifh EdkifiHwdkif;onf vl@tcGifhta&;wdk;wufa&;ESifh tm;ay;a&;wdk@udk vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf rdrw@kd jynfow@kd twGi;f vl@tcGita&;ynmay;r_rsm;/ oif=um;yd@k csrrsm; vkyuiaqmif d l hf _ f kd f f f dfH kf &Gu&ef wm0ef&onf? tpd;k &rsm;wGiomru tpd;k &r[kwaom EkiiwumESihf a'oqdi&m f dS tzJGtpnf;rsm;u vnf; vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;r_rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufrsm; csrwI taumif txnfazmf aqmif&uvmcJ=h uonf? vl@tcGita&; ta=umif;t&m S f G f hf rsm;udk od&dS avhvmapjcif;jzifh jynfovxw@kd onf rdrw@kd tay: usL;vGeaom vl@tcGita&; l l k d f hf csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh rdrdwdk@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkwwfvmap&ef &nf&,I enf;vrf;wus vl@tcGita&; ynmay;r_rsm; vkyaqmifvm=uonf? G f hf f 1948 ckEpwif twnfyjyXmef;Edicaom ukvor*~ tjynfjynfqi&m vl@tcGita&; S f G k f hJ kd f hf a=unmpmwrf;wGivnf; ,ckpmwrf;onf vl@tcGita&;rsm;ESihf tajccH vGwvyfrrsm; f hf f _ tay: av;pm;r_tm; wd;k wufap&eftwGuf ynmay;yd@k csrrsm; vkyaqmifjcif;jzifh vlwi;f / _ f kd EdkifiHwdkif;twGuf tuH;0ifaom pHcsdefpH!$ef;wckjzpfonf [lI azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@ twGua=umifh ynmay;r_onf ukvor*~ydnmOf.vkyief;wckjzpfonfh vl@tcGita&; f f hf zH@G z;d wd;k wufa&;qdaom vkyief;ESihf txl;qufpyfvsu&onf? ynmay;r_[k qd&mwGivnf; k f f dS k f atmufajcvlxkutp yg0ifavhvmvkyfudkifaom/ tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJG@tpnf;rsm; uvnf; yg0ifaqmif&uEiaom/ vlrtodi;f t0di;f . ae&mwdi;f wGi&onfh tpdwtydi;f G f kd f _ k k k f dS f k rsm;ESihf vlwi;f twGujf zpfaom ynmay;yd@k csrj_ zpfap&rnf[k a=unmpmwrf;. pum;cs;D wGif kd azmfjyxm;onf?
143
1950 ESifh 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif; taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay;r_rsm; vkyfaqmif&mY pmoifausmif;rsm;twGif;&Sd vli,frsm;tm; vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif; a[majymynmay;jcif;rsKd ;udom vkyaqmifc=hJ uonf? 1970 ckEptwGi;f 0ifa&mufvm k f S f cserpI vl@tcGita&; ynmay; olrsm;onf vl@tcGita&;ESihf ywfoufI a[majymyd@k cs d f S hf hf or# oufoufudkom vdkufvHrSwfom;apaom avhvmr_yHkpHrSaeI xdkolrsm;udk,fwdkif awG;ac:pOf;pm;qifjcifrrsm; vkyvmwwfap&efEihf vl@tcGita&; csKd ;azmufc&olrsm;tay: _ f S hf H pmemulnDvdkpdwfrsm; ay:aygufvmap&ef ud;yrf;vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; pmoifcef;rsm;twGi;f &Sd vli,frsm;udom oif=um;yd@k csaom yHprsKd ;om &SqjJ zpfonf? xd@k jyif k kH d vlrajymif;vJrwcktay: oufa&mufapaom/ vl@tcGita&;ESihf ywfoufI wd;k wufap _ _ hf aom/ umuG,apaom v_y&m;r_wcktwGuf rdrwOD;csi;f ud,wiwivnf; wm0ef&dS f f S d k f kd f G f onf[onfh tawG;tjrifrsKd ; ay:ayguatmif vkyaqmifEicjhJ cif; r&Sao;acs? l f f kd f d vl@tcGita&; ynmay;r_ukd pwifvyaqmifcsewif ausmif;pmoifcef;twGi;f &Sd vli,f hf k f d f G tv$mw&yfudkom OD;wnfvkyfaqmifEdkifcJh+yD; ausmif;+yD;qHk;oGm;olrsm;/ ausmif;wufcGifh r&aomolrsm;udk xdawG@ynmay; v_@H aqmfEicjhJ cif; r&Scyg? od@k aomf 1960 ESihf 1970 ckEprsm; kd f d hJ Sf twGi;f wGif vlrajymif;vJa&;wck ay:ayguvma&;twGuf vl@tcGita&; vkyief;pOfrsm;. _ f hf f ta&;ygyw@kd ukd todtrSwf yvmcJ=h u,Homru vlrtodi;f t0di;f twGi;f &Sd tv$mwdi;f u kH k _ k k k vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif; em;vnfoabmayguf&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif; em;vnfvufcH vmcJ=h uonf? Ediirsm;t=um; pD;yGm;a&;t& qufpyfaqmif&urrsm; wd;k wufvmjcif;ESihf kfH G f _ qufo,r_ wd;k wufaumif;rGevmjcif; qdaomtcsursm;uvnf; urBmudk c@H vuouJo@kd G f f k f kd f h jzpfc+hJ yD; wEdiiEiwEdiit=um; xdawG@qufqrukd ydraumif;rGevmapcJonf? xd@k jyif k f H S hf k f H H _ k kd f h rdrwi;f jynf&dS jynfovxwOD;csi;f . tcGita&;udk wd;k jriumuG,ay;&efrm xdEii&dS d kd l l k hf hf f S k kd f H tpdk;&. wm0efjzpf+yD; xdktcGifhta&;udk vlwdkif;cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf [laomt,ltqudk vufcrrsm; ydrrsm;jym;vmcJonf? xdo@kd vl@tcGita&; todtjrifrsm; wd;k yGm;vmcJ&mwGif H_ k kd h k fh h ,cifuuJo@kd pmoifcef;twGi;f &Sd vli,frsm;twGuf oD;oef@omr[kwbJ tajccHvwef;pm; h f l rsm;twGi;f xdyg xdtodtjrifrsm;jyef@ym;vmap&ef tpd;k &r[kwaom tzJ@G tpnf;trsKd ;rsKd ;u k G f &nf&,vyaqmifvmcJ=h uonf? vl@tcGita&;[laom vkyief;pOfatmufwif trsKd ;orD; G f kf hf f G rsm;tm; t=urf;zufrEihf uav;tvkyorm; toH;k yr_w@kd ukd qef@usiaom vlrajymif;vJr_ _S f f _ rsm; jzpfay:apa&;twGuf v_H aqmfaqmif&uvm=uonf? qif;&Jorsm;/ 'kuonfrsm;/ G f l Q a$@ajymif;tvkyorm;rsm;/ rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;/ vdiwcsi;f csporsm;t=um; vltcGita&; f f l f l hf
144
ynmay;r_rsm;udk vkyaqmif&if; vl@tcGita&; ynmay;r_vyief;. t"dym,fukd xdxd f hf k f ` a&mufa&muf ajymif;vJvmapEdiconf? k f hJ urBmuvor*~u (1995-2004) q,fEpwmumvudk vltcGita&;ynmay;r_ q,fpEpf h k Sf hf kS tjzpf owfrwI tzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;taejzifh rdrEiitwGi;f rS jynforsm;twGi;f vl@tcGita&; S f kd f H d kd f H l hf ynmay;r_rsm; vkyaqmif&ef wduwe;f Ed;l aqmfxm;onf? xdo@kd vl@tcGita&; ynmay;&m f k f G k hf wGif ord;k usausmif; ynma&;t& jzpfap/ ord;k usr[kwaom ynmoif=um;r_ enf;rsKd ; f t& jzpfap/ vltrsm;ESihf oufqiaom ynmay;tpDtpOfrsm;rSwqifh jzpfap/ ouf}u;D ynm kd f a&; tpDtpOfrsm;rSwqifh jzpfap vlwi;f vlwi;f tm; vltcGita&; todynm A[kowrsm; dk kd hf k avhvmcGi&ap&eftwGuf vkyaqmifay;&ef wduwe;f yHy;kd vsuf &Sonf? hf f k f G h d rdrtcGita&;udk rdrrodorsm;tzdk vltcGita&; csK;d azmufc&&ef tvm;tvm ydrsm; d hf d l hf H k ayonf? wcgw&Hwif bmompum;qdi&m tm;enf;r_Eihf vltcGita&;qdi&m oabm G kf S hf kf w&m;rsm; tm;enf;r_a=umifh xdkodk@aom jynfolwdktm; pnf;kH;vH_aqmf&mwGifvnf; xda&mufr_ enf;yg;wwfonf? ,cktcg urBmw0Sr;f vH;k wGif vltcGihf ta&;ta=umif;ESihf vltcGita&; ynmay;r_onf r&Srjzpfvtyfonfqaomtcsuukd todtrSwf yvm hf d kd kd f aponf? ,if;odkjzpfjcif;a=umifh vltzGJtpnf;twGif; vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;ESifh +idr;f csr;f jcif;wdk ukd wd;k wufjzpfay:apEdionf? vltcGita&;ynmay;r_onf vltcGita&; kf hf hf csK;d azmufrrsm;tm; umuG,&eftwGuf xda&mufaom enf;vrf;jzpfonf[vnf; wd;k wuf _ f k todtrSwf yvmvsu&onf? f dS
vltcGita&;ynmay;jcif;qdonfrmtb,fenf; hf k S
vltcGita&; ynmay;jcif;qdonfrm jynfovxtm; if;wk@d . tawG@tuH hf k S l l k rsm;udk if;wd@k u,wif em;vnfoabmayguap+y;D if;wd@k . b0udk if;wd@k u,wif kd f kd f kd f kd qH;k jzwfvm wwfap&ef &nf&,csujf zifh vl@tcGita&;A[kowrsm;/ wefz;kd rsm;ESifh G f hf k twwfynm u|r;f usirrsm;udk toH;k yum if;wdk ud,wif yg0ifvyaqmifEi&ef f_ k f kd kf kd f &nf&,jf yifqif vkyaqmifxm;onfh avhvmr_vyief;pOfjzpfonf? G f k f wenf;qdaomf vlwi;f vlwi;f tm; rdrwiu,p&aom tawGtuHrsm;udk rdru,wif k kd kd d G f kd f D dS d kd f kd em;vnfoabmayguvmap+y;D xdtawG@tuwefz;kd rsm;tm;toH;k csI rdrw@kd vdvm;aom f k H d k
