TRNG THPT PHC BNH PHC LONG-BNH PHC

L thuyt HA HC,VT L c bn thng gp trong chng trnh THPT NGI BIN SON: GV NGUYN SN TNG TRNG THPT PHC BNH ( Trn y l nhng cn nh khi lm trc nghim cc em hy ch nhng ngc ngch trong sch gio khoa v hc thuc, vn dng. Ha hc v Vt l THPT rt phong ph v a dng . Khi lm thi trc nghim cc em hy c k v bnh tnh lm, hy t tin ln nh! Ti c i iu nh vy chc cc em thi tt trong cc k thi nht l k thi tuyn sinh i hc cao ng. Cho cc em!) CHNG 1: S IN LY Cht in ly: -mnh :c in ly @ =1. -yu:0<@<1. cn bng in ly l cn bng ng. -khi pha long dung dch in ly ca cc cht in ly tng. Mi trng dung dch: MTTT: [H+ ]=10-7 M .PH=7. MTAX >10-7 M.PH<7. MTK<10-7 M.PH>7. NC nguyn cht c ph=7. Bng ph ca 1 s cht: MTK<10-7 M.PH>7 CH3COONa K2S Na2CO3 MTTT: [H+ ]=10-7 M Mui st III amoniclorua Km bromua MTAX >10-7 M.PH<7 Nacl KNO3 KI

Mi trng dung dch ph thuc vo thy phn ca 2 ion. CHNG 2 : NHM NIT - i t N n Bi tnh phi kim,tnh axit gim dn. Tnh kim loi,tnh baz tng dn. NIT: 1 lt nc ha tan c 0,015 lt Nit, nhit thng nit ch tc dng vi Liti. iu ch: ptn: un nng nh dd amoni nitrit. Amoniac: -phn t c cu to hnh chp,l phn t c cc, gc ln kt bng 107 . 1 lt nc ha tan c 800 lt amoniac. Hidazin ( N2H4) dng lm nhin liu cho tn la. Hp cht: NH4NO3 dng lm xp bnh. AXIT NITRIC: axit c: 68%. S OXH cao nht:+5. Td vi hp cht: 3H2S + 2HNO3=3S+2NO+4H2O PHOTPHO: P trng: cu trc mng tinh th phn t. P : polime. Hp cht: aphatit, photphorit:M=310.

iu ch trong cng nghip: Ca3(PO4)3 +3SIO2 +5C=3CaSIO3+2P +5CO. Magie photphua: Mg3P2 AXIT diphotphorit: M=178 dvc, axitmetaphotphorit: M=80 Tt c cc mui dihidrophotphat u tan trong nc. PHN BN HA HC: Ure:( NH2)2CO.thnh phn chnh ca x vn l: magie silicat. Thnh phn chnh ca phn ln nung chy l: hn hp photphat v silicat ca canxi v magie. Tro thc vt cha K2CO3. NITROPHOTKA:M=233. AMOPHOT:M=247.( thi hi cng thc ta ch cn nh PTK ca n th OK ri) CACBON: T cacbon n ch tnh phi kim gim dn,tnh kim loi tng dn. Cu hnh: p2 : c bn. p3: kch thch. CACBON: Kim cng : thuc loi tinh th nguyn t. mi nguyn t nh lin kt vi 4 nguyn t cacbon. di lin k C=C khong 0,154nm. Than ch: mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt theo kiu cng ha tr vi 3 nguyn t cacbon ln cn nm nh ca tam gic u. di ca mi lin kt khong 0,142nm. Fuleren: gm cc phn t C60, C70 phn t C60 c cu trc hnh cu rng.gm 32 mt c nh l 60 nguyn t cacbon. Fuleren c pht hin nm 1985. Than mui c to nn khi nhit phn metan c xc tc. Hp cht ca cacbon: Cacbon monoxit l oxit trung tnh. khi c than hot tnh lm cht xc tc,CO kt hp c vi Clo: CO+Cl2= COCl2(photgen) - CO2 l phn t khng c cc. iu kin thng 1 lt nc ha tan c 1 lt CO2. nc kh: CO2 ha rn.CO2 l oxit axit. SILIC: Silic tinh th c cu trc ging kim cng,mu xm.c tnh bn dn. silic v nh hnh l cht bt mu nu. C kh nng phn ng cao hn silic tinh th. Trng thi t nhin: cao lanh: M=258. xecpentin:M=276. fenspat:M=524. HP KIM fesrosilic c dng ch to thp chu axit. iu ch: -trong PTN: silic c iu ch bng cch t chy hn hp bt magie v ct nghin mn. -trong CN: dng than cc kh silic ioxit trong l in nhit cao. Silic ioxit l oxit axit. Thy tinh lng M=276. Thy tinh: khi nu thy tinh nu thay Na2CO3 bng K2CO3 th c thy tinh kali. Thy tinh pha l cha nhiu oxit ch.

