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I! UlI\<J .\ I H - O,[.( I1H Il P II HIl f\la e T 3a l<a3 B CaJlOlle, n pyroi'I 3aHHT B pae
II CXC, - P CKO)I C' II.1yeTc H nplIMeHHTb ll a n C'IaTa JHILl e B .\1<le
13
ur r a tie u e preacn OCfl OB J\OHCTP YKUHl ), 11(1 xor opu x uenyui ni'l saI\ P OII
lU HJ( or vteuaer neocxo.nraue KOlICTPYJ\TllI3 i lbl C J .151
KOII KP (' Tl IOi"I cpllry pbI.
OCODEH HOCTH KOHCTPYH POBAH 11 51 n JI Ell EBb IX
H3llEJIHH HA C OT KJIOH EHHE M B OC AHKE
Oco ceuuocru IKOlI CTpY ll p o 13 a HH51 nIl J i l( aKa ua c!mrYP hl C OTK: IO He
1111 51:11 11 13 ocauxe nox aaauu na ' lcpTeiKax OCHOll Ii 6a 3 0BbIX .nexa.r ax
rnno uoir lpmypbI 50-1'0 paaxrepa I V pocr a cpenueii nO.lll OI' LI (pII C. G).
1I II/KC npusencuu 13 e .1IPIIl Hbl IICOO':0 111 \ l ble
npn nocrpoennn tl e p TciKc ii .u.'l 51 T1HI OI ;(-,I:( (llI l ry p " ,
csi (xrepk n .ua Hbl oxpyr.ieu uu vm II 1ipe.te.t a X
0,5 C.ll) :
P = 17G (13 06YBI1) ; Cui =20; Cr = 5(); CT ..=) ;
Co = 53; WI' =-= 19; LLTn = ,') 4; l l lc I
- 43,5; Blll( = 47 ,0 ;
nTC 11 = 46: lLm 11 = 45; 0 1( = 7,5,
LL.'1f1 UOJI CC ncra.n.noro ana .u raa OCOOCII IIO
cre f Te Jl oc.10/KCI1I1H KOII I\ P CTIlOi'r qJllr ypbl cc pa 3
xicpuue upuanaxn If Xa p a l( Tc: pI ICT IIKll cp a Il II IIO, j
lOTC51 C paaxr cpm.rxu: npH311aK,D !ll II x a p axr epu
CTII In l ll TJIII0 13 0ii lp ll ryp bl ana.nor n-moro paaxrcpa
H pocra .
.- B na. u. uciuuc fiyJYT npu ne.t cu u .1 11 1111, TC
IW TOP bl C OT!(:IO IIC IlIl51 OT 11 3
TIIII 0 I30i'r (llII r y pu, II PJI n C.1 II'11111 1>1
OY11yT npnnenenu Il Cl\ o Gl( cl.\ 3I JaI\ C1
MIl + ' ( .\ ICP K[I yOC.1 11'l Cll a ) II - pl Cp l( a
iueua) n o cpannernno C r unonofi .
OCOOC ll ll OCTlI TIOn pOe llJ l 51
'l e p TCil ( e iL xopp cxmponaunu 6a J OBhl X .1CI( [I:1 na
dmr ypu C OT Tl II IOB hl.\ Il C C1351 J()
IIbl C ou pca c.reu uu Kp OH.
PIlC. G. <1> llry pa ruuouan C liClp "a:II,lIoii O(' ,II IlWi'!
H
H 3M CII CJB!51 B uepr excax OCII08bl CIIHIIKH II n OJl OlJKII ua
ep ll rypy
I l a puc. 7nOKCl 3ilH xap axrepusui Cll.1 )"3T Cy TY: IO i'1 5 0-1'0
paaxi epa I V p OCTa Cp C.u Il Ci'I nO.,'lIJOTbI. OT.'11JlIHT Cilb Hb l e pasxi epuu c
r;p1I 3 HaKII ee cnenyio ume, C,II:
1:\ lIPH.10 iKCIlIIII ;l aJlbl 1l3M epCIJIlH TlInOBbl X (plJryp OCIIOIlIIl,IX p a a xrcpon
If pocr ou,
14
,D.Tc= 45,.5 ( 1-2); lLTC II = 48 ,5 ( .1-2, 5); n TII =52,5 (-1 .5);
,UTIl II = 43, .=):(- 1,5); We = 20 ,5 (-1- I) ; ill r := 18 (- I );
13111\ = 48,0 (+ 1); O K = 9, 5 ( + 2) .
B 11 3 Je.l ll l l , 110 .n exan axr 11 .111 s eprex. a .u.'l 51 TIIlI OBOii
ljJl l r y p bl , npn npusi cpxe aa (pllrypy oon apyxcat cs cnenyio
w Ile ; lccpe KTbI: 60pTa 00.'10'l KI1 oynyr pacxoznrrs
C5l. c n ll Hl\a or cr aaa n, OT qJl1r y p bI ( XBOCTllTb), BO
P OTII II K OTCT aFHlTb OT w e ll , OOI\013ble WBbl o le
CTHTl' 51 1133 a !l. OT OOI\OBblX 11180 B aoxpyr upon
nopa .l YIOTC 51 hI. I1 3;I,e m [C Ci y ):lCT cncpcnn
) .l :I I[ IICll l l hl l\!. a csa .ia Yl<OP 0 'l ClHl bt'l 1I C13a:1!l
ua Tb C51 C n .1C'1.
OCIHJ BHa fl npu-n uta yxa aanuux i lccj)CI( TOO -_.
Jla pY Ul c II II C 0<l .'18 1ICa 11 3,le Jl1I5I ( cnnn xa KOjWT I( a
noc c p C;J.lI HC II na 13 hlcTy n a lOlI.l IIX YIJaCTKaX cnu
111,1, a (' OOKOB OHa , lI a060pOT, L1,/1I111 1I a ; nO:IO'l K<l
!I..1U1I1l a ) . Ba.ranc uapyiuen 11 3 - 3a OTK:IOII CHlIii 13
n O: IOi I\ ClI HIl xopnyca (p llry pbl II no.n0 i l( ClIlUI naer ,
I\OTOP bl C 1l0BepHyTbl nnc pcn.
0 0 .10 tJKII j\lOr YT paCXO.l1lTbC51 II!I II CJI111111( 0\1
aaxonur s npyr ua ztpyr a II II p H IIp a l3l l.1 1>I-1Oi\1 6a
M I IICC 13 KOlICT p y l, UlI lI 1I3;J.e.'IIIH, ecrm ncnp a unm
1I0 COC.111I1ClI bl rop .noannu nO.'lOlJ KII [I CII II II KII , HC
11 [WII3 BC;J.e HO COOT13CTCT BYIOWCC (\1Op xronanu e
CJl 1I1IKII II 110.10'11( 11.
O ;U IIt' 1 \'ll.'1I111CII lI C\1 CII lI llKlI (n OZlllflTlIl' l\I
y po uun Bbl CWCi'I TOtJI(lJ rOpJI013l111u) II yxop a l( 11
nauue II0 JI Ol[I (1I y p o ll m l BblCWC i'1
TO' l l\ 11 rop.nonnuu) IIOJ1IIOC pasuouccue 1I0 .:1 01lKlI
II CII II IIKll lI C YCT<llI013 l1TC>I, BCC ):lCC\l CKTbl li e
00Tlw6 yeTcH 13 11CCCll lIC' CYII lCCTBCII
111,1. '\ naxieucnuu B KOHCTp YKll lllO 1I3JC.11151
IJ ouepr nune .1 111l1lH cpcnucro IUBa cnumcu. rep
. 11InHll bI. no.nva auo ca , IIPOi'IM bl 1I OK<lTa pv xaua, Pu c. 7. l!)urypa cy-
it r aio t;e B CII IIHKII 1I [\0.10'IKI I. ry aaa
n.q 51 vcr anoe. reuun npann.n. noro o a.1 all c a
113.1(' : 1!I 51 B COOTBC TCTll li ll C OTKJIOll eH1I5Ii\11I B II0 JI Oi l( CII II II xopn y ca
llt ll r y p bl n O.10 il' CHII C Bb l CWlI X TOll CK ropno
1111!>1 CII II II KII II n O.104KII (r .t aunu x TOIJeK OI IOPI>[ 11 3Jl e nII51 ) lI C TOJl b
1\0 110 nepnuca.tu, 1I0 H 110 rop1I301lTa ,1 11.
Bc.umnua OTIlC.1CI lI IH c pe!lIl ci'l ,'IlI 11 lI 11 crnun:n A' Y (pHC. 8) s u ure
YPO ll1l 5I .1 0 11a TOI{ 3 3BI1ClI r ,]( a K no.toxceuna .111111111 men, I<pH BiI 311bI
T1 03 l\ O!l O'l ll II Ka ua y tta CTKC, Ta K II OT CTc nC HIl 13 blD YI<. 10CTH cnn
ELI _ ce p a CCtl il TbI llilTb OT nerm un usr OTI(nOlle Il Il 51
n O K.
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BBCPXY !I C OTllO;l51T. I3 c.ryu ac 06.1c raiIHe on n u u B H3;I,CJlHII
n u r a uxo nno .rIJl lI IHI Il,l C"I CI30rO IlIBa, I3.'l a/KIiO- Tc rrn OBOii
o 6 p a 6o'j j\O!'1 cnnuxn; I3 H3,l C.'lll HX CrrOpTl iBHOrO xapaxrepa - au
TCl lmo !"1 n o .'Jll l liHI xoxerxu, CC: III ona npcnycvcrpeua n o xro.re.r u.
B TCX C1 Y' 1<l5lX, x o r.ia oti.rcrann e CITlJllbl .lOCTl I ra CTCH I3.'l a /l<HO-T c n
; IOll Oi'! oGpa6oT KOI I I l3;l C"l H51 , nur auxaxn: IUII HHbDIH KOllcTpyKTHB
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TU 'IKH A.
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Ka K or rpy n llOII KJICTKI1 (nOCT05lHHOrO c xoca}, Ta K H o r
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16
B e.1H4HHY OTBene HH5I suctueii TOIIKH ro pn osn u u rr OJI01I KlI p ac
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cor.n acno ,UTC *, TO'IKy AI cn euiaror snpa ao no
rop l 130 HT3 .1b Hoi'l .TIII HII H aa pa CCTOJl HlIe, pa nnoe noa onau e BC.'l1l4HHbl
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2