145
b0udk &&Sap&eftwGuf ud,wivyaqmifEirnfh enf;rsm;udk ud,wiavhvm vkyaqmif d k f kd f k f kd f k f kd f f apaom vkyief;pOfjzpfonf? f xd@k a=umifh vl@tcGita&; ynmay;olqonfrm vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f od@k r[kwf vltypk hf kd S k f wpktm; vl@tcGita&; A[kowrsm;/ wefz;kd rsm;/ u|r;f usirrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf hf k f_ ap+y;D vl@tcGita&;qdi&m ta=umif;t&mwckujkd zpfap/ vl@tcGita&;tajctae w&yfv;kH hf kf hf twGujf zpfap ta&;,laqmif&urrsm; vkyaqmifwwfvmap&ef vkyaqmifojl zpfonf? G f _ f f urBmuvor*~u owfrwxm;aom vltcGita&;ynmay;r_ q,fpEpf (1995-2004) h k S f hf k S . a=unmpmwrf;wGif vltcGita&; ynmay;r_qonfrm wavmuvH;k ESihf oufqif hf kd S kd onfh vltcGita&; ,Ofaus;r_w&yf ay:xGe;f a&;udk &nf&,onfh avhusioifwef;ykd csrrsm;/ hf G f hf _ tcsutvufowif;rsm; jzefjzL;r_rsm; ponfw@kd ukd ud;yrf;aqmif&ujf cif; jzpfonf? xdokd f G k vkyaqmif&mwGif A[kowrsm;/ u|r;f usirrsm;rSwqifh atmufygta=umif;tcsursm;ESihf f k f _ f ywfoufI &yfwnfcsuftjrifrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif yHkazmfvkyfaqmifapjcif;jzpfonf? if;wdk rm S (u) tajccHvwvyfrEihf vltcGita&;rsm;udk ydrav;pm;apjcif;/ G f _ S hf k kd (c) vlom;wdk . uk,&nfu,aoG;ESihf *k%oum tjynft0 zGH zd;apjcif;/ d f kd f f d Q h (*) em;vnfr/_ av;pm;r_/ vdiujJG ym;r_tay: wef;wl&nfw&rEihf Ediirsm; twGi;f / Xmae f l dS _ S k f H wdi;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGi;f / Ediiom;rsm; twGi;f / vlrsK;d pkrsm; twGi;f / bmoma&;ESihf k kfH bmompum;uGjJ ym;aom vltyprsm;twGi;f csp=f unf&if;ES;D r_wkd udk jriwifay;jcif;/ k f k hf (C) vGwvyfaom vltzGJ tpnf;twGi;f vlwi;f vlwi;f udk xda&mufpm yg0ifapEdijf cif;/ f kd kd G k (i) urBmuvor*~. +idr;f csr;f r_xr;f odr;f a&;v_y&m;r_ukd jriwifjcif;wdk yg0ifygonf? h k d f S hf [k t"dym,f zGiqxm;onf? ` hf kd vlwOD;wa,muf. tcGita&;udomr[kwbJ xdtcGita&;rsm;ESiywfoufI wm0ef hf k f k hf hf ,lr/_ wm0efcrta=umif;rsm;udyg avhvmjcif;onf vltcGita&; oif=um;r_. tESpom& H_ k hf f jzpfygonf? vltcGita&;udk vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f ESihf vltzGJ tpnf; wckv;kH u ydiqif hf k f kd onftavsmuf vltcGita&;tay: av;pm;r_/ umuG,rEihf wd;k wufaumif;rGeatmif h hf f _ S f vkyfaqmifr_wdkudk vkyfaqmif&ef wm0ef&Sdr_/ wm0efcHr_rSmvJ vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;a&m/ trsm;ESia&m oufqiygonf? hf kd f
146
vltcGita&; ynmay;r_onf ydyuQrsm;ajz&Si;f jcif;ESihf vlrpepfjriwifjcif;wd@k ay:xGe;f ap&ef hf _ hf tajccHaxmufulay;ygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;onf wckESifh wck0da&m"drsm; jzpfwwf avh&=dS uygonf? vltrsm;tusKd ;twGuf apmifa&Smuf&ef vkyaqmifrwckonf tjcm;vl h f _ wOD;wa,muf. vGwvyfpm xkwazmfajymqdciEihf 0da&m"d jzpfaeEdiygonf? odk aomf f G f k G hf S kf vltcGita&; oabmw&m;rsm;onf tjyeftvSef av;pm;r_/ vlom;tm;vH;k . nDr#rEihf hf _ S *k%oumwd@k tay: tajccHxm;onftwGuf vltcGita&;onf xdokd rwlnujGJ ym; f d Q h hf k D jcm;em;r_rsm;udk oH;k oyfavhvmwwfap&efEihf ajz&Si;f Edi&ef yHpazmfay;Ediygonf? vltcGihf S S kf k H kf ta&; ynmay;r_onf aphpyfajz&Si;f jcif;/ =um;0ifajz&Si;f jcif;ESihf trsm;pk oabmqENc,jl cif; NH qdi&m t&nftaoG;rsm;udvnf; avhusioif=um;ay;ygonf? kf k hf
vltcGita&; ynmay;r+. &nfre;csursm; hf Sf f

vltcGita&;ynmay;r_onf vltcGita&;ta=umif; (About human rights) ESihf vl hf hf tcGita&;twGuf (For human rights) oif=um;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf? if;. &nf&,csurm hf G f fS vlom;wdk@taejzifh vltcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vltcGifhta&;wefzdk;rsm;udk em;vnfap&ef oufoufr#r[kwbJ vltcGita&;rsm;ESihf wefz;kd rsm;tay: av;pm;umuG,f jriwif&ef f hf hf wdktwGuf wm0ef,lwwfap&eftwGuf jzpfygonf? vltcGifhta&;ynmay;r_. ta&; t}uD;qH;k tcsurm rdrynmay;onfotm; pGr;f &nfjriwifjcif; (Empowerment) jzpfyg f S d h l hf onf? pGr;f &nfjriwifjcif; qdonfrm vltrsm;ESihf vlt0ef;t0di;f wdk tm; if;wdk tay: hf k S k tusKd;oufa&mufapaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh if;wdk@.udk,fydkifb0udk if;wdk@udk,fwdkif xde;f ausmif;Ediaomtajctaersm; wd;k wufvmatmif vkyaqmifaom vkyief;pOf jzpfyg kf f f onf? vltcGita&;ynmay;r_. tqH;k pGeaom &nfre;f csurm vltcGita&;/ w&m; hf f S f S hf r#wr_Eihf *k%oumtwGuf vltrsm; twlwuG 0di;f 0ef;aqmif&uvm=uap&ef jzpfygonf? S f d Q k G f vltcGita&;ta=umif; ynmay;r_qonfrm vltrsm;udk vltcGita&;qdi&m owif; hf kd S hf kf tcsutvufrsm;ay;jcif; jzpfygonf? f
147
vl@tcGita&;ta=umif; ynmay;r_wif atmufygwkd yg0ifygonf? hf G vltm;vH;k . arG;&myg vl*%oumESihf olwkd taejzifh av;pm;pGmqufqc&&ef k f d Q HH tcGihf ta&;rsm;ta=umif;/ vltcGita&; oabmw&m;rsm; (Oyrm - vlom;tm;vH;k ESihf oufqir/_ hf kd f cGJjcm;Ir&r_ESifh vltcGifhta&;rsm; wckESifhwck tjyeftvSefqufEG,fr_) ta=umif;/ qH;k jzwfcsursm; csrw&mwGif yg0ifrEihf ydyuQrsm;udk +idr;f csr;f pGm ajz&Si;f r_wkd f S f _ S azmfaqmifEi&eftwGuf vltcGita&;rsm;u rnfuokd jriwifay;Edionf kd f hf hJ hf kf qdonfh ta=umif;/ k vltcGifhta&;qdkif&m ordkif;a=umif;ESifh qufvufzGHzd;wdk;wufaeonfh ta=umif;/ tjynfjynfqi&m vltcGita&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf Ediiwum uav;oli,f kd f hf kfH rsm; tcGita&;qdi&m oabmwl pmcsKyfuokd aom EdiiwumOya'rsm; hf kf hJ kfH ta=umif;/ Ediiwum Oya'rsm;udk tm;jznfay;=uonfh Ediiawmfqi&m/ a'oqdi&m/ kfH h kfH kd f kf a'oE &qdi&m Oya'rsm;ta=umif;/ W kf vltcGita&;rsm;udk umuG,&mwGif vltcGita&;Oya'rsm;udk toH;k yjyD; hf f hf csK;d azmuforsm;tm; olwkd . vky&yfrsm;tay: wm0ef&apr_twGuf aqmif&uf l f dS G jcif; ta=umif;/ nO;f yrf;ESypufjcif;/ tpkt+yKHvuowfjzwfjcif;/ odk r[kwf trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; df kd f t=urf;zufjcif;ponfh vltcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh if;wdkudk jzpfay: aponfh vlra&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ediia&;/ vlrsK;d pk/ vdiujJG ym;r_ ponfh udp&yfrsm; _ kfH f P ta=umif;/ vltcGita&;rsm;udk jriwifjcif;/ umuG,ay;jcif;/ av;pm;r_ yjcif;wdk tay: hf hf f wm0ef&onfh vly*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf tzGJ tpnf;rsm;ta=umif;ponfw@kd ukd today; dS k jcif; jzpfonf? vltcGita&;twGuf ynmay;r_qonfrm vltcGita&;onf ta&;}u;D onf[k vltrsm; hf kd S hf u vufcH cHpm;ap+yD; vltcGita&;wefz;kd rsm;udk vlw@kd .twGi;f pdwutp vufcusio;kH hf f H hf vmatmif ulnvyaqmifay;jcif;jzpf+yD; xdo@kd vufcusio;kH r_rsm;tm; olwkd .b0rsm;ESihf D k f k H hf aygi;f pyfay;jcif;jzpfonf?