Thy tinh thch anh iu ch bng cch nu chy silic ioxit tinh khit. HA HU C LKHH cc hchc l lin kt cng ha tr. tch cc cht lng c nhit si khc nhau ngi ta dng phng php chng ct thng. Ngm ru thuc ,ru rn l phng php chit. HCHC no cng c tn h thng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng phng php ph khi lng xc nh khi lng mol phn t. LIN KT HA HC: to bi 1 cp e dng chung l lin kt n. Lkd Thuc loi lin kt xicma. 2 cp l ln kt i. L kd gm 1 xicma +1 pi.lin kt 3 : 1 xicma +2pi. Cng thc phi cnh l 1 loi cng thc lp th. Cu to ha hc c biu din=CTCT. Cu trc ha hc c biu din = cng thc lp th. ANKAN: CnH2n+2(n>=1).CnH2n+1 l nhm ankyl. Bng ng phn: n 4 5 3 6 5 7 9 8 18 S ng phn 2

Cc nguyn t C ANKAN trng thi lai ha sp3. gc ha tr u gn = 109,50. iu kin thng cc ankan t C1 n C4 dng kh.5 n 18 dng lng.18 tr i dng rn.ankan t C5 n C10 c mi xng.C10 n C16 c mi du ha. Phn ng ha hc: PT: + CLO. 2-clopropan l spc(57%), + brom: 2-brompropan l spc(97%). Phn ng clo , brom ha ankan xy ra theo c ch gc du chuyn. Ankan b OXH khng hon ton: CH4+O2 = HCH=O+H2O. MONOXICLOANKAN:CnH2n(n>=3). XICLOANKAN l nhng hidrocacbon no mch vng.khng lm mt mu dd thuc tm. phn t XICLOANKAN cc phn t xicloankan khng cng nm trn 1 mp. Tr xiclopropan. T n=4 tr i c ng phn. Phn ng cng m vng: xiclopropan v xiclobutan.(xiclobutan ch cng vi hidro). ANKEN: CU TRC: 1 nguyn t C mang ni i trng thi lai ha sp2( lai ha tam gic) phn t etilen 2 nguyn t C v 4 nguyn t H u nm trn cng 1 mp.cc gc hu nh =1200. iu kin thng n=2 n n=4 l cht kh.nhit s,nng chy tng theo klpt. Phn ng cng axit: spc clo th vo C bc cao. Phn ng cng nc: nhm OH th vo C bc cao.( quy tc Maccopnhicop).

ANKADIEN:CnH2n-2(n>=3). BUTADIEN v ISOPREN l 2 ankadien lin hp quan trng. Phn ng cng halogen v hidrohalogenua: nhit thp cng 1,2 sp chnh . nhit cao u tin sp cng 1,4. TECPHEN:( C5H8)n(>=2) Oximen: trong tinh du l hng qu. M=136.LIMONEN:trong tinh du chanh ,bi. LOI MCH H: Geraniol c trong tinh du hoa hng M=154. XITRONEOL: c trong tinh du x M=156. LOI MCH VNG:mentol M=156 v MENTON M=154. SQUALEN: c trong du gan c M=410. caroten v licopen l sc t trong mu ca c chua chn M=536. KHAI THC TECPEN: dng phng php chng ct li cun hi nc. ANKIN:CnH2n-2(n>=2) T n=4 tr i c ng phn v tr nhm chc. n=5 tr i c thm ng phn mch cacbon. Trong phn t ankin 2 nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp. N=6 c 4 ng phn to kt ta vi dung dch bc nitrat trong dd amoniac. Ankin lm mt mu dd thuc tm. Nh hp axetilen to ra viniaxetilen. Tam hp to ra benzen. Phn ng OXH ta nhit. denta H <0. Nng axetilen trong khng kh t 2,5% tr ln c th gy ra chy n. BENZEN v ANKYBENZEN: Su nguyn t C trong phn t benzen trng thi lai ha sp2 cc gc lin kt u =1200 o-xilen nhm CH3 v tr 1,2. m: 1,3. p: 1,4. C8H10 C 4 ng phn. C9H12 propybenzen (cumen)c 8 ng phn.. Toluen phn ng vi Brom ( c mt bt st) p-bromtoluen l SPC 59%. NU KHNG DNG Fe m chiu sng th Brom th cho H nhnh. Phn ng nitro ha:nitrobenzen: m-dinitrobenzen. Toluen phn ng cho SPC l o-nitrotoluen(58%) Benzen khng lm mt mu dd thuc tm. STIREN:C8H8 lm mt mu dd thuc tm. NAPHTALEN:C10H8 .PHN NG OXH to thnh anhidrit phtalic M=160. AXIT PHTALIC M=166. C8H6O4 XNG: cht lng xng c o = ch s octan. Ch s octan cng cao th xng cng tt. tng ch s octan ngi ta dng phng php Rifominh. ANCOL: CnH2n+1OH(n>=1)