Lll upnny H BblCOTY rop.nonnuu c n HHKH onpenexaior pacuernuu ny

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Kfl rr o .1HII HII r pynn OTK.Tl a n bI Ba IOT COr.Tla CIIO MCpKC Illc, D o nOJI y
4eH ll bI :\! TOl l Ka M Bbl 4e p 411n3IOT HOBbi e x onr y pnsi e .!lHIlHH CITlIHKH,
!\ Ci l( n OKa 3aII O II a 'lep Te) Ke UlTpll XOBblMH JI HHH5IMII (CM. pHC. 8) .
n O,W'lKG. Ilonoacen ne .'lIIHIIII TaJlIlH 'IIO.IJ Olf KH OTIIOCHTeJlbllO ,'1H
!I 1111 T3 .111I1 CnI1HKH 3a BHCli T KaK or OCa I1KH, T3K II 0 1' n cnnoru cjm
rvp u . ,ll.'l51 Cy Ty.TIOi'1 cjmrypbl TOLI KY T4 (puc. 8,6) CMemalOT npn
G:1I 13HTe.l b llO IIa 0,5 Cit BBCpX ( T04Ka
T 041\Y COCll. IUI5IIOT np5livIoi'I C r cuxoii T5 II .'l HIl lleii .n ony aa n o
a , n a n e p c c eueuna C x oro p o a CTa B5IT TOIj I\Y
= TH (na 'l CpTel1<e cflHIIKII).
Il o. ioa. eune s u c uren T01I KII r OpJI 0 13I1Ilbl rr OJI04KII P3C'C4HTblBaIoT
COr .l a CIl O xiepxe 'uTrr II. B C.'l 1l4HlIY MepKII or xnansmaro c or T0 4 KII
11 13Cp X no .1I1HHII H rr O.IJ Y4 aIOT T0 4KY .. Or T0 4 KH
Bn p a 13 0 n ap an.ren s u o JUl II HH 'n .'l C4CBOr o c peaa npOBOn5I T npaayto,
u a x o r o p o ii OTK.1 3;I, l>lBa IOT OTp C30 K, pannuf rr Oi IOBIiHe OTKJIOHeHH5I
nO.l 0 i KCIIII 51 xop n y c a , II .noayuaio r TOQKY A
= 2 X 0,5 .= 1 CJH .
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yxrem.uiaior . Ill npnuy II r .nytinuy ,r o p .IJOBHHbI Ol'K.'I anbIB a IOT no npn
3ll.CCb II .ra.ree IIMeeT C51 lJ nany crxnanuuauac MepOI{ C IWII CTPYKTII BHblMI1
1I[l 1l6 a uKa MII.
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cxi euraior BHH 3 H3 CTO.% I\ O, na CKO.'ll>i\O
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'ICBOrO
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OTK.'13 11.b1l3310T cor.nacno xr ep x e Illr. li 3 :'1l CIl fl JOT .'111
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llITp I1XOBbnlll .'llHI I1fl \ II1.
Ih Mell ell JUI B KOIICTPYKUIlII H3)l.CJl II SI IIa cyr ynyio di n r y p y
KOpp e KTJt p OOa ll HSI o a 30 Dbl X Jl CKa.1J B npouecce pacxpon TKall 1l
3 a 1I0 C.'1Cn ll HC r OJI.l>1 nee 60.nee ump c xoe .pacnpocr pa uenae HpH
pa c x p o e H3,'.lCJI Ii ii, 11 3rOTOD.TI H0 1blX no HII ,'I.11 Hl u ya.TI b Hl>I:\l aaxaaaxi
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K3 ,'l3 OTBO,U5IT BB CpX COr .laCHO xr epxa LI.TC, BnK H Il x. OT TO'II<ll a
B CTOPOHY .TJI1 I II11l n0J1 Y3aHoca nepXIHOIO -r acrs .rexana llaK.TJan,bIBaIOT
1I3 HIIIKllIOIO COr JIa Cl l O xrepxa OT KJIO HCHH51 nep ena .
Ornpannon rouxoii na puc. 9,c H13J1HeTC5I rouxa a', p aCnOJIOIKell
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n p HMo i i , coennnmouien T041,y Y C TOlJ l\Oii a', II 3 a Te M BepXHlOIO
4aCTb nexarra OT flO,LI. HT nuepx Il coor ncrcrnnn C OTK.'10 Il eI 1H5I:'.1I1 B
srcpxax LI.TC, BnK II Ilx. Ca;\IbDI 11 3;\I CHHCTCH
r JI y 6 1l1I a H n O,T]Q)I\ CI!lI C .'I 1I1i1I1I nponxiu n COOTfl CTCTll ll ll C ocamcof
etl Hr y p bI.
nOJIO'lKy pa sp caaror OT TOlfKlI A' n r opH30HTanbHOi\I HanpaB.TJ 0'
11 11 11 ,LI.O .1111 111 11 ncny aau oca. B CPXIIIOI O 4 a CTb .iexana HaK.TJ a .1.bIBaIO T
ua II 11)K I II010 BCOOTflCTCTBUIl C OTK.l0He llll51 'nepezta. WHPll
uy CIlI lJIIKlI II ,n o .1 0 1[KII 11 3;\l e H5IIOT B 3TUX cny-r aax nepeanma xof
.rexan.
4>opl\lOBallHe CIlIfII KH H n OJIO'I KH H3,UCJIHSI na CyTyJIylO 4>Hrypy
Xopouiec o ri nera nue n a ejJl1ryp e , B oe06CHUOCTfl n a rpu
r y p e C OTKJIOIICII II 5I;\11l , /LOCTl1 raCTCH n e TO.TJbKO COOTn CTCTBYIOlI.J.eii
KOHCTp y KUHe i'I , 1I0 II B 3aBII CH:-' I OCTI1 OT TeXHOnOrI1l1eCKHX CBofICTB,
p llCYIIKa TKa HlI - eOOTB e TCTnYIOlI.J.llM crmnxn 11 no-
OlJKH, 'T. e . Il,'I a)K HO-TenJIOBoi'I 0 6 p a60TKoii H BbITa 4Ka ml. B n ane
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o
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' I bl H a TaKIKe 'n o cpe nuef ClII l HKI I (II 0 3. a na
p ile. 10) . B II 3,LI.eJIII51X H3 TKaHeji B n onocx y CYTIO)K Ka i\: OiKeT 6bITb
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( 11 03. 6 1Ia pHC. 10) , lJT06bl 1I3
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no nne lJenO;\lY cpeay nbITa'lKY
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ern K.TJ I0411LI" o eOOClI lI O 0113
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q T06bl 11 36e )l\aTh paCT5J)KeHII 51 PIl C. 10. CIlo co6LI cnnuxu
I I:J e lJe n Or o c pes a II lIapYWCHIIH ua cyry. nyro lllll rypy
pncyuxa TKaHII, OTT51IKKY H3
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n.rcsenoro cpe aa .
n O;l T1 JI C;I II II KII p a CKpall BalO r 11 3 .tuyx C.10e B TKaHH. B 113
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22
pa3BO;151 T na 0,75- 1 c.1t H B npoxreac y rxax BCTaI3J151 10T KJlllIIb5l. 3a
:-I CfI\J, Y TKaHH n p o Ki l a J,bI Ba IOT B3THH IlJlH nary H npo
CTCrIl BaI OT.
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nep erariacryro $l1rypy
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I !Jl l r y p bI. n o cpaaneumo C qll1 r ypoii an an oru u n o r o p asxrepa II p OCTa
1I0 p :-l a.l b Hoi'1 OC3HKH OHa InJCCT C.:1CJ,Ylo W,He OTml ' IlU eJl b HhIC p aa
\ICpfl hl C n p1l 3HaKII, C.1I :
l1.TC= 42 (- 1,5); n rc II = 44 \(- 2); l1.rn = 56,0 ( + 2);
l1.TTI II = 47 (+ 2); Illc = 18,5 (- J); Illr = 20 (+ 1);
Bnx = 46,0 (-I); Ilx = 5,5 (-2).
B 11 3l le.111 H, cxpoenaoxr 110 u epr eacaxr ( .TJ CK3.
T
JaM) .nJl51 THI1013 0lt $11
rvp r. n p n npnxreprce u a neperu tincr yio OOIl3p)' )I(aTC51 CJJ e.nYIOW,HC
'11 0JlO
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rypc, a nOp OTHl II( - l\ Lll CC. OOIW l3bl C JII Bb! O ICCTlI TClI anepen,
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't o.u.n u c , T3 K Il fl OIl CPCLJ !I bI C C!\ J13,'l KI I. n Cp CJ!. 11 3.'J. CJIHH o y .neT KOp O
Iff: CII IIlIl( lI . T. C. ,13 IUJ,C.'I lf H ua pyuicn O<l.l aIlC.
C/l IIIIKU. Ll .111 Hy CPC:WCI I .TI lI lI l lll 'Cl1I I Ii KII AI T, (pHC. 14,a) OTKJla
. !.l,I BCl JOT no nTC. TOtI Ky A I OTBO.1HT BJICBO 11 3 pacs era T10JlO
fi ll II bl OTK o1 01l CI III 1I B Il x.
A]A' = 2 x 0,5 = 1 CM.
T OlJKY A' COCJJIII HIO r IlP5D IOi'1 n u u u enc TOlJKOr'i Y. )lJl HIIY CTIlU I KI1
TC I I OTK.rra,l bIB a IOT 110 LllTPIlX0130f! .'1II II II 11 T'IA
2
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r o p .'I o Il l l ll bI onpenen n ror p aclf CTll hn [ nyrcxr .
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l1l11 Il BnK, npn 13 Il .TJeLJ CBO:-1 c pese n a 0,5 c.1t YMCIIbLllal OT Be
.'l fl lJll ll y cyn o ac x n. Ill upnny c rnnncn n o .' IlI HII H rpy nu OTKJl a .'l bI Ba IOT
c o r .t a c u o Lllc. n o nuxc punaaior I10 Bbl e
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llC p C.13 TO'! J()' T
4
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T Ol lI ( Y n epeceucnnn 3TI1X .1I1HH}[ 0603113lf 3JOT 6 YK DOi'!
= TH ( ua n epreace CllHlIKH) .
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pen OT'KJIall.blBalOT 01'pe30K, pal3HLIii nO.'I OI3Hll e OTK.'IOHeHIlH nO.1JOiKe
HH5J x opny c a , li lIOJIY4a loT T041\Y . .
'= 2 x 0,5 = I CH .
Yro.'1 CYTlO;.KKIi II pacrnop n ep e,lHcij BLITa4KII n a 0,2-0,3 C.lt
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s
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aoro cpeaa OTK.'1all.bIBaloT 01' TOI I 'KIf A; n o .'1li Hl ill Ii n o .ny
24
11I0T T04KY n 's. W lI PIHI Y n OJI Ol l KIi n o .'IlI Hl ili rpy.ni OTK.'I a Jl.bl BaIOT
cor.l a Cll O xiepxe W r. C o o TBeTc TBe HHo .1I I1111110 npofi xna,
I10.10fKCfl l1e 60K013oij BbI Ta4KH If 60KOBoro cpesa. O PII 6 l1cceK
-pucy F
4
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0,3 CJ I. 00 I3bl4ep4liBalOT KOHTy
pbl ll O.l OII KH, KaK 'n OKa 3 a HO I1a n eprexce.
H 3MCHCHHSI B KOHCTpyKlJ,HH aa neperucucryio (pHrypy
nyTeM KOppCKTHpOB3HHSI 6330BbiX JICKaJI B npOlJ,eCCC pacxpos TKatlH
B a p l1a HT xoppexruponanns JI eKa.'1a CITl I HKll
c p c .me n .lll HIiIi auuie y p0I311H .'lOn a TOK 13 COOTl3eTCTl3l1l1 C OTl' .'I OHe
xopnyca n OKa 3 a H a a p a c . 15,a.
Iexa.ro y T04KI1 Y p a apeaaior 13 nanpa nn ennu,
p a BII o :VI YA, n n o.nyuaior TOllKY .)'1. C OOTBc TcTBe lI Ho n O.'10)K 1l 13 IIIIiK
I fl OIO Il a CTb JICKaJIa na r xa ns, sepxmoro lI a CTb .'1eKaJI3 11 3KJIa}!.bll3aIOT
Hi! nuacmo ro HanOJI OBIIHY OTKJI OIl eHlI 51 nO,TlOiJ,eHllH O E.
YY
2
= 2 X 0,5 = I CM.
B p c aynsrare Hal lO)l( ellH5I nepxucii lI a CTH nexa.ta na lll l iKHIOIO
11 0 JIYLJ 3 10 T l10130e nonoxccn ne rOp.1013IlHLI , nJI C
l
le130rO cpeaa II T. .i .
Ha p u c. 15, 6 II 8 nOKa33llLI n s a npnecra KOppeKTJlp OBaIllI51 63 30
IJbl X .'I CK3 .'1 crmnxn na nepernria cryro '(lm r y p y , npn KOTOpLIX npe ny
0 1aTp lI 13 3 CTCH naxeneuuc .!lilllllbl T3,l1111, I3bl COTbI n .ne u , nOJI OiJ(ClIlI51
npoirxtbl p a s p esa HI151 .'1eKa.'1 01' .'1II Hli ll 0 0
1
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nponxi u .
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c1JHrypbl nyre KOppCKTHpOBallHSI 6a30BblX JI CKa Jl
C 113:Vl eHC llI Ie:V1 KOHCTP YKlJ,I1H Cn l1HKIl 11 n OJI OlI KlI 13 COOTI3CTCTl3l111
C OC3 1iEoii , xopriyca epllrYPbl ra KiK e KOl11-Y
p l. l ,'1Il11HII npoitau.
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CTPYKlJ,lI l1 na TpH OCIIOBlJ bIX runa OC3l1KlI rpury pu . Y Cy Ty .10i!
p bl no J!lI ll l1l1 np ofl xna T04Ka 17 } (pIIC. 16 ,6 - c n .10l UII Ll e .l l1l1llH) 13
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OlJKa 17
s
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PH ,lJ. KC KOIITypbl .'1HIlIIH nponxn; na nepernoucr yro ellll
r y p y (pHC. 16 ,8) .
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i
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0.5 C.It , a TOqKa PI - COOTBeTCTBe HHO BHH3. n aJIbll CilllJ Ce n ocrpoe
rnte I1POH3BOII HT ,no.!l y rJI OM x llOBO:>lY nOJIO,KelH! IO .rTli HHH
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ry p neperucucr u x Bc e3TH H3MeHe llHH B KOHCTp y KUHII p yxa n a ( CM.
puc. 16,6) npOH3 B0 1l5IT B 0 6 p aTHo M nop5I II Ke cor n acao nenuxnue OT
K.10 11 Cll Il 5I B o c a a x e.
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Hatpnrypy cyr ynyro BepXHlOlO II 1I111K HlOIO rrOJIOBHHKH pyxa aa rro
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(01. pHC. 16,8).
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Cnunxa. JIeKa,'10 crrHIIKH * rro nlt HlUI ff2 (pHC. 17,a) paapesaror
H BepxIIIOlO ee 4 aCTb OTBO.lI.51T asepx OT JIHHHH paapesa ua BeJIH4HHY
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a a BeJIll4HHY orxnoneuns B :>lepKe nTrr H OK H 06MeJIHlOT B raxoxi
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* Ha xepreace noxasano urrpnxonuwa Jll tI1lHIMl1.
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28
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29
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3TO?-1 113 U,GCII yK op(l'lJ1BaJOT.
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n OKH:WIIO u a 'I CP TCii\ C.
n O,W III; (/.. LI:I >! YTO'lIIClI II 51 Oa .'l ClIlc a 'I'O' II\ Y T] lI D ,1 11l1l11l A.,T"
ll llyCI,3 10 T n a 0.5 B i l\. II Il O.1 YlJ<l IOr TOIJI\ Y T; ( p n c , 22, 6) . 3aTCM
cc COC.1 11 1IHIOT ropnaorrr a.n. nof .11l11IIei'1 C .l I1 ll 1lCii I1 0 .'1Y3 il lI o ca II
TOIII, y nc p ccc u e nn u 0 0 03 11 3 '1(\ IOT 6yl' IlOi'l 3 aT C\l rouxy T;
1'.1111 IH10'J n p 51 \l o ii ,1lJl l l l ci'l C TO'l IWj'l T5. JJ. .1 1lIl Y n o p o.r a or TO'I KII T.I
.'J,O BblCl ll c il TO'l I';11 r o p .l 0 Bll ll bl or xn anu naror lI D xrcpxe J],TII I I H
nO j l) uaror TO'lK) KOTOp yIO COC.'"l lI lI HIOT C T0 11 1\Oi'l Y rojl A;, ns.
r YTIOi l\l\1I n pu ::J TO:\[ ll CCI\ O: l b I\O y :\IClI b UICl IOT. B blCIIIY10 r o uxy re p
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WI 0.25 13i l\ vxrern. tnator pacrn op ncpcnneu nurausu. =
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JIl lil\ C' ) B CTOPOIlY 0 0 1\0 13 0 1"0 cpcaa .1 CI\ 3 .10 P <l 3 130: 1HT na 0. 25
n o .1 111 / 11 11 '1a.l l111 BCP XIl Il i'1 Cp C3 11 8Kila .l bW8 10 l' Jl 8 II l1i KIl Il i'1 na
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l!c:CTIi CI1I1 I1KII B na n p a n. r c i n m Ta .-l lI JI /I Cp C;W Ci y
uyr :l a :, ICTl l bl CK.'I CI :I KJI, .1 11 11 1151 ra 1111 1 CIICPC : lI l O I C
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r py.u: IJOnBlrr C51 c .l a OIJ II a . Ha cnu.rxe Bo"py r ,'11[!IJl II II p o ih l bl ori pa
3yIOTl' 5I IW P OTI III K OY31CT OTCTCl B, IT " OT 1lJ e' 1I. a CnJ l lIKCI 11 0
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,Qm II = 46,.5 ( + 1,5); Illc = 20 ,0 (+ I); ll l r = 18,0 (_ 1);
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BI1I\ = 48 { 1); n" = 9,.5 ( -I- 2):
flP IL1 0 i l\ II B 1{ nucr vuaionmxr I'OLJ I\ 8 ,\1 Cl1lHl bl CC1 J1 Tl I:'> ICTp OB ylO
11(.' 111'\ c 11. 1 11 KO\ I OII HUP 0 I38 11 I1YIO .1 111 1Cii 1\Y (o r. 'PII C. 24) .
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OTdOHT OT OTBCl'Ho r o n O,1 0il{e lI JI H Ca lIl ll.\ ICTP OBOII .r en r u ( 13 .1. a 11
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Me p n CI\ Cl3bll Ja CT. lITO li e BCeL l<1 COOTJ IOl lI Cll lI C naxi epcunfl 11.'1'11 ][
.n1'C. II P1111 H : 1.'1H p aC'I CTa 63 : 1a II Ca 1I11C: l ll i'l , a TCl l\ il\ C COOTII 0
iueu uc 113\l l' P CHll ii .1 ,l 11' HbI ncciirpnr ypu C3 '1.l 11 II cncp c.m HIl :15lIOTCH
o n pC}le.'1CII II Oi i ocau xn (jl ll r y p bl. 0 .11111 naxi cpenuu
OOXBa TO[l, ump nui; (Ill lr:, p hI (' 1I1C II C.1.0 CTa TOlJIl 0 xa pa xrcp n
3\IOT 1l 0 ,'l Oi l\ CHII C II (ll Op"l>1 or .te.u .uu x '1a n ci'! r c.n a II Ip C.l b Clp a '(] l l l
6 ' p bl B Y ;l a ll ll o i'I (jJll r y pbl COOTII OIII CllllC :-ICp OK 11.rc II 11. 1'11
110
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I ,:00 rJl OlllCII JI51 Jl:rc II J1TIl . nu cma 51 TO'l l\ 8 rop.ron11 11"I 1I0 :I O'l 1\1l
Il il lJCIn Ci h c l\ P 0 51 pacno.i arrrn.cn npnxic puo 11 8 0 ,'11 10 \ 1
y pO IHI C C BbIClll Ci'1 TOIIKOii r o p .l 0 BII HbICI1l11I1' 1I, 11 0 sroro
ue.u .an. TiI K I, Cl K rlm ry pa CYTy : ICl51.
11.m l 60.1<' C n pa un.uar oro pa C'I C'Ta 08:la1l C8 JI3 ;le .lI1H, 0IlpC.1C:1C
1111 51 yponncu crnnu: n II no.iou xn, .1 .1 11 II bI 3 TIIX ner a n en 'JI a o rne.m.
uu x Y' l aCTI\ 3 X IrjJll r y p LI e TCH P ,l C'I .1 CIlIITb xr epxn ,UTC ,II
l l'rn. BbU C.'1IIB 11 3 II I1X BbICOr bJ 3 a ;J,II Cfi npoi'I:Vlbl Banp II nu
COT '" 'n Cp e , lI Tc i'1 npofixn Brmp.
Baup OT cc.u. xroro iueiiuoro n 0 3J30 HKa 'B,lO.l b JI03 BO
IJO' IIUI K;T .10 'y p OBJH! s annux L :IOB C yrr e
10 :\1 n brCTYII Cl II II H .t ona r ox (pil l' , 25. a) .
Fl pn CIlH Tl Il I \ Ie pKII ' B n lJ p c a HTII :-leTp OJ3Y IO : I CIITY pa C110.1ara lOT
C3 a ,1 11 no OCIIOB,lII II IO well II i: n YC]\ a!OT OOCID III KOI111<:I :,>11I '11 0 r pynn
1I.0 ypOBII5I no.ixu.nuex. 1l 0.l YlJCIIII YI0 xrepxy ne.tnr nonoaa xr
(pil l' , 25.6) , .3TII :\le p I\H :\I OrYT 'ObITb CII HTbI KiII{ 0 '1' 7- 1'0 m c Flll o r o
!1rJJBOII Ka . Ta K II OT np oex rupvexr or o nnenenoro ursa, 0603 HaQHB
1I0C:I C.1H II C COOTBCTCT13 e HIl O B 3 11 P II II BIIl IP I I.
I"I Pll CII 5lTHi l Banp II 8 311P II , Brinp II Brmp It
p il e, 25, a, 6) pexoxren'iv ercanpnxr enun, .nncr :J,.1111 10i:\
00-60 c.lI , C.l 0 i KCHll bri i B lI e CI\O.lbKO 'C.l 0 CB, II Jl O:lJJOi l{CHHbllll3 1'0
'1I0 ,1 0 i KCHHII B yno p 'K 'll O!l.:\l bI lll e IIIl bl M BlJaJlHHaM
( .\l Oil{1I0 ,1..'151 YCTOn ll HBOCTJI npu xpcrnm, K pytiaui xe 1I3
lI1 C[15IC\ I Or o ) .
39
Be.m -unra Banp II Bsnp II, Bnnp H Brmp II 3 aB llCII T OT
pOCT a, p aa xr c pa II 'n O.1HOTbl qm r y pbl.
Bu cor a n p o u xn; B 60Jl b UIOfI CH'neHII 33 I311 CIIT OT Bbl COThI n .r eu ,
rIO OT s r oro COOTHOWCHu e :.l e;'K,J. Y BbI COTOI"i n epe.m eii 11 3 a.1Hei'l
nporrxua He naxr eunr cs .
/8
3np
B .
nn BJnp!J
a
P IIC. 25. ClIlITII C Banp, Bnnp, BanpII II BnnpII
B rrpI D I CIlHClIIOiJ OCHOBe KOHCTp YK IUIIi cnnuxn 11 n On OlJKII Il 3 TII
1I0BYIO cpu r ypy 50 p 3 3 11Iepa , IV pocra cpe,J.HCI'i n OimOTbI ( p u c . 26 )
aanpoexr uponanu CJI Cn YIOllJ,II C BC.l llLlll IlbI 113 \l epCI-IHH: Banp = 21 c.lI
H BmJp = 29 0 / n .n oc l\olI CTP YKTl JnHbI e nputianxn,
B 'Ha w e :-./ n pnxi ep e ( C\I. p uc. 2-!) Bsnp = 22,5 ( + 1,5) ; Bnnp =
= 27,5 (- 1,5) .
40
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c n JIOCKHMn nr onu uaa u II BbICTyn aIOUJ,HM )KHBOTOM
Cnunt;a, ,Um IH Y CIHlHKH ( pnc . 26, a) n o JIII HIlII c pezmero WB
or Jl I1I1I1I1 rpYJUI - T04KII C, Hm I n pn np"MeI1CIIIIII MCpKII Bsnp 11
OT Totl KII C), y s en u u a a a i o r corn a c u o 1I1epKe Banp II Bsnp II ( n H3 "
WCM np usr ep e aa 1,5 0 /) H II 0 JI YlJ a l OT TOlJKH Al II O T C
II 21 BII H3 n o .'1 HHHH TaJIH H OTKn aJIbl Ba lOT OTp e3 KI! zTI H cITI co ..
OTIICTCTB el1HO pannue ,UTC - Banp II ,UTC II - Banp II. B bI CW) ' IO
TOl lKy .'IlI H1ili Cp eJIII er O tua a Al ClI CUl aIOT BII p aBO n o ropuaonr ans
1I0il .'l ll Hl lH H3 p a cuera 0,5 c.l! OTK.1J OHe lHl H B x epxe O K: Al A; =
41
= I CIl . T OII}, \ ' / 1; coe.u ursnor c TO' IJ\O i'1 Y c .rorxa 13 bl fI \ ]\ .' IOi'1
lI 11 e iL J.l a.l b l l c-i'I1.UCC '1I0 CTP OCli li C uepxncu uacr n CII HHJ\lI :ral\o('
Ka l, na cvry. t ym <!l liry p y (0 1. pII C. 8) , a I1Il1KHCi'1 lIa CTH - Ka K
(lm r y p y C 1l.'J OCKII \ I11 nro.uma v u (cxr . pII C. 22) c o r:la e Il o
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Il onous u. T O'l I\ Y n c p CCClJCIl 1l5J .TJ IIlI Ji lI r pv.n: [ :\[.1 (p uc. 26,6)
e .'11I1I1lCi'1 A I T.1 OOO-lll a'l a lo T 0 YK13 0 i'1 C:I . n .l llll Y n cpe . t a n o .1111111 1
"2.44 110 Bn n p . B na me npnxrcpc TOII KY
c xi e u t ator 13 1111:) no 'll a 1,.5 C.l1. 3 ,lTe:- r 11. 1 n o .1 YlJCHII Oi'
TOlJh ll A; sn p ano n p O[}O;l5IT napa.r.rc.u.nyro .1Il1I1I 1l 11.1 ('
If(' I30ro c p c a a . H OTK: l a JlhIB,ll OT n a lI cii 0.5 01. ll O: IYlJCIl HYIO TO'l Ky
0003 l1:1' 1a lOT OVI\ll (Ji'l rl
11 .1 IIIf Yi ICpe.t a . i o : 11111 II II r a.t Il li OTI' .l a.i u na 101' 11 0 .\1e p xe nTlI II
o r 1'0 '11\11 11 1l0 .1 YlJa 10 T T( l ll Ky T \. B n a ui c n n p u xicpc T
4T
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T O'l I' y COC: 1I1I1 HIOT rop uaoura. n. nou C .11111 i10ii 1I0 .1Y3 3
uoca II IJ(l:IY'l a lo T TOlJKY T 0 , TOII1\ Y T I eOC: UI H5110T mp 51.\l ll ii
l 11 I1 I1 Ci'I C TOll IW i'1 '1'".
Jl a .l"lI e ii l ll c c IIOCTp OC' III1C' n e p x uc ii u a c r u 11 0 : 10
1
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1\<1 1\ ua a Il lI il\ lI e i'I II OTp (' ] IIOl'O O(l lJK3 - l\ a E n a
(jHl r y p y c IlJ, ' CTYllil IOJl l ll:-1 i l\ c o r .: a el l 0 113 :WlI lI o ii
II 'IIP III151T J,DI p3ClICTeD I, !I.: I IIII Y 110 .1 0 '11\11 110 Hl D Y OTK: 13
.'1, J,IBCl IOT eJT .11111 11 11 Ta .ll1 11 r.r;
= 'I'll 1- 0 ,5 C.it.
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r py.m n a 3 CIl , a TaK/I, (; 111 0 .1 IIJII IIl Ta :l JII!. f] O.1 0 )I\ III3 .'1CKa .l 0 n a
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' 13CTb cxrcnuuor n a 0 , 5 C.11 13 11 11 3 r a x , '11'0 0 " 1 .111 11 11H c pc.mer o iua a
c n u nxn 0 1' r a .iun .10 1I1l3 a 0 1>1.13 cxretucna 0 1' ce n e pnon u u a .n. nor o
n O.l 0 )I\ CIII ISI ( 1IIT pIIXOBOi'I .1 11 11 1111 ) n a 2 C.1l II YKopOlJClI a BHH3 )' n a
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.\l CP KIl B3I1P I I BrJTJp. Y paccv ar pnnuexrof tp nry
p hi 31'l1 \ ICP KII YBl':lJI 'ICi!iJl na 1,5 C.lt K8iK,lJ.3 5I , II
C.1C:lYCT Ul lCCTlI TO.l 1> I;:O 13 ncpx nnx
'I il CT5iX CnIJlIKIJ JI 110.10'11\11 - OT .'l 1l1l1l11 r p YJ. I1, CO
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or Tli n OBOl1 aua .iorn uuoro paaxiepa H pOCTa . no 3 1I8 II IJTe.TJI.>II O or.m
lJa eT CH OT nee n o cucen II oca nxe. Y D,aHlIOI1 q) Jl r y p bl I13 rJ1
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ysenu uenu, Ta 3 H3.1IIIll He lI a K.l OHCII nncpe,t , cnnna
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a rpyzn. 3 IHITC.'l b II0 , a nepenxo II qJ3 I\TlilJCCKII , yn.to utacrcn. B IJ3
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IlJr = 18, 5 (-0,5) ; Ill c = 20,5 (+ I); ,UTC = 45, 5 ( t- 2);
)),Tc II = 48 ,0 ( +- 2, 5); ,Um = 54 ,5 ( + 0,5); .uTn II = 45, 5 (+ 0 ,5);
BIlK = 48,0 ( I- I) ; Tlx = 9 (+ 1,5); B T = 7 (+ 2) .
45
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phI cocr uoureun e Jhc II J h ll uc 110I\ i13 a Te
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xpoxi e To r O,cnlllIKY OT ,iI lIlIlI 11 ran nn KHII3 Y II i! 0 ,,5 C,l l y .1 ,1 1lIJllTb .
46
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O CTfl,'1 bJl Oc Bc .1 IJl le! III C :'v l e p KlI .Ll TC n p IIXO;l Il TCH na BbmYI\ .10 CTb
<' IlIlI lJl II l1i l' l' y p OBII H 1I3:'vIcp e ll lIH Bsnp . M e p Kn B n n p= 2 8 ,0
n lcll billelI 3 na 1 C.It.
13 1\0ll CT PYKUlI lI ll a rpurypy C KPYL10-Il OrIIYTOi'1 CII Il
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ClIll Hf; a. .Tcxa.t o CIl Jl IIl( 1I (pu c. 32, u ) p a 3pc33 10T B .lByx ' I C
cra x: 11 ,1 7- 8 C.l 1 II IIil\ C 13ep IlJII Hb[ OOI\OBOrO cpeaa
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11 <1 D.;) CII . Y cpe.u rcro - na 1 C.lI, OOp a J yH no
,1 11 111111 cpc.urcro IJJIHl y n e.l lltl Cll ll bl ii uporuo IJa
1.5 CJ I (0 ,75 Be"I Jl 'I II Jlbl OTK:IOII CII IlH B :'vI C1' I\ C
13 1). II ra 1\11\ 1 oo paao xr OO:'vle.rI HIOT 1I3"ClI C[H lbI C
IWllTyp bl CI[I II I KII, [[1'['1 3 1'0 ' 1 nepennna. enn cu
.'1e l; ,, : 1 pacunipsnor nepx i no ro tI n CT!> cumu.u. xa
1l01, 3 3 :I 11 0 JI a 'JCIHCiI,C .
O TP i?3NOll 00
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( puc, :3 2,6) Jli I: J. P C3 Cl IOT na TCX i l(C y p OB JlHX , 'I TO
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KUHO.\ I C'jW3C U liI IIK[I , a 11 0 :[Jl II I111 Ta :11I11 un:
IIl u !O '1;ICTI> lI d K: I , U b ll la IOT na 13 C1' Xll IOIO, ua
O,O: I1,I W 6"':10 c.i c.iano 13 OOKOBO\l Cp C3 C
1:1 111 11 1\11. I3 ncpc.tncn lJa CTlI OO' ll\ Cl OT .1 II unII 001
:Cl 3 TII onopauun I1P OII 3 13 0 ;lHT B 06p ' lT II O.\I 11<1'
Jl jl il B, ICII IIII , cor.t a cva IIX C 13
.rexa. rc 11 0 ,'10'1 1-( 11. I\OIl T)' P h I .11111 111 1 OO'lKa ,J,O.;I
1-( 11 1,1 uo.r ynm, 110 .10i l,CI IIIC, YKa 3 HII Il OC na 'I Cp
TCiI\ C.
[JO, IO t,,U. J101' 3 .1 0 n O,1 0 lJl\ I1 (puc. 3 2 ,6) ua.t
pcaai or 0 .tuyx 113 'rex xce y p OBII HX, t[TO II
1<.'1\<1. 10 OTp C3 11 0 ro OC)'IK3. Bcpxnnir CpC3 CO CTO -
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T a LJ Ky B rrpop ean xapxiana no II cnocoriy,
DbIllIC ( cTp.34).
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l Ia pII C. 33 Il OK8 3aII3 cj.H1r ypa, KOTopa H n o srepxaxr Cr, CT,
H BUll Y cnepca n CXO;J, H3 C rnnonofi , .TJ I1Wb r p Y;J,H3 5J xnenca 6
.nee 'Bbl .13 eTC5I Bn e pC.1. O i l.Il 3 KO n pu pacc xi ar pnaaunn epll rypbI
npOCllll .l b II C3a.11l oOHapYIKII B3IOTCH 3H3tIl1Te.rlbHble OTKJIOHeHII H OT
TIl Il OJ3 o i i .
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n031l 0Il 0 11H1I1, 3 , 33 KPOll I.ll ll K y;J,OCTOBepHTCH, 'ITO JI3rn 6 bl n03HOHOtI
HIlI, a Cr.'Ja )!, eHbl - r .l y OJIHa well COCTa B.rJ5IeT ensa 4 CM 'n p II HOp ;\I e
5.0- 6 C.", Bbl e \l KII Ta/ IIl'l1 - 3 C,H 'npu nopxr e 4,5-5 CAt, HrO JUlUbI
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wile ) *. a .TJ On a TKII p e3KO au
T\'f ! 3 10 T, I(3 K ObI OTXO;J,H OT
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npl! nopxre 2- 2,3 C.11.
(!)J1 ryp8 J1 \leCT c.ie a yrotua e
1l.nl ep eIHl H, C.II:
lII r = 19.;) <-j- 0.5); Wc = 21,0
(+ 1.5); n D TC = 42,5 (-1) ;
nn; 11 :..= 47.0 ( I- I) ; n m = 54,5
(+ 0, 5); nTn II = 45,5 (+ 0,5) ;
BnJ( = 4t:l ,O (+ 1); OK= 8,5 (+1 ).
-l anr e nccr o ra tcne cj)JIr ypbl
xy.i oura nu e, c o C.13 0 0 pa3BIIToi'1
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cv A'.
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(WTp Il XOBOi'l) JII iHll eA . nOnOJl HII Te.'I bHOrO npo rn tia n a .'I 1I1I1I1I T3mHl
He .D.eJIa IOT. B bl COTY rOpJlOBI1HbI CI1IIIlKI1 OTK.TJa .D. bI Ba IOT IlO npu
HHTOMy pacucry + 0,5 OTKJIOHe HH51 'B xi c p x e n TC II Ii 'n o.'I )" l a IOT
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50
W II PII HY CIlHHI(J] Il O JlHHHH r pYJl II YBeJl li lJli BaJOT COrJlaCHO xep
xe Ill c. no r ouxa n suuep una ator xoarypu c r, HHKIi ,
K3 1{ n OKa38HO na . lJe p TeX<e. OTpe301< TllA 2 np onep mcr n o xiepxe ....
TC II. . . __ _
B TKa H51 X, n er xo n O.'l..EL a IOlit liXC51 BJl a ,KHO- TeIl Jl OBOH o o p c oon ce,
peKo MeHn y c Tc H Ha Yl.J a CTKe JlOn a TOK 3a n p o eKTli p o Ba Tb OT
rHiI<KV, OI eIlbLUIl B ri pn ::nOM paaxepu umpa nu II .D.JIHHbl cnunxn
(BhlCli r:/ ro p,l OBIlHbl ) , Flepen CTa tI liBaHHe M cpcnnero uma npons
cyI'lO, J<Ky 'c o CTOpOH bl .TJHHHII cpenner o uma, a '.lI. Jl H n p e,Uo x p a
iCll ll 51 e r o OT PilCT5DKeHII H npoxnansrnaior npa CTal.JUB 8I1HH ncn o
:KV 1<0:l e l l l<o p a 1l,'Ill '6 H31l. n JlH npn.t anns qJHr ype 6 0 Jlee 'Ho p Ma.'l b
lO'n OCa H" !! pexoxrennyer cs n 3THX CJlYll a HX n p ll MeHH Tb npoxnan
II - 11 (1 y q a CTI<C 'n p o i h l bl Y;1.'IH HII Tb H YTO,T] CTli Tb non n.t euna xn,
l'l:HI ra xon u e npnxieumcrca, a TaKX< e nO!UlOiI (H Tb na Yl.JaCT!(e r o p
1013I1Hbl K0 3hl p b r< H .
I1 0 /l 0 /{/W . n .'I HH a me pena ( pHC. 34,6) pa n na xi epxe
J TIl I I. H3 TOtI KH 'Il p OBO.ll.HT n pa xr y :o , na p a a a em.ny io
OT T0 1IKIl OT! (Jla.ll.bIB a IOT na lI eH 0,5 CM Ii ,n OJl YlJa IOT TO'l
xy B OCTa.rI b HOM 1lep Tex< CTp05lT n o Mep KaM Ii npHH51 TbIM pac
,('raM, Ka K n OKa3 aH O na pucynxe (umpnny n pOII MbI CO CTOp Oll bI
l OKOBoro c pea a ua 0,5-0,75 CAt cyaca ior) :
Y 1IJiTbIB a H, tI TO y na HHo i'! 0611 a p YX<HTbC5l 3H8 lJIl
re.u.uue I3n a ,UHHbI B06.rIaCTIi KJlIOlJ HU H v nJle'leBOH KOCTOlJKH 1i3- 3a
none p n YTbI X snepen rineu, neori xon u oco6oe I3HHMa nne ynen a r s
a.1a il<H0 - Ten .'IOBo ti 0 6pa60TKe rmeueuoro ytI3 CTKa , p acxpoio Ii 06
pa6 0 TKe 6 0 pTOBOii npoxn anxa, KaK yxasa uo BbI IUe (CM. CTp . 21) .
l1>HrYPA C PA3HblMH no BblCOTE nJIElJAMH
BhI COTY Il ,1e
1
I - BTOpOfr n OKa 33 Te.1b ocaHKH - Ha 'n p a KTHKe 6 1>1
aa er r aioxe Tp ylI.HO onpenennrs, KaK Ii ,n OJl OIK eHHe x opn y c a .
C:- utccrayior p a snue cnocoriu onpenenenu s BbICOTbI 'Il Jl elI : H3
r.' JCl3. npoexunounu a H3MepeHHeM, nponopua oa ansno-pacuer uu
nyr exr, xrepxoa BIlK H np. Ho He a ce OHII pa anouen nu, B ocorien
f10CTII .lI. m l o n p en en eu a s c x o c a n n eu a B '1I e p Te)j( a x . Men ee s cero
npu r u n en lJ..'lH ': :nOI! ue.TJH nponopunon am.no -pacueruuu c n o co ti ,
cor.ua c n o KOTOp OMy paanocn, y p o s uea Bbl CIIIIiX r o x e x r Op ,'1 0 BIiHb'
H OIl p e.ll.eJl HeTCH pa3MepOM 0 6XBa Ta rpy.D.H liJlIi r Jly6 li HoA
- tI eM '6 0Jl b We 06XBaT rpy m: HJlH r JI y6HHa 'Il p o i i MbI , TeM
OOJlLlIJe CKOC nJl elI. 'B .D.eHCTBliTe.TJ bHOCTH BbI COTa TIJIe'l Ma Jl O 'CBH3a
113 Kal< C paaaepoxr, Ta K HC pOCT OM qJHry pbI.
Il pn OIl penenen HH BbICOTbl nJl e' l
3K aro p eKOMeH.lI. YIOT anropst KOOp.lI.HHaTHOH CHeTeMbI Kp 0 51 , He
Y4HTbll3 3 1OTCSI paaaepsr nnevesoro nosca, epop Ma CIl HHbI , IlOBOpOT
n Jl e q H .lI.p.
.
51
Y!3BecTHo , liTO m l e4e BOH TIOHC 'n o c ucen 'Il O.'l Il OTe 'Obl1
y q nl r y p OJI.Il HaKOBoro paaxiepa H p OCTa , OH 3a BIl CHT 01
<p1l31l1leCKOro pa3BHT ll H qeJJ OBeKa. T a K, y cnoprcven oa, B ocorier
HOCTH IIJTaHrIlCTOB, 'n .'l OBUOB, rpetiuos, nna xr er p nneua ysennue
('II
6 0
H
tea
W Ill
a y .TJIOJI.eH .q:lH31l
1
1eCKIl 'c JJ a 6 0 'p a 3BIl TbI X - )' ;lleHb weH. B KOIIC TPY I
UHHX nneueaux '1l3JI.eJJ Hi I JI.OJJ)J{Hbl COOTBe TCTBeH HO '6 bITb nasrenen
paaxr epu JJ HHll ll npoHMbl ( n o mnpnue H rJJ y611He) Il COOTBerCTBen
11 0 1l3MeueH CKOC n JJ elJeBbl X cp esos n a ;q e p r elKa x .
H a CKOC Il JJelJeBbl X Cp e30B 'Il OJJ Oll KIl Il ClilllIKIl OKa 3bIBaeT Bm l
Bile H n OJJO,KeHUe !TIJJe
t
!. HPH paaaepnyrux nnenax TOII Ka Il ,
cn nnxe, CM. puc. 36, a) 'n OJJ)KHa Cill eCTIl TbCH BHII 3, a TOlJI\ a
(ua In OJJ OlJKe , CM. puc. 36,6) - nsepx, npn vn n ev a x , nosepn yru
sn epen, Ha 0 60poT. Kpoxi e roro, IHa n o 'n OMHUTb, l ITO n O.l O;'KeH II
n .TJ elJeBOrO cpesa 3 a'Bll CIl T o r xlO..l bl H nOKpOH OJ,e;.r<..lbI.
M ep Ka Bnx nO.TJ)KlIa YlI ll Tbl Ba Tb 3 TH OCOOeHUOCTII Te.'l OC.10 ;'K
II HH. r ax xax npn CHHTIl Il 3TOii Mep KIl catr m xier poaa a .ienr a np
.XOIl.II T no uu cry na10 IlllH I cnnau - 60Jlee oxpyr.ra
cnnna II '6 0 JJ b We paaxi epu m.teuenoro noaca, 'TI .TJ e11ll
.nee nonepnyr ta sn epen, o o .TJbWe xi epxa Bnx II Te M nsnue
cnnnxe JI.OJJ)I<Ha ,6 bITb p aCn OJIO,KeHa aepumna IlPOHII-lbl, Il
6 opoT.
II 3 Ta srepxa He CB0 6 0 ..lHa 01' He.lOCTa TK OB, r ax
n o il eA He ncerna .TJerKO ycra n o anrs nonoxcenne nneuesoro
onpe.i e.nrn, su cor y rineu na n O_1 0IIl<e, rOlJKY Il; Pexoxren.ayer c
npn CHHTIl H 3 TOi i n .TJ elleBYJO na lUI an x
( CM. pH C. 5) .
Bu coxne 'Il JJ Il '1I1l3KHe In .TJ ell ll tIaCTO HB.TJHIOTCH pe3YJIbTaTo.
YMe Hb w eHIl H IlJJIl y'BeJJntIell HH Me)Kn03HOHOIIHbIX nposrescyn: o
CTe neHII C)I{ aTHH Me)J{n03BOIlOlHl bIX xpsui en n re .n n 0 3BOHKOB. Il p
YBe.TJIlIIeHHIl 'nponeacyr xon Me)l<JI.Y OT!!.eJJbHbI MIl
sneumen cropon u XOT5I ,6 bI na II 'Ha n p II Mep , npu '6 0 .1b llI OI1 I, p H'
BII 3He cnnuu , n 0 3BOHOIIHHK B u e.TJO:\I MO)l<eT Y:LJ) IH HII TbC51 aa 2
2,5 CAl II npu 1IC'1l 3M eHH OCTH nonc .xeuna 'TI .TJ elleBOH KOCTOI I KH n.TJ elJ
CTa Il o n HTCH 'n OIl ID KeII Hbl ill ll , CBlI caIOIlU I MIl . CIlIlTaeTCH, lJTO ;I,.i151
Ty .TJ hI X xa paxr epuu monuacenuue nJJe11Il, a n JJH nepernrincr u x
JIOBhI WeHIl bl e. HI13Klle H au coxae 'n .'l ell H onn ax o 6 bl BalOT H v .'JI
nell C H OpMa JJ b HblM 'nOJJO)Ke Hll e llI xopnyca . .
K a K Bbl COTa tines. TaK Il HX n O.TJO;'KeH He (noso por u ) 0 I\ a3 "
Ba lOT B.'I1I51HUe a a ,o a .'1a HC H3!!. e.TJUH.
<l>Hrypa C HH3KHMH nneua
H a puc. 35 noxaaana qlHrypac nopxia.n.maxr I<0P
nyca, 'HO C BTIl<=45,5 (-1 ,5) ot. B H3..le.1Hl
cx poennoxi n o nepreacan n .TJ51 r unonoit cPJIr yp bl , n pa npunepxe H
52
p a CClIl aTpHBa eMYIO cPllrypy orin apy
iI< 3TC51 cJl en YIOllJ,lI e n ecP eKTbl ; aa nnene
Bbl X CKaTa x 1I3JI.e.'1lle 6yn
eT
06JJeraTb
CBoo onHO, a aoxpyr npoih1bl,
B oco 6 ell Ho CTil n o cnnnxe, nOTHHYTCH
1\ Tl.letJaM KOCbl e 3a.TJOMbI. Ilonepex
II bl 8 3 a.TJOM bI 00pa3ylOTcH Ii non JJIl
II II ef npoihI bl (JJ11HIl51 npoHMbl ony
CTl! r C51 BHH3). rIPH TaKIlX OTKJJOHeHIl
51 X 11 3.u.eJm e, B ocooeHHocTIi naJJbTO,
6YJIeT C.'III W KOM npanerars K OOKa:'1
I nan a Tb) , n OJJOlJKIl Il llIJJliUbl no cpen
IlI By cnHHKII oynyr CJJllllI KOIl-t
3a XO.:I.HTb !!.p y r na n p y r a - oanau c
6 y n eT napyuiea.
H3Mell ell ll1l B seprescax cnHHKl1 II no
.' O'lKH ua !jlHrypy c HII3KIIMII n.le'laMII
C n UH1W . Bucnr yro TOtJKy JJIlHHII
c pe.uier o W aa cnHHKIl, TOlJKY A
(pHC. 36,a) , OTBOJI.HT anp aso no ro
Pll301l TaJJ b HOH JJIlHIlIl,KaK aa cyry
.TJ ylO (!mry p y , 113 pacxera 0,25 OTKJJO
HCHIl H neJJll lJll Hbl MepKH BnK.
.4A' = 1,5 X 0,25 = 0,4 CAl snpaso.
TOll KY A' COen'IlH5IIOT C TOqKOH Y,
./
H OT 'I OlJI<H A' OTKJJaJI.bIBaIOT JJIIHIlIO PII C. 35. C1l1irypa C HIl3KIlMIl nne
r Op Jl 0 I311II bI CnIIHKIl, KaK nOKa3aHO aa lJaMIl
t1 Cp n ::;'KC. J],aJJbHeiillIee nocrpoenae
II p OII 3BOn 5lT COfJJaCHO xrepxa BnK Il np. no npHHHTblM pacserax,
C.\IC lu a 5I npu 3TOM COOTBeTCTBeHHO BHIl 3 JJIlHHIO rJJy61lHbl npOHMbl,
ll C[HII HUY 60KOBoro cpesa (TOtJKy Il KOIlTPOJJbHYlo TOllKY Il3, KaK
n Ol, a38 HO na nepreace .
OAO I/lW. B bICIlI YIO TOllKY r OpJJOBIlHbl A
4
(puc, 36,6) CMellJ,aIOT
IL1CBO no J1JIHli H A
4
II Il-, KaK aa nep erariacryio cPHrypy, H3 pa cue
1'3 0.25 OTK.TJ OHeHHH B ziepxe BnK. Flonyuenayio TOlJKY ooosna uaior
Oy J< lI o i i ;14.
= 1,5 X 0,25 = 0,4 CM BJJeBO.
Il J1bl l(; i1W ee n ocr poenne npOlI 3Bon51T COrJJa CHO McpKaM HnK
I .ip . n onpluI HTbDI pacueran, cxieuiaa npu COOTBeTCTBClIlI O
'31I\l 3 JIIl HII IO r.'I y o ll Hbl n p o i I MbI II KOI lT PO.TJ bHYIO TOlJKY !l6, KaK no
1\(l 3a HO na qe p re;'Ke. Cnenyer, onn a x o, npn 3TOM He C.TJllllIKOM yrJJy6
1511' b JlTI HHI O n poauu.
----- -- - - - - --=j
53
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PIl C. 36. j!J/.leJlellJl e IJCp TC}K<i OCIiOBbl na ql11rypy C 11 1I3KJiMli
Koppexr uponauue Ga 30 Bbi X na diurypy C 11 11 3K II MII n i le4aMII'
nunica. 13 nexane CnIlII J,1I ( pHC. 37. a) [3 cpeae llJl i I,
" 10
ero sepumnu npnonuaur ensucna I C.l t OOp,i3YKH CK.;Ja.J,KY
OllIl OI\ p aSHOI) l3e.1IIPI HHe nomoxeun n n.i eua. B mp nxrep
1,5 C.l! . C I<.lJ3i1l\a .lI,o.'l ilma l! J.TIl lIO n a np3'l3JIell HIO 1\ r o-ixe Y 1l.1
a u ui e n CBO.rr. HTb CH na 'HeT. f1 0.'10 iKII [3 .r ex a .t o na xiar epuan.
JI5II OT IWHTypbI cnIlHKII . f1PII BbIpaBII II Bal oT otipa aonaaur yio c
Bbl e .\ l l( )' cpes e.
Il o.noura. H a orp esn oa o O'I Ke (pIIC. 37,6) 3 a K.'l a ,1bIna IOT
TOM me yponne, 41' 0 Ii n a cnnn x e, B aanpasn ennn
1'.1 :: -