148
vltcGita&;twGuf ynmay;r_wif yg0ifaom wefz;kd rsm; (Value)ESihf oabmxm; hf G rsm; (Attitude) qdonfrm k S vltcGita&;rsm;ESihf tajccHvwvyfcirsm;tay: av;pm;r_tm; ydrcirm hf G f G hf k kd kd f apjcif;/ tjcm;olrsm;tay: av;pm;r_/ rdru,urrwefz;kd xm;r_w@kd tm; arG;jrLay;jcif;/ d dk f kd d d vl*%oum. oabmobm0udk od&em;vnf+y;D tjcm;olrsm;. *k%oum k f d Q dS f d Q udk av;pm;jcif;/tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufcH&olrsm;udk udk,fcsif;pmwwfjcif;ESifh olwkd Eihf wom;wnf; b0wlrsm;tjzpf cHpm;wwfjcif;/ S w&m;r#w+yD; jA[Rmpd&w&m;xGe;f um;aom vlabmifay:xGe;f vm&eftwGuf k f Ediiom;wdi;f vltcGita&;rsm;udk vduemusio;kH r_&&rnf[k todtrSwf y kfH k hf k f hf dS vufcjH cif;/ trsm;jynfolqdkif&m/ vlr_a&;qdkif&m/ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mESifh ,Ofaus;r_qi&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESihf xdt&mrsm;t=um; jzpfym;wwf kd f k G avh&aom ydyuQjzpfapr_rsm;udk odjrifjcif;/ dS t=urf;rzufrukd wefz;kd xm;jcif;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&uronf ydyuQxuf _ G f _ omvGer_ &Sonfukd ,H=k unfjcif; ponftcsursm;udk qdvjkd cif;jzpfonf? f d h f k vltcGita&;onf vlwi;f . ynma&;wGif tpdwtydi;f tjzpfyg0ifoifonf// odk &mwGif hf kd f k h tcsKdaom vlrsm;onf vltcGifhta&; ynmay;r_udk txl;ydkrdkvdktyfygonf? tcsKdrSm vltcGita&; csK;d azmufrrsm; cH&Ediaom tajctaewGif &SonftwGua=umifh xdorsm;udk hf _ kf d h f k l vltcGita&; ynmay;&ef txl;vdtyfovdk tcsKd rm olwkd . &mxl;&mcHrsm;t& vltcGihf h hf k S ta&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmif&ef ydkrdkwm0ef&Sdolrsm; jzpfaoma=umifh xdorsm;udvJ txl;ynmay;&efvtyfonf? xdk tjyif vltzGJ tpnf;tay: v$r;f rd;k r_Eihf k l k kd S ynmay;Edkifr_ taetxm;rsm; &SdaeaomolrsdK;udkvJ txl;ynmay;&ef vdktyfonf? 4if;tkyprsm;wGif yg0iforsm;rSmf k l w&m;Oya'qdi&m wm0ef&orsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;/ kf dS l &JEihf vHk cHa&; wyfzJG rsm;/ w&m;Oya'xdr;f odr;f onfh 0efxrf;rsm;/ S tusO;f axmif t&m&Srsm;/ d a&SS aersm;/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &a&S@S aersm;/
149
tjcm;tpd;k &ESihf Oya'yr_qi&m t&m&Srsm; kd f d Oya'ytzGJ wif yg0iforsm;/ G l a&G;cs,wifajrmufc&onfh jynfo@l u,pm;vS,rsm;/ wm0efay; ceftyfjcif;cH&onfh f H kd f f tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/ vlxqufqa&; t&m&Srsm;/ k H d ppfwyftwGi;f tr_xrf;olrsm;/ tjcm; vkyief;qdi&m twwfynm&Sirsm; f kf f ynma&;qdi&m yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ kf vlra&; 0efxrf;rsm;/ _ use;f rma&;qdi&m twwfynm&Sirsm;/ kf f owif;pmq&mrsm;ESihf vlxqufqa&; vkyief;wGif wm0ef&orsm;/ k H f dS l tzGJ tpnf;rsm;/ toif;tzGJ rsm;ESihf tkyprsm; f k trsK;d orD;tzGJ tpnf;rsm;/ vlrtzGJ tpnf;qdi&m v_y&m;aqmif&uorsm;ESihf vlrtoif;tzGJ acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ _ kf f S G f l _ vlenf;pk tkyprsm;/ f k pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwif yg0ifusivnfaeolrsm;/ G f tvkyorm; or*~0ifrsm;/ f rl&if;Xmaewdi;f &if;om;rsm;/ k bmoma&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf vlrqi&m w&m;r#wr_ukd txl;pdw0ifpm;onfh tjcm; _ kd f f yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ uav;rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;/ ynma&;tqifh toD;oD;wGif &S=d uaom ausmif;om;rsm;/ 'kuonfrsm;ESihf a$ajymif;aexdi=f u&olrsm;/ Q k vdipwoabmxm; trsK;d rsK;d &Sorsm;/ f d f d l rdjyrsm;ESihf aus;vufrsm;wGif aexdi=f uaom qif;&Jom;rsm;/ k roefrpGr;f olrsm;/ a$ajymif;tvkyorm;rsm; ponfw@kd jzpfonf? f
150
tcef; (9)
vl@tcGita&;udrnfuo@kd ynmay;=urnfenf;/ hf k hJ ynma&;avmuwGif xif&m;vSonfh b&mZD;vlrsKd ;ynma&;okawoDjzpfol ay:vdk z&J&D S (Paolo Freire) u ord;k us ynmoif=um; avhvmr_yprsm;onf q&mESihf wynfh txufrS kH H atmufo@kd ynmA[kowpD;qif;aom yHpjH zpf+y;D oif=um;onfq&mtm; A[kowtodrsm; k k h k . &if;jrpfzsm;cH&m toGirsKd ;jzifh vufconfh yHprsKd ; (Banking System) [k axmufjya0zef f H kH cJonf? oif=um;avhvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;u rdravhvmaom bmom&yfta=umif;udk h d u|r;f usiaom ynm&Sirsm;. od&xm;r_rsm;/ A[kowudk vufcrwom;aom toGiyprsKd ; f Sf dS k HS f f kH H oufouf jzifom avhvmqnf;yl;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf[k if;uqdonf? h k xdo@kd aom (Banking System) ynmoif=um; avhvmr_yp. tusKd ;quftjzpf k kH H atmufyg ta=umif;tcsursm; jzpfay:aponf[k if;uaxmufjyonf? f - oif=um;avhvmolrsm;u avhvmqnf;yl;rdaom A[kowrsm;/ avhvmr_ k rsm;onf wjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;. avhvmxm;aom tcsufrsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_ atmuftwGi;f rS ke;f rvGwEiatmif jzpf&onf? f kd f - ta=umif;tcsursm;ESihf owif;tcsutvufrsm;udk r=umc% OD;pm;ay; f f vGe;f onftwGuf oif=um;avhvmolrsm;onf E_wwuusurwrukd tav; h f kd f f S f _ xm;oGm;aponf? - u|r;f usioynm&Sirsm;. A[kowrsm;onf xdynm&SioawoDwOD;csi;f . f