 iu kin thng n=1 n n=12 l cht lng.n=1 n n=3 tan v hn trong nc. s nguyn t C tng th tan gim dn. nhit nc , nhit si , tan ca ancol u cao hn cc hidrocacbon. Hn hp lng ancol etylic v phenol c 4 loi lin kt hidro. Phn ng ring ca glixerol: 2C3H8O3+ Cu(OH)2=(C3H7O3)2Cu+ 2H2O.(phn ng ny rt hay gp) linh ng ca nguyn t H : HCOOH>CH3COOH> C6H5OH>C2H5OH PHENNOL: C6H5OH C8H10O c 9 ng phn l h/c thm tc dng c vi NaOH. CATECHOL: M=109. REZOXINOL: M=109, OH nm v tr meta. Hidroquinol: M=109, OH nm i xng nhau. phenol cng c lin kt phn t tng t ancol. Phn ng th vo nhn thn phenol d hn benzen. Phenol c lc axit mnh hn ancol( phn ng vi NaOH). PHENOL l 1 axit yu( phn ng vi CO2) ANDEHIT V XETOL: Cu trc ca nhm cacbonyl: >C=O nguyn t C mang ni i trng thi lai ha sp2 Gc lin kt sp s =1200. C6H12O c 8 ng phn andehit, andehit b kh khi tc dng vi hidro.(xc tc Ni, nhit ) nhm CH=O c gi l nhm cacbandehit. S C tng nhit si ca andhit tng. Khi cng s nguyn t C nhit si ca ancol> andehit. AXIT CACBOXILIC: CnH2n+1COOH . Axitbenzoic : C6H5COOH c 4 lin kt pi v 15 lin kt xicma. So snh im si: AXIT CACBOXILIC>ANDEHIT V XETOL,ANCOL c cng s nguyn t cacbon.khi s nguyn t C tng ln th tan trong nc gim. Axit axetic c v chua gim. axit xitric c v chua chanh, axit oxalic c v chua me, axit tactric c v chua nhoC4H6O2 c 3 ng phn axit, C5H10O2 c 5 ng phn axit, c 4 cng thc n chc cho phn ng trng gng. Axit malic:C2H3(COOH)2OH . M=134. AXIT TACTRIC:C2H2(COOH)2(OH)2. M=148. AXIT XITRIC: C3H4(COOH)3OH M=192. Phn ng th gc no: clo ch th cho H bn cnh nhm cacboxy. Phn ng th gc thm nhm NO2 th vo v tr meta. CN BNG HA HC: P thng gp: N2+3H2=2NH3 denta H<0 ( phn ng thun nghch) cb chuyn dch sang chiu thun th:

Gim nhit ( v y l p ta nhit). Tng p sut v tng h s kh tham gia ln hn tng h s kh to thnh. Tng nng N2 ,H2 v gim nng NH3 Khi lng 2 cht 2 v ca phng trnh ha hc lun cn bng nhau k c khi phn ng cha t trng thi cn bng. Phn ng 1 chiu khng c trng thi cn bng ha hc. Trong trng thi cn bng ha hc cc phn ng vn tip tc din ra( cn bng ng). ST: Nguyn t Fe c 26 electron,cu hnh electron nguyn t lp ngoi cng:3d64s2, Mn2+ v Fe2+ c cng cu hnh electron. Cho phng trnh: X + H 2 SO4 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 + SO2 + H 2O (C NNG) trong chng trnh THPT c 7 cht thc hin c phn ng trn. l: Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 , Fe(OH ) 2 , FeS , FeS2 , FeSO4 . St tc dng vi nc: nhit thp to ra : Fe3O4 . Nhit cao to ra: FeO . Cc phng trnh phn ng thng gp:
FeCl2 + 3 AgNO3 Ag + 2 AgCl + Fe(OH )3 FeCl3 + 2 KI 2 FeCl2 + 2 KCl + I 2