n a
CKJla.rr.KY Ta'Koi'l ce rJIYOHHbJ, Ka K II 'Ha cnnnxe. LLa.l ee na n O.lJO'I K
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7 C.Il
p o nnen ua n p anaeuuu
l.e.lJ 3 10 T T3 K\' 10 )Ke
K
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cnHHKe, 'CBOJU I ee
n a
aa
ILT .1 11 11 11 11 6 0pTa .' 1l 0 nO')I\HB M.aTe p ll a .rI, OO"'le.'l fllOT
pbl o r pcs noro 60'l I,a II n OJlO'I KIi .
13 11 3,J. eJI II SIX, r ne ri n evesue npOJ( JI a .ll.KII , B ocori eu
uocr n n p n IIl CJ Ha 'l ll Te.1 b I! 0 noinoxennux n Jle'l ax, BbI COTY rin eu
l ll PYIOT n .1Iel.J eBbI X npoxnanox. O .ll.Ha KO
yro .tuieuuu e npoxn an xu He p ej<OMeH.lI.YCTCH, TaK Ka K
11I1 :l,lTpYJ1. HHIOT ;l, I3Hi !( ell He. 13 TeXC.1IYlJaHX, xorna TIJIelJJlnOBbl
lUHIuT C noxioiusio nonn.neunuxon n O.'1HOCTbIO 11.1IH l ! a CTI1' IH O, TOlJ
I I A Il Ha xepreace cxreiuaror B :VICHbwci'lcTencHH.
55
<l>Hr ypa C BblCOKHMH TIJl C'IaMI\
H a p uc. 38 ITOKa 3aHa epHr ypa C Ho p Ma.TI b HbnI 'ITO.'l OIl<eHHe:'>1 I\OP
nyca , HO C Bbl COKIl MH II .l ll Cnp5D IJIeHHbDIH 'n.lel.la MH B n K = 48,5
(+ 1,5) . B nsne.nun, cxpoen noxi no l.IepTell\aM JI)I 5I r nnoao n cP Hr y p bl
npn npnxtepxe na r axyro epHryp
otiaapyxcarc cnenyioume nerpex
r sr: no .TIHHHH n.neueau x cxaron
OHO OY,UCT CclHWKOM nJIO THO npn
.ner -a r s, no nanp anaea mo rop.io.
OHHbl rr0 5lB5ITC5I CJl a 61-1 II bl, n an e
.'me, B OCOOeH HOCTlI n ansro, 6y
ner OTXO,'l.I1Tb OT 60K08, UI.illiUbl
ITO .'1 HHIIII c pen nero WBa CITHIIK\I
OYJI y T paCXO,'l.HTb C5I, 6an8 HC H3
,'I.e.l H5I 6 YJLeT napyuie n.
H3MeHeHHSI B seprescax cn HIl KH H no
na cflHrypy C Bbl COKHMH n,le'l aM II
CnUHKa. B bI CWYIO TOll KY .111
HHH cpe.nner-o m sa CnHHKH, TO'!
KV A (pHC. 39,a ), CMellLaIOT
aneso, Ka K aa nepernoncr yio
epHr ypy, H3 pa cs era 0,25 OTK.TJO
\
He HH5I B xrepxe BnK.
AA' = 0,4 CAl BJIeBO.
T O'l KY A' COe,lLHII 5IIOT C TO'!
IWH Y H OT TOl.llm A' c r xnanu.aa
lOT mlHHIO r Op JIOBHHbl CnHHKH,
K3K nOKa3aHO H3 '! epTell\ e.
.QaJlbHCrIwee n o c rp oenae n p 0 1I3
BOJI5IT cor.'Ia CIJU MepKa :>1 BITI'
Puc. 38. <pll rypa C BblCOKHMIl naeuaxm H JIp. no nplI H5ITbIM pacueraxr,
cxreuiaa npn aTOM COOTBeT CTI3eH
HO nnepx .'I HHHIO r JIy6 HHbl np ofixn.r, a epunmy 6 0 KOBo r o cpeaa (TO'!
xy r s) Ii KOHTpOJIbll ylO TOll KY n3f KaK n OKa33HO na neprezae.
Il ono uua. IB bl cm YIO TO'lKy r Op JIOBHHbl A
4
(pn c . 39, 6) OTBOJI5IT
snpa ao, KaK n a CyTyJIYIO rpn r ypy, H3 p a cnera no.toe nnu OTK.10
HeHH5IB MepKe H n K. .
= 0,75 ChI.
naJlbHerlwee rtocrpoen ue n p OH3B O;I,51TcOrcl acHo xi epxa B n K
l! ,'I.p . no npHH5I Tblr. 1 pac -iera , CMe m a 51 npH 3 TO:\-I asepx .'l HHHIO
r.ly oHlibI npoaxn; H KOIITPO.lbHYIO TOl lKY Il, KaK nOKa3 aHO aa
epr eixe.
56
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Koppexr upouauue oa30BblX .1eKaJl aa (!IHrypy C Bbl COKHMH n :l e4 aMII
.Texano Cn HHKIl ( p HC. 40, a) paspesaior c o CTOpOHbl '6 01\OBO[,0
cpea a IIlliKe er o Bep WI1HLI n pIl6.1 H3HTe.TIbHO 11 3 10 CJ t 'B n anpas
a euu n cpemief m n n m cnHHKH HeCI\OJIbKO nuuie TOllKH Y. Il ene
I I\ IIB .i exe.i o ClHI HKH Ha xiarep ua,a, sepxmoro lJaCTb y JIHHl1H OOKO
Bor o c p e3il OTBOA5IT BBep x II a BenHlJHHY OTKJIOHeHH5I Mep Ke B TI K
i\ 0 6 " l C.15l10 T KOHTy p bI CTIl1HIUI.
C ooTll eTCTBeHHo TIOcTyn alOT H C neKaJIa:\1II orpesuoro '60
'
IK3 H
t o.10 II Kll , Ka K nOKa 3aHO Ha lIepTeiKe (pHC. 40,6) .
57
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Pile. 40. Koppexr upoaauuc .texa.i ua (!JlI I'YP YC BblCOJOI MIl n / Je ' !(i\11I
ru e n.reueaue npoxna.rkn, BbI COTY
IJ.Jle tJ perynupyror TO.1IlWHbl n.reueau x n pOK.1a n OI'
unn lie n p IHteHHIOT.
<l> llrypa C aCJlMMel' pl14HbiMIl IIJIC4 a l\1I1
Ha pII C. 41 1I0 K8 3 8Ha rp nrypa C aCIDD l eTp HIIHbD IH n .'1 etJaMII
paaoenne uo HII IK C nenoro, MepK8 B n K 110 'npaaoxt y n.neuy 113 na il
uoxr c.t y-iae yxrem.urena npor ue rof i Ke Mep l\H no 11.'l elj Y
II 3 1,S c. It ,
!LocToBepHbD l p a 3HOII BblCOT bI In .l e4 ObITb
xrepxa BbI COTa .1II HHH 'OOKa, no nona, - B 6 H. iB ynop I{
nonxt u ur euuuxr ana.an II a:.! nO,J,CTaB:l51IOT .'II l'Hei l Ky Ii OT sep x n er o
58
peo p a 11 3 Me p 51l 0 T paccr osnne .Jono/la C n pa a o r o H .'1eBOr O OOKOB
q)! l r y p bl (puc. 42) .
H 3 MeHe llHH 'B rrocrpoeuan 4epTei1{eil cnunxn Ii nonouxn mpona
B0.151 T 13 Ta KHX CJl YtJa 51 x TO: l bKO C TOH cropouu, rne HMceTC51 OT
1'.TJ OHeHlI e nnesa ( 13 uaurexr npanepe C npaBoi'lcTopOHbI) .
Il pn He311 a lJHTeJIb HOM OTI<.TJOHeHliH orpa'HwIHBaloTc51
T0 .'1 111 Il
H
bl nJlC4CBOIl InpOKJl a.ll.KII c mpason CTOpOHbI II.TJH yMeHbwe
uue ee C JleBoii CTOp OHb!.
K o ppeKTHpoBa'HHe '6 a 3 0 Bbl x .TJeKaJl na (I:mryp y C O.ll.HHl\1 nOHII
i l\ ell Hbl l\1 'n Jl e4 0 \ 1 npOll 3BOJUIT YKa3a HHbIM auure cnocoocu. HO TO:lb
1\0 C OJlHOH 'CTOp OHb!.
K OJ-ICTP YKUI1IO pyxana uarpnrypu c HH3KHMH, BbI COKHl\IH II pas
1I0 BbI COKHMH n.nenaxnr He M eHHIOT JlI1W b 'n O.TJ Oi I( eHI1C KOHT
POJIbHbI X TOlJeK Il-, H Il e na cnnnxe Ii rionouxe (CM . puc . 36 11 39)
aH a !lO.'I i1<HbI 'COOTBeTCTBOBa Tb npHH51TbIM pacuer ast OT .TlH HHII OCII O
na1I1l51 np o il Mb!.

Ocanxa tpnrypu 1J eJlOB eKa l\I OlKeT Il MeTb OTJ{JlOHeHHH OT HOp
'n o .111HII II OOKa. 4 a cT o 3TO 5l'B.rJ 51 eTCH CKO.TJIlO
3<1 ( JlO :;p IlB ,:leHH51 13 npaso-neaov nanp aanen ns x n03130HOlJ'HHK a) .
O Tl \ .'lOlI eHH 51 3 TH l\lOrYT H:VleTb pasuue pasxiepu H ep OPM bI, a Te.10
npn aroxr paannun u e n OJIQ)KeHII51 . H o, 1,3K 06111ee npa
nn.io. OTK.TJ OHeHll bl l1 BHa3 60K CTaH0 I3IlTC51 60Jl c e norn yru a II )'KO
a rrpoTli BOrrOJlOil<Hbli'I repser C130 10 nornyrocrs H yse
.ruunnaer ca B ,lJl Il HC. B nepeon vnyuae - rp e6 e HbnO.ll.B3!l011lHOfl
I\OCTI I Gonbme au cr ynaer , 130 BTOpOM - aucryn c r,rl3i KHBa eTC 51 .
Ha pHC . 43 nox aaana na utio.tee Tll nll4Ha 51 rpn rypa. B c e Ty.10
BHIHC. Ha lJHH C1 51 OT oenep, O Ie CTIl ,10Cb nnpano. Flne-ro OTK .'10HCn
HI p a Btl n n on lI i l<Cn 0 , 60K npnns .t oo.nee s or nyr oc n O.TJ Oi l\ eH ue. y KO
POTIl :JC >l . MCi K .:1. Y 6 c.J po 6 0.lce nu nsr unocu, y l3e.TJ II'I Il I3 13 CI151 3 11
C 6 0 K0 13 y lO BbleMKY Ta.1HII. Jl eaoe n .1 CLJ O coorne r cr ncnuo 'n o -
bl('I I.'10 Cb, OOK y .rl.1 I1Hl lJlC51, 60K0l3 a 51 Bblel\lK3 Ta.'l l1l l
cr a. i a xienee cfJHr ypa nxi eer CJ1c.TJ.Y IOlllHe OTK.'IOnC l!lIl1
Ii MCp I\ 3 X: Buren (n - npaBa51) =45,0 (- 2) , Bnr(JI ( .TJ - .TJel3a 51) =
= 48.5 ( + 1,5) . Il pu p a 3110601\OlI epl1r ypc pexcciennver ca CII II l\IaTb
\le pl':Y Bhl t OTl,I o OKa .10 H1l3 a, T a K xa '1aCTO npn O.1l1a no r
(lhllw eT KOp OlJC .rpyrofi . B na urexr npuxiepe .!IM I n a u panoro OOK?
ao 11 0.13 y xieusurena npOTI111 .1el3o i i n a 4 C.lt . Hsnenn e HJl JI IIIa KeT.
cspceuau e n o 4epTeiKaM .ll..'I H Tl1nOBOii epllryp bI, npu npn xrepx e I I a
1'0('( xi ar puaaexiyto epmypy 6 y ,J. y T lI!IICTb CJI C.ll. YloLUnc xa patc r epuue
.'i.Clp eKTbl : 13 npasof cr opoue - xocue aancu u a T r ann n CllIlHKIl 11
n O.10 tll\!! 13 llanp aB.TJeHI1I1 npOTHBOn O.rIOil{ HOr O n.n esa, a r axxce none
pcuuue n on I1POfllllOii Il OKaT O:VI p YKa l3a . 113il.e .,'me, 13 o coriea
IIOCTII nam-ro, 6Y.ll.eT I<HH3Y 110 npaaony 6 0Ky npnner a n-.
yn.umennu , a I3 .'1eBOH cropone - no HH3Y OTX O.ll. HTb, YKo p 0 4e HHl>DI.
CMCCT51 TC51 r axxce 60pTa rr OJlOlJKH, CPC.ll.HHI I U10B cnHHKH, W.TJHUbI.
59

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t
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PHC. 41. <!lllrypa C pa3J10 Pile. 42. CHHTHe MepKH BOH
n n eqa MH
BOPOTHHK B JIeBoii CTOp OHC uren 6Y,llCT c r cr aa a r s, a B npasof CJIHIll
1\0 :\1 npanerars H T. n.
OpH H3rOTOBJICHHH O,lle}l\,llbI ua raxyro clmrypy 3a KpOHlllHK JJ.O,'1
}I, eH '6 bITb ouens BHIH.laTeJICIl x a xnp n CH5ITlHl xrepox, p a c x p oe H3
.1e,lII5I, Tal, II 'B npouecce npuaepxn. ,U.rI5I BbI5ICHe HII5I crenena BO
nryrocrn 60Ka l\1OJ1\1l0 naxrepnr BC.'1 HI IHH Y auexrox r arnrn co CTOPO
HbI npasoro H ,TJCBOrO 60KOB C noxioun.io mmciiKH, KOTOpylO npnxna
.:lblB a lOT Me}J{,ll y 6C,llpaMH H IlO,lll\IbIIlle'lHbli\lH BnaJJ.HHal\III.
H3MeHeIl1l5J 'B 1\0IlCTPYKIJ,HH HaepHrypy pa3H060KylO ,Ha II 6 0JIee
ue.t ecootipasno nponsaonnre I1YTC:\I KOp p CKTl i p OB3HH5I 6 a 30Bbl X
.t ex a,n. :OpH 3TOM ,llJI5J KOppeKTllpOBa'HII5J .uCTa.'lII na n p or naono
,10}KHbI I1 6 0 K epHrypbI .uOCTaTOlJIlO mlIllb n epenep n y n, JIeKa.'lO na
.1p y r ylO CTOPOHY.
Cnunt;a. Flpanas CTopOHarrOHIDKCHa (pHC. 44, a) .
Ha .'ICKaJIe y 60KoBor o cpe3a no JIHHllH TaaHll B Harrp a B.'IeHHH
Cp C.1HerO cpes a lI HJ1\ e TOII KH Y rrpH6.TJll 3HTCJI bHO n a 2-3 CM ne
60
PIIC. 43. ourypa
pa3 J10 6oK2f.