l f k k f k ud,yitjrif oH;k oyfcsursm;omjzpf+yD; vltrsm;. tawG@tuHrsm;tay: k f kd f f xdvrsm; ud,wif _jrifo;kH oyfcsursm; r[kwonftwGuf oif=um;avhvm k l k f kd f f h ol. tawG@tuHrsm;ESifh udkufnDr_r&Sdjzpfwwfonf? xdktcgwGif avhvm olrsm;. tawG@tuHESifh if;wdk@ avhvm&onfh tcsufrsm; tH0ifcGifus rjzpfonftjzpfrsKd ; a&mufwwfonf? h - tjzpftysuwcktm; rdrw@kd axmifraeI awG@jrifrrsm;tay:tajccHI rdrd f d _ h S _ _ d h uk,yif Om%fjzifh oH;k oyfrukd tm;ay;jcif;r&SonftwGuf avhvmoif,l d f kd olrsm;onf u|r;f usiol okawoDtay: txl;rSctm;xm;vGe;f onftjzpfukd f D kd h a&mufaponf? aemufqufwGJ taejzifh rdrw@kd b0tm; rdrw@kd u,wiq;kH jzwf d d kd f dk f xde;f ausmif;vdpwrsm; aysmufq;kH oGm;apEdionf? k d f kf - rdrw@kd oif,vonftcsursm;udk rdrw@kd u,wif a&G;cs,Eijf cif; r&Sonfh d l kd h f d kd f kd f kd d twGuf rdrw@kd ywf0ef;usiwif jzpfysuaeaom rdrw@kd . tawG@tuH tjzpf d f G f d
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tysursm;udk em;vnf oabmaygu&rnftpm; rdrw@kd EitvSr;f a0;+yD; rdrw@kd f f h d S hf d b0tawG@tuHEihf roufqionfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk avhvmae&onfh S kd f tjzpfrsKd ;a&mufaponf? - q&mtay:udom A[dk yoif=um;avhvmaom oif,rypom jzpfaponf? k l _ kH H vlwdk@. trltusifhtawG;ac:rsm; yjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; (Transformational Change) jzpfay:aprnfh ynmavhvmr_qonfrm tjyeftvSequfo,r&aom avhvmr_vyie;fpOf kd S f G f _ dS kf jzpfonf[k b&mZD;vlrsKd ; ynma&;okawoD ay:vdk z&J&uqdonf? rdrw@kd . tawG@tursm; D k d H tm; rdrw@kd u,wif vufcoabmayguxm;r_onfom A[kow. a&aomufjrpfjzpf+yD; d kd f kd H f k xdA[kowrsm;onf avhvmr_vyief;pOftwGi;f yg0ifaeaom vlwi;f wGif toD;oD;&Sae k k k f kd d =uonf? vlw@kd tm; todynmay;jcif;. &nf&,csuonf xdorsm;tm; todoufouf G f f k l ay;&ef &nf&,jf cif;r[kwbJ xdtodrsm;tm; if;wd@k .b0ESihf qufpyfI em;vnfoabm G f k ayguap&ef/ if;wd@k .b0rsm; yjyifajymif;vJrrsm; jzpfvmap&ef &nf&,oifonf? xd@k twGuf f _ G f h ynmay;&mwGif xdkynmay;r_onf avhvmaomolrsm; udk,fwdkifyg0ifaom avhvmr_ vkyief;pOf (participatory Approach) jzpf&ef txl;ta&;}uD;vSonf? f xdkodk@aom tm;vHk;yg0ifavhvmaom vkyfief;pOf (participatory Approach) jzpfygu atmufygtcsursm; jzpfay:aprnfjzpfonf? f - avhvmr_ A[kowrsm;onf pOfqufrjywfavhvmaom avhvmawG@&csuf k dS rsm; jzpfvmrnf? vlw@kd . b0ta=umif;tcsursm; ajymif;vJvmonfh tcsuf f rsm;tay:rlwnfI topftopfaom awG@&Sdcsufrsm;/ topftopfaom zefw;D wDxirrsm; pOfqufrjywf ay:xGe;f vmEdiaponf? Gf _ kf - A[kowavhvmr_ topftopfw@kd ukd avhvmvdaompdwa=umifh avhvmol k k f rsm;onf wufuGpm avhvmolrsm; jzpfvmEdionf? G kf - avhvmolrsm;. b0ESitawG@tuHrsm;udk OD;wnfaom avhvmr_jzpfojzifh hf k S k f D kd f &&Saom A[kowavhvmr_rsm;onf avhvmolw@kd Eihf udunoufqiaom d ta=umif;t&mrsm; jzpfvmaponf? - q&monf ynmjzef@jzL;&m &if;jrpfjzpfonf[laom tcef;urSaeI avhvmolrsm; tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSeoif,avhvmEdiatmif yhy;kd ay;aom f l kf H aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol (Facilitator) tqifh udk ajymif;vJom;aponf? G
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- txufrSatmufodk@ pD;qif;aomqufqHr_yHkpHrS tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSef qufo,f avhvmaom yHpo@kd ul;ajymif;aponf? G k H - E_wwutvGwusuf avhvmoif,aomyHprsKd ;rS tjzpftysuf ta=umif; f kd f f l k H t&mudk oH;k oyfqifjcifavhvmaom avhvmr_ypo@kd ajymif;vJaponf? kH H - tcsutvufEihf owif;ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk A[kowtjzpf owfrwf f S k S avhvm&mrS pOf;pm;qifjcifr/_ cio;kH oyfrw@kd ayguzm;apaom avhvmr_ypo@kd H kH _ fG kH H ajymif;vJaponf? vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay;jcif;onf vlom;wdk@tm; rdrdwdk@.b0ESifh tawG@tuHrsm;udk udk,fwdkifoHk;oyfavhvmap+yD; rdrdb0ESifhoufqdkifaom a&;&mrsm;udk rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif a&G;cs,vy&m;ap&ef &nf&,aoma=umifh vlw@kd . tawG;rsm;/ tjrifrsm;udk ajymif;vJ f _ f S G f aprnfh yjyifajymif;vJr_ (Transformation) jzpf&rnf? xdo@kd jzpfap&eftwGuf avhvmr_ k vkyief;pOfwif avhvmolrsm;ud,wif wufuGpmyg0ifz@kd vtyfovdk avhvmr_enf;vrf; f G k f kd G kd onf if;wd@k uA[dk yI csO;f uyfaomenf;vrf; (Learner-centered approach) jzpf&rnf? kd ynmoif=um;avhvmr_yprsm;/ oDt&rsm;/ toH;k yyHrsm;udk _jrifo;kH oyfwwf+yD; tjcm;enf; kH H kd D k vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGajymif;vJ toH;k ywwf&ef vdtyfonf? k
vltcGita&;ynmay;r+ypH hf kH tawGtuutajcyaomenf;vrf; (Experimental) H kd

avhvmr_yHkpHonf avhvmolrsm;. udk,fydkifb0tawG@tuHrsm;udk olwdk@udk,fwdkif em;vnfoabmaygufap+yD; xdktajctaersdK;wGif vl@tcGifhta&; ta=umif;t&mrsm; rnfuo@kd jzpfay:qufpyfaea=umif; olw@kd u,wif em;vnf&efvyaqmifay;Edipr;f &S&rnf? hJ kd f kd kf kfG d xd@k twGuf avhvmr_yponf olw@kd u,wif tawG@tuH&&Svmatmif vkyaqmifEirnfh kH H dk f kd d f kd f enf;vrf;rsm;jzpf&rnf?
