4.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

The joint probability of mutually exclusive events (being a Republican and a Democrat) is zero. The joint probability of the events (being a voter in the United States who is female and registered as a Republican) is not zero because a voter can be a female and registered as a Republican at the same time. The joint probability of mutually exclusive events (being a Ford and a Toyota) is zero. The joint probability of the events (an automobile that is a Toyota and was manufactured in the U.S) is not zero because a Toyota can be manufactured in the U.S.

4.13

(a) (b) (c) (d)

P(prefers to order at the drive-thru) = 138/200 = 0.69 P(is a male and prefers to order at the drive-thru) = 60/200 = 0.3 P(is a male or prefers to order at the drive-thru) = (100+138 60)/200 = 0.89 The probability of is a male or prefers to order at the drive-thru includes the probability of is a male, the probability of prefers to order at the drive-thru, minus the joint probability of is a male and prefers to order at the drive-thru.

4.25

(a) (b) (c)

P(does not enjoy clothes shopping | female) = 267/543 = 0.4917 P(male | enjoys clothes shopping) = 238/514 = 0.4630 Since P(male | enjoys clothes shopping) = 0.4630 and P(male) = 542/1085 or 0.4995, the two events are not statistically independent.