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61
1
Ofpenakfupoean u onynukoean ua cafe
: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,1a1OT aa.apes IWH 3aKJIa!LblBalOT CK,la!LKy aa 'BemFIHHy OTKJIOHe
HJl5IB xrepxe BnK, CBOn51 ee ua HeT y cpezm erocpesa. Do JIHHHH
6en ep ,1eKaJIO nanpesaror, He nOXon51 .0,0 cpennero cpesa, H y 60
xosoro cpesa n anpea pa3Bon51T aa 0,5-0,75 CM. DOJIOIKHB .TJeKaJIO
na TKaHb, 06MeJl5ll0T xonr ypu, CLTlaiKHBa51 npn 3TOM aeponaocru,
KaK 'nOKa3aHO na neprezce.
Ilono-u ca. Flpaaas cropoua nounacena (pHC . 44,6). Ha JIeKaJIe
y 60KoBoro cpe3a no JIHHHH TaJIHH B HanpRBJIeHHH JIHHHH nOJIy
sanoca (60pTa) nsnue JIHHlIH rpyna npH6mI3HTeJIbll0 ua 6-7 C,lI
neJIalOT na.o,pe3 HJIH CKJIanKy Ha BeJIHIJ:HHy OTKJIO
HeHH5I B xrepxe BnK, CBO.o,5I ee aa HeT y ,TJHHHH rronyaauo ca. no
6enep JIeKaJIO Hanpe3alOT 01' 60KOBoro cpe3a no JIHHHH no
.iyaa aoca H n a.apes pa3Bo.o, 5I T aa 0,5-0,75 CJll. nOnOIKHB neKaJIO
na TKaHb, 06Me.1J5IIOT xonrypu nOnOtIKH, CrJIaiKHBa5l rtpn 3TOM He
pOBHOCTH TaK, IIT06bl JIHHH51 no.nyaauoca p acn on ar aaacs n o nps
KaK nOKa 3aHO na nepreace.
Orpeenoa 60'lOK. Ha ,TIe KaJIax 60lf Ka (pHC. 44, e) aa y posne
nanpea on, CKJIanOK B '60KOBbI X cpesax CITlUIKH H nOJI01IKII ne.lalOT
nanpesu H,TIH 3aK.TJanbIBalOT CK.TJa'nKH Toi1 iKe 'BeJIWIHHbl, tITO 113
cnnn xe H nOJIOtI Ke, a no JIIIHHH 16e.o, ep nenaior paspea H pa330.J5IT
x p as paspeaa KHH3Y ua 0,5-0,75 CM. 50tIOK n OJIlI<eH 6bl Tb cYiKeH
OT nHHHH rrpoHMbl no JIIIIHIH oenep. 3TO MDlKHO nocrurnyn., sa
,TlO}KHB na ,TJ eKaJIa CKJIanKH HJIH nepeznsnnya .TJ eKaJIa. DOJIOlKHB ,le
x an o aa TKaHb, x oar y p u 60
11Ka,
KaK 'nOKa3aHO H2 tIep
rexce, - nporno no surauxe .o,onIKeII 6bITb yBe.TJH1leH, aa ytIaCTKe
6enep 06pa30BaHa Bbm yKJIOCTb.
Ha ,TIeBOM nOBblweHHOM 60KeCOrJIaCl-IO I>l epKaM OTIOIOHeHH5I
BbIITOJIH5lI0T r axyio ce xoppex r n pos xy , HO B 06paTHOM nop anxe
(CM. pHC. 44,2, a,e), npu 3TOM TKaHb pa3BOpaIJ:HBaIOT B npornao
nO,TJOIKHylO CTOpOHy H JIeKa ,TJO 'HaKJIan bi BalOT 06paTHoH CTOpOHOii.
Ec.TJHnpH CH5ITlIll MepoK aaxponums nOlJeMY-J1j-160 He Bb[51BHJI
BeJIIPIHHY OT!<JIOHeHH5I pa 3Ho60KOH qJHrypbl , OH }IOIKeT ncnpasnri,
H3!LeJIHe npn nepsof npuxrepxe . 06pa30BaBWHeC5I xocsre CI' .l a}1K!I ,
3aJIO:'.l b[ 3aKpe11JI5lIOT '6y,1JaBKaMH, pacnapsmator J eTaJIH H n axn a
,J, bIBalOT HX aa '6a30Bbl e .1eKa.TI a, 06BO}l5l HOBbIe KOHTypbI. 3aTeM,
pacnycxas CKJIa}lKH na crmnxe, OTpe3HOM 60tIKe H TIOJIOlJKe, CHOBa
n o H3MeHNIHblM JIeKaJIa nepexpaunaior .a:eTaJIH II 3.JeJlH51.
HeMaJIOB3IKHOe '3HatIeHHe }lJI5I npaBHJIbHOrO 06JIeraHH5l nsne
,TlH 5l n a pa3Ho60KylO qmrypy HMeeT paCKpOH H opMOBaHHe 60p
TOBOII npOKJIa}lKH. Pexcaeunyercs 'B TaKHX CJI Y
1la5lXCO
CTOpOHbl
I1 0HHlKeHHor o 60Ka S3npoeKTHpOBaTb netioasuryio HaKJIOHHy lO BHH3
BbITatI KY - na mlHHH 'n pOHMbl B HanpaBJIeHHH K uenrpy rp ynu,
a CO CTOpOHbI 'nonsnueuuor o ,60Ka - cnenars 'Bb[T3
1
lKY na JIHHHH
rc pnoannu .
Il pn pac xpoe HHIKllero BOpOTHHKa cnenyer B rtpasof CTopOHe
na yposae TOlJKH rop.noaanu YBeJIWIIITb 'IlI HpHHy CTOHKH
aa 0,5 01, a B neBOH - COOT'BeTC'fBeHHO YMeHbIlIHTb.
62
ct>HrYPA C OTKJIOHEHHEM B CTPOEHHH PYK
PYK3B npHIl5lTO CTpOHTb C nporncox no nepenuexy cr noy aa
\, 43CTKe JIOKT5l B 1-2 CJH , B 3aBHCHI>IOCTH or creneua npHJIeraHH5I
iI3lle,l Il 5l Il TeXHO,JIOrIJlICCKHX cnoircra TKaHH. DPH 3TOM HCXO!L5IT
113 r oro, 4TO yrOJI, 06pa3yeMbl fi 'n.TJ e1IOM H npeJlnJIelJbeM PYK, CO
cr <l B.l 5l eT OKO.10 170. BCTpetIaIOTC5l, ozinaxo, JIIOnH, Y KOTOpbI X
py KIl B ,iJOKTe 60nee cornyru IInpe}lnJIelJb5160JIee orip auienu sne
pe.i. 3TO qaCTO CB5I 3aHO C x apa xrepov TpynoBofi ne5lTe.TlbHOCTH 'lI e
. rosex a, KaK aanpanep, y }lHpHIKepa, niorpepa. PyKaB, CKOHCTpyHpO
r;<l Hll bl r"r 110 pacuerau n JI51 THnoBoI1 nrypbl, aeynorien nJIil
ll E' .'lOBeKa C OTK,TIOHeHHeM B crpoeana PYK, T. K. OH 6yneT cnemea
uasan yKopOIJ:eH no JIOKTeBoMy cruoy, B oc06eHHocTH B H3}le.TJH5lX
C 60JIee npaner-arouten cnanxon, ynmlHeH no nepennexy cruriy.
B UIB Y no JIOKTeBolllY cruoy pyxan oyner crxomrn., a cnepenn
C:IHIll KOlll npaner-ars, 06p a3 y51 C60pKH aa YlJaCTKe JIOKT5I ; rcpoxre roro,
011 6 yneT neynotien npn nBHiKemm lJe.JIOBeKa.
Koppexr npoaaune nexa,n pyKa'BoB na Hrypy C corn vruxtn
.10KT51 MH CJI enYlOlllHM 06pa301ll. n eKa.TJ O sepxnef H
IHI lI, HeH "nO.l OBHHOK pyxa aa (pHC. 45) no ,1HHHH JIOKT5l OT ronex
,7" [I Jl no TOII!\H Jl paspeaaior H pa snanr ator na "Hy IK'Il YIO Be.JI II
1lJlHy ssepx H BIlH3, a OT TOIIKH Jl K ro-nca s: Jl , H Jl ; aaxn anu
nalOT CK,l al l KY H, COOTBeTCTBeIlHO, nOJIOlKHB neKaJIO a a TK3Ilb, 06
xoarypu pyxaaa.
OC06EHHOCTH KOHCTPYKUHH H TEXHOJIOrHH 06PA60TKH
Hm KHErO BOPOTHHKA HA ct>HrYPbl C OTKJIOHEHH5IMH B OCAHKE
B CB5l 3H C OTKJIOHeIlH5IMH B oca axe (c nO.JIO/l<eHIie:Vl xopnyca H
Bbl COTOH nzreu) HHIKHHl1 BOpOTHHK B KOIlCTpyKUHH H TeXHO.'IOrHII
o6pa60TI<H 'l1on Bepr aeTC5l aexoropua H3l\IeHeHH51M. Ha Hrypbl C
CyTy .TJ OH (OI<pyrJIO-BblnYKJIOH) 'Cll HIl OH HJIH CBblCOKHMH nnetIa:VIH
BOpOTHHK no OT.JIeTy cnenyer ynJIHH5ITb, a no cruti y yxopaunaar i.;
it a Hr ypbl nepernriacryio H,JIH CHH3KH:'.1H nJlelJaMH - 'Ha060pOT.
B bI COTa BOpOTHHKa pe r ynupyer cs 'BbI COT0I1 CToflKH - !LJI 5l nepBbI X
Bbl COTa - CTOHKH n a 0,25-0,5 CJt y BeJIH'lf HBaeTC51 , nJI5l IBTOPbI X aa
CTO,TJ bKO IKe YMeHbiliaerC5I . Ha npaxruxe 3TO B OCHOBHO;-'l J.OCTH
r aeTC5I B,JIaIKHO-Ten.JIOBOH 06pa60TKoH anacnero BOpOTIlHKa. Ha
(!H1 r YPbI 'Cy Ty JIy lO HJIHC 'BbI COKHMH I1JIelJalllH YBe.1J HlJH'BaIOT OTT5liK
xy BOpoTHHKa no OT. JIeTy H CyTIO)KKY no cm6y, YBeJIHlJHBa51 nyry
npom 6 a npOTH'B HOPMbI aa 1 CM; ,Ha Hrypbl 'neper a oncr y io HJIH
c HH3KHMH nJIetIaMH - Ha060poT (pHC. 46,6, e). BeJIH4.HHY BJIaIK
}10-TenJIOBOH 06pa60TKH yrOlJH5lI OT npn npuuepxe.
6.3
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't,
PJl C. j.3. Koppexrup ouau uc .1eK'Wa PII C. 4G. Tpu IIl l i !( lI ero n o p OIIII I K3
p y xa u a 118 qll lry p y C 1I0 C I " ll .l ai!\ 1I0 Te ll .10 1l0 i i o Gp a Go TKI I :
n OKTml 1i
" - li n (j, " r y py HopMn.1bHo!\ ocaHKII ; 0 a a c1lH
nil ) c Bb I COK ll\1I1 13 (I ll
LP llr ypy H..l l1 l' H I I t l-: 1l \ 1I1 n .1 C' l a M II
OC06EHHOCTH KOHCTPYHPOBAHH" nn EqEBWX
H3lI. EnHff HA <l>Hr YPbl C OTKnOHEHH"MH
B npOnOPUH"X CnO)f( EHH"
4JHfYPbI nonusre
Cpennrpnryp C B npori opuuax r e.t a H31100.'l billHC
OC.lOi l, HeIl H5I npn xouc r py nponanun o.:r.ei I\.JbI BbI3bl BaIOT no.uiu e,
I1.TJ H, KaK HX Il aCTO Ha3bIBaIOT, xopny.te ur uue epH r y pbI.
64
<!>H r ypbI nO.1HbIe uauie ecer o 6 blBa IOT y .'l IO.rr.ei't cra pinero H no
(/-:11.'101' 0 B03p aCTa; tIp e3l\lepHorI nOJIHOTe uep en xo conyrc rny ior OT
1(.'IOHeHII 5I B OCaHKC q> Hr ypbI.
HH)I, e npHDO.rr. HTC5I 'HeCKOn bKO npH:'II CpOB OCOOClIlI OCTel1 nOCTpOC
11 1151 ueprexcea n.t euenstx 11 3J.ellH i"1 ua qlll r ypbI no.nuu e C uopxiaa s
1I 0ii ocanxon 11 aa epHrypbI C 11 311 60.'leC 'Ia CTO 'DCTpe'l aI OlllIDIHC5I OT
n OCaIl Ke.
Ilonuas <f!Hrypa C HOpMaJlbHOH OC aHKOH
-Iepre; OCHO Bbl nH.lI.)I'3 K3 no.iynpunera ioiuero c nnysra II a r a
" )"10 qlHryp y n OCTp OCH (C HC3H3l1HTCJIbHbL\lH OTK.TJ OHCH1l5l 1\I H) no 11 3
l\l epCHll H:'II nIlI OBOH rpnry pu 56 -1' 0 IV pocr a, oueru, OO.'lb
uroanonnor u , G,II:
Cill-22; Cr- 56; CT -56; C6-61; W r - 22; .nTH - 56, S;
lll c - 2 1,5; )lTC - 44 ; BnK - 48; nTC II - 46,5; .nTn II - 47 ,5;
D K -8,5.
OC06CHHOCTH KOHcTpyHpoBaHHSI nJIClIeBWX H3.uenHA Ha nOJlHWC
<f!HrypW
Hantionee cn oxcnoii np06.TJ e1\ /Oii np u xo ncr py nponauun H3.lC.TJIlii
na n onny ro rpnr ypy (pHC. 47) 51BJI5I eTC5I onpen en euu e illllpHHbl ( Be
J11J1/HHbl pacunrpenua) rrepeaa no .'l Il HHIl ramn: " , Cyiuecruyer MHO
1'0 cn ocorios H pacueros onpen e.r ena a '.3TOr O paaacpa.
Cor.nacao enun o vy xrero.ry xoncrpynpoaauua l\I YiK CKOi l sepx
Heft o.:r.e )l{"l. bl no lIHlllI'nll.J.yaJIb'HbIM 3aKa3a1\1 Il aCeJICllH5I, paspao o
TaIlHOl\IY COTlliJI, umpuny nepen a YBeJIIl llHn alOT no npen sap n
Te.TJb H01\IY pa cu er y se.TJll'/HHbl aucr yna iKlfBOT3 B i K.
Be.nu-nray B iK onpc nC.151I 0T nO
B )I{ = 0,3 (CT + Kcpen - Cr),
r.re K cp c.il- K0 3rpqn ll\Il CIIT, cocrannmouuni CPCJ1. I II OIO p a 311 1111y n o.r y o oxn a
TU MII Ta n Hll 11 rpynu .Ll MI DCCX paaxi cpon II ocuouuu x n OJl II OT, pall
II YI O 6.8 C.1l .u.1H llJl C'I CDbI X 11 3.Ll C!lIlil.
D OJI Y1leHIl YI0 nC.1lill ll Hy no npuneneuuori rpopxry.ne OTK.TJ3;l.bl
naIOT OT TO'l Kli t; snp ano Il nOJI)" 1310T TOliKY r; (01. pnc, 48 ) .
Do EJ.liHOii :'II CTO.'l liK e My iKCJWf! nep xneii onCiKJ.bI, paap aoor au
HOf! U HI1I1WD, BC.TJ Il 1lll HY B )I{ onpene.ts ror 'no qlOp J-lyJIC
* B OTm l ' I IlC OT l lmry p , Y KOTOpbl X cu nor nu cry na cr 11 3- 3a YBe.:1Il4 CII IIR
TU.rIIIIl, y (lm ryp xopnvneurtnrx i l( lIBOT ll J.,ICTY1l8 CT ucacacru uc oom cro
1J<!:l\I CP8 (IJllryp bl II P,l CWIl PClIllC 113.ucm1 H 1l0: liK1lO COOTll CTCTBCl lIIO IlPOI13lJO;1.IlTb ClI
I IC TO.1b1\0 c n cpenu, 110 n o OOXlJ8TY 11 8 3TOM ypOBIl C n yr c xi
11C.ll1'llIll bl p a c ruopou n c p cn u cii II 6 01w Il oii nura uex, YMCllbIU('lJllH np oruri o n II OOKO
nux cp ca a x n o.10 ICK. OTpC31!0 rO 6 0'I Ka II CIIIJIl KII, a TaKiKC nyrc st p a cur upcuua
'
Cl lI lII J(1! n p o r n u pacucruux I lOpM _
5- 895 65
B i l\ = 30,5 -!- Cr - l ,:'i (C6 - CT),
3
rae 30.5 - cncuua.n. uo nOlJ.oOPilIlfIOC nocron uno.
'1IIC.1 0.
D O.10lJ KY OT JlH lIHH KIJJI3y pac
WIlP5ll0T, cxrcuraior .'IIIBII10 no.i vaanoca
nnepen IICl 0,6 B: .
WTil
= 0 ,6 B)K.
K a K nepnan, Ta l' II 8Topa51 li e
tu rn YlJl lTbInClIOT nOJ!Q)KeHHC xo pnyca, BCl lIl'lJlHy
suevxn raa un, a 0 11 11 npaxruu ccxn
xi oryr OblTb n p lD-Ie HHM bl B orpaun s euaux
l.'I)"laHX. LJTO K3CaCTC51 nepaon
TO n o Bell, kpoxi e roro, nenunnna B il < no.ny
lJa eTCH H yxrcnsuienno paaxi epe, II npn
CC yBC'.1lllIIIrh
- C 0,3 na 0,4.
Be.tnuu ny G il';. a T3K)Ke pa ciuup euue
110.'10
111\1
1 T' HT" g, peKOi\IellnyeTC51 o npCJleJ1HTI>
nono.uurrc.n.nsrv n xicpxann II II I [HI iI bl nepc
.'W n o : 1I1IJ!l ll r a.n nu W TII II W llpll ll bl r pyzm
110 IIa 1I0 0.'I CC uucrynaro un o, TCJlIKa W r I I.
KOTOpbJe ClllI\I Cl IOT TaK. K nepcnnu yr.ia
ll Oit\lblUI ClI l l blX BIIaJUli l n p HK.13 ,lbI 1l1:l10 T 'I
ncpn nca.u. uoxr 1I0.10)1'; en II II .'l ll llCi iKIl II C<J ,,
TII\I CrpoBoi'1 : ICilTOi ] H3\-I CP5ll0T paCCT051Hll e
.\ 1eiK ny .111 ;1Ci't K3 l3I1a 1Ian e Ha y p Oil lie .111'
PII C. 47. et> l1 r yp a noauan I ifIII rp yru r, i l 3 a TC\'1 aa y poane ,'I II HlHl r a -
C o C:JIII\Oii .111 11 (lIa IlOO,'ICC BhlcTynaIOIlJ.HX TOlJCK i l<lI .
130T1:I ) . D O.1yu cun hlC paaxi epu, J,(' ,'I CII II1>I C'
n onO.'1a \I, COCTCl I3>IT COOTBeTCTIlCII1 10 Wr II H W Tn . 13 1l1:l WO I
npu xi epe Illr II = 2 2 Cit , a Uhn = 2 5 c.1t, WI' II =Wr.
B}I( = WTD - Wr II -= 25-22 = 3 C.H.
DpII CII 51 TIl Ii 3 Tli X II POL 1C.l llTb, 'ITOOI>I
p 5J e\l bl i i np IIH5I.'1 eCTeCTIl CHl 10e TlO.' I OiKCII IIC r e.r a, I!TOOhl fi e m.mu
pann ilOIBOT II rp yns II JIllIl e ll KlI ,Obl .l ll paononoxceuu B cr por o
aepr uxansuoxr no.noncemm. Mepxy IUTn OTKJI3.llbIB310T na sepre
mcno.TJOlJl< H OT TOll KII 1' 7 K .l ll ll l lll nonv sauoca II n OJl VlJa lOT TO'l '
xy T;'. Il pu 3TO\ 1 K xicpx e LU Tn c.ienyer cnena ri, npun ycxu: It a
cB06o,ZJ. Hoe oO.n e ra llll e Fl c ( 1,5-2 C.\ I), na n e p e.1H JO IO BblTalJKY'
D B (1 -:--1 ,5 CAt) , eC.'I lI r axasr npOCKTIlpyCTC5I, II na Ul OB n p Olnl bl
npn n p OeKTl1p OBaJHlJI 113.n. ec1 Hi'l c np unycxa au na WBbl ( 0 , 75 -:
-:--1( ,0 C,It ) , T. e. 1'
7
Ts"= IlITn +3,5-:-- 4 ,0 C It.
Il pu tia eku . D pH6a BKH na cnorionnoe oO.lcraHlI e 'n o orixaar y
r p y..'J. II , y'l rrr sma51 Kpyn n hI II Pa 3 \1CP II POCT,H3 0, 5 -:-- I C,l t YBe.l H'I 11
66
tHI IDT, B 'l a CTHOCTII K umpuue n p Orn l bl , n C ue.u. io cxpanuna na s
nu crv na i KIIBOT3 - K WHp HHC r py.m. Flpntiaa xy ua cnooony no
r .l y o ll HC n p o II Mbl Il cnp na 0 ,5 -:--1 ,0 Cit pI eH bIUaJOT.
Eananc 1/30C/IUJI. D PH Oil pen c.reu II II nO.10 i l';CHII 5I aucur eii TO'l KH
ropa onnnu A
4
C no xr ouuao MepKII LI,Tn II (OT .'IlIflIIH ranun nsepx)
c.rcnycr y 4eCTb , llTO no.ioxcenue :IllHIIII Ta.lJ1Il nepezia OTHOCIlTeJl b HO
.H I II II II Cn llHKI1 HeC I<O.lbKO n OHIl )l <a e TC5I B uepr exc ax na noa
1I1>l e epllr YP bl C nu crv na io um il'; IIlOTO.\ 1. B no cr poca nn Be
.1l1lJlI Ha n OHH,K ellll 51 1'4 = 0 ,5 B i K. Il pn 3 TO \ 1 c.nenyer y 'l ecTb , lI TO
TO'11\1:I A
4
nOBblUl aE'TClI na.i .l ll ll ll e i'l a ta2 OT 'p a3 Mep a K paa n epy
( Il TO\ I -mcae OT nunnor u K J1 o : lII cJTe ) na 0 ,1 5 -:--0, 2 C-It.
Il onose:a. B lI CpTe)K OCII OBbl n O.'I OlI KII ua Tl fJ10 11Y 10 ep11ry p y aua
.10 r H' I Ho r o pa a xiep a JI pOCTa , cpennennoauoru BHOC 5IT cnenyiounre
11 3 MeHeHII 5I. On p en e.'I HI OT WlI P11I1Y nO.10lJl<11 ua Jl HII 1111 r pynu r3r4
(pIIC. 48).
r
3r4
= WI' +Iluir 1- Flui = 22 1- 2,5 +- I = 25 ,5 0 1.
H 3 TOlJl<1l ( 3 K npnxrou r
3r4
UHIl 3 onycxaror ncpneunn xyaa p.
T Oll K)' nepeceueuusr ero C .1 HlI l1e i i Ta.'11111 0603H3 lJ3 10T 6 YKIJofl 1' 8,
c .u m n ef 6enep - E
8
, C .'l llll11 Cii 1111 3 a - Il ;
3aTE' M YTO lJH5I10T 6 1:1.1aHC. !D0.10iKeH l l e .1HIlIIJI TaJll I Il cncpe na .
T
4
T; = 0,5 G)K = 0, 5 lll r n - WI' = 1,5 CAt B1II13.
r
T OllI\ )' COe; tH IIH IOT C TOl/KOi'1 h . a OT TOlJKlI tmp a s o npo
BOol HT rOpI1 30JITa .'I bHylO .1HII Ii IO 11 TO' l Ky nepeCelJe JII151 CC C JlI1HHeii
3
lf
4
00031lalla lOT OVKIJOIJ r.;
Jloc.ie s ro ro IlpII CTY JIalOT K pac umpeumo nepen a s a JlIlHI1H
T a.i un.
= 0 ,4 t56 + 6,8-56) = 2 ,7 1t:J1I = I3iK = W Tn - Wr = 3 CAl.
Taxu 0 6 p a30 \ 1
" ' 71\ -= Wn i + (it T ri B + O w =-= 2 5 + 1,5 t:1 1- I = 28 ,5 CM.
T OlJl<)' COeol l l HH IOT C TOlJKOII r
8
II OT TOl l lO! I B'HII3 ony
CKa lOT 'Be p n ll.;a .lJb ll )' IO .1 Il HIII0. Touc y nepeCel/CH I151 ee C Jl 11H He I1 6e
ne p 0 0 0 31l3lJal OT 6)'1';1l011 C .1 JlII He fl II H3a -
= I' l l o.s + 0,7S C.1l,
r.i c Ti l - C '1epTC)K <l CI1I I I1KI1
lllnpu uy 'n O.l OLJ ]{ 1l no .'I Il HII Il o eaep OTK.lJanb](J3IOT OT TO'I KI1
ll ep Tei K nO.'lOlJK H n a n o.lll YloepJl r ypy pexoa cn n yerca CTp OHTb
5'
67
A

I
\ /
!J

N,
l Ie
'1
7
/I I I
1(5 I Ii
,I
-t';
_Ib,
I-==l 1
8
-- f;r
T" IS i
)
/ \
It ... .L T'I 7'6
7 II

,I I T"
7 g
8
o L_l0- = - IJ
'11Ll;
II
11, ./
,
a 1/5 If I
1
0
tf
PHC. 48, Ocoti euuocrn KOI ICTpYll pOn <lIllHl IIH ,iVKaKa I I a nO.1I IYIO cjJH rypy
lIoii ocanxn:
a - c n lll Jr:a, 6 - B - 004 0K
C OTp e3HblM OOlJKO;v1. LI.151 110.1ytI CIlHH BbII1 YK.1UCTH n a uu cr yn or
BOTa no Jl HIl HII npopeaa xapxran a CTp OHT BbIT a tI KY_ E U III
.KOHCTp y Hp y eTc 51 C 'n epe;l. He ii au r auxori, nxr erouief pa CTBOp 110 .1H
;HIIII npopes a xapxiaua , H C orp eauu xr OOLIKOM, II ;1..'1 51 :OH oIl Ue.1H
YiKe nocrpoen a a u r a -nca K,KsKG, TO BbITa tIKY aa sucr yn /I, IIDOTa
KI K6 K7 CTp051 T J.onOJl'HIlTel lbIl O. Be.tnuau a pacrnopa K
6K7
= 0,5;
1,5 C,If.
B eJlH4HH a p a c r a op a BbITa ' IK II K
GK7
3 a BHCII T OT a u r a u
KH, OHa MOiKer 6bIT b onpe.re.t ena Ta K,K C cnOCOOO\I, n OKa 3aHHbDI
aa 'lJep Te' Ke . Y!3 TOlJKII K1 II p OBOJ,HT sep r nxa.m.nyro .1HHHIO II TOl l
xy nep eceven nn ee C J1HHlIei'I HH3a 0 603Ha lJaI{) T 6 YKBOH H
7
. = H
7Hs
= P annycoa K1Ks n p OBon51T nyry K n p 5ll\IO H K
1H7
, K)H
s
H
68
u a ee n epec ev ennn C 3THMH .1HHH51:\11I ODl e4 alOT TOlJKH JK H JKJ'
J(
6
K7 = JKJK
1

Hs TOllKII K
7
nposonar np5l:\I YIO, napa nneasa yto JlHHHH 60lJKa,
II nOJl V4 a lOT TOll KY = T 04 KY coenauaror C
.. , - , .
T0 4KOf! Hs; na :JTOH .1HHHII OT TOlJK!1 H OTKJl anbIDaIOT OTpe30 K.
p aBHblfl 1 C.lt , H TO'I KY H', KOTOp y lO Coe.'l. H'II5I IOT C T0 4
KOI I K7.
Illnpany nOJl04KH no nIlHHH o en ep Ha XOn5lT cneny iouma 06
p a 30 :\1:
(C6 +- 06 + Ow + 3) - D1DZ= (61 + 5,5 +- 4 +
+ 1,5) - 20,5 = 51,5 C,ll,
rae Il ui - npuoanxa H<I IIlDb] ;
3 - 3a30 p MClKJl Y cpesasiu 60'IKa n a y ' Ia c TKC o enep .
n OnOlJKa npoeKTHp yeTc51 6e3 paCTBop a D n epenli cR BM
Ta l/KC, na yponne npopes a xa pxi an a 3 a30p He Tp e6y eTC51.
LI.TJ5I YMCllhweHH5I CyrIO/l{KH CO cro pcnu '6 0 p Ta na q>opMOBa!Ille
BbI nYK.l 0 CTl I r pyn n .'l.enalOT BbIT34KY B rO p Jl OBHHC. Benn-nrna pac
r s opa ec 1-1,5 C,H, n.TJHHa 10-12 CAt. LIJl 5I pacrsopa BhIT a 4KI1
p a CWHp51IOT r OpJlOBHHy, cneuian B.l eBO TOlJKY A4 110 JlHIIHH A4D 5
H3 0,5-0,75 C,It, nO.1Y4aIOT T04 KY H ua CTOJlbKO c e c aeui aror
T0 4 xy As nnpa BO no JlHHHH rOp,'10BIiHbI (rouxa A ilS) .
TO'i KY COe;1. HH51 IOT C TOq KOIl 11 np 51M YIO nponoaxcaior
n ne p x 11 (1 0,5-0,75 Of. Or no.nyucunof TO'l KH cr xnanuua ror
11lHpIIHyn.'1 elJ a -repea T04 KY Ds II _10 IlO. l I1I1Te.lJhHO OltJOPM.TJ 5IIOT ,1H
HIl IO II POf'!:\lbI.
ll o H a:\I ClJeHll bI:\1 TOl/ KaM Bbl'IcP4HBa loT o c oti eu u o cru KOH
c r pyxu n n , Ka K ,n OKa 33 HO n a 4 epTC, Ke ( 01. p HC. 48) iKHpHbIMIl JlH
HIl 5l:\I H.
11. .'151 nO.1HbIX qlHryp pexosreanyer ca n a n ep r eac e npos epurs WIl
p u n y H3neml 51 no .1HHH5IM 1'aJlHIl H y p ODH5I au cryna iKHBOTa.
OpH p acxp oe 60pTOBOi'1 npo K.TJa J.KH L!. J1 51 H3n eJl llH u a n OJlHYIO
<pll r y py npo exrnpyior DbITa 4K Y n a BblIl YK.TJOCTb iK HBOTa TaK xce ,
Ka K H u a s ep x nea TKaHH H3JI. e.lll 51 .
Mon e.lJhepbl .'l. Jl 5I npH,J. aHII H ,n om l o H tPll r y p c 6 0JlbWCi't 'CTPOi'I HO
CTI I p ekoaenn yior nH niKaK 0.'l.H0 6 0 p THbI H, nonynpu ner aiouiero CIl
.' Y3Ta , Y..'l.M Hl eIl Hbl i'l . c n aUKaHaMH H C aacrexcxof
n a n ne nyroanuu, ,0 0 Jl ee Y3KH:\1 n on yaau o coxr H n Jla DHO KII H3Y a a
Kpyr .TJ ell HbDI Il n onO'I Ka:\IH.
OC06CHHOCTH KOHCTpyHpoBaHH5I nanbTO Ha nonHyw
-l epre naas ro nps aor-o HMI cnerxa ,n p HTa Jl CHHOr O CH.TJ y3Ta
1l0CTpOeH ua tPHrypy C HOpMaJlbHoi'1 oc a m coir 56 paaxepa IV p o cra,
y KOTOpOH H3MepeHH5I CT=Cr. H a pH C. 49 n oxaaano nocrpoenne
69
r:'
I
, I
s \ w, T,
s
o m T,2 I " , 8
yo l '8
I