v+y&m;r+uA[dk yaomenf;vrf; (Activity-centered) f S kd

oifwef;om;rsm;udk A[dkyaom v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifapjcif;jzifh avhvmolrsm;wGif &Sae+yD;om;jzpfaom A[kowrsm;udk azmfxwEirnfjzpfonf? pepfwus pDpOfa&G;cs,f d k k f kd f
153
toH;k yaom v_y&m;r_enf;vrf;rsm; vkyaqmifEiygu avhvmolrsm;onf rdrw@kd tawG@ f S f kd f d tuHrsm;ESihf rdrwi&+dS yD;om;jzpfaom A[kowrsm;udk vGwvwvyfvyf wifjyaqG;aEG; d Gf k f G f vmapEdirnfjzpfonf? kf
jy\em odk r[kwf tusO;tusyjf zpfapaomar;cGe;rsm;ar;aomenf;vrf; (Problemf f

posing)
aphpyfaqmf=oolonf avhvmolrsm;. ,cif&+dS yD;om; tawG@tuH/ A[kowrsm; xGuay: k f vmatmif ar;cGe;f xkw&mwGif olw@kd . ,cifawG;ac:r_ tjrifrsm;udk olw@kd u,wif jyefvnf f kd f kd oH;k oyfpOf;pm;apEdirnfh t=uyftwnf;jzpfaprnfh ar;cGe;f rsm;ar;&rnf? od@k rom ,cif kf S olw@kd awG;jrifr_ t,ltqxJrS ta=umif;tusKd ;qDavsmrr&Saom tcsursm;/ a&S@aemuf f _ d f S vJaeaom tcsursm;udk olw@kd u,wif pOf;pm;_jrifEirnfjzpfonf? xdo@kd pOf;pm;rdonfEihf G f kd f kd kd f k wydieuf xdtcsursm;rSaeI ta=umif;tusKd ; udunaom pOf;pm;qifjcifo;kH oyfrukd f k f k f D _ rSereuefuef awG;ac:vmapEdirnfjzpfonf? f S f kf
wuf-upmyg0ifavhvmaomenf;vrf; (Participative) GG
avhvmr_enf;vrf;rsm;onf avhvmolrsm;tm;vH;k pkaygi;f I yg0ifapaom/ pkaygi;f oH;k oyf qifjcifapaom/ t,ltqwckukd 0di;f 0ef;tajz&Sm avhvmapaom vkyief;pOfjzpf&rnf? k f tjcm;olrsm;. tawG@tuHrsm;udk em;axmifavhvmapjcif;jzifh xdkol. udk,fydkif tawG@tuHrsm;ESihf Edi;f ,SOavhvmrdjcif;/ rdrawG;ac:vufcrukd wd;k wufapjcif;wd@k ukd jzpfay: _ f d H_ apEdionf? kf
tjyefjyeftvSeveaqG;aEG;oH;oyfapaomenf; (Dialectical) f Sf k
avhvmr_enf;vrf;onf avhvmolrsm;. ,cif&+dS yD;om;tawG@tuH/ A[kow oufouf k wd@k xGuay:vm&Houfouf vkyaqmifjcif;r[kwbJ xdtawG@tu/H A[kowrsm;ESihf tjcm; f k f f k k aom tcsutvufrsm;tm; aygi;f pyfI tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;oH;k oyfapaom enf;vrf;jzpf f &rnf? xdrwqifh xGuay:vmaom tajz&v'fukd cHirapjcif;jzpfonf? avhvmolrsm; k S f kH d udk,fydkiftawG@tuHrsm;/ A[kokwrsm;udk tajcyI 0dkif;0ef;avhvm aqG;aEG;&rnfjzpf aomfvnf; xdorsm;,lqcsuwi;f onf rSeuefonf[rrSw,Eiacs? tjcm;olrsm;u k l f kd f k f l kd f ay;aom A[kowrsm;udk tajcyavhvmcJaom olw@kd ,ciftawG@tuHa=umifh xdorsm;. k h k l awG;ac:oH;k oyfrrsm;onf uef@owfcsursm;&SEionf? xd@k twGua=umifh rdrtawG@tuH/ _ f d kd f f d
154
tcef; (9)
A[kowrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;. tjrifrsm;/ vufcoabmaygurrsm;ESihf qufpyfI tjyefjyef k H f_ tvSeveo;kH oyfapjcif;jzifom oifavsmaom avhvmr_jzpfaprnf? f S f h h f
cJjG crf;pdwjf zmavhvmapaomenf; (Analytical)

avhvmolrsm;u awG;ac:pOf;pm;+yD; xGufay:vmaom wkef@jyefcsufrsm;tm; jy\em ta=umif;&yf. ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh qufpyfawG@jrifvmwwfatmif aphpyfaqmf=ool taejzifh pepfwus vkyaqmifay;&efvtyfonf? xdtwGua=umifh bma=umifh 'Dvjkd zpf& f kd k f wmvJ/ (Why)ESihf b,fvrsKd ;jzpf&wmvJ (How) qdaom ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;ay;jcif;jzifh kd k avhvmolrsm;taejzifh jzpf&onfhta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifh jzpfyGm;&yHkwdk@udk cJGjcm;pdwfjzm avhvmawG@&SdvmapEkdifrnf? xdkr#ru xdkpl;prf;awG@&Sdaom tcsufrsm;onf wckESifhwck rnfuo@kd qufo,qufpyfr&a=umif;/ wckEiwck rnfuo@kd oufa&mufapa=umif; ponfh hJ G f _ dS S hf hJ tcsufrsm;udk oabmaygufatmif qufvufar;cGef;rsm;xkwf&rnf? xdkodk@ vkyfaqmif ay;jcif;jzifh jrifawG@vm&aom jy\emwckaemufu,&dS omrefrjrifawG@Eiaom ta=umif; G f kd f &if;rsm;udk avhvmolrsm;taejzifh cJjG crf;pdwjf zm&SmazGawG@&vmapEdirnfjzpfonf? dS kf
Facilitator (aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol) qdonfrm tb,fenf;? k S
aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol (facilitator) qdonfrm k S trsm;xJrS wa,muftaeESihf yg0iforsm; tm;vH;k ESihf tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_ l udk wnfaqmuf&oljzpf+yD; tkypwckv;kH . oif=um;avhvmEdi&ef wm0ef f k kf ,lojl zpfonf? ,H=k unfrEihf yGivif;r_&onfh ywf0ef;usiukd zefw;D ay;oljzpf+yD; xdywf0ef;usif _ S hf dS f k twGif; tjrifrwlnD r_rsm;udkav;pm;+yD; rdrd,lqonfhtwdkif; yGifhvif;pGm wifjy&Jaom taetxm;rsKd ;&Satmifvyaqmif ulnojl zpfonf? d k f D avhvmoif,lr_vkyfief;pOftwGif;wGif vlwdkif;rdrdudk,fwdkif yg0ifaeovdk cHpm;ae&atmif vkyaqmifEiojl zpf+yD; vlwi;f trSewu,fyg0ifci&atmif f kd f kd f G hf dS tmrcHojl zpfonf? aqG;aEG;yGJ ta=umif;t&mrsm; jyifqifjcif;/ tcsersm;udk avhvmjcif;/ pwif d f cseEihf +yD;qH;k csersm;udk owfrwjf cif;/ aqG;aEG;r_ta=umif;t&m rvGacsmatmif dfS df S J f xde;f odr;f jcif; tp&Sonfh oif=um;avhvmr_ yHomefukd azmfaqmifay;ol d k jzpfonf?
155
oif=um;r_ taxmuftulyypPn;f rsm; jyifqifjcif;/ aqG;aEG;yGae&m &SmazG J owfrwjf cif;/ yg0ifrnforsm;udk today;ta=umif;=um;jcif;/ vdtyfonfh S h l k jyifqifrrsm; +yD;r+yD; avhvmjcif; tp&Sonfh house-keeping wm0ef _ d vkyief;rsm;udk aocsmatmif vkyaqmifojl zpfonf? f f aphpyfaqmf=oolrsm;taejzifh a&Smif=uOf&efrm S OD;aqmifol wm0efcrjzpf&? oif=um;avhvmr_onf wzGJ v;kH ESihf oufqif H kd ygonf? aphpyfaqmf=ool . wm0efrm oif=um;avhvmr_ukd ydrxa&muf S k kd d atmif aqmif&Gufay;&efom jzpfygonf? oif=um;r_ ta=umif;t&mrsm; tm;vH;k udvnf; wOD;xJu csKyuixm;olrjzpf&yg? avhvmrnfh acgi;f pOfrsm;udk k f kd f a&G;cs,q;kH jzwf&mwGif avhvm&mwGiyg0iforsm;. ajymqdcsursm;/ vdvm; f f l k f k csursm; yg0if&rnf jzpfygonf? f rdrdwOD;xJu oif=um;ydkcsol rjzpf&yg? aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf olu,wiuvJ tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl avhvmazmf avhvmzufjzpf&ygrnf? kd f kd f avhvm&mwGif yg0ifol wa,muftaejzifh rdrwOD;csi;f . tawGtuHrsm;udk d tjcm;olrsm;ESihf twlwuG a0r#ay;oljzpf&ygrnf? txl;u|r;f usio jzpf&efrvdtyfyg? aqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk f l k jyifqifay;oljzpfaomfvnf; aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf ta=umif;t&mwckcsi;f tay:wGif tkypwiyg0ifonfh tjcm;olrsm;xuf ydrocsirS odygvrrnf? f k Gf k kd d f d hf tm;vH;k u 0di;f 0ef;tmHpuonfqcsu rjzpf&yg? aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif; k k kd f h kH f wa,muf o nf tjcm;ol r sm;tm; aqG ; aEG ; yG J t wG i f ; yg0if v matmif aqmif&uay;onfrvI tjcm;yg0iforsm;xuf pum;avsmajym&ygrnf? G f S JG l h tqH;k tjzwfay;ol rjzpf&yg? tjcm;olrsm;ESihf tjyeftvSeaqG;aEG;ajymqdk f &mwGif aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf rnfonfh xifjrifcsursm;u rSeonfrm;onf f f S toH;k r0ifawmh pojzifh rqH;k jzwf&yg? tapcH rjzpf&yg? avhvmaqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pDpOf&mwGif ulnDaqmif&Gufolonf tpOD; OD;aqmifr_udk vkyfaqmif&aomfvnf; ol odk r[kwf olronf t&m&mtm;vH;k udk wm0efc&ol rjzpf&yg? tjyeftvSef H aqG;aEG;r_pifppfwGif wOD;wa,mufxJu tr_dufodkufrsm;tm;vHk;udkpkyHk odr;f qnf;&ol odk r[kwf pDrcefcr_ tao;pdwukd tcsejf ynfvyaqmif&ol H JG f d h k f rjzpf&yg?
