INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Thiruvananthapuram

AE-311
AERODYNAMICS
Project-Report
on
NUMERICAL NONLINEAR LIFTING-LINE METHOD
(NACA 2408 AIRFOIL)

Submitted To:
PANKAJ PRIYADARSHI SIR

Submitted By:
Paragjyoti Garg
(SC10B019)

AIM:Using the numerical lifting method by non-linear method programming in MATLAB, we are to predict
the G distribution over a finite wing. We are to also verify it over a rectangular wing of NACA 2408 at
different angle of attacks.

Assumption:Elliptical lift distribution

Parameters of wing and flow condition

Free Stream Velocity(V) = 10
Span Length(b) = 10
Geometric Angle of attack(alf) = 5, 7, 9, 13, 15
Angle of attack for zero lift(alf0)
Aspect Ratio = AR
Max Value of gamma(gamma0) = 1

METHODOLOGY:-

The Programming Code

clear all
clc
V=10;
% freestream velocity
b=10 ;
% span
alf=input('Actual angle of attack=');
alf=alf*pi/180;
alf0=-2.68;
% angle of attack for 0 lift
alf0=alf0*pi/180;
AR=8;
a=2*pi;

% aspect ratio

y1=linspace(-b/2,0,100);
y2=linspace(0,b/2,100);
gamma0=1;

% value of Gamma0

gamma1=gamma0*sqrt(1-((2*y1./b).^2));
gamma2=gamma0*sqrt(1-((2*y2./b).^2));
for i=1:(length(gamma1)-1)
dgdy1(i)=(gamma1(i+1)-gamma1(i))/(y1(i+1)-y1(i));
end
for i=1:(length(gamma2)-1)
dgdy2(i)=(gamma2(i+1)-gamma2(i))/(y2(i+1)-y2(i));
end
y=[y1 y2];
y(length(y1))=[];
ym=y;
gamma=gamma0*sqrt(1-((2*ym./b).^2));
dgdy=[dgdy1 0 dgdy2];
for i=1:length(ym)
for j=2:2:length(ym)-1
if ym(i)==ym(j-1)
I(i,j)=(0.5*((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+(dgdy(j1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+0.5*(4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)(ym(j)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)-(ym(j)-(ym(2)ym(1))))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j+1)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+0.5*((dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j+1)+(ym(2)-ym(1))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)(ym(j+1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))));
else
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
end

end
alfi(i)=((ym(2)-ym(1))/(4*pi*V*3))*sum(I(i,:));
alfeff(i)=alf-alfi(i);
cl(i)=a*(alfeff(i)-alf0);
end
gammanew=V*cl/2;
gammanew(1)=0;
gammanew(end)=0;
gammaold=gamma;
yyy=abs(gammanew-gammaold)>abs(0.0001*gammaold);
iteration = 1;
while sum(yyy)>0
%for k=1:50
y1;
y2;
gamma=gammaold + .05*(gammanew - gammaold);
dgdy1=[];
dgdy2=[];
for i=1:(length(gamma)-1)/2
dgdy1(i)=(gamma(i+1)-gamma(i))/(y(i+1)-y(i));
end
for i=1:(length(gamma)-1)/2
dgdy2(i)=(gamma(99+i+1)-gamma(99+i))/(y(i+1)-y(i));
end
y=[y1 y2];
y(length(y1))=[];
ym=y;
dgdy=[dgdy1 0 dgdy2];

for i=1:length(ym)
for j=2:2:length(ym)-1
if ym(i)==ym(j-1)
I(i,j)=(0.5*((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+(dgdy(j1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j-1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+0.5*(4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)(ym(j)+(ym(2)-ym(1)))))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)-(ym(j)-(ym(2)ym(1))))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
elseif ym(i)==ym(j+1)
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+0.5*((dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-(ym(j+1)+(ym(2)-ym(1))))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)(ym(j+1)-(ym(2)-ym(1))))))));
else
I(i,j)=((dgdy(j-1)/(ym(i)-ym(j-1)))+4*(dgdy(j)/(ym(i)ym(j)))+(dgdy(j+1)/(ym(i)-ym(j+1))));
end
end
alfi(i)=((ym(2)-ym(1))/(4*pi*V*3))*sum(I(i,:));
alfeff(i)=alf-alfi(i);
cl(i)=a*(alfeff(i)-alf0);
end
gammanew=V*cl/2;

gammanew(1)=0;
gammanew(end)=0;
gammaold=gamma;
yyy=abs(gammanew-gammaold)>abs(0.0001*gammaold);
iteration = iteration + 1;
end
plot(ym,gammanew,'r')
xlabel('distance from root')
ylabel('gamma')
fprintf('iteration required is %d',iteration)

Results
For NACA 2408: alf0=-2.5deg, span length=10, AR=8, gamma0=10. Divisions given for
numerical programming is 199.
1. Geometrical Angle of Attack = 5 degree.

2. Geometric Angle of attack = 7 degree

3. Geometric Angle of attack = 9 degree

4. Geometric Angle of attack = 13 degree

5. Geometric Angle of attack = 15 degree

The graph above is of 5o, 70, 90, 130, 150 from bottom to top respectively.