'
I
II(
-
\ ''I
'J I I{.J
;(2 .
I(r;
If
J
-
If '
J
!l
8
PHC. 49, OcoueHIlOCTIt xoucr pynponauns na.r sr o ua nO.lI1YIO
l\JHrypy
iJIT3
l
lKII 13 npopes il OT13e;JeHlle 604K3 nam.ro neno cpen
cr BCII HO 113 TK31111.
n .1H nOCTpOeHHH BbIT3
l
IKII 13 np opes 1<3 p:'13I13 11 3 TOlI KII K1 B II 1I3
( p II C. 49) onycxa ror BCpTIIK3 .1 bIl YI O .Tlll HII 10. TOlJKY nepcceueuna ee
C HII 30 .\1 0603lI 3lJ 3 10T 6 n : Boi'1 H7, Or TOlJl\H /(1 11 3 aunun KJ/ 7
OT! ' .1 3 J. bl 13 3 10 T OTpe30K. p a 13 Hbrll 25 C.lI , JWlI CIl ero 0003 H3 lJ3 10TOYK
Boij )1<.. )/<.)K
I
= H 3 TO'l KH K
1
uepea TOl[KY )/(1 n pO BOD.5IT
Il IHD I YIO .1 11 11 11 10 , TOqKY IIcpeCC4CIIII51 CC C 060311 3 lJ3 10T 6Y K
' I o li H
a
.
Hs TO'lIOl KI KI K
5
IIpOnO;UlT j l y r y II CP CCC'I CIIIl H
:: .'l l1HlI 5l.\ lll !( IH
7
H K, H
s
TOlJl(lI m ' pCCC lJeH IIH COOTBCTCTBCHH O 000
11l3 lJ3 10 T '6 YK13 3 .\111 )/(2 JI )/(3.
K
sK6= )/(2)/(3. T OlJKY K
6
coe.JJ I HHIOT n p5D loi'1 C TOlJlWi'I K"
n .'1H l IO.JIyqC'Il1l 5I 6 0KOBOI'i I3blT,JlI KlI 11 3 TOlJK II K
6
P3 ,1l1YCO.\1
I\ GK
I
npOBO,UHT ny ry, TOlJKY n epCCCq CHII H CC C .'I Hll llei'1 OOKOBOii 'Bbl
l a lJKII K Gf" JO 0 603'II3 4 a lOT i6 y K'BOi'1 )/(4. )/(-\)/(5=)/(2)/(;3 .
113 TOlJKII K
6
LJ ep C3 TOlJKY )/(5 npOSO,UHT .11111 11 10.
"fi f ,I = Ksfl o. Or TOq KH [ II B.'leDO n o JlIl H11 l1 nporixr u OTK,13;Jbl
Ba lOT OT pe30 K, p a BH bli'1 1-1,5 c.lt. n OJl )IlI CIIH YI O TO%y r., coen u
IH I IOT C TOlJK OH K G n p 5lMofl .'I lI 'H ll er!.
113 ro uxu [;1 K n p 5IMo i1 [ ;1 K
6
13 .'leBO BOCCT3 13 .'IH IOT nepncun n
l'y.rI5Ip . ua KOTOp OJlI OTK.'laD. bIl3 aIOT OTpe30J-: = [;0[5' n3.'1b
uefunee nocr poenne .TJIIII HlI II 6 01\0130 r O cpeaa a H3 .TJOr ll ' IHO
ll o CTp o e HII IO .TJllll ll i i OCHOBbI. xax n OKa 3 a HO 11 3 pucymce.
B H3.ll e.TJII HX 113 1' 1\3 11 11 , .TJ CrKO nonna toureucn D.'I a il-:I10- TenJ1 0Bo i!
o Gp 3 6 0 TKe , :1.0 1lYCl<a CTC5I OTT Hil,KCl rxa uu ua 13bllly K,10CTb i KIIBO Ta
c COOTl3eTCTBCHH O lle.'1 l l' l lIllbl pa creopa BbIT311JOI 13
npopese xapxiana.
Oco6eHHOCTI1 IWHCTpYl1pOBaHI1H )I{l1JJCTa ua 1I0 JIHYIO </JI1rypy
-l epr e; i 1\lI.1eT a 113 1I0 ,111 y10 rpurypv CTp OIl .\l 11 0 uaxrepcnus x :
Cr = 58 C,lt , Cr = 60 C It.
B bi Ta lI KY ,U.15l 06p a 3 0 B<:J IIII H BbIIl YI\ .10CTll H3 au cr yn i K ll BOTa
CTPO IITb B H II non cp e-iuov uanpaanenun x.
n .'151 noc r poe nus BblTClllK H II na npaaneauu II:J T01IK H
1<1 (pHC, 50) BIl1l 3 on ycK310T 13 epTIl1\a ,lbHYIO .111 11 11 10 :1.0 i l ll HHII
HH3 a , T04 KY ncpeceucnu a 3TII.'\ :I IIHIli'1 060311a
l
13 10T 6 YK130j'l Il.;
H
GH 7
= 0 ,3 = 4,5 X 0,3 = 1,4 CAl.
T ouxy H, COe.ll llH5I10 T n p HMo ii .'1l1llllel l C rouxon K" Fl pnxiu e
1/
7
K
I
Ii I-hK
1
51 B.TJ5IJOT C5I .'l ll ll H5IlII H ruaa. ,il.TJ51 nocr poenu n I3blT3'I KII
non epeunoxt u anpaaneuuu 11 3 TO'I l\l1 1<1 D nan paunennn npopeaa
D.O 6 0KOBo ro cpesa npOBOD.HT .TJ II II II 10, OHle
1
la 51
H 2 Hell ia.TJIIH - T04KY T
3
.
T3T5=0
,6 = 4,5XO,6=2,7 C-Il. T
3Tsl< I - Jll llI Hll ui u a ,
71
CT2
P IlC. 50. OCO OCIIIIOCTII KOIICTPYliP01l3111111 , KfI' PII C. 51. I1 0 Jl 1l3 H ll rypa
n a n OJIIl YIO rpurypy C xopnycoxr, OTKJlOl lCIIH bD I
11 3 33 a
Il o.nuaa lflHrypa C OTKJlOHeHHblM Ha3aJI. xopnycon
H a pHC. 5 1 nOKa3aH3 ' I3CTO BCTpelJ31Ow.3HC5I qlHryp 3 oueus
GO.IJbworI rrOJIII OTbI, y x oropoa paav ep CT rrpenu ur aer paaxi ep Cr.
C orxnonenn u v H333n II I3 blCOKOii onpyrn ocr sio )1\ 11 130
T3. Ilpn CHHTHII MepoK C T3KOn epll r yphl B31K 1I0 orr pen e.nm, li e
TOJlbKO 'Be.'1 II'I HHy , HO H y posem, MepK H BIle E C,;]II y pone ns xrepxu
B: nsnue tUlI1 /11I1Ke JlII HHH T3.1I1 H, TO 3TY P33HII UY ODle'I 310T 311 3
K3 MII + (nuuie) - (n nace) 11 CHHM3 10T H3 3TOM yposue nono.11I1 II
Te.11 bIl YIO MepKY, 0 003 113lJ351 ee CT II (npnxrepno 5) .
J!..151 npnxiepa 'B351 T3 <pHrypa 58 -ro paaxi epa, IV pOCTa, O'lCIII,
60m, 1I1Oi l 1I0.'1 HOTbl co cnenyiotuuxm 11 3.\l epeHII 5IMH, C,It :
Cni = 22 ,5; Cr = 58 ,0 ; CT = 58,5; CT II = 60 ,0 (+ 5);
WTn = 27 ,5; C6 = 63,0 ; W r = 23,0; I h n = 57, 5; W e = 22, 0 ;
72
,
11 11_


A
y

n;{
As

f As\l
f
0.... iii
r:;

-
0
Tr 1j
Ts 77 !!L
7i;
,I!..
- -
""""
ro
f(s K K)

r,; To
f(Z"
KJ.
K'
f(e &t-
x,
iH
J
z
Dif
Dii
I
i!(/Lif(
I
If IIf -
Hz IIsi 117 IlIi
11'1
-m,
Tg
5;
I
1
IfJ
a
11
5 !l
P IIC. 52. O c o Oellll OCTII KOllCTpYli p o n alllHI CIIl IIIKII II n c n ouxn 113 n OJl llYIO
lI rypy C xop nycox. uaaan, II DUCOKOr! oxp yr n o
CTblO /KIiDOTa
ATC = 43, 5; Bnx = 48, 5; n TC II 46 ,5; fLrn II = 49,0;
BT=6,0 (+ 1); n K = 7 ,5.
Cnu nsa . B lJep Te)K1I OCIIOBbl cn lIHK H (pHC. 52) H nO.110'IK II 113
TII Il OBYIO epH r ypy 3H3JI Or HlJHorO paax epa H pOCT 3, cpenne u rrO.11HO
Tbl BIl OC5I T 'C,11enY Io w.He
T O'lK y A nepexieuraior B.11 eBO rro r opH30HT3.11bHOI1 JIHIII HI 'H3
0,6 C,1t H no.11 y'1310T BblCWYIO TOlJKY .TJ II HHII cpenne ro UlB 3 AI. T OlJ
xy AI COen HH5IIOT MlII l l ei't e TOlJKOII Y. nporH6 11 3 .'1 HHHII
T3.'1HH yBeJIH IIIB3 IOT H3 0,5--;--0,75 0 1 ( TOlJKa T1) . Fl paa yro AIY
'
npononsc aior n o TOlJKH Tv. YI3 TOlJ KIl AI n poBOJl51T .'1 HlI HIO ropno
BII Hbl Crrll HKI1 no rrpHHHTbl:' 1 pacu cr a x. OCT3.'1 bllOe nOCTpOeHl1e
en li HKII T3K,l\ e n POH3BO.:L51 T co r n aCHO Mep K3:' 1 1I npHlI 51T blM p3C
'I CT3 M.
Il onouna. W HpHH3 nOnOl[KH (pHC. 52, 6 ) u a ,1HHHH rpyn a
f = lII r + n w r -t- n w = 23,0 + 2,5 + 1= 26,5 c,\t. 113 TOlJ KH f 3 Knp 51
3f4
f
3
f
4
BHlB BoceT3B.1HIOT nepnell.il.HKy.11 Hp. T O'l Ky nep eceuenu s

ero C .'lHHHeii r a n u u 0 6 0311 a lJalOT 6 yKBOIl T. C mlHHeii 6eJ.ep - D8,
C .1 11 HHe ll HH3 a - H
4

n O.l 0 )Ke HIIC .1 11H HII Ta .lJ I H cnepe.m onpene.rsnor n o <pOp:-'l y .l e
= 0, 5 Bxc = 0, 5 WTn - Illr = 0,5 (27,fJ - 23) = 2, 3 CAl;
1'.;.4\ = .uTn II +2 = 49,0 -+- 2 = 5 1,0.
T OtIKy coe ,LIJIII5lI0T np 5Bl 0 II c 1'O'l I\ Oi'J Ts H r o p H30 H1'a JIbHOH
C JIHHHeii no.nyaanoca. O1'lIIe'la51 na nepeceseunn C Il eii TOlJ
I\V 7' R, .
Flpn pacsere umpunu ncpena ua Mill 1111 Ta .1 HH lICXO.l5lT 11 3 xrep
KII C 1' I I.
= 0,4 ( C T II + Kcpen - Cr) + Bn< = 0,4 (60 +
+6,8- 58) + 1 = 4,5 C.1t
oxpyrnenno) . rae xiepxa Bx: pa sn a YBc.l l11leH lllO TH.lIIH,
1i;111
= Ill rn - WI' = 27,5-23 = 4,5 C.lt.
1/13 r onxn K BBCpX BOCCTaBM'lIOT nepn enaa
Ky.l 51 p -,il,0 ypOBH51 H3MCp CHH 51 C T I I. no.nyu euu yio TOlJKY 0 60311a
' Ja lOT 6 yKB OH CN. To-ney To COC).I. ll H5IlOT n paxiof e TO'l'
[w fi f
8
II urrpuxoson JIIHlHel1 c TOlJKOll Ts. WIlPIIH Y n O.'10lJ KII na
yponue nucry ria xcunor a n p OBCp 5l10T naxiepcuuext paccr oann n OT
TO'lKII T7 11.0 T O'l KH Tg.
1'71'0 = Wn1 +4 = 27,5 + 4 = 3 1,5 C.H.
TO'l KH onycxaior 'Bep TII K3 Jl b Hy lo .u nnno ).1.0 B Il 3 a, or xre
!Jil ll ua e e nepeceueann C .1IIHHeIIOe.l Cp TOlJKY C JIllllH el1 nn
J (l - - H' s.
--= TH + 0,5 ..;- 0,7,5 C.ll.
Y Cp TC}}\ n OJJOl( KII ua raxyio tpury py CTp05lT C OTPC3 HbB I

.ll.l51 TIOCTp OCHH51 ncpenxcir BblTa'lI\II OT TO' \l <H KI n o .1 HHHB
K\ K2 OT!<JJa l1.bIBa!OT oTp e 3 0K. paB llbli'1 I c.ll. n o .'1y'l CII II Y10 TOlJKY
0 0 0 31la lJa IOT 6 y KBOi'l K3. 113 TO'l KII K
3
aaepx BOCCTa B.l51 lOT BepTII'
K3 .1 b fl YIO JIIlHIJIO, li e .'I.OBO,J.H ee ao .nnnn: rpvrn: na 5- 6 C.11. nO.1Y
ueunyio TOll KY ocosua uaior GYI\Boii O. Ha .1 111! IIII K30, III1iKe urrpu
'X OBOf! JlHHIIH aa 2- 3 C.II, CTaB51 T TO'lI\Y 0 1 (nepuinu a pacrno pa
BbITa 11Kll ) .
Benunana pacra opa nepenuen BblTa'lKII n o JlllHlIH npopeaa xap
xia na pasua:
K3K4 = 0,4 = 0,4 X 5 = 2 C.I/.
74
T OlI I\ Y K4 coe.uni 51 lOT nP5DIo ii JllIH lIe i't 'C TO'II\OII 0 I. K3 KnOK33a
110 aa pucy nxe. 1\ 3Ko= K4K' 5
B e .;ll l'l llll a pacr ao pa I3LITalIKII 13 npopeae xapaaua panna :
J\ D,S = 0,5 X 4,5 = 2,3 C,11.
5KG
B e .l lllJll Ha pacr s opon aurauex K31\4 II l( o/(6 xioacer OLITb onpe
.1C.'l e ll a r pa<p ll lleCKII . 1-1 3 TOlJKlI 0
1
ucpes TOlJl\l! K3 on ycxa ior nps
-"Y IO, pana y ro 25 C.H, II I10 n YlJa10T TOlJKY )K. H 3 TOtIK II 0 , pannyco v
OI )/( n p OUOil.51 T B.leBO nyry. Ha Hei'l 0 1' TOlI KIl ) !( on:.13 .'l.bI13310T
OTPC30 1\ )K)/( I = 1" 8T"8. T OlJI\ Y )/( \ COC..'l. I1HHIOT np 5DlOi' 1 C r ouxon 0
1
,
Ha ncpeCelJ C'lllil l .111 111l 1l O\JK\ no JI llll llll 'n pop c 3 3 or xre
l
'13 10 1' TOlJKY K\. K
3
1\4 - Beml I1JHa pacrnopa ncpcnuc n I3blTa lK ll.
'
113 TOlJI\lI 0 K
1
K5 n p 0 I30 .], 51 T -'l. yry. lI epCCe KalOIll YIO
1
0
1
)/( 1l 0 \)/(1. T OlJKH ne peCClJe llH51 nyru C .11l1J1l51
\ Il I COOTBe TCTI3CIl HO 0603113 '13JOT )/(2, JK3.
K;K
G
=
113 TO'!l\!J 1\ 5 napa.TJJJ e.'lb!l O JIIlH!l1J 60 lJI<a I1 P OBO;],51T np 51MYIO,
p a l3Hy lO or pes xy TOlJK Y n; COCnHIl$l IOT C.1CrJ<a BLmy KJJoi'l
.1 l1Hll e ii C TO'l KOii n; OT TOlIKII n o .TJ ll ll ll lI OTK,13.1 blBa lOT
Tp e 30 K = '\'5 C.l t. T OlJl\H KG II COell. JIHHIOT np 51:Vloi't
.'l l l ll ll e iL
.ll.l51 CYTIO)l\ KlI co cropouu 6 0pTa na
Bbl n y K,l o c TH r pynn BBOll.51T BblTallKY 13 ropnonany. B CJIl i'IIIHa pac
T130pa BLITa'Il<H 1,5 01 , n.nma 10-1 2 C.lt. .llJlSl TO'lKy A'
I
OT'
[\071. I1 T B.leBO II 'BBCp X na 0,75 c.lt, a TOtIKy A5 na CTOJI LKO il\e
unpano.
n o CTpOHT '1epTe)!<, 1(3 1( n OKa3aHO na pu
cyuxe.
Ilo.man qmrypa KOHycoo6p,l31l0H <pOPMbl
H 3 pII C. 53 n oxasa na '<pHr y p a oueus 60.1 b lll Oi'l 1I0.'1 HOTbl , ll a n o
n o rp cpxre ycelJellHLIH KOHy C - CY)l<e Il1l351 B n .'lelJa x II
pacuinpeunau 13 6 e .1. pax, co C.1360 Bblp3 i1\ eIIll oi'l na r a
JI II II Ka l\ C3a,J.II. 1 3K II no Flo.t oxccnue xopnyca
KOllyco06pa3HocTb (1) II ry p bl Hcp e .'11\O yC II,l 11 BacTc Sl onymeHll hl
II OTBII C.l bDI [l pu il<llBOTe CHII
vi a to r 1l.0no.'1HIIT e .1L IlYIO C T II II n OJl ylJeHII bli'l pasxr ep npo
ncpmor no lJepTciKy (nyHKTllpHa51 .'111111151 (CM . pnc. 54) .
U .l51 npuxie pa npe,J..1araeTC51 nocrp ocnue '1CP TCi I\ Ci'I ncr ancf
n 1lZ1.iKa K3 n o.1 Yll plI.l er alOme ro cnnysra 11 3 <!lIIr y py GOro
IV pocr a, OlJe Hb OO: l b WOlI n o .1HOT!>! co c.leJ.YIOll lll MII
\ l ll , [,11:
Cui = 22,5; Cr = 60,0; CT = 6\ ,5; Illr ri = 26,0; C6 = 66,0;
Wr = 22,5; ,am = 58,5; We = 23,0; UTe = 44,5; B n K c= 49,5;
75
'" ...... ,,-'"
l...'"'
II

- .-.....
I

'" .;;; 3::
".

'-:: .".
'<:
"-
""
::c: ....fll,

'"

.!...
<..:l
::
o
r;
o
'"
z:: :e
..
=0
c,

5'2
o: M
-'" -c.
=\0
"' 0
'" 0 o u

:>' 0
0..:;:::
....
0

r:
- G
;:: t:
25>--.
t:
C) =
'5 -&
u
0",
..:
u':>

'"
'"
'"
- r
"0 c::
0.. '"
c-, e
'-I:;)
=0
-e o
u
e-,
C"5 =
11)0
:.:
u
0:
}lTC II = 47,5; }lTn II = 5 0 ,0 ; lin = 16, 5; B T = 3,5
( - 1, 5); n l<=8,0.
Y lI II TLI 1l3H o c oO eHHOCTlI Te.rIOC.l OiKeI11IH )].3 11 Hall (pll r YPbl, npn
G3 11 KIl 11 3 CB0 6 0 LUWC otinera u ue B 0 6 JI 3 CTII rp ynn YUN IH 4H U3IOT
11 3 1-1 ,5 CII , B 06.'l3 CTlI T3 .'lIl!! H oencp necxo.m.xo Y:-' lCll b W 3 10 T,
a WlI Pl lHY lI O .rJ IIH lI ll nnev Yll e.l I1tIllB310T.
CnUH/W. CnHHl<Y no .'JHHHII T3.1HII H oenep P3 CWllPHIOT K3 K n o
cpeznreii .rJHHlHl, T3 K H no 60KOBOMy cpeay (puc. 54, a) . B 11 3WCM
l i p ll Mep c TT
o
= 1,25 CI t. l'!3 T04KIl Y xepea TO'IKH To npononsr nps
..1.0 .nunn: HH33, TO' lKy nepeceuenns ee C Jl II HIIC rt o e)].ep 060
l II 3 4 3 10 T 6 yrmol"l 01, C .'llllllIcfI HII 33 - HI . }l o n o .rJ HIl Tc .rJ bH bI H ripo
r ll o ToT
I
= 0 ,5 C.lt. O CT3nbHo e nocrp oenue n poIl 311 0.J.HT n o JIlep K3 "1
II npHH5ITbIM p3 c lI eT3M.
f70 ./l 0'1/w . B .n.3HHO"I npuxepe 'n p II Bo )].HTCH lI e CKO.l b KO nnce lI O
cr poenue nOJl04l<1l 11 3 no.nnyio tPHr ypy n o Cp3BHe l111 10 C pH C. 48, 5 2 .
lll npmr y nepe.ra H3 .111 HHH T3 JIlI1I (puc, 54,6) OTK.13.n.bI133IOT B 06
p 3 THO" 1 11 3 n p 3 B.rIel1l1 l1 OT .1HHHlI n OJl p 3HOC3 - B CTOp0l1y OOK3 .
Fl pnnycx 'H3 sucryn /KlI BOT3 nenaior OT .rJ Il II HlI , xacarensuof .nn
1I11 H 'n po i1Mbl r
4
T
7
B CTOp OHy 60KOBOii BLITa4KH. B CJlll'lHIlY pacrs o
p 3 ULlTa 'l KlI B xa pxia uu a nu cryn /K liBOTa OTKn aJLLI I33 10T OT .'JlIHlIlI
npopeaa K3p :\I3Ha He K1l1l3Y, a snepx. Bean -mny P3 ClU lIPCHlIH nepe
11 3 n o .1 11 1l 1l1l Ta .1HH onpenenmor norpop aya e:
r.r; = 0,4 (CT +Kcpen - Cr) = 0,4 ( 6 1,5 6, 8 - 60) = 3, 3 0 / ,
IlJlIl T
7T;
zr : Illrn-s-Ill r = 26 - 2 2 ,5 = 3 ,5 C.II.
WIIPllII YlI OJl 0 4KII 113 ypcane asrcr yna , KHI30 T3 npOBCp5l 10T 11 3
\ I ep e HIl C:\1 P3 CCT051 HIIH or TO'l KH !LO TO'I KII T;.
= Ill ru +3,5 -0- 4 -= 2 6 +3,5 -0- 4 30
.
C.H.
vb TO'I KII 17
6
nposonar npsnr yio .rIlIHli iO ue p es TO'lKy T;, TO'l Ky
n e p ec eu eu n u .3To ii .rJ HIlHH C J/lu m eii n p o p ea a K3p " 13 1Ia 0 0 0 3H3 'l 3 1OT
y KI30 i i K' , C J1HHllei i npon xn; r4rS - o yKu oii r..
n O.l 0 ,I\ CIlHC .'l IIHIl H o OKOBOl"1 'BbI T3 I KII:
'
CII. 1 04KH 1I r IO coe.n. HH51 10 T npHlIl oii .mr
1Il1e i i .
Be.u tunna p 3 CTI30p a I3blTa'IKH U xa pxran pasn a :
K
5K6
= 0 ,7 x T7T; = 0,7 x 3, 5 = 2, 5 C/II (oxpyrnenno).
Be.uruuna p a CTI30 p a BbIT3 4 l<1I B l\ 3jH 131l KsK6 OblTb
onpea e.nena uepea .'I lI HlI II n p op eaa Kap:Vla 1I3 ,
rne )/\)1( 1= T
7
T; = B II\.
}l.'l H on pcncnen u n p3 CTI30p 3 OOKOBo i't I3bITali KH 11 3 TO'IKII K
s
p a.my c o xr, p 3 BlI LI 1lI K1Ks, npO.UO;l5lT J! y r y nnepx II 1l 3 .r:t CIJO H TOII KY
ep eCetI eHII 51 ee C m ll I lIe}1 Ksr
lO
0003f13 4alOTOYKI30ii )/\2.
77
JK2) 1(3 = 1(51<6. 113 rouxn K
5
4 e p e3 T0 4KII JK3 npOBO':UIT nlHDIYIO
.'I1I HII IO 11 TOIIKY nepcceueuus ee C .1IlHllei'! f
4
1'5 0 0 03Ha 'la IOT OYK
BOH r; l .
.flo n.aHHoii KOHCTpy KUll1I n ue.mx pacump cnun 11 3.le.'IH5I na .'1 11
HIlH TaJlHH p eK OMClI ll, YCT C51 aanpoexruponan, OTIlC..1eHlle 004Ka.
r; 1" 2= 1,5 L it. T04 KY f l 2 COell,IlIlHIOT C TO'lKOI'I K5.
1<oTlI = 1(57'12; TlIf;o = T
12
f
12

TOIIKY Til .'IIlHlleii C TO'lKOfJ
n = n = rlOr;O.
BblTalJKY no JlIIHIlII Ta ,rIIlH OepOp;lI.15IJOT C npOrJIOO;l1 0,25-0,3 CAl
C Ka}Kll,ofJ CTOpO HGl. J1I1HIlIi npoir;llbI H 60KOBoro cpeaa n.O.rDKHbl no
nocrp oen mo nOBTopHTb OCHOBy, y-urrunaa o c06ellHOCTIl Te.l0CJlO
MelIH5I JI.3HH0I1 rpu r ypu . J1I1HIIIO 6 0KOOblX cpeson 1I0.'I0'1KIl II cnnu
I'll ypaau iraaror n o KOl-IT PO.'lbHbD I TO'IKa;ll.
lI.JlH otipa acnann s BblnYKJlOCTI1 B 06.1aCTII rpY:UIBBO;l51T au
Ta lJKY 0 r cpaonnuy.
(Hl rYPbl C OTKJlOH EHH5IMH B TA30BOM n05l CE
fl' \epKy C6 n npa KTlIJ{C aauporunuxon He IIpllIl5lTO paC'lJl CIl5lTL
aa Y1l aC TK ll . A ;ll e }Kll, Y TC;l1 Y p a 3HbIX .'II On ei'! C O;1.11 Il <J Kon o ii ;lI Cp KOI'I
C6 lJaCTO lIa6.1IoJ,a IOTC5I HCO!l.lIHaI<OBbI C pa axiepu II <pOp;llbl Hr OWlU
H 6 e.il.ep, II ecnn '11C YIIeCTb oc06eHHOCTII Te.l0C.'IOMCHH5I , TO n o
MO}f(e T CKa3aTbCH ua nocanxe 11 3J,e .r1 II 51 . Ka K uinpnna Cflllll KIl 11 ('
MO}f(eT KO;llll ellCllpOBaTb aay acenue ncpe.aa, Ta K II umpun a ncpe,u
He ;llO i KeT xoxmeucuponan, sayxc eune 1l3J,e;11151 n 00.1ClCTJI 6 e.1e p.
II C33!L!1.
H HiKC nplIBO.1,lI;11 nsa npuxiepa OC0 6C II lI o o e i i KOHCTPYllPOH311JIH
cnuuxu 11 1l0Jl0'1KII ua <pJIrypbl C p a 3H bDHI Il pO nOpUHSDllI 43 CTP,l',
TCJJ3, pa cnO.'I Oi I( ClIHbDIIi a a ypoaa e 113;11epelIIlH C6.
c n.TlOCKHMI1 oe,lI,p a MH If Bbl CTyna lOllllf l\lll s ron uuasn
n o xr epxc Co na unan jpu r ypa MOM eT He OT.l l1'1a TbC5I or npo
nopIUIOHa.1bHO CJlOi!<CHHoii T111l0001I. O .uHaKO nane.nue. CKP o eHH O
no 11.111 .Tl eKa.'I a M .um l runonof (!mrypbI . npn npIDI CpI( e HCI
pac caa rpn naexr yio (fm r ypy o y n eT CBo 6o!J, 1l0 no OC.'I.p a;ll,
<J C3a JUI C.TlllllI KOM rtpuner ars. Cr eu eru, YII Jl o w. eHIl 51 oe!l.ep ;lIO)I,HC!
onpcncmrn, npunoxcennexr .TlHHeiiKIl K '6 e;l: p a ;ll , ynnp as ee BCpWIIHy
B noaxrsnueuuu e snanuuu. Eoxonu e y nponopunona.u.no
CJlOiKCHIlOf! (jmrypbI COCT3 'B,lHIOT n p ID I c p HO no 2,5-3 Cll.
Koppexru poaaun e 6 3 30 BblX JlCK 3Jl 33K.:JIO'l a CTCH B cnenytoiuexr.
CpeJI.HIOIO JlI1HHI O CIl Il HKII or T3 .Tl Il I1 no HII 3a P3 CWlIPHIOT (puc . 55) .
B aaur ea npuxi epc HHI = 1 C,Il , HH; = 0,5 C.ll B1I1I3. To'IK)' Ii
c o e.uIl HHIOT n p HMo I I C TOlJKOii H
2
.
78


'I
I
I W
I
I
\I r
'I
I,
' I
I,
B ,u e: I 5IX cox p3HeHH5I nponopuu u ClHI HKY n a CTO.lJbKO iKe C)
>KIf Ba lOT n o .111HIIII 6 0KOBblX cpe so a.
n O.'I04 KY p e KO;lIeHJI.yeTc5I paCKp311n3Tb C OTp e3 Il bD J 6 0 41\0;11.
CYM II Ba Tb ua Y4 acTK e 6e.uep pannoxrepuo ucax n o xpa io nO.TlO'l KII.
II
II
HIli-H. III
\\{ "
==
) (2
H;
P II C. 55. 11 3M CII CIIII C lI CP TCi Kil OC IIOIlLI 11 <1 lpll rypy C UCn. P<lMI I II
1Ii1lOlli ll MIl (noxaaauo CII.10lllllhl :.n1
Ta K II n o xpa io OO'l Ka (l3 namexi npuv epe n o 0.5 Cit C Kail\llO i !
CTOPOll b! ) . Ilpu HCOOXO.:IIDIOCTII OO.l !>lu o r o Cyil( CHHH n O.l 0'l KII II ,!
yuaCTKe 6 e.:lep T3KMe cycnsaior 11 p ornI y.
Flpn p3CKp aHBaHHII U3JI.e:JHH 6 C3 orpesnoro 60lJ I\3 cync enue na
yuacr xe 6encp n p OIl 3BO,1,51 T no .'IHlIlfiDl 60KOBblX cpeson n O.'IO'I KII.
C n.TlOCKHMH Slr O,lI,HuaMH H BbInYK JlblMI1 6 e,lI,paM I
fl o xrep xa Co n.3IHI351 rpl1r ypa ;lIOil, CT He OTJl JlII3TbC51 or npo
1I0 p UHOHa .'I bIl 0 C.l 0il, eHHOfl. O .TJ.Ha KO n snenne, CKpoeHHOC n o n epre
7g,
i KeJ:\1 THnOBOii q)li r ypul , n pu npn x epxe H3 p3COI3TpHB3 e"1ylO cpu
r y py '6yn eT 33 yxceuo (:\ lOrYT paCXOJ,HTbC5I nOJIOtIKH) - na Yl la CTKe
6e..'l, ep 6y..'l,YT BHJlHbl CTpe:I KII I1aT5IiI, eHH5I , 3 C33.i1.H oy..'l, eT
C.1 II WKO:\1 C30002l.HO.