156
Facilitator (aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol) aumif;wa,mufjzpf&ef bmawGvtyfoenf;? kd
yk*vu t&nftcsi;f rsm;tay: tajccHaom wOD;csi;f . cHpm;r_pr;f &nfEihf vkyief;tay: ~ d G S f ZJvkH vtjynfjh zifh vkyaqmifvaomt"dXmefpw&rwkd onf aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;. G f kd d f dS _ t&nftaoG;rsm;wcsKd jzpfygonf/ odk &mwGif todynmjynf0r_Eihf vkyief;tawGtuH h S f wdk rmvnf; aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;. t&nftaoG;udk ydrjkd rifrm;apaom tcsursm; S k h f jzpfygonf? atmufygtcsursm;onfvnf; aphpyfaqmf=oay;olaumif;wa,mufjzpf&ef f vdtyfaom tcsursm;jzpfonf? k f vlwOD;csi;f pD. cHpm;csursm;tay: pmemem;vnfcpm;Edirpr;f &nf (Sensitivity to the f H kf _ G feelings of individuals)?,Hk=unfr_ESifh tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_&Sdonfh ywf0ef;usifudk zefw;D Edi&efEihf xde;f odr;f xm;Edi&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;onfh acgi;f pOfrsm;tay: vltrsm;u kf S kf rnfokd xifjrif,qonf/ tjcm;olrsm;tay: rnfokd wkef jyefonfwkd udk avhvmtuJcwf l pmemem;vnfcpm;ay;Edi&ef txl;vdtyfonf? vltrsm;tjym;onf olwkd . pdwrouf H kf k f romjzpfrrsm;/ pdwxcurrsm;ESihf a'gojzpfrrsm;udk xkwazmfjyoavh r&S=d uyJ aqG;aEG;r_rsm; _ f d kd f _ _ f twGif;rSif;/ wcgw&H tkyfpktwGif;rSif; wdwfqdwfpGm aemufqkwfoGm;wwfygonf? tjcm;olrsm; rnfokd cpm;aeonfukd od&cpm;Edijf cif;/ tajctaew&yfukd rnfokd wkef jyef& H dS H k rnfukd em;vnfjcif;wdk onf aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif; wa,muf. ta&;}uD;aom t&nf tcsi;f jzpfygonf? tkyp. cHpm;csursm; tay: pmemem;vnfcpm;Edirpr;f &nf (Sensitivity to the feeling fk f H kf_G of the group)? rnfonfh tkypwijf zpfap tkypwckv; udponf tpdwtydi;wckcsi; f k G f k kH P f kf f xuf ydrkd ta&;ygygonf? wOD;xHrwOD;a0r#u;l pufEionfh cHpm;r_rsm;jzpfaom rvdvm;r_/ k S kd f k aerxdxiromjzpfr/_ pdwq;kd r_/ ysi;f &dr/_ pdwjf yif;ysr/_ oHo,jzpfrEihf wcgw&H pdwrwnfjirr_ kd f f _S f df wdk onf tkypwckv;kH xH ul;pufEiygonf? tkyptwGi;f jzpfay:ajymif;vJaer_rsm;udk &SmazG f k kd f f k tuJcwfwwfjcif;ESihf wkef jyefwwfjcif;wdk onf u|r;f usiaom aphpyfaqmf=oay;olxwif f H G r&Srjzpfvtyfygonf// d kd em;axmifEipr;f &Sjd cif; (Ability to listen)? tkypk wckv;kH . cHpm;csursm;ESihf tkypwi;f &Sd kd f G f f f k G wOD;csi;f . cHpm;csursm;udk od&cpm;Edionfh enf;vrf;wckrm pl;pduem;axmifwwfjcif; f dS H k f S k f yifjzpfygonf/ pum;vH;k wckcsi;f pD. t"dym,foufa&mufrrsm;/ ajymqdowkd . toHae ` _ k l
157
toHxm;rsm;udk avhvmI cHionfh t"dym,fukd azmfxwEi&rnfjzpfonf? xdk twGuf kH ` k f kd f aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tkypwckv;kH ESi,Ov#if pum;tenf;qH;k ajymol jzpfae&ayrnf? f k hf S f wcgw&Hwif aphpyfaqmf=ool.oH;k oyfrrm tjcm;olrsm;. ajym=um;csursm;udk jyefvnf G _ S f ajymjyjcif;/ twdcsKyf aygi;f pkay;jcif;wdk jzpf&rnf? k enf;em (Tact) ? wcgw&Hwif ulnaqmif&uoonf tkypwckv;kH . aumif;usK;d twGuf G D G f l f k oufawmifhoufomr&SdvSonfh yrlaqmif&Gufr_rsm;/ em;0ifrcsKdvSonfh ajymqdkr_rsm;udk yvkyajymqd&wwfygonf? ,if;odk ajymqdk yrl&mwGif odrarGpm *kwpduf yrl&ef ta&; f k hf G k }uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifh vltcGita&;bmom&yfEihf ywfoufI aqG;aEG;aepOf yg0iforsm; hf S l twGi;f jyif;xefaom cHpm;csursm;ESihf qd;k 0g;aomtjzpfq;kd rsm;udk jyefvnftrSw&apr_rsm; f f jzpfay:apwwfygonf/ aphpyfaqmf=oolrsm;taejzifh pdwvy&m;zG,f tajctaersm;udk f _ f S uHawG&ifqi&ygu rdrvyief;tay: wcgw&H cdicirmrm &yfwnf&ef vdtyfouJokd kd f d k f k f kd f k h xdorsm;tay: av;av;pm;pm; yr_aqmif&uEirnfh enf;emrsm; vdtyfygonf? k l G f kd f k tjyeftvSey;l aygi;f vkyaqmifrtay: ,H=k unfjcif; (Commitment to collaboration)? f f _ tjyeftvSey;l aygi;f vkyaqmifoif=um;r_onf wcgw&Hwif pdwysuz,&mjzpf+yD; jynfpkH f f G f f G f h vHkavmufr_r&Sd[k xif&ygonf// xdktcgrsdK;wGif aphpyfaqmf=oolonf ulnDaqmif&Guf ay;onfh yHptpm; tk;d pJaeaoma&S;S d;k pJoif=um;r_ypjH zpfonfh q&mwOD;xJua&S@aqmif k H G G kH oif=um;r_ypokd ajymif;vJvpwrsm; ay:vmwwfygonf? odk &mwGif aphpyfaqmf=ool. kH H kd d f tjyeftvSef yl;aygi;f vkyaqmifoif=um;r_tay: vufc,=kH unfronf xdokd q&mwOD;xJu f H _ k OD;aqmifoif=um;vdrukd wGe;f vSeqefusiapEdiygonf? wzufrvJ aphpyfaqmf=oolonf k_ f f kf S tkypwi;f &Sd tjcm;olrsm;. aphpyfaqmf=o r_rsm;udvJ zdwac:vufc&ef vdtyfygonf? f k G k f H k tcsetay: od&cpm;r_ (A sense of timing)? aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tcseEihf ywfouf d f dS H d f S I qXrtmHudk arG;jrLxm;oifonf? rnfonftcsewif aqG;aEG;r_ukd tqH;k owfrnf/ k h h d f G rnfonftcsewif acgi;f pOfajymif;&rnf? pum;&Sn&nvsm;vsm; ajymwwfoukd rnfonfh h df G fS f l tcsewif pum;jzwf&rnf/ rnfonftcgwif aqG;aEG;r_ukd owfrwcsexuf ausmveom; df G h G S f df f Gf G oifonf/ rnfonftcgwif wdwqw+f idroufrukd tcse=f um=um qGxm;oifonf pojzifh h h G f d f _ d J h tcseEihf ywfoufI od&em;vnf&ef vdtyfygonf? d f S dS k
158
ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f&Sdr_ (Flexibility)? aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDpOf vkyaqmif&rnfjzpfouJokd tpDtpOfrsm;udvnf; vdtyfygu tajctaeESihf vduavsm f h k k k f nDaxGpm ajymif;vJvr&&rnfjzpfonf? wcgw&Hwif aqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifaeaom olrsm; G kd _ dS G onf aqG;aEG;onfh ta=umif;t&mESiywfoufI b,fva&Squf&rnfrodavmufonfh hf kd tajctaersKd ; a&mufom;Ediovdk aqG;aEG;onfh ta=umif;t&mwcktwGuf cefre;f xm; G kf S onfxuf tcseukd ydrvtyfonftjzpfrsKd ;vJ &ifqi&Edionf? aphpyfaqmf=ool taejzifh d f k kd kd h kd f k f tkyp. vdtyfcsuay:wGif oH;k oyfwwf&efvtyf+yD; rnfokd wef jyef&rnfukd qH;k jzwfEif f k k f kd k kd &rnfjzpfonf? ta=umif;t&m acgi;f pOfwi;f onf ta&;}uD;onf rSeaomfvnf; wcgw&H kd f wGif ydrjkd ynfpaomajz&Si;f r_ jzpfap&eftwGuf tcsKd acgi;f pOfrsm;udk vdtyfygu zwfypf&ef k h kH k qH;k jzwfay;&wwfygonf? [mo^m%f&jdS cif; (A sense of humor)? vlom;qefonfh vkyaqmifcsuwcktjzpf wcg f f w&H tvGef tmHp;l pduae&aom tcsersm;wGiyif aphpyfaqmf=ool. [moOm%f&r/_ k k f d f f dS f rdru,ukd &nfor;f aoG;wwfrEihf tjcm;olrsm;. &,fiz,tjzpftysursm;udk zvS,f d kd f G _ S $f G f wwfrwkd onf yg0iforsm;ESitajctaetay: tusKd ;rsm;pGm&Saponf? _ l hf d A[kowjynf0jcif;ESihf zefw;D wwfr_ (Resourcefulness and creativity)? tkypwi;f k h f k kd tkyfpkwdkif;onf yg0ifolrsm;t=um;wGif uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm; &Sdayrnf? aumif;rGefaom aphpyfaqmf=oolwa,muftaejzifh ajymif;vJaeaom tajctaeESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:wGif rlwnfI vduavsmnDaxG&atmif aexdiwwfouJokd wckv;kH vkyief;pOfEihf k f dS kf h f S &nfre;f csursm;udvnf; azmfaqmifEi&rnfjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh - tkypwi;f &Sd xl;c|eol S f k kd f fk G f rsm;ESihf tawGtuH &Sorsm;udk azmfxw&mazGEi&rnfjzpfouJokd yg0iforsm; u rdrwOD; d l k f S kd f h l d csi;f pDwi&aom pGr;f &nfrsm;azmfxwvmwwfap&ef vkyaqmifEi&rnf? G f dS k f f kd f