I I
I I
I I
I I

I
P Il C. 56. I'!:m cll clHl c '1Cp TC}Ka OCIIO IJbl u a Il r y p y C nron uua u u 11 IJbIn yK
Jl bl M ll (noxaa auo WTPIIXOIJblM Il JlIIIlIIHMII)
H :Dl cn CHII5I Il l[ cpTCil\ aX OClI O3 bl 33 1\. 110
1
1310TC5I B cnenyioureu.
C nIl HKY no Jl l1 l1 l1 H CpC;1-11 Cr O uma OT .1HlIHII T3,111 11 Jl,0 'IIH3a CYiI\ H
8310T ( pIIC. 56 ) . B ue.rsx co x pan enna np onopuun on nn x y n a
CTO.l uKO iKe P3 CWHP5I IOT no .11I 1I 1I5I :V1 60K OB bl X cp eaon.
fI OJIO'l Ky peKOMeIUI.y eTC5I paCKp3 11 B3Tb C OTpe3I1b1M 60 lJKOM.
P acunrpenne u a YlJa CTKe oe,J. cp npOH3IlOJ,51T paBHO:\ICPll O K3K no
x p aio nOJI01I KH, T3K H no x paio 0011K3. Fl pu OlJ eHb 'BbrnYK:l blX oeJl
pax peKO"l eIUl yeTC51 r aioxe na 0,5-0,75 c.. paCWHpHTb llp Ol1MY II
n a 0,5 Ot YJlJIIIHII Tb If OTPC3I101i 'OOLJ O'K a a y nac rxe oCJlep .
80
B bInYKJlOCTb 6c2I. ep H3 l l eBoH H np ason cropon ax MOil <eT 6bITb
lICO.l IJHaKoBa. I/13:\leHeHH5I B KOHCTPYKUII H npOll 3BOJl5l T TaK, '1T06bl
110 B03:'>'1O)KHOCTH CLTI 3.uHTb 3TOT HCJlOCTaTOK.
HfYPbl C PA3JlH4Hbll\\H nponOPUH51MH Y4ACTKOB no
06XBATY fPY}],H
K aJ( nOKa3 bIBa lOT 11H0rOtIIlCJIeHHbl e 1l3Mep eHIl5I HaCeJIeHIl5l, n po
neueHHbl e aHTpono.l or 3MH, nOCT05lHHOH npon opUHOH3JIbHOII CB5I3H
l i e cy utecrnyer He TO.J1bKO Meil\.uy OOXBaT3MII Ta,1]!H Ii oenep no
lJTHOWenli lO K OOXB3Ty rpYUH, HO Ii :Vl eilWY OT.!I.eJIbHbI MH y- i ac r x a
:\I H Ty .TJ OBIi llI.a B O..'l,HO:'>! OOXB3Te rpy.!I.ll- :Vl eil\.!I. Y WIlPHIIOH rp y.!I.1l,
npOHMbl H CnlI HbI. Hecopa3MepHOCTb umpnnu r pY.!I.
H
, np oiiMbl H
CIlIIHbl 5I BMle TC5I CTOJIb lIaCTOH, tITO Y1ITeHa npu KJIaCcHltlllK3'Ull lf
r11r1 0Bb1X epHryp nonOJ1lIOTaM B WKaJIe THnopa3Mep opOCTOB nJIH
:\\ aCCOBor o II 3r OTOBneHII5I one)J{.!I.bl u apsn y C pa 3Mep3:VIH CT H C6 .
T aK, COr.l aCHO -ratirmue A 6COJIIOTllble BeJIHtI HHbl H3Mep e1lH51 rnno
Bbl X di nr yp MYil\ '1HII .!I.JI51 KOHCTp yHpoBaHHH on e)J{'nbl ( CM. npano
i l\ eHII e 1) LUHpHHa r pynn OT MeHbweli K 60JIbWeii n o.nnor e y sen u
lJHBaeTC5I 1Ia 0,5 CN H p33HHua Meil<JlY 3TlI MH s eJIllllll Ha:V1ll B 'Kp aii
II HX no .nuo rax onnor o paaxiepa JlOCTHraeT 1--;-)1,5 CAL
,UJI5I ue.TJefI l<oHCTpy HpoBaHHH OJleil\Jl W OOJIee BaiKHoe 3Hall eHIl e
uxieer ne Mep Ka lllr, a unrpnua r-py nn no JIHB IlIl H3Mep eHIf51 Cr ,
T. e. no Bbl CTy'nalolUHM TOll KaM rpy nn W I' II. 3 .!I. eCb paaue p umpn
II bl r pyn n, COrJlaCHO p3 C'IemOH r a rinu ue P acnpe.!I.e.TI eHH5I Mep KIl
C r no cnnuu, npoiiMbI Ii rpynn (CM. npn.TJ oil\ ellue 2,
r parpy umpnu a noau) , y BeJIH'I liBaeTC51 OT MeHblll eH K 60JIbWeH
nOJIlIOTe Il O.!I. HOM paavepe Cr a a 0,9 CAt H p asnnua B onHOM paa
Mepe Cr Me)J{ n y Kpa flHllMll nOJIHOTaMH ILOCTHr aeT 2 --:-- 3 CAL
113 31'0li TaO,T]HUbI BIlJlHO, tI TO lIeM OOJIbWe WI' II (13 npcne.aax
orm or o p aauepa), TeM MeHbwe urnpuua npoiiMbl, H p asuuua Me)J{
ny Kpai'lHHMll nOJI HOTaMH .!I.OCTHTaeT 1,7 --:--2, 5 CM.
OT K.l oHe Hli 51 B inupnne rpy nn ( B 3aBHCHMOCTIl OT ee qlOpMbl,
nO.1HOTbI cpll r ypbl) Moryr n oan ens aa COOOI1 He TO.TIbKO 1I3Mell eHil fi
U KOHCTpyKUIl H nOn O'IKH no JIIlHlln r py JlH, 11 0 Il H3.!I. eJIH5I.
fI OJIyqel Hle T011lIblX Mep OK umpnnu n p OI1MbI (Illnp) H WI' II
nyr eu lI en ocp enCTIlelllloro OOMepa qlHr yp bl 3a Tpyn
HeHo
Il 3-3a OT
CyTCTBH5I u a ar ux y tI aCTKaX onopnu x TO'l eK. Ha
npa KTHKe3TH :\l epKIi npHH5ITO rt on yu ar s pacn eruua n y r ea (npnuexr
B 3TH pacuer u 'laCTO BKJ1IOtIa IOTC5I npnnycxn n a CBo60.!I. HOe 06JIe
ra une , Il 3 aBHCID IOCTH OT CHJI y3Ta, H n a uiau).
Ill upnn y npOf! :'>l bl npu lIe06XOll.HMOCTIf MO){{HO KO M
6 HHHpOBalI II ofl JI llIl elI KOH, KaK n ox aaauo a a puc. 57 . 3 II aH Mep KH
Illnp , Cr Ii W c, :\IO)KHO onpene.nurs WI' II.
Hanpnxep: Cr=50 CM, Wc=19,5 CAt , LUnp =12,5 C,It . Tor na:
WI' II = Cr - (Illc +Ill np) = 50 - (19,5 + 12,5) = 18 CM .
8 \
6- 895
1' 1,' 1
II
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II
\I
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,I
II
,
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,
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I
PIl C, 58, PIl C. 57, H axrcpeuue III I1[H\ uepr eaca Oe IIO!!!>1 ua tlllll 'YP iI
Hb l np oii Mbl KO M6 11 1111pn 11 0 .1 11 0 1 bl
IjIl HHOii JllI lI CiilW H
MepKy Ill r I I MO)oKHO TaKI!(e no.1Y'lHTb np CHHTlIll UI m
( 01. CTp. 66) .
HH:iKe npnneueuu naa npnxrepa naxreneuun 'lepTe )ol< ei'1 T11I10Roii
epHr yp bl cpenneu nO.TJHOTbl J,MI ep llryp Ma.'l oii H 6 0.1bllJOii II O.' lHOTbl .
OC06CHIIOCTH KOHCTpYHpooaHHSI cnHlIKH H nOJl04KII ua l\!IHyPY
MaJlO" no nuorta
n.151 roro IlT 06 bl noxas ar s, KaK H3;;l eHHKlTCH 'lepTe/K li nHILll\ a
xa ,'l.Jl51 TH11 0B Oi, cpH r y p bl cpcnneu n O.ll HOTbI ua THI10 BY10 qHlr yp y
;\la.1011 nO.111 0Tbl , B3HTa cpH r yp a 50 -ro paaxepa IV pocra co cne
82
I
xapaK TepHbD I H *, c.lt :
CUI = 19,8(-0,3) ; CT= 40,5(-3,0) ; C6=5 \ ( -2,0) ;
W r = 18 ,5 ( - 0 ,5) ; IlJrII = 17 , 1 (- 1,0) ; Ul2 = 19 ,7 ( + 0 , \ ) ;
Ill np = 13 ,2 ( + 1,2) ; jlrn = 53 ,8 ( -0,2); n,( = 7,2 (- 0 ,3) .
B KOHCTPYKIUI H c nl l HKII 1I nO.l O'l KlI H3 runosyio cp H
r yp y n0.'111 OTl,] aa p HC. 58 CnJIOWHbn UI JIll HHHMH.
OC06CIIIIOCTH KOIIClpYHpoBalllHl cnHIIKII II nO JIOtKH ua l\!Hrypy
60JlbWOit nO.11HOTbi
n .151 r oro q . 0 61>1 noxasa rs, xaxn e H3M eHeHH51 nponcxonsr C
'iC !H C;'l<OM nll n )ol< al<<l 1l.'l 51 r nno aou qmrypt cpenuef nOJIHOTbl np u
l, oIlCTpyll poBa lll1\1 nIJlllI<aKa ua runouyio dnrr ypy 60Jlbwoii nOJlHO
Tbl, B351Ta ep Hr y p a 50- ro pas xie pa IV pOCTa co xapax
r e p HbD I II Cit :
Cui = 20,4 (+ 0 ,3) ; CT = 46 ,5 (+ 3, 0) ; C6 = 55,0 (+ 2 ,0);
IlJr = 19 ,5 ( + 0 ,5) ; WrII = 19 ,0 ( + 1,0); W c = 19, 5 ( -0,1);
Illnp = 11,5 (- 1, 1) ; LLm = 54, 2 ( + 0 ,2) ; O K = 7 ,8 (+ 0 ,3).
B KOHCTpyKIUll l cn HIII<l1 Il nOnO'IKIl H3 rnncsyio CP II
.60Jl l> l lJOi'1 1I0,1110TL,1 nOK33311bl na pil e. 59 cnnouiuu v nn
I1 lbl \ 111:
8C1'pe
l
l a lOTC51 OIl.Ha KO ltHl r Y{Jbt C bo.rt ce pe 3Kfl.\HJ OTK,10He HHHMH
B p3cnpcnenclllIH xi epox no y ' l ac TKa M 06XB3 Ta r pynu. O co6 eHHo
cnenycr Bb1.llC.'I51Tb qmryp u cn OpTIJBHOrO r una, y KOTOpbl X 6 bIBaKlT
60!l cc paanmu KCl J, rpy :l b, T3 K II n.rle'l (;' Boi'1 1101lC npu OTII OCIlT eJlbHO
lli lJp ll l1C CI11111 bl.
<l> HrYPbl HEflPonoPUHOHAJ1bHb i E n o r-o cr v H n OJ1 HOT
n pynDI OTK.'lOll eHII 51 B n po nop ulIHX Te.nOC,l Oi! ( eHH51 HD
J1HE.' TC51 poeta C OCll OBll bl MIl 0 6 XB3
TOll TC,'13. 4 e.10 Be K 1 poc r a 44-1'0 pasxrepa II II e.T\OBeK V pOCTa 52-ro
XOTH sueurue CIJ,lb HO p a3JllI4alOTC51 , HO 110 csoexry CJlo me
HHIO nponop llHOll aJlbHbl. H o eC!l1I tlenOBeK 1 pOCTa 52-ro pa3Mepa
H.'lH V pocr a 46-1'0 TO OH ' Hc npo n opUll OHa.T\ e11 11'0 pOCT"
IIn O.111 0Te.
O PIl KOll CTPYHPOB3l1I111 on e IK,'l. bl 11 a Tal<l le qmrypbl 3aI( p OrI LUIlKY
11 pen l HeTCH B03 MO/KII OCTb COOTBc TCTBy lomerO CM
oer aB,
.'1 Y3T3 II ep acolla H311emHI, KOHCTpyKTHBHbl X npa
6 aBO!( B 113BeCTlIOH Mepe 0 151rtlllTb 3TH OTK.'10Hell HH. H eMaJIOe 3Ha
'ICHIl C IDJeeT pacUBcTKa rx ann .
B cK06 Ka x 311aKaMH + H - n OKa 3 a l , bl OTK.10Il e IlHH B 1\3M epe ll llR
83
6'
n OPUIl i'I p OCTa II p aaxiepa 1 C.1t n.m no 0 ,3 CIt na K3 iK'llble 2 CM
o Tl , .101Ie ll ll
H
. ,\ \ e p KIl I1 T Il 006 COoTBeTcTBeHHo r axxce yBeJIlI LJH
11<1 l OT. Hanp nxr ep. B .'1CKaJIaX IHl n lK a Ka na THOOBylO <IHlrypy 5 0 -ro
l' a:D l c p a , pOCT 17 3 C it, 1l0.'l YlI pllJI c r a lOlll,erO cnnysr a 3a lI p OCKTl1p OBa Ho
I1r = 7 ,0 C.It . 3TY n pll6aB I\ Y na (pll r ypy 50- r o paaxiepa, HO pocr a
185 C.It, YBC.lI JlI IlBa IOT 113 c.1e.:J.Y IOlucr o pa cuera:
185 - 17 3 = 12 C" /;
12 : 2 = 6 Coil.
I1r = 6 . 0, 3 =1 , 8 C,\1.
Y BC.llll/ CHIl YIO 06lU YI0 Ilp1l6(1BKy COOTBCTCTBell ll O pa c npene.'l 5l10 T
no UJ c , UJr II lil np.
n .l ll11Y nll : liKal,3, na.n.ro. H3 0 6 0 p OT, B ocorienno
ern npu no xione CIl.'IY3Te, na 1, 5 - 2 C.lt. C o oT BeT
cr neu u o pl cll bwaloT J)llHI Y n o nunuu TaJlIIII II rnyouny n poHMbl .
,1 Ha 1< 0 C.l 11111K01>1 IWPOTKlIi'1 nnnacax raiose uapyunrr nponopmno
rpllrypbl _ noru noxa acy rcn tt pC3 Me p ll0 Jl.TJ II 11 11 bl Mil , a rynonauie
1\0 POTKInl.
<PUCOlI 11 l1.1i1{aKa na <pll r ypy IJpC3M CpHO
Bbl COI\Y IO PCKOMClI n YIOT nay
I I
I I
I I
.1 I
I
I
I
I
I
L
...JJ"'li.lJ
I
PIl C. 60. lIrypa ue
nponopunonansno nu
COKafl
I
I
I
I
I
I
60PTllbl i 't. KaK yTBe p)J{}l,a CT 1I3BeCTll bi n ri a
Pll/l\ CKll fl ;,lO.TJ.C.' l bCp Tluep Kap neu, nay

60PTI! bl !"! TIlI JJ.i KaK 3 p JIT C.TJ blI O --' .
pOCT LJe.1 0UCK3 lI p ll O.TJ 1I311 Te.'1blI O ua 10 c"t.
TI PlI Bbl 6 0pc [iacoua OllllOOOpTllOr O 11 1111
i Ka Ka 6 0 .11 c e BblCOI,all aa
,
I '
PII C. 61. Hr ypa uenpo
1I0PUIl OIl 3J1 bHO n on u aa
,
, 1
CTei KKa, YKopol l ell Hblc .11a UI,a llbl. .ucTa.TJlI
11l!.Il)K 3 Ka - .'13UKalIbl, BOPOTlI II K, xna nauu,
I
xapxra II--'1l1CTOlIl\ a - 1IPOCKTlI PYI OT COOTBCT

I
III
CTBeHHO Yltc.TJ I1IJelI lIoi'1 lIl ll p l lll bI.
P II C. 59. kl 3MeJl CIIJl e uep rcaca OCIIODI.>I ua <pll rypy
GOJll.>llJOi'1 no.m oru
BHlKe npueonrrrcn ns a npnxiepa :I\O.1 C.'lll p OBall llll 11 KOIl CTPYlI
posa uus n.neuenux 1l311eJlII ii 11 3 rp ur yp. uecopaaxre pnue n o POCTY
11 n OJlH OTe.
<t>Hf yp a Bbl COKaSl XYJlaSl
n J1S1 npuxrepa B351Ta (1lHrypa 50'fO paaxiepa , pOCT 18 5 C it
(pIIC. 6 0 ).
<Pll r yp a B[,[COKaH oyner BblfJl5lneTb xrenee BbIT 5IHYTOi'1 B O,J. eil\J,e
6 0 JIee 06b eM'H0i'i, pacumpennon B nnenax II MeH blll dl n.n nnu .
Il p II KOHc Tp yH pOI3aH llH Il ll .ui Ka Ka H n aJI bTO MO.uUhI X noaynpa-.
JIe r a lOIU HX H npaneraromux cnnysro s (lI JIOTHO npuner a iounnt, KaK
Op a BHJIO, II CKJII04 a CTC5I) YBCJI U
l
ll1BaloT npntiaa xy na cB 0 6 0:"tHo e 06
n e r a n n e n o 0'6x'Ba Ty rp y n u , Jl UlIllH TaJIHH II ri enep 1i3 p a cx er a:
00 JlHHlIlI rpyna aa Ka iKll ble 6 C it OTK.TJOHeIHl 51 OT n p lI H5ITbl X n po
84
<t>Hf ypa Il C6 0 .lJbWOrO pOCTa nonu as
1l.151 npInl epaU351T3 (IHlrypa 50 - ro pas
epa, pocr 15 5 Coli (puc. 6 1) .
(j )lI r y p a lIenblCOKoro .pocr a Il nOJI HaH
6 v :J.eT Bbl r. !I51 ner t, cnce non lIO fJ B OJJ. CiI{llC'
6o : l ec n p ll .'l c r alOlll,e i i CYiKe ll ll OfJ B
H.'1C'13 X 1I V.!l.'l lI lI elI lI oI"1.
TI pn 'lW Il CTPYIl pona IIUII l1a .TJ. iI{ a xa 11
na.n.r o MO;"tHbIX 1I0.'1 y npll Jl e r aIOlll,Il X 11 upu
naraiouiux CIl .'1y3T0I3 ( c n 0 6 0 .Qll a 51 (pOpMa,
I,al\ npa nuno, lI CKmOll a eTC51)
n p1I 6 a BKy na cB06on llOe 06JI Cra Hlle n o 0 6
XBUTy rp ynn , Tam ll l ntiencp H3 p a CLJ CTa : n o
.1111 11Il l rpyn il H3 I, ail, n hl e 6 01 OTK.101IClIInI
OT npnnanax nponopunf p o cr a H paax e
85
pa - 0 , 5 C.lt , lI J1H n o 0, 15 C I t na xaxcnu e 2 Cit OTKJIOHeHHH . Flpu
6 3BI01 K Flr II nG COOTI3e TCTBC lI HO y .\I eH bUl 3 IDT, 11 0 T(1 K,
'l T06bl OHII He 6 bl .'JI1 xi em.ure nonYCTJlM bl X :'vIII Hln l 3 .1 b ll bl X n p JI03 130K
11 3 '3 TfI X V' Ia CTK3 X.
Hanpnxiep, B JleK3.'l3X rmroxaxa na T ll nO I3)' IO qlJl r y p)' 5 0 -r o pa a
xicpa , p OCT 17 3 C,H, no.n ynpu.rer a to m e r o CII .'1Y3 Ta 33n pOCI,TI1pO IHl110
ll r= 7,0 C.I!. 3 Ty nprrtiaaxy H3 qJll r yp y 5 0- 1" 0 pasxi epa , HO pocr a
155 O t, Y\l e HblUaloT 113 cnenyto urero p a C'I CT 3 .
17 3 - 155 = 18 C,II ;
18 : 6 = 3 C.lI;
n r = 3X O,5= 1, 5 est.
Y lII eHbUl('II I1YIO np nrianxy COOTB eT CTl3e ill JO pacn penen snor
no ysacr xau UI c, I llr H W n p .
.uJl fI Hy n 11.1 il <a K3, na.t bTO 06bI'I H0 y BC.l 11' 11I13 3 l OT 113 1- 2 C,It .
coora er cr u e u no yAe.l l l '111 1l3 51 ,]) 111 11)' no .1 1lH11 11 Ta.1 Il Il II L 1 YOIIIIS
n p o ih l bl. Onuaxo )' Jl .'1f1I I l' HlI bl i'[ n l l.'l i Ki1K TaIOI\(; He PCKO
\ l e Hn.yeTcH .1M I T81<OII rp urypt , r ax KClK lI il P YlI I II T ee nponopunro
1I0 n l n OKa iK YTC5I upeaxiepno a r y.fI OBH IUC JJ.. 1Hl l ll l>D I.
Ha <IHl r y p y lI CBbl COIW l' O p OCTa tI KOpClI,l CT)' JO PCKO
Mell,ll. Y JOl O: U IOOOP Tll bli 'l 1I1lllllUIK C y : U ]J-l lI C'l!lI bn l ll I I cy accnu u xru
na1..lKa H3 MII , upcn nour ur em.n o C YCTYll aMlI . fl CTa .fIl l
nl1 l1) i WKa - BOp OH lI l l<, IU IaII Clll hl, ]<iljH 1Cl IIl>!- m[CTOLJKII II ,ll,p y r ll c _.
npoexr upyrot COOTUCTCTn Cll ll O umprun.
ur ypa, pacumpeuuas n nne-tax
1l.fJ 51 II PH .\ 1ep(J 13351 T<.I <\1I1r y p 8 , pac uiII penn8 51 B n.r cu8 x II CYjl<ClI '
BaR B 6 en p a .\ , 50- 1' 0 paaxrcpa IV p OCTa ( puc. 62) co C.'1C.1 YIOlll ll
OCII OBHl>I MII OT,fI ll 'I I I TC.'IbHhl,\ 11I Jl3 \l e p ell l15L\llf ( OTK ,'lO}l eU H51 IJ 1I3
Mepe ll Hsl x no :J. ll a .\ l e r p a M n .'l E'LJ e BbL\! 1l TO'l K,D I II H n o OOXB,l
Ty 6c,'1cp noxaaauu B cxo ri x ax 3 11 a K3 \11l + II - ) . C.lt:
Cr = 50; CT = 42, 5 (- 1); C6 = 50,0 (-3); llln = 16,5 ( + 1,2)
Llna Mer p Me:tl<,ll,Y IlJl eqeBbl MII - 41 (+ 3);
L!.HaMeTp na yponue 5lrO,'lll qllOH OI<PY/l\HOCTH - 2 5 ( -- 2).
11 3 \l e p HIOTc SI IW .\l0IlHIl POB3J1llOll "lIl ll e !I Ko i i .
113 :VI CII CII IHI uepr e xca OCII OBhl , x op p e xrnpo a a une 6 a :, 0 1\]'I .\ .'I CJ" 1.1
<:f1Il HKII 11 110"10 LJ KII noxaaauu 11 8 ueprc scax cnHHKIl II '1I0 JI OLJK I l
CfI .fI Ol ll HbD I H .1Il HH>I:\lIi ( puc. 63) . .
Ilpncanxy HCl CI:lOOO,ll,HOe 0 6 .;J e raHH e no .'l IIlU IIi rp y nn y xie n u
waJOT u a 0 , 7 5 -:-1,0 CAt , a 11 0 .1Il HIiIi oe.ie p YBe.111'l Il na IOT n a 0, 5 -:
-:-1 CAl. WIIPlHl Y n neu a 3 p Il Te: I l>HO yxrem. ut aicr a a ClJeT yne.muc
86
\
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I
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I
Ii
, --
PIl C. 63, 4 CP TCi K3 OCIIOllbl 113 q,lIry py ,
1;2. (!)lIr yp a. jl il CIIIII '
pacunt pennyio lJ nncuax
pellll il II u.rc-i ax
III H OKa T,1 p y xau a . Y ' I HTbIIl a 51 , ' ITO Y ra xux 11 .1ClJl! lJa CTO
paaaepuyr u . n a 0, 5 CJ t yxiens uia tor iuup u n y r o p n o ulI Hbl l! n o c an-
I\ Y 11 0 .11111 1H1 nne 4 Cl:lOr O uina .
lJ> Ur YPA C CTPOEHI1EM TEJ1 A
O ,J,HJl M 11 3 n a il\ll bI X npusnaxoa rapa onnuecxoro CJlO}KeHll H r ena
lJe,1 0 Be l<a Sl B.l 51CTC51 - O,ll,I1HaKOBblll p a axt ep Ii O,ll,I1HaKO
B a H [!lOP:-I Cl n p aao f Ii .1 efl OH: CTOp OH rpfl r ypbJ. O .TJ.Ha IW B Ten OCJlO
i Ke Hll li 'l en OBe Ka HepCn KO BCTpe'laIOTCH OTKJIOHeH II 51 . Hn orna y
uenoaexa npanas pyrca OO,lee 'p a 3 BI1Ta 11 n o D..'IHHe 11 n o 00l)eM-Y,
n o ra , 'Ha 0 6 0 p OT, xopose . npanaa uacr s xop nyca 110 pasaepa o-O.'I b
w e Jl e l:lo l i II T. n . 3 TH OT KnOHeHHH :>lO r yT !I.0 CTHr a Tb 3- 4 C,It II He
'lH ITl>I B3 Tb 11X npu KOHCTPYliPOB3Hll11 Oll. e il\;J. bl lI e.'1b3 51 .
87
---
n ,151 npnvi epa p a COI OTp lDI T1iTI OBy lO epll1' ypy 5 0 -1'0 pasxrepa.
IV p OCTa c penaeji n OJlH OTbI C aCH:\DI CTPH'lH bDeI TC.l 0 C.l 0 1l( CHHe :\1 B
0'6J1a CTH r pyun.
O O JOTp en epllryp y ll nblHBllD necopa axrepnocrs urnpnuu npa
Boi'! H .1eBo fl CTOpOH D 0 6.1acTH rp y.nn, 33 Kp OHWH K n.'l 51 yrou uenun
BeJllI4HHbl OTl( .TJOH eHIHI CII II :\IaCT crnem.no xr epxn npanof H .r eaoii
CTOp OH 0 6xBaTa r pynu, umpnuu CTIl lIlbI H 1'p YlLH , II n o 1303:\1O}1\
HOCTH 111l1 pHHbI npOJ1:\lbI, or xr eu a a rip enaapnre.m.no na (j)Jll' ype ce
p e;1.11H y cnnnu - n o n 0 3IloHo 'IHHKY Il c ep e.1.I1H Y 1 ' p Y ~ 1 . 1 1 - n o uenr
p y r pynu nu . Lleurp 1'p y nJHIhI MOII(HO YCTaHOUIlTb . onycxa11 0 r
51 pexnr of IlbIC:\II';ll ca nrnxierpoayio ,TJeIl TY C OTBCCO:'!.
Il 1'y p a nxreer cncnyrouure OT.TJ lI
l
llnC.1JbHbl e H3 :\l ep eHI151 B np a
DOl) (Il ) H .'l eBoi'1 (,1) cropon a x (neJ1l l lJHHhl OTK.TJ OJICII Jl Sl noxa sauu
B c K06Ka x 311aI .;a MII + Ii - ) , CM :
Crn = 52 ( +- 2); Crn = 48,0 (- 2); lllrn = 19 ,7 (+ 0. 7 ) ;
Ill1'J] = 18, 3 ( -0,7); Illcn = 20, 3 (+ 0 ,8); U :C,l l = 18,7 (- (J, b),
Illnpn = 13,0 (+ 0,5); Wnp.TJ = 12,0 ( - 0 ,5).
HeI\OTOp a 51 pas u uua :\I ell.;n y npanof 11 ,'I CBOI"I CTo pOHa :\IH rp nrv
psr BbI5lBIITC5I rar o xe B 11 31vl epellH5IX n TC, nrn, IlIn 11 Brnc,
l13,nc,TlII C, CKpoeHHOC 11 0 neprexcaxr lI.Jl 51 rnnoaoii qmrypu. Il OCO
6eHHOCTll npun ermouiea (POPMbI, npn npu nepxe JI a pac cvarpuaa e
MyIO epl11'ypy OJ,a}KeTC5I C npaaoa CTOp OHbl 3 ay}KeHHhl lvl , C ,nCUo n
pacumpenuuxr, s acr excxa O reCTI1TC5I C ueur p a, 6 y .ue T uapyur en TaK
}J(e6a,'l 3 HC I13.ue,lJI151.
B nepre acn H .n exaa a ..'lJl51 TIIn oD oi'1 epH1'ypbI BHOC5IT C.'lCnYlOU1He
H3MeHeHH51. B npanon (60JIbWe1'O paax epa) CTopOH e crnmxy no
.'lHHH51"1 WHpHHbI npOHMbI H r pynn paCWI1p 5ll 0 '1' ua 0 ,75 De,1J II'IHHbI
OTKJI OHeHH5I n xr epxax (D ua uie npnxrepe aa 0,6 C,It) , CDOn51 31"0
pactunpenne na HeT na yuacrxe 6e.uep . COOTI3eTCTBeHHo yaenn-m
DalOT Ulliplll-I Y nne-ra, ropnouunu CII II Il KII , a TaKII, e npoi'lMbI, Ka K
nOK3 3a HO na xepreac e cnao umsn m .TJ1i1l1l5I1I1I1 (puc. 64,6) .
n O,TJ Oll KY 11 0 JIH HII51M uinpnnu r pynn 11 npoflMbI TaKII( e COOT
BeTCTBe HHO paCWHp51IOT ua 0, 7 5 Be.1J II llH II bl OTK.1JOHeH II 5I B xr epxax,
CBOLl.5I 3 '1' 0 pacumpenue ua HeT aa y-racrxe 6en cp. C o oTDeTc TB eHHo
lI1eH5IIOT WHpHHy 1'OpJI ODHHbl II nrieua, a TaK}Ke 6a,1JaHC 11 3ne,TJI151.
I(aK IIOKa3allO na lJepTell(e CII JlOWHbllll l1 JI II HI151ll ll1 (pHC. 64, a) .
B .'leno i'l cro poue srn YlJaC TKI1 COOTDeTCTBe HHO yxreneurmor
(pHC, 64, 6) .
YI 3MeH eHIl51 B WHpllHC p yxa a a , DblCOTe OKa T3 BHOC5IT B COOTBe T
CTBHII C li 3MeHellHeM pa axi epoa npoiblbI no npI1H51TbI:\1 pa c-r er a a .
88
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OC06EHHOCTH KOHCTPYHPOBAH H" nnE4EBWX
H3)J.En H)If HA <l>H rYPbl C OTKnOH EH H"MH
nATOnOrHlJECKOro XAPAKTEPA
K y cnyr a are.rse uacr o otipaurarorcs ,'110 .'l.1I , JI:\l el OIUlI e r e IUIII
unu e OTI ' .'10HeHlI51 B Te,rIOC.TJ OiK eHliII naTO.'10fH'ICCKor o xa pa x r e p a ,
yse -u.n II T. II. Ta KHe o rK.'1 0H efIH51 HaCT O.'1bKO pas no otip aanu H cy
ryoo HH,'UIBI1D.ya,1bllbl, 'ITO xnaccnrpnrmpona'n, IE .'l.JI51 l(e.rIeti xou
cr pyupoua nna On Ci! , 'ubI O' I CII b rpynno. Huace onncansr o c06eHH OCTlI
xon crpyup onaun a 1I311e:I llii na rpnr ypu C OC06bI:\lH BII1l 3:\!11 OTK,10
H E'H HI f.
Fopfi araa !fJ llrypa
Ha p ll C. 65 I10Ka3an a rp ur ypa C nyr ooopaa nu roprioxr, p a cno
JlO/l, e l lII 1.lI;\1 II a cepe.anne enIIH u . J lI O..'l1l C r axo ii naro .ror nef 06b!'l
HO nenucoxor o p OCTa, pyK II 11 HOr n necopaaxiepuo POCTY n : I II HHbJe.
a n Jl e411 I3bl COKl1e, rp yzn, DIl a .rJa51 , 51 r onnuu ua
eT O ynnoiuenuue, a JKU BOT au cr ynarouiaa.
r o p 6 ObIT b KUK nocepcnnne cnunu , Tal,
H na o,J.Ho i i 11 3 ec cr opon (nsuu e yUJII HJI)K C)
Hyl CTb pas.ru -myio Be.1I PIH lI Y n (pop:,>l y (ny ru
0 6 p a3 1IYlO lUll 3aOCTpeHl lY I0) .
l\ '\ ep Ky T01IK l1 ro p6a Br6. eCM I 0 11
pacno.toxc eu 11(1 cepenn ne cnnnu . CIIlI MalOT OT
ce; I b:\l o r o urcfui oro n 0 3BoHKa , CC.1H OH na 0 ;1
II o i i 11 3 CC CTOp OH - OT npocxrup yexioro
'I C!30r o tuna. Mcp l,y ll I lIpll lIbI r op6a I llr 6 CIIII
:\1<lIOT lI(I yponnc ero nucuieii T01I KII, 0 PIl CIITII
p ) 51 Cb n o n O.10>KCHIIIO MCp l \H Ill c.
L.:I 51 npuxicpa nocr poeuns -iepre xc a nun
j !,aKCl ua r opti ar v:o qJllry p y paCO IO Tp HM c]m1' Y
py CO c.1t:
P = 1Ei8,0; Cw = 19 , 5 ; C r = 4 9 ,0 ; CT = 4 0 , 0 ;
C6 = 4 9 ,O; "IU1' = 16,5; .LLTn=5 0,O .nTc =42, 5 ;
Bnx = 46,0; .nTC II = 4 2 ,0 ; .nTn II ,--=. 4 2 , 0 ;
UIe = 22,0; B r 6 = 17,0.
A lICl .'1l13 J1 p y51 CH51 TbIC MCpKlI, C0 11 0 CTa B.'I51;1
IIX C ClJl8.TJOr 1l4 I1hl MH TII110BblX
cjHlry p , s axpoiunnx H3 XO!(H T, ' I TO n o :\H lOfllM
113 1I11 X, 13 4a Cr ll OCTl I , 11 0 xrepxa Cr , Co, Ill r,
.nrn, cjHlr yp a COOTB erCTByeT H3:\l epCI1I15DI TII
ll oHoii (lmrypb! 46-ro pasxi epa II p OCTa . OT
K.rIOHCII l l51 B pa sxi epe C r - YBCJII I 4e IIlI e ua
;3 C.lI - COOTDc TCTByeT YI3e.1H4 e fl fl o I'I umpnue
crnmu na yponue roptia: orcyrc r nne paannuu
P IIC. 65. Fopoar an
r y pa D Mep Kax .nrc II .nTC II , KOTOpa51 n.TJ 5I HOp
90
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I HJUIf;
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'I
Pi ll . Gfj, t) COUCIIIIOCTll KOIICTP YIIJlO1l3 1111fl nnnscaxa 11 3 r OJl6 aT),IO ' IJllry p y
xi a.n. uu x rpnr vp oti u uuo COCTClIl Jl51 CT 2 , 5 CAl, 51B,TI 51eTC5J p C3y .TJbra T0\1
C11HH bl 11 11 Pl1'lH110 fl Yl\ICHbWeHIl51 P OCTa .
H t: X0 1l.51 11 3 3T lI X c o 0 6p a i KcH HI'l 3a Kp OlIIUIi K CTpOIl T '1e prCiKfl
)CHOB!>1 11 11 ,1il\ (l Ka 1I.1H ncnons ayer .1 CKa .TJ a TllnOBOl1 cjlHr ypbl 46-1'0
paa xiepa I1 p OCTa H BHOCHT coorn er cr uytouure H3.Mell eIlII51 C Y'I eTO\ I.
.rerpopxtauun epn r ypbl. V13:\ [ CHeHI151 B KOHCTP YI\UI
1
11 c n ll HKll H 110.'1 0'1
I\H noK, \3 aII bl cn.i o w II bD HI .1HII H51 \1H.
Cnunt;a. n O.'1 0/l\ CHll e BbICIIJe li T04K1I cpen ueu JI II II III1 c n HHK H
( puc. 66, a) .4 cxreuia ior nnp ano na 1,0 C.H n o ropuaon ran s uof
91
.'I Il HIl Il II no.nyuaior TOIJKY AI. T OIJKY AI coe,J.lI H5I10T W TP Il XOBOi"1 .1 11
Hllei i C TOI IKOi'1 Y II o nYCKa lOT n o 3 TOH ml HlI 11 na 2, 5 Cll . n On YIJCH
HY[O TOIJKY 000311aIJa IOT 6 y KDOi'l AI.
C pC.u.H1010 .rJIIH HlO c n HHKIi .u. JI5I CKpI,lTI15I rop6 a cxieuiaror an eno.
TT
o
= 1,5 O /. H:l TOIJK H Y uepes TOIJKY To npoBo1151T I ll TPll XOBYiO
JI II Hll lO LlO 11 1l3a . ToT
l
o
= 0,5 C,lt. 3aTe:-' 1 O ICI n a lOT cpeznuoio .'IllHIi ID
CnJlHKIi OT JIII IIlIl1 Ta JIIllI 110 1111 3a na y n JI OULeHHe aron un, KaK n OK;)
3aHO ua IJCpTC, KC cn.no umof .'I HII Hdi.
H a Y'IaCTl\C ro ptia cnnnxy Ocj)QP \ I"15I10 T CJIC.1YIOW.lJ\I 06pa30 \ 1.
1'13 TO'l [<II Y (nsrcuref TOIJKIl ro p 6a ) npODO.ll.51T ropnaoura.m.uy ro
Jl ll ll llIO. TOIJ KY nepeceuenua ec C .1111HIl Cii npoiixn; 060 31l a
l
HllOT 6YK
DOi'l Y
1

Cn'IIIl KY na YIJ3 CTKC nu cr yria rop6a pacruuparor na BC.11l'l Il Il Y
OTK.TJ OHeIl HH xr ep xa W r6 OT MCp KIl W c r unonoa rp uryp:, B nanuou
npnuepe na 3 CAl , 11 3 HIlX ua 213 DneBO OT ,TJ I1HHI1 cpen nero IlJ Da II ll :l
1/
3
sn pano OT JIIlJlIlIl npoanu.
Y Y
2
= 2 CM ,
Y
1Y3
= 1 CAl .
C n li HKY .ll.JI5I CKpI,I TlI H OTKJIOIIC II 1I5I epllrypbl (uu cry n r op6a)
s ua -urre nsuo p aCWli p HI OT n o 6 0KODO;\l Y umy, a no nlHlHIl n p oI"!:-'l bl
nO.ll.KJ1aLlbIB310T narnyro npOK.:I8II.!<y.
n o 11 3\I CIJellllbl.\1 TO'l K3M Bbl 'lCp'I IIDaIOT KOHT ypI,I cnuu xu, xa i:
n OI, a 3aHO na PIICY1lJ<C.
LI ep TC, K n O.TJOIJKIl (puc. 6 6 ,6) 1i3;\l eH 5I10 T cor.iac uo
.\I c p Ka:-'1 II IIpllII5ITI,l M pac ueraxr, Ka K ua epHr ypy CJ1 erKa CYTY,l YJO,
C ynaouieunorr r pynsio H aucrynaioumu ,K HDOTOI\I.
l1>Hrypa C nucrynaiouieti rpynsio
H a puc, 67 n OK3 3aHa dmrypa , KOTOpa 5I no xnrornxt OCIIOJHlbl;\l
He311 a'lIlTeJIbIl 0 OT.TIlI 'laeTCH OT TI InOBOi'l, HO 3 11 a
I
IIl
TC.TJ bHO , 8 1I110r ;1.a pe3KO OTJI II 'l a e TC5l n o WI' II nTII.
3TO cjJIl r y pa C nenovepno aucrynaiouref H 6 ccepopMeHlloi'I rp ym.io.
T a Ka51 B epH311'l eCKOM p a 3BI1THII ue.ronexa I3bl 3bln 3 eTCH
.1CcjlOP.\1a Ull ei'I rp Y:LHoii KJIeTKH.
Pa mepu Ii cjlOP.\lbI OTK.'l0IleH1I5I 13 CTpOCl1IllI rp v .mo n I<:I CTKII
6 bJDa lOT p a 311006pa3H bl e. I'pyzuras xnerica MOIl, eT 6bITb CIW DJl ell
1I0 i't B nepx uc- moxuext Hanpa 13JleHII II , cnmocnyr on 13 nepenne- san
HOI , H.\l eTI, 6 0 IJKo 0 6 pa 311 yl0 epOPM Y, ObITI, a CII M.\ICTPH'lIlOii . B CTp e
lJaIDT C5I c!)} ]rYPI,I C JJ:Boi i IlI,I M ro prioxr - no cnnne 11 flO r pynn
II T. n . 06bJlJII O r a KHe epIlr YP bl r a K, Ke II CBucoxor o pOCTa, C yun u
lI ellHbl.\lH pyxaan Ii 1I0raMH.
Onpenea euue He TOJlI, KO paasr c p a, HO II rpy.ui HB.1 HeTC5I
nenp exi enu u YC.10BIIOI .ll..TJ H C03.u.a 1l 1l5I KOHCTP YKUI1 II H3;LC.'III SI H3
r axyio epllr yp y . Penoxi eunyer cn B T(lKI1X CJlY'la5lX CHID l a Tb .1onO.1
92
nur e.u.uyro .\I ep KY BblCO TbI rp ynn Br n a yposne ee HaIlOO.1b lll erO
r.u cr yna II npu BbI5IB.'l eHIHI acnxmer puu rp yzm ClI lI MaTb OT.ll.C.'Ib
II bl C .\I CPl<1I W I' C npaao a II .TJ eBo j't CTOpO H rp ynu,
M Cp Ky Br CIIID l a lOT OT c e11b:'>l oro meau or o n o
l BOHKC1 n o OCHOl3a Hl11O w ell I WI1 OT npocKTHpyeMo
1"0 fl .'l CII CBOr o uma no HaII OO.TJe C nucrynaiouief
TOIJKII rp ynu.
n .il51 npuxicpa n OCTpoeHHH uepreaca nonouxn
na tpnrypy C BbI c Ty nalo l u c iJ 6 01JKOO6
paanof cpop.\ IOii rpy nn paCOIOTpml epllryPY co
CJlC.uYIOUJ, Ii M Ii C.lI :
P = 164 ,0; Cw = 19, 5; C r= 50, 5 ; CT= 4 I ,O;
C6 =50,5 ; W r =21 ,0; nm= 53,5; IlIc =18,5;
}lTC = 41,5 ; BnK = 45,5; n TC II = 43, 5;
l-Im II = 45,5; Ilx = 6,0.
A ll a.'l1l 311pYH Cil5lTI,l C xr epxu, con OCTaBJl5lH II X
C il l la,!']O r!l'lHbl .\l ll MepKaMH T1InOBOH epHrypbI, aa
xpofnunx HaXO,1I1T, lITO no MH orllM 11 3 HHX, B 11 3
CTI I OCTII CT, Co, Illc, nTC, p3COl aTpII Ba eM aH rpn
ry pa COOTDeTcTByeT r nnonof 48-1'0 pasxepa .
1II pOCTa.
'Y DC.1114eI Hl e xrepox C r II WI' na 2 ,5 C,M COOT
sercr uycr paaxr epy r op6a. YM c llbllleHll e MepKIl
pocra S1Ii.'lSlCTC5I ron ce an ox a nnn .
1l c x O.151 11 3 yxasaunoro, aaxpofuunx CTpO Il T
II epTeil< - OCIIOBY KOHCTp y KUI1I1, IlJIII lI CnOJIb 3y eT
nexana 48- 1'0 paaxrepa III pOCTa, BHOC5l H3M eIl C
HII5l B COOTBe TCTBI l 1I C neepo p MaUHe j'l epHrypbl.
Crnuucy CTp05IT cor.TJaCHO MepK3M 11 npllll 51 TblM
.!l.,'l 51 epllrypbI neperuoncrcn. PIl C. 67. cI>lIryp a
C uuc r ynaiouicn
B 1<OIlCTPYl<UIIIO OCIlO BbI nonoxxa (pII C. 68)
rpyns io
1l1l0 CHT cneny iourae (na 4Cp TC)I{ e OT
' I C4Cil O CnJIOlll II I,I.\ 11I m IHII5l.\JJ1 ). Illupnny n O.TJ 0 4 Kll
ua ypouuc 113I1oo.'l blll erO I3bICTyna rpy nn y Be Jl Il
'I 11 13 310T na ne.u iuuuy OTK.10IICIIIIH OT MCp KH WI' run ouoii dnrrypu :
Il uuurexi npuuepe na 2 ,5 C,\!; H3 HH X 2/ 3 HJJ.eT na pa cumpenue n o
.10 ' 11\ 11 11 0 .'llll I IlH n o.1Y33110Ca, 1/
3
pa cnpen eJl5I eTCH n o .TJIIIlIlIl npoibiu.
r .i; = 1,7 CM,
n.n;= 0,8 CJI.
Jl urnno r
7
{' ti y .um IH 5IIOT Bn pa130 na 1, 6 CAl. Konen or pea x a 060
311 a l l a lOT OyKBOi'J r; Or T0 1fKH r; onycxa ior .TJI l
111110 .10 1l11 3a. 3 a Te .\1 YBe.1 I1
I
IIIB3 lOT y r OJI cyno'KI<H. r gf
g
= 0 ,5 OT
xaou enus B xrepxe Wr = 1,25 C,\!.
9:3
,If
o
0'
I
1\
,I
/(.' I L, I" -l-U
2 _
T3'
If 4'11_ 11 "1 - 11 I
13
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-7- 4:4- - - - =J
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Pil e. 68. OC06e/l HOCTli KOll cTpyHpoBaHHlI nHJVKaKa aa rpHryp y C BbICTY_
rraiouref rpynuo
94
T OYKY r; coezunnnor C r onxof r7 Hs TO'IKIl r; K npH:VlOij
r.r, s n ep x IlO CCTaIl.lJHIOT n ep n eJ-L1HKYJI 51p, a a KOTOp O,,1 o rxnauu
!l a IOT o Tp e3 0K paauufi Or TOlf l\ll A; na paa.r ensuo
JIII HH H aja2 OTKJla llbIIl a IOT OTp e30 K, p a BH bIH innpnne r Op,TJ OBHH bl no
n p IlHHTbI ;\I p aCII CT aM.
= 0, 5 r.r; = 0,9 01,
= LlTll +2,5 = 45,0 + 2,5 = 47, 5 CII! .
!La JIbHeliWCC Il OCTp o eH II C n OJl Olf KH npous
BO)].HT n o xrepxa s: H nplIHHTbl M pacs craxr. KCl K
nox asa uo na xepr eace.
!LJI H paccpenoros eaas Be!ll (l l HHbl cyr to.x
KII co CTOp OHbl 6 0pTa no yr.lJy r ' g( 7{IIS BBO,ll,HT
BbITalf KY n o JIIlHllIi r OpJI OBIlHbI. H CCI<OJIbKO
YBc JIIl tJHBa lo T pa craop nep ennen BbI Talf KH, a
1I3.11l llJCK TKa HIl HII IKC y p OBHH r pynn aariapa
lOT B BbITaII KY , npoexrupys nepezunoro BblT,l' l
Ky CKB 03HYIO )].0 HH3 a , IIJlII OTPC3 11 0 l I 6 0 lJOK.
I'l pu HC06XO,ll,II i\I OCTII TKaHb n o JIII IIlIH rpyru:
CYTIO)K HB<JlOT c o CTOp OHbI JIHHI IIl npon-iu .
LiTo6bl npunars rpynn 6 0 .lJCC nop aansnyro
ClJOp My, HCII OJIb3YIOT npOKJl a )].I';I I. 6 0 p TOBY/ O
.n p OI\.Tl a )].KY npu srenmor 6 0.lJCC IKeCTl\ Y10, npn
,1aBa51 ej:I C!JOPMY COOTBCTCTDYIOW,YIO !lC PXY
1! 3,!l CJII I 5I.
$Hr y pa C HaKJIOHlIOH cnu noll
B CCb i\I a 3aTp y,a,HII TCJI b HO IJ.,TI H s axp o iuunxa
11 3rOTOB.lJ5ITb 11 3,ll,CJIH H n a clHl r ypy , ll i\I CIOW, YI O
1I30fHyTyfO, lIaKJIOHHYIO Bnep e,a, CTIl IH )' , -
CTap tJeCKH CYTyJI YIO IlJIII C nerpopsiauucf 11 0
3Il OHOlf HlI KU B HI-m,II Cli lf a CTII rp ynnoro o rne
.n a, B n 0 5lClIlPIII Oi\1 II {III Kp e CTU OBOM o rnenax
( p II C. 69) .
B I IaWe M npua cpe B3HTa epll rypa 50-ro
p a a xrep a IV p OCTa , KOTo paH lIO 1I:li\I CPCIIIl Hi\1
06XBClTOB, i\I CpKaM Ill c Il W I' CYI.UCCTBCHIIO lie
ora nua erca o r T1lTIOBoli, ozmaxo BCJl Hlf HHbI Me
p OK ,UTC H Bnx 3HCl lf HTeJIb HO yncn n s en u ,
KaJK II.aH n a 3 CJ I. (mili a , aauuu as a T n OHCHIi II
n o r o Ii 3rHo a , p e3KO lI aKJI OHeH a s n epen, IiMeeT
11 30fll yTy IO epOPll Y.
LL
PHC. 69. Haxaouuan
rpl1ryp a
95
.un H Il x C t a x o n qlHr y p bI, paCClJHTbIBa Tb 6a
,TI a HC f131l.emI H, Bl'.111' 11Ill y OTOC1l.eIl Il H rop.noanu u c n HHK H H nOJlO'IK H
06bl'llIbnl nyr e xi , CT pOHTb 'lepTC)J(JJ n o xiepxaxr H npII HH
o
Tbnl pac uera n l1PC3 Bhl'l aIiHO TP y1l.HO. B TaKIiX CJIy lJa HX o c 06eHII0
pexoxrennye r ca npH onpencnennn TC.TIOCJIO)J,ClIlI5I n pIDICH5I Tb MaI, eT
1131l.CmHI Hml c nell lla,Tl bHO n 01l.rOT OBII Tb H3 xonemcopa li.1lH 6H3 11 no
r unonu xt cxrerxy H npn npnaepxe CC na 3aKa3 ' IH Ke n o
Bbl HB.'I eHll bn l CJ< .1a1l.IWM - 3a,1 0 Ma :-' l , BeJI H'llIliC OTCTaBaHli 51 sepxuen
H Hll iKHCH 4acTcli CnJlHKII OT qlHry p bI Ii npyr ua HenO,TJ a1l.Ka M cy
ll HTb 06 OTKJIOHeHI151X qlH r yp bI. 5 a J1 a Hc H3,ilCJIH5I p eK OMCIIll.yeTc5I
o n p c XLe.TI 5ITb n o c.OOTllolll eIIHIo 1I1 CpOK 1l.JIII !lbI qHlr ypbl OT 7 - r o men
noro n 0 3B OHI W Il JIH npoexrup yeaoro nOJIO i KeHII5I nJIClJCBO r O msa
csann II cnepenn 1l.0 norra IIml 1l.0 CHlI.CHH5I cr yaa . Tl pn 3 TO",1 can
r uxr er ponyro JIeIlTY na cnnne npoxnan uaa ior no lIa H60Jl eC BbI CTY
naronum ro uxa. a cnepen u na npaa yio, B uaurexi np uxrepe JJ. JIHH3
C33Jl. H OT lIpoel<Tllpy e",l o ro nOJI O)J(eHli51 rr neuenoro uma Jl.0 nona
npes snu acr Mep J\Y )LJIHHbI 1l.0 n O.TJa cnepenu na 4,5 O f npn nopve
0-;..- 1 C. H. McpKa .uTC II = 49 C.1t npu nopue 46, T. c. npcssnuaer na
3 CM ; 0,5-;..- 1,0 O ! npu xoznrrca I1a l, pII BH3Hy cmruu Hll )J(C JIHHlUI
r annn. M epJ<a 'B 3n p II yoeJI H'I eHa a a 1 C.II.
1(0ppeKTHpOBallHc .TJ eKa JI crmnxa II nO.TJO'lKH npOll 3BOll. 51 T n o ro
pH30ll Ta.TIH OT y l1a cn, a HaIl60.1bWci'1 lI. elpOp
MallHH
cnnau, B naurev
npua epe OT YlJaCTK8 H!!)J(e .TIIIIlIIII Ta.TJIIII cnnnxn H nO.l 0'l KII, a n o
aepr nxa.cn - OT OCCBOII .TIHHIlIl 001, pac nonocxeu uof noccpennne
JIHHII H npoiixus.
CnUH/W. J1 eJ\aJI O cnn nxa COBM CmaIOT C orpesn or o
6 0tJKa II,TIIi n OJIO'I KIi H p a 3pC3 a IOT n o .TJ li Hli H r anun, 6 ell. ep fl rpynu
(pHC. 70 , a) ,
n OJ10 iKfl B JI eKaJI O ua MaTepHa JI, ero no JI flHHH paap esoa c o
CTOpO Hbl .TIlIH IHI cpe)LHerO uma OTBOll.51T saepx: n o JIHHlifl TaJI HIi H<I
,1,5 C,lt , no 60KOBOMY cpeay II a 0,5 C,It, n o JIIIHIIfl rpY.LLH Hal ,0 CM;
no JI HIl Ii Ii 6 ell.cp - co CTOp Oll bJ JI HIIHIi cpenaero cpeaa - a a 0,5 C.It
BII H3, Il Il Ta Ko M nOJl o)J( eHHIl 0 6 MCJI5IIOT KOHTy p bI cnnmcn, KaK yxa
3UII 0 II a pH cyHKC. MepKII .uTC II II BlII< n p OBep 5l1OT, KaK n OKa 3aHO
na pncynxe WTPIl XOBbIMH JIHIIII5I:>lH, a nTC - cri noiuao n. C nllHKY
n o 60KOIlOMy JlIBy 3Ha'l lITeJI b ll0 p aCWHp 5lIOT.
n OAOII Ka . B .TI CKa.TI e n O: JO'I KIi (puc , 7 0 ,6) OT cepennnu .TJ HHll iI
n poii ':>1hI 1l.0 IIH3a ,n p OBOll.
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7- 895 97
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: PRESSI ( HERSON )
,U Jl 5I n pH Mepa pacc xorpu n OCOOe HIIOCTII xoucr pynpoaa una
6PIO K na THn o By IO rpu ryp y C uan oo.ree p acnp OCTp 3 l1eHH !.>D l1I OTI\ .10
He HH5H1I H B TeJI OCJl OII , e HlIll 50-ro p 3 3 :'Iep3, IV p OCT3 cpenncii no.t
1I0Tbl co C.TJe.uYIOllUD I lI 11 3:'l epcHlI 51:' 11I, ell :
C r = 50 ,0; CT = 42, 0; Co = 51,5; Jll\ = 60 ,0;
Jl6 = 103 ,0; B c = 25 ,0.
Ilpnriasxn na cB060,UHoe orineranne, CAl :
Il r = 0; n 6 = 2.
D..'15J npa anm.noii nOC3,UI\II 6 p lOK npn .ter-ato utcf II no.tynpnn e
r- aiouieii epOPM npn KOHCTP Y llPOB3HIl 1l HCOOXO.JlI:'IO Y
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npn H3KJl OHe TYJl OBllw. 3 nnepen H 13 Cll ,D, 51
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ne u, !l.'I5'1 rpersef - Il 3 000pOT.
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C Ta30M, 113J1HUllle naxnoucunsm anepen
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( p u c . 73, a) n o .TJ Ii UII Il 5
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an epcn :
a - n epC,AIIHH nO.' ODHH Ka ; 6 - 3 a J1.It HH n onODIIlIK3
3 3 OTllO,ll.5IT DDepX aa 1- 1,5 O/ H 0 6 Me.rJ5I!OT xonrypu 1l0JlODIIll KI1,
KaK IlOKa3aHO na ,p Ii CYIl Ke cn.'lOill HbI MH JI HHHHl\I H.
I13MeHcHIHI B '1CpTCJKaX OCIIOBhl
6PIOK ua lfJHrypy CO CnpSlMJl CHHblM Ta30M
B COOTBeTC TDHH C 1l0.10)KeJlHeM Ta30BOrO n OHCa COOT
HOWCHHC ,UJIHH 'H uanpaaaeuue JIHHIIH6allTa II CpC.J,HCrO uma OT
JIHHlHI H3 MCpCHHH 06XBaTa 51 r O.!l. HU 15 (PI1C. 74). Ba nr y.nJI II
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HHIOT, B .iI. aH HO:-1 npuxrepe na 1 C,l / , H OT TO'I KH B.leBO
11 0 r opas onra ns a on Jl Il II Il Il OTKJl a .iI.bIBaIOT 0,75 LlI, nO.1)" [a IOT IIO
eyio aepur uuy oanr a TOIlKY T;. I-!3:-1E' HHIOT n OJIO:-KeIlIl e aaJl a HCO'
Ba ll JlHHHH 5 152. TOIIKY 5 2 1 01 asepx n o Jl HHIl H
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KaM CT II C6, HO pa suue rro rrO.TJO}KCHIIID nor H rasosoro noaca.
Y nepnoa epllrypbl HOrIl rrp51:llble,rrpOfl,O.TIbHaH OCb Tena OT r a
JIHH ,lI.0 lIH3a nponeraer OTHOClITe.TJ bHO BepTJIKa .TJb'IIO. DOnO}]{ eHHH
Il ep OP:llbl }KHBOTa H HrOJl.HU aop aa.n.nue, lIX paaxepu ycnOI3H O
nponopunouaasnu. Y BTOpOrI epurypbl 'Hor H H raaorienpean aa 06
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.ra c r t, HaK.10HeHbl nnepen, 0 lfeM C'BHnCTem,cTByeT no.t oacenue o ce
BOrl .1111 I Hll ; }J{ HBOT YBe.TlHlleH B ,p a 3:' l ep a x , a 5IrOnHLI,bl
yn.routeuu , y xrensui enu B pasxrepa x. Y r per i.ef cjll1r y p bl , Ha 0 6 0p o T,
noru H r aaotienpenuaa OO,l a CTb OT!{ ,TJOHeHbl a aa a n , BBIElY l lero ar o
.J, HLI,bl II 3.1II WH e BbICTv naIOT, a }KHBOT v n .lJOIHCI I.
5p1OKIl, cxpoenuu e n o l lep Te}J{aM H,i H ,lJeKa ,TJa M 6 p lOK j l)lH HIn0130!'
(Im ryp bI, aa BTOp Oi'1 cjlIl r y pe (CM. puc. 79, 6) 6yJl,yT cnep ezm yxopoue
Ebl , 13 uxpax C.!JHlll KOilI npn.nerar t. , BHH3Y OT.1eTaTb, a 13 OO.1Ja CHI CHJI,e
HIlH CBHcaTb , o tipa ayn s an oxru . H a rpers eii rpnrype Op lOKH oyny T
c s an a yxoponenu, r ecu u, BII H3Y OT.1J CTaTb n a s an , a c uep enn en a
J,3 Tb , 0 0 pa 3YH
Kax }l M I nropon, Tal, II JI,.1ll -r pen.ef cj ll1r y p bl 6 PIOKll n enp a
BH,TlbHO c6 a.1a IICHpOBa Hbl H r p efi y to r COOTIIoweHHH WH
pHH n epennen II s annen rr OjIOBHHOK , COOTlIOWeHHH nmm
6a m a H ,TJfUH!H c p enn er o WBa. Ilpn xoncrpyu ponannn 6plOI( na 1I0P
il l3llbIlYIO cjll1ry p y n p IHlHTO Me p KIl
lf a CT51M ll Op IOK n o p a cucry:
n epen II 51 51 CT 2
H
2
3a;'l.H51 H c o or sercr neu no
..0- +_') H
2
CT II C 6 p a cn pen ennn, MefKJIY
C6
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r- C6 I _')
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IlpII un c r.i a illeH51 IOT n oaoxc eune 00K0130rO II ur ar o noro
W BOB.
Jl.iJ }1 (p Hry p bl C OTKJ1 0 1IeHII HMH 13 n O,TlO lI {eII II H Ta 30 13oro nos ca
II 1I0 r 'n o ocanxe II n o.mo r e COOTHOlileHI le :\l e}IUY WHpl1Hoft ncpen
II CrI II 3a.J,Hei'1 n O.!JOBll flK::DI H COOTBeTCTBeH lIO illeHHIOT. B n eo ri xo
C.1Vlfa 51X COOTHOlileHHe p aaxrepa an epll rypbl 13 Ta.!JIIl!
II o e.lpa x c nepcnu II caann H3:\l epHKlT OT onnorr 60KOBOii TOlJKH n o
n p OTH13ono.'lO;' I<HOI"t, OTMClfaH c o o TBe TCT13CHHO C Tn H C 03
( C:\I. p u c, 79, 6 6) , r ne Crrt - nO.!J y06 x B3T TamUI c nepezm, C63 - n o
.'ly06XB3T ml llllll 6 eILep C3aJl,!I .
Koppexr upoaanne 6a3013blx n ex a.n n a (!) Hrypy C nu cr yrr atonur
;';( 11 BOTO:\I II n .'IOCl<IDl ll npOH3B O}lHT cnenyrouum 00
pa 30YI.
Il epednstst nonoeunka 6pIOK. Jl exano n epezmef n O.JI OBHlIKH
Gp lDK ( 01. pH C. 80, a) pa ape s aior n o .!J !IHll H crnca OT l 11W1I1I r a
.111 ll ;'1.0 y p OBH5I lIH}J{ e x o.neu H, nO.1JO}KH13 er o u a xiare pnaa , p a 300
13 erie CTOr OIl LI p aauo xep no H3 neocxonnvyro BeJl H1J11 HY 11 0 6
:\I C,15110r xoury pu 0PIOIC Bepumu y 'o a HTa n nepx cor,:13C1I0
n p IlIlHTO:\I )' p ac uer y !I .-III xr epx e LI, 6n.
3 aO/-l flfl no.i oeunsa UP/OK. B n exano s ann en n O.!J OBHII KlI 6PIOI{
(01. p HC. 80, 6) n o .1I1HHH crnri a 3a K.TJa.l b1Ba10T CI{ Jl a ;.l, KY OT .!J HHlHI
Ta. !JHH p a s no vepno n o .1HHII H cr nji a II ua CTO.1bKO , n a CKO.1Jb KO pa c
Il1H PH!IH ne pemuo io n o.10 BHHKY. IlO.!J O/KIl 13 .TJ CI<a.'l O n a MarCp Ha.TJ,
107