159
tcef; (12)
owif;Xmersm;ESihf qufo,jf cif; G

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a&'D,/kd &kyjf rifo-H um;Xmersm;ESihf awGqH&mwGif owdyoifonftcsursm; k h h f

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162
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163
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owif;a-unmcsuxwjf yef&mwGif owdyoifaomtcsursm; f k h f

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176
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180
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192
tay: cJjG cm;xm;r_ yaysmufapa&;twGuf rl0g'w&yfudk aESmifaES;=uef@=umjcif; r&SapbJ h d oifavsmaom enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh jyD;ajrmufatmif ud;yrf;aqmif&u&ef oabmwlnonf// h f G f D xkoabmwlnonftwki;f atmufygtcsursm;ukd vkyuiaqmif&u&rnf// d D h d f f dk f G f ( u ) trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf wef;wlnDrsSr_&Sdonf[laom tajccHrlukd EdkifiHrsm;&Sd zJG@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;ESifhtjcm; oifhavsmfaom Oya'rlrsm;wGif jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sygu xktajccHrudk xnfoi;f azmfjyjyD; Oya'yIjzpfap/ tjcm; d d l h G oifawmfaom enf;rsm;jzifjh zpfap xkrrsm;ukd trSewu,f usio;Hk azmfaqmif h d l f fh a&;ukd tmrcH&ef/ (c ) trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh cJGjcm;xm;r_tm;vkH;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifonfh/ oifawmfav#mufywfaom Oya'ESihf tjcm;ta&;,laqmif&urrsm;ukd jyXmef;&ef/ h G f_ vktyfygu jypf'%fcwfruyg xnfoi;f jyXmef;&ef/ d _ dk h G (* ) trsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;ESiwef;wltcGita&;&Sonfudk Oya'a=umif;t& hf hf d tumtuG,ay;&efEihf trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEyonfh vky&yfreorsudk f S dS f f S f S wm;qD;&eftwGuf tcGitm%m&Saom Ekiiawmfc;kH rsm;ESihf umv=um&Snpm hf d dfH Hk f G wnf&caom tjcm;aom jynfo@l Oya'rsm;jzifh xda&mufaom umuG,ray;a&; dS hJ f _ udk tmrcHcsuay;&ef/ f (C ) trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEyrrsm;tm; usL;vGejf cif; ok@d r[kwf usio;Hk jcif;rsm; dS f _ hf ryvkyf&eftwGuf a&Smif=uOf&rnf// jynfol@tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh tzJG@tpnf;rsm; uvnf; azmfjyyg wm0efaqmifr_ESifhtnD vkdufemaqmif&Guf usifhokH;a&;ukd tmrcHcsuay;&ef/ f (i ) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh cJjG cm;zdEyrrsm; yaysmufa&;udk qefusiusL;vGef dS f _ f onfh vly*Kd~ vf/ tzJ@G tpnf;/ Xmewk@d ukd oifavsmaom ta&;,laqmif&urrsm; k h f G f _ yvky&ef/ f (p ) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfonfh wnfqJOya'rsm;/ pnf;rsOf;rsm;/ "avh xk;H wrf;rsm;eSihf tavhtxrsm;ukd yjyifajymif;vJ&ef ok@d r[kwf zsuor;f &eftwGuf f d Oya'yr_tygt0if oifavsmaom ta&;,laqmif&urrsm;tm;vk;H yvkyay;&ef/ h f G f_ f (q ) trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfonfhoabmrsm; yg0ifaeonfh EkdfifiHawmf&Sd jypfrqi&m Oya'yk'rrsm;tm;vk;H ukd zsuor;f y,fzsuay;&ef/ _ dk f f f d f
193
&Sif;vif;csuf (trskKd;orD;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcJGjcm;r_rsm; yaysmufatmif vkyfaqmif&mwGif wm0ef&rrsm;) dS _ Ttyk'wif pmcsKytzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;taeESihf trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh cJjG cm;zdEyrrsm; df G f dk f H dS f _ tay: jypfwifa0zefwcs&ef/ yaysmufatmif ay:vpDrsm; csrwvyaqmif&ef azmfjyxm; _ f S f k f onf? tyk'(3 ) d f trsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf wef;wlnrsr&onf [laomtcsuudk tajccHxm;jyD; D S _ dS f trsKd;orD;rsm;taeESifh vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;ukd usifhokH;cHpm;Ekdfifa&; twGuvnf;aumif;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;b0 jynfjh ynf00 wk;d wufjrifrm;a&;ukd tmrcHcsuf f h h ay;aomtm;jzihf vnf;aumif;/ pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Ekiirsm;onf Ediia&;/ vlra&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf dfH kfH _ ,Ofaus;r_ e,fy,frsm;tygt0if e,fy,fwi;f wGif Oya'jyXmef;jcif;tygt0if oihavsmf fdk f aom ta&;,laqmif&ucsursm; vkyuiaqmif&u&rnf// G f f f dk f G f &Si;f vif;csuf (trsK;d orD;rsm;b0 zH@G jzdK;wk;d wuf jrifrm;apa&;) h d dS f _ tyk'f (2 ) Y azmfjyxm;aom trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;zdEyrrsm; yaysmufa&;twGuf ta&;,laqmif&urrsm; vkyaqmif&mwGif Oya'rsm;jyXmef;jcif;/ trsK;d ord;F rsm;b0 wk;d wuf G f_ f jrifhrm;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;jcif; wdk@omru trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh wef;wltajccH vGwvyfciEihf vl@tcGita&;rsm; cHpm;ykici&&Sa&;twGuf vkyaqmifay;&efvtyfa=umif; f G hf S hf d f G hf d f kd Ttyk'wif azmfjyxm;onf// d f G tyd'(4) k f (1 ) G trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf trsK;d om;rsm; trSewu,f wef;wlnrsS rrsm; vsijf refpm ay:xGe;f f D _ ap&eftwGuf &nf&,I pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Ekiirsm;taeESihf ,m,D txl;ta&;,l G f dfH aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; (temporary special measurement) vkyfaqmif&rnf [laom pmcsKyfygtcsufukd trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;r_ESifh tuH;0ifonf[k rrSwf,l&// okd@aomfxkdtcsufonf rnDrSsr_ESifh cJGjcm;pHxm;r_rsm;udk qufvuf
194
tcef; (9)
(2 )
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&Si;f vif;csuf (trsK;d orD;ESihf trsK;d om;wk@d t=um; wef;wlnrsr_ wk;d wufjrifrm;apa&;twGuf D S h ,m,Dtxl; vkyaqmifcsursm; vkyaqmif&ef) f f f trsK;d ord;D rsm; wef;wlnrsr&&Sa&;twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifrsm;onf trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf D S _ d ,m,Dtxl; vkyuiaqmif&urrsm; vkyaqmif&efwm0ef&onf// wef;wlnr#rudk razmf f dk f G f _ f dS D _ aqmifEircsi;f trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 wk;d wufjrifrm;vma&;twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;u dk f h dk f H vktyfaom ,m,Dtxl;vkyaqmifrrsm; vkyaqmifay;jcif;udk trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm; d f _ f zdESdyfr_[k rowfrSwf&ef Ttykd'fwGif azmfjyxm;onf? xdkokd@ vkyfaqmifay;jcif;onf trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnr#r_ &&Sapa&;twGuf jzpfaoma=umifh cGihf y&rnf[k qkonf// xk@d jyif D d d ukd,f0efaqmif trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf txl;aqmif&Gufvkyfaqmifay;r_rsm;udkvnf; trsK;d orD;tay: cJjG cm;zdEyrtjzpf rrSw,&ef qkxm;onf// dS f _ f l d 1988 ckEpu usi;f ycJaom aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif trsK;d orD;rsm; wef;wlnr#r_ &&Sd S f h D cHpm;Ekia&;twGuf ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekiia&;ESihf tvkyciw@dk wif trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuf df dfH fGf G ae&mcJwrf;cs owfrway;&ef tygt0if tjcm;aom ,m,Dtxl; vkyuiaqmif&ur_ G S f f dk f G f rsm;udk vkyaqmif&ef pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;ukd wkuwe;f cJonf? f dk f H d f G h tyk'f (5 ) d pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;onf atmufygtcsursm;twGuf oifavsmaom ta&;,l dk f H f h f aqmif&ucsursm;vkyuiaqmif&uay;&rnf// G f f f dk f G f