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Puc, 80. Koppcxr apouaune 6P IOI( na cj:>lIry p y C Il bICTyn a IOJIlI\ ) ! II
JI,10 CI0l)1I\ nronuua xn
00 Me.t151l0T xourypu nO.l0BIlH KII . Bepunnry cpe.nie ro WBa cxieuiaior
BHJI3 no npIlH 5J TO:\I Y pacue r y lI.
fIll
no xi epxe jJ.03.
3a.umolO nO.TJ OI3HHI<Y 6pIOK na ynacr xe uxp na TaKHe cPII r yphl PC
KOMClI.uyeTcH paciunpnri, II nonueprnyn, I3.TIa,KIIO-TenJIOBoi'I 06p aOOT
xe, KaK nOKa3311 0 1Ia pncynxe.
Koppexr npouanne Oa30I3hIX .TJ eKaJI 6PIOK na qmr yp y C BbICTynaIO
WIl l\1Il a ronn ua xm II nJlOCKHl\1 :lI<II 130TOM npOH3Bo,u5JT CJle,uYIOw.Ill\1 00
pas o .
Ilepeonnsi nOAOBUNKa 6pIOK. B nexane nepenu eu nO.lJOBIl HKH 6pIOl<
( 0 1. puc. 81, a) 11 0 JIlIHII U crnria na .1IUlHlI r a.um 3aK,r13.'lbIBaIOT
108
1(3 \ I /1(1,1
1'q
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PII C. 81. !\Op PCKTIlp OlJaJI JIc n CKaJ1 6 PIOK na cj:>llrypy C nucry naiounrstn
II I1JIOCKU)! IK111l 0 TOl\1
cx.razncy na I3 e.lJIl'lHHY lIeOOXOllHl\lOrO CYiKeIllHI, CBO,u51 CKJ1a,uKy ua
ner HH)I<e y pOBH51 KOJIeH. n OJlOiKHB JIeKaJIO na xrar epn an, oti xe
mlIOT xonry pu nOJIOI3UHKII. Bepumny 6aHTa cxicuiaior 'BII U3 COOT
sercrnenno npUH 51 TO:'I Y pacnery 1l.'1lI IIO MCpKe n6n.
3 a0I1 .'lR 1l0AOBtl l11W 6 p IOK. J1 eKaJIO aan neir I10.lJ0I3I111 KII
( CM. pHC. 81,6) paspesator no JIHHlHI crnria OT .lJHlHIll r arnn : no
YPOI3HH HHiKe KOJIeH a, nonoacas JleKa.10 ua MaTepHaJI, pa3I3o,u51T
pan noxepno no JllHIII II paspesa na ueodxonuv yro nen n-nnty II 00
MeJI5lI0T xourypu TIOJI OB HH KH. Bepunury cpenner o uma cneuratcr
saepx COrJIaCHO np HH51TOl\l ypaClJeTY HJIII no xr epxe ,U63.
109
rJ
<HlrYPA C Bb lCTYHAtOll.I.liMIi 51rO.QI1UAI'tUI Ii nJlOCKliMIi 6E.QPAI'tH1
Ha p IIC. 82, a, 6 noxaaana rpnrypa B nporpum, II epa c. n o
CT 1I C6 OHa COOTBCTcToyeT r unonoii , 1I0 OT.l11
tlHa
OT nee no
cnoexry Te.TIOC.10)KCH II 10 - y n ee yec.mueuu s u crynu 5l rO] IIU,
lJrl!
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Pile, 82. Ilrypa C nucrynaioumau nr oauuavu
II Il Jl OCKIlMII 6e.n.paMH
a oenp a yn.n ouienu . GplOKH, cxpoe na ue no l IepTe)K3 i11 ll JIII .fleKaJIa M
D..fl5l r u nonof (1)JIr ypbl , na r axo f Hrype 6 YD. yT cnners ll ecK.rJ a.ull o -
B o tinacru 6e,'l.ep oop aayercs cna on ua , rarnupe , a H3-n o,U war a
nOT51H YTOI HalJp5l )KCHII bIC cTpe.TJKH, C3aD. II no TCl ml H 6PIOKil 6y.rtYT
yxopoueuu , a B HIl3Kax oraerar s. GpIOKII 6y;l.YT HeY;J,ooHbl B HOC
xe, B OCOOCUIIOCTll npII Hal<.TJOHe Te.TJa, B CH,UH'lCill 1I 0.lJ O)KCIIHlI II T. n.
r axne ocotiennocrn 0 Te.rJOC.TJO)KeHIl II 3aKa3
tIHKa
, aaxpon
unix }VI5J KOIITPO.lJ51 CHlilIlaeT nononnnrensnue MCpKH: 7- ICpKy C63 : 2
OT OIJ, IIOi i oOIWUOi'I TOlJKII no nau oonee nucry naiouinxr 5l r OD. IIl l
D.O n pOTII I301l0.flO;'KHoi'1 ( 3Ta 1I1 epKa 0 na ureu npuxrcpe YBeJlIIlJCHa n a
1,5 L it, a xrepxa C6n COOTl3eTCTl3eII HO yxrcusmeua ) 11 xrep xy B T I I.
B c.ly
t
lac r pecyercs xo ncr pyxumo OCHOBbl.
n Cpe,UHlOIO nO.fl ol3 l1III<Y OplOK (puc. 83, a) no .nnurn 60K0130rO cpe
sa n a y-i acr ke oen ep or .flHHlll! ramm no .TJJl ll II H KO.l eH cyxc aior,
B naurexr npnnep e aa 1 c.lt , CBO,UH .flHHHIQ CYIKCH H5I na ner na Y11a
CTKe xonen, BepllJHHY .QoKoBoro cpesa TOIIKY T
4
onycxa icr OH H3
no JlHHHH oOKoBoro uma , B aa uren npnxrepc na 0,5 C,II. Flepenmoio
110
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Puc. 83. Koppexrup oaauue nexan OpIOK u a qlllrypy C UbICTYU <lIQUUlMII
II n JIOCKII MH
nonouunxy 6P!OK no .1HHHII nucryria 6allTa ua 0,5 G.1t pacurupmor, J111
HIl la 6aHTa II urar on oro cp esa llbPICp41113a IOT, Kal\ nox aaan o u a
pncymce. 3 a.uHlol o no.nounuxy OplOK (puc. 83,6) , eC,TJJ1 OHa II MeeT no
Tl W0I30iI KOHCTPYKIUIII na ysacrxe oenep BbIflYKJlOCTb, TOIl<e nu n pnn
.TJ 51I0T II nepuumy 001\013 01'0 cpc aa, TOtlKY T6, cueuia icr BHIl3 (TOtI
xa ), ypasnnaa u OTPe301\ C OTpe3KOM EIT; , ( c tIep TCi!<a n ep e
na). 3 a.rtHIOIO nOJlOl3llHKY 6PI Ol< no l l IHII1II cpcnnero WBa paCWIIpmOT
n a CTO.nbKO, n a CKOJl bKO CY31I1I11 II 3a.uIl IOI0 nOJIOBlI HKII
6pIOl< no 601\00bIl\I cpeaaxi ua y uacr xe oe.rtep, a unrpuny w ara pac
III
- -
UIHP5110T n a 1-1 ,5 CAt. Bepurauy cpenner o cp eaa , TO'IK y 1' 5, YJVlI1H5110T
n a 1 C,lt BBepX II nO.:lYlJaIOT TOIJKY D o HaM e'I eHHbIM TO'I KaM Bbl
sepuunaror xoury pu 3a.n:Heii no.rr ODHHKII 6pIOK, KaK nOKa3aHO n a pn
CYHKe. Ha (!lH r y p bl C YDeJlH1leHHbiM nucrynoxr sronnu Y13eJIII'I IIBaIOr
p acrso p BbITalIKH B 3a.n: Heii nOJlOBIIH Ke
<J>Hr YPA C Bbln YKJI blMH 6E,UPAMH H nJIO CKHMH 51ro,UHUAMH
Ha pII C. 84, a, 6 1I0Ka3a Ha c!llI ryp a B I1POcjHI.'I b II ep ac. D o xrep
KaM CT Il C6 OHa COOT13cTcTByeT TII'nOBo i'!, HO OTli lflI 3CTC51 OT n ee
11 0 cnoexry Te,10 C:I 0 }KCHIlIO. Y .n:aHHOrI C!lH rY Pbl H3.'1HWHe13 bIn y K.'lbl
OC.1pa, a 51 rO!l, 1IUbI I1.rIOCI\lIe.
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P IIC. 84. <l>lIrypa C nucryn a io um v n 6c.n:
paxru II n ,10 CKIIMII nronn uaau
Bproxn, CKpoeI IIIbIe no xepreaca .n:.TI51 r u nonoir epHrypbl , na Ta Ko ii
qJHrype Oy.n:yT cnners IICCK,'Ia.n:Ho - no JIII 3Y OT.'IeTa Tb B CTOpOlI y,
O Ie Ula 51 II mnrlIll cr ntia, no OOY)KeHbI, a C3aJIH
WllpOKII , o o p asy s CJlaOHHY II aanox iu . CHIDl a51 xrepxy .Ll. o , sax p oii
uurx l ITO OHa Y13eJ1ll lJeHa . 3 TO n OJ.TBepJI.lIT 11 xrcpxa .Ll.U1.
KOTOpa51 3AeCb OTHOCII TCJlbHO 'I eM y nopxransnoi; epll r y p bl.
B eJlli'lIIHY BbmYKJIOCTIl 6cncp MO, KlI O Ta K)I( e onpenen nri, no 13em1
1
1II
He OOKOBbI X nue xros n a TaJIIIII.
C JleJIy eT IlpOll3BeCTII cnenyiounie B KOHCTpyKUJIII
OCHOBbI.
112
n OJlOBIIHKY ( puc. 85, a) no .rII1HII I1 001<0130 rO
cpe aa a a y uacrxcoenep paCWHp 5110T, B uaui ext npuxiepe u a ,I C.1t.
Bepunmy OOKOBoro c pe s a TOII KY cxreuiaio r snepx 110 .TI IIH IIII 00
KOBoro, cpesa n a 0,75- 1 ell. D o,l y lJeHBYlo TO'lKy 0 003 HatI aIOT OyK
nOrI T.., . H :-'l CCTe C Opl OKH 'no aucryny cy)KaIOT na
0,5 C.l t. D o r ouxaxi BbI'I eplIll Ba loT 11 0 .TI OIlllIlKY Op IOK,
1\ <1 K noxaaano n a PHCYIIKC.
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PII C. 85. KOppCKTllpOTWlIlIC .1eKa.1 na r!lIlry py C
11
3a;UI 1010 nO.'IOI3II HKY OpIOK ( puc. 85, 6) no JHI HIlII 601\OBoro cp e
33 paC LU llpHIOT II a CTO.1 bKO IKe, Ha CKO.:r1JIW p acumpanu nep eJIIlIOIO
[J O.'I013JI llKY, se p unnry 'OOKOBo r o cp csa Y;J. .1I1 I1HIOT COOTBeTCTBell llO
n epcn n ef noaonnnxe . 3 anmOlo nOJlOBII HJ< Y 6pIOK no JlII II IHI cpezmero
I I:3
8- 895
nma cyxcaror na CTOi1b KO, na CKO.TJbKO pacnmpunn 0PIOKll B 6 e n pa x,
a umpnny ura ra nonon unre. n. no yxre nsnraror na 1 0 1
Bcpumny cpenuero WBa , TO'l KV T
5
, cxieuraror B.l e BO n o : 1!I1l1l11
T5T6 na 1 C,lt II 11 3 no.tyueuucrr TOlJKH onYCI(a IQT aepr nx a.u. ny io
JI IlHII IO, panuyro 1- 1,5 C.II. D O.ij V'I e ll HVIO TO'l KV o a 03H,PlalOT a VI(
'Bo ii B 6j; loI(a x na <pll r yp y CKPY TbDIII GeJ. pa:\1II H n.i ocxuxm
5J r OnIHIa :\1II yne.n n-mnaior pacr nop OOKOBblX nu r a u e x B ncpea nen
II 3 a .1 Heii 'nO,1013 Hl IK a X 1I yxrem.ruaior pa cr no p 130 nro poti 3 a .l lle i'1
B bIT anxc,
B CT pe
T
l a IOTC5J (!lIlrYPbI, Y I< OTOPbIX 0 21,110 ae,J,po, TJ a CTO np anoe,
o o n e e 18 bIn YI(: Io e. ,C OOTBe TCTBY10 Ull l e 1I3 :\ICHClI HH 13 KOlI cr pYKIlI11l
'Op IOK npOH3 BOlUIT '13 n OJIOBIIllKa x aroii CTOpOHb!.
Il pn 1< 0 HCTp YlI p OBaHll II 'OP IOI< npn.t er a iomc li QlO P :\l bl nacr e y
3 aKpoi'IUl,IlK0I3 'CTa Il OnJ 1TCH npoa,l e :\IOi'I on pene.t eune umpuuu 6 p 10 1(
ua y p OI3HC nepumn u urar onoro nma. 3 Ty iunpnny IW H unipoxnx
6 pl0 1< Oa bl tI llO onpenenanu n o K3KO :\ly-.TJIl 00 pacuer y, uanpuxr ep,
11 3 pacner a 2/
3
'C 6 (nonyotixnar a aro.i nn) + 2--:--.3 C,II. 1l.1'J1I
Y3 1<II X a p IO!( pexosrcunyer cn ncxo.u rn, 11 3 paClJCT(1 2/ 3 C6 I .
5')
HanpllMep: o-- X 2 = 34,5 (OI,pyr.TJClI Ho ) 1.
O ,J,lI a KO BCTp e 'l a IOTC5J .1 10 .111 C Go.t ee 1I.111 xrcnee p a 313HTbI:\11l
6 e ,l p a .\1 1l. B Ta lUIX C.1 YlJa 51 X PCKO:\ICIl,J,y e TC5J onpc.tc.mrs umpnn y
Op lOK 11 3 y pO BlI C ncpumuu w a r o n o r o 111 13a o e 3 y-rcr a npunycxoa 11 <1
WBbl no ':WIl O: IHIITC:l b ll Ofl :\ICP l\ C OO:\:l3a Ta OC.1 Cp 0 0 e np unycxov
na C1100 0,n Il OC o O.TJ Cr a ll llC . M ep " y 00 cnuxiaior na ypouue 1I0 JL'b
Cl\.l a J, 1-\ 1I npn I1 hl ll [H1\I.1CII IILJ i't 1I0 r c . C aIlTlDI CTp OBa 5J neu
r a .'lO.l i l-\lI a Il JIOTIIO oo.t crar r, rpurvpy.
LUIIP IlII Y npanoii no.ionnuu oprOK na y pOIlHC sc punmu Ilia1"0
noro IJIBa onpc.re.unor no (POp :\l y .' l e
= 60 + 10 = 3:1 + I.
2 2
OC0 6 EHHOCTH KOHCTPY I1 POBAHIHI 6 PIOK HA nOJI Hb l E Ifl Hr YPb l
Kop n y .1 CIITf Iu e, na n n O.1JH u e, (1mrvpu Obll3aIOT pas uuc, xa l\ 11 o
cr enenn i lm p OOT.10 ;'I-\ Cll ll 5J , Ta K II no oca uxe.
n .l 5J nonuoii <p ll r YP bl P CI-\ O\I CJI.1.YCTClJ TaKi!( e CHlDWTb :\ICPKY
,n.11I Hbl uia r a 211lI , <I I3bl COTY CII.l CIl HH o n p CJ,e.15ITb nyrc 8 h1
1111
Ta
HlI5J JI IlJ II] JI O. rI P II ::J TO:\! C: ICJ. yCT YC.lOl3llT b CH C 3 (1 K3 3'111;, 0 :\1 0
BbI COTC o a llT 3 - y p c n n e Op lOK no .111lIII JI n OHC;] n p llT3
TIll13311
1111
D pII Oa Bl-\ 1l ua ceorio.a n oe o o .t e ra nuc YB(' ; 11l
1
1IlBaIOT n a 0,5-1 C,II
Il oxu us lPHr yp a C IIOpl\laJlbll Oii oca uxof
n,TJ H n o c r p c cn u n ' Ie p Te)!, e i'1 Op lOK nonv n p u n e r aoui ef epOP :\l bl H3
n OJIH ylQ epll r y p y C HOp\l a.1 bH ofl o c a n x o ii ( p HC. 86) 13 311r 3 qm r y p a
56-1' 0 paaxepa IV p OCTa c o C,Il:
114
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P Il C. 87. O [' o u ('Il JlOCTJI I<OJlCTPYIlP OIl ;IJlIlH OP IOK 1l:J
Pile. 86. rJ o :Jl l a n
noa uyro (lll irypy C JlOpi\ la.lbll o i'l ocauxoii
4' lIr ypa
ocauk u
Cr =56,0; C1= 56,0; Co =61,0; n l< = fi9,0; n6 = 104, 0;
JIw = 74,0 (Be = 30,0); Ul I< = 28,0; U111 = 23,0.
Ha noo.i cc l3a il,Hoe 3 J1 a 'I ell JIl' n p u !, OJlCTp y ll p o Ba HIl Il 'Gp IOK ,n.TJ
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3aO' I II o r o vcoacpureucruouanun 311il li ll i i urueiiaux npen
npusmui . M., 1962.
A JIll M 0 U A. 3 . Texunxa H MCTO,II:I(a allTpollo:.teTpli llecKll x H3Mep ClllllI . M.
j\\CAnl3, 1955.
M a 'I Ii II C J( 11 ft B. H. f Il Mll aCTfl I<a, u cn p a1l,1mo uia fI oca mcy, /I'\., " j\\tJII
UII 1I8. 1964.
T e p-O II a K 11 M n il 11. A. K OIl CTPYl l poual l li e OCIIOUbl nep xnen )I( CIICKOrl OJ!- CiI,
l1L1. KOH3, 1956.
Enunan MCT011I1I<a lWII CTpYllpon8111111 on c xcn u . M YlKc Kall on excn a. /1\.,
U H I1 I I W n , 1967.
EJ.\llllbl i l MeTOJ.\ !WIl cTp y lf poBallll fl My >KCKOft ncpxnef OJ.\eiKJ.\bl, 11 3roToBm H' Moil
n o 3aKIl3aM u acen en nn. M., 1l3!l-BO <:JIerKall IUIJ.\YCTPll H. 1967.
K 0 pOT K 0 n C. H., C Y 66 0 T il II C, C. Koucr pynponanne nepxnea OD': IK11bl.
M., BOClI fl13. 1960.
K 0 6 .rl n J( 0 II a E. 0 .. C a II 0 C r II 11 K II /1 A. B ., A Ii T 0 H OB H. A. O CII OBbl
KOIICTpYflpOBallll H OJ.\e;KAbl. M., fl 3J.\ -BO JI en . afl nuny crpns>. 1968.
P a x M a II 0 u H. A. K Oli CTPYKTIl UIIble fl C110CT8TKIl O.1le>KJ.\bl It C110-:06bl u x
y r 'l'pa Il cHfi fI. LJ, cII Tp a/l Ll l blli II Il CTHTy T HH<popM auil II
II TeXIlII KO-3KOHOMH'I CCKHX Il CCn cJ.\ OBaIlllil .1CflWI'1 npou u uraeuaocrn. 1111 !jJopMaUII H.
M ., 1968.
By K 0 B fI 'I n CT e p. T ex HII Ka Kp oi'rKIi 11 UIIITh51 rpaJKJ.\ all cKoii II BOeJlIIOil
oncacn u . Bcnrpan, 195 6.
"D as Schneld erh an dwerk", fD,P, 1959 -1962 (r.1aullbI M cran, n
I' anca Mayspa). "Orthopfi disches Schneiderhand w er".
" /I\o dne Krawiectwo" n HP, 1960 -1963
Riindsh au " De u l schcs Schnei derfachblall". <tJPf. 1962-1969.
C JI II n a K JI . B. MCTOJ.\ nocTpoPIIlI1I '1epT eiK cll 6plOK na 6 a3e 10 fl3 Mepe li Hi l.
M.. 11 3J.\'UO J1er KaH 11 1IJ1y crpII a >, 1968 .
CTp.
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uof II nu cr ynaioum 30
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