195
(u )
edrusonf/ jrifjh rwfonf[aom t,ltqtay: tajccHaomtpJtvrf;rsm;/ hf l G "avhx;Hk pHrsm;ESihf tjcm;usio;Hk r_rsm; tjyif ykaoum;csyf owfrwxm;aom fh H S f trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcef;ursm; yaysmufapa&;twGuf ud;yrf;vkyaqmif&mwGif trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf trsK;d orD;rsm;. vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ f _ usix;Hk ykomefrsm;ukd yjyifajymif;vJ&ef/ fh H ukd,f0efaqmifjcif;onf trsdK;orD;rsm;. vlr_a&;vkyfief;aqmifwmw&yf jzpf onfudk oihwifavsmufywfpm em;vnfapEdiaom/ &ifaoG;i,frsm;. }uD;xGm; f h G kf zG@H z;d r_onf trsKd ;om;ESihf trsK;d orD;ESpO;D pvk;H ESioufqiaom bkwm0efjzpfa=umif; f hf dk f H todtrSwf yaom/ rnfonfta=umif;udpwirqkd uav;oli,frsm;. tusK;d h P Gf pD ; yG m ;uk d yxrOD ; pm;ay; pOf ; pm;&rnf u k d oabmayguf a paom rd o m;pk ynma&;w&yfukd tmrcHcsuay;&ef/ f
(c )
&Si;f vif;csuf (vdiujGJ ym;r_tay: tajccHaom cJjG cm;r_rsm;/ ykaoum;csyf owfrwcsursm; f H S f f yaysmufatmif vkyaqmif&ef) f Ttyk'wif vdiujGJ ym;r_udk rlwnfI ywf0ef;usiu ykaoowfrwvuaom wzufowf df G f f H S f dk f t,ltqrsm;/ trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf trsK;d orD;wk@d t=um; tvkytukif cJjG cm;r_rsm;/ trsK;d orD; f d wkd@onf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf edrfhusonf[laom t,ltqrsm; yaysmufapa&;twGuf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEiirsm;u ta&;,laqmif&u&ef azmfjyonf// xk@d jyif uk,0efaqmifjcif;onf dk f H G f d f vlom;rsKd;qufjyef@yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aom vlr_wm0efw&yfukd xrf;aqmifjcif; jzpfonf/ &ifaoG;i,f vlvm;ajrmufatmif xdr;f odr;f wm0ef,l apmiha&Smuf&mwGif rdcifEihf f S S zcif ESpO;D pvk;H wm0efca0,l&rnf[aom tjrifrsK;d ay;Ekionfh rdom;pkynma&; tpDtpOf f GJ l df rsm; vkyaqmifay;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf// f
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196
tcef; (9)
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(c )
(* )
&Si;f vif;csuf (trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf Ekiia&;yg0ifci) dfH G fh
197
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198
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199
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200
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201
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219
rsm;tm; toH;k yjcif;wd@k tm; umuG,wm;qD;Edi&eftwGuf ta&;,l f kf aqmif&urrsm; vkyui=f u&rnf[k qdxm;onf// G f _ f kd k tyd'f (35) Ttyd'wif uav;i,frsm;tm; jyefay;qGjJ cif;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif; k k f G 0,fjcif; yaysmufa&;twGuf ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk pmcsKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;u vkyuiaqmif&uay;&ef azmfjyxm;onf// f dk f G f tyd'f (36) Ttyd'wif uav;rsm;.b0 om,mcsr;f ajr@rukd xdcuapEdirnfh k kf G _ kd f k f t*wd/ tpGrsK;d pHw@kd tm; pmcsKyftzG@J 0if Ediirsm;umuG,ay;&ef azmf J k kd f H f jyxm;onf// tyd'f (37) Ttydk'fwGif rnfonfhuav;wOD;wa,mufr# ESdyfpufcH&jcif;/ k &ufpuf=urf;uwfpm qufqr/_ vlom;rqefpm qufqrrsK;d rcHpm; G H G H_ ap&[k azmfjyxm;onf// touf (18) ESpatmuf uav;i,frsm; f ao'%f tjypfay;jcif; r&Sap&[k qdxm;onf// d k uav;i,frsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;ry&[k ,cktyd'wif qdrxm;aomf k f G k vnf; uav;i,frsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;/ axmifcsjcif;wd@k onf tjcm; enf;jzifh aqmif&uI r&awmhaomtcgwif jzpfap&rnfjzpf+y;D tcsef G f G d wdEior# wdawmif;ap&rnf[qonf// k kd f k k kd tyd'f (38) touf(15)ESpatmufuav;rsm;tm; vufeufuif ydyuQrsm;wGif k f kd ppfr_xrf;&ef ppfyGJwGifyg0if&ef toHk;yjcif;r&Sdap&// pmcsKyftzGJ@0if Ediirsm;onf vufeufuiydyuQrsm;twGi;f rS uav;i,frsm;tm; kfH kd f umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm; twwfEdkifqHk; vkyfaqmifay;&rnf[k qdxm;onf// k tyd'f (39) pmcsKyftzG@J 0ifEiirsm;onf vufeufuif ydursm;/ ESypufrrsm;/ k kd f H kd Q d f _ vpfvsLlcHjcif;rsm;/ tjrwfxkwftoHk;csr_rsm;ESifh apmfum;r_rsm;. om;aumifrsm;jzpfc&aom uav;i,frsm;tm; jyefvnfuse;f rmvm hJ f atmif/ omrefb0twGi;f od@k jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmEdiatmif vdtyf kf k
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aom ypkuor_rsm; axmufyay;&ef vkyaqmifoifonf[k azmfjy k hH f h xm;onf// tyd'f (40) Ttyk'wif uav;i,frsm; jypfrqi&m Oya'rsm;ESihf ywfoufI k d f G _ kd f uav;i,frsm;tm; tumuG,ay;&ef qdxm;onf// &mZ0wfr_ f k twGuf pGyfpGJcHxm;&aom uav;wOD;tay: qufqHr_onf xdk uav;i,f. odumtay: wefz;kd xm; qufqrrsK;d jzpfa&rnf[k Q H _ qdonf// k tyd'f (41) tu,fI Edii. Oya'ESihf tjynfjynfqi&m Oya'wGif yg0ifaom k kfH kd f tqiftwef;onf ,ckpmcsKywiygaom tqifxuf ydrom vGeae h f Gf h k kd f ygu xdomvGeaom tqiftwef;udk vufuif yusio;kH &rnf// k f h kd hf tyd'f (42) pmcsKyftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ,ckpmcsKyfyg ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk k EdiitwGi;f &Suav;vl}uD;wd@k tm;vH;k wGiwius,us,f od&em; kfH d f Gf f dS vnfatmif vkyaqmif&ef wm0ef&a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf// f dS
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References: - The Torture Reporting Handbook, Human Rights Center, University of Essex, USA, 2000. - The Human Rights Education Handbook, Human Rights Center, University of Minneapolis, USA, 2000. - Human Rights Defenders Manual, Diplomacy Training Program, New South Wales University, Australia. 2000. - Human Rights Here and Now: Celebrating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights USA, USA, 1998. - The United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education 19952004, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 1998. - Campaigning Manual, Amnesty International, UK, 1997. - Resource Book for Human Rights Study Sessions, Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (Forum-Asia), Thailand, 1996. - HRE Pack, Asian Regional Resource Center for Human Rights, ARRC, Bangkok, 1995. - Handbook on fact-finding and Documentation of Human Rights Violations, Forum-Asia, Thailand, 1994.
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tcef; (9)

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Layout & Design by: Published by:

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