2 FeBr2 + 6 H 2 SO4 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 + 2 Br2 + 3SO2 + 6 H 2O

Fe2O3 + 6 KI 2 FeI 2 + I 2 + 3H 2O

10 FeCl2 + 6 KMnO4 + 24 H 2 SO4 5 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 + 10Cl2 + 6 MnSO4 + 3K 2 SO4 + 24 H 2O

H S CN BNG PHN NG:10,6,24. TNG H S CN BNG PHN NG:88.

5C9 H10 + 16 KMnO4 + 24 H 2 SO4 5C7 H 6O2 + 10CO2 + 16 MnSO4 + 8 K 2 SO4 + 34 H 2O

H S CN BNG PHN NG:5,16,24. TNG H S CN BNG PHN NG:118.

2 FeS 2 + 14 H 2 SO4 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 + 15SO2 + 14 H 2O
to

TNG H S CN BNG PHN NG:46.

2 FeS + 10 H 2 SO4 Fe2 ( SO4 )3 + 9SO2 + 10 H 2O
to

TNG H S CN BNG PHN NG:32

TON HC VUI:
GII PHNG TRNH:
3 4 1 2 = 2 (*) x + x + 3 x + 3x + 9 2 x
2

CCH GII CA NGUYN SN TNG: iu kin: x 0

(*)

3 4 1 = 2 + 2 (**) x + ( x + 3) x + 3( x + 3) 2 x
2

t
2

a = x2 b = x +3

a0

3 4 1 3 4 1 = 2 + 2 tr thnh: = + x + ( x + 3) x + 3( x + 3) 2 x a + b a + 3b 2a

4 1 22 12 (2 + 1) 2 3 + = + = =v tri Xt v phi: a + 3b 2a a + 3b 2a (2a + a) + 3b a + b

Du = xy ra

x= 2 1 = a = b vy ta suy ra: x 2 = x + 3 x 2 x 3 = 0 a + 3b 2a x=

13 1 2 13 +1 2

Cch gii rt c sc! qu ng cp! L THUYT VT L THNG GP TRONG CHNG TRNH VT L THPT CHNG 1: NG LC HC VT RN Vt rn quay bin i khng u: Mi im trn vt rn chuyn ng trn khng u. Momen ng lng ca vt rn: Momen ng lng lun cng du vi gia tc gc. Trong trng hp vt rn c momen qun tnh i vi trc quay khng i th vt rn khng quay hoc quay quanh trc . Khi gia tc gc dng v vn tc gc dng th vt quay nhanh dn. Gia tc gc ngc du vi tc gc th vt quay chm dn u. 1 vt rn quay u th tc gc khng i. CHNG 2: DAO NG IU HA CC TRC NGHIM CN NH: D h l dao ng tun hon. Vt d h khi i t bin dng v vtcb th vt ang chuyn ng nhc chiu dng v vn tc c gi tr m. th biu din s thay di gia tc theo li trong d h c dng l 1 on thng. Gia tc lch pha so vi li dao ng ca vt. Vn tc nhanh pha

so vi li x.

Gia tc ngc pha vi li x. Gia tc sm pha so vi vn tc.

 ng nng v th nng ca 1 vt c khi lng khng i trong dao ng iu ha: trong 1 chu k lun c 4 thi im m ng nng = 3 th nng. Trong qu trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo th sau mi ln vt i chiu c 2 thi im m ti c nng gp 2 ln ng nng. Gia tc = 0 khi: Tc cc i. Vt i qua vtcb. Vn tc c hoc ct. D h i chiu khi lc td c ln cc i. Dao ng t do l dao ng tt dn. H s lc cn cng ln nu mi trng cht lng cng nht. Khi 1 vt dao ng iu ha th li v gia tc ngc pha nhau. Dao ng cng bc l dao ng iu ha. Ma st gim th gi tr cc i bin tng. CHU K CON LC : 1. TRONG CHT KH: T = T0
DK :klr trong cht kh.

1 D (1 K ) DV

2. Trong mi trng c lc y ACSIMET: T = 2 3. Chu k con lc vng inh: T = (

l1 l + 2) g g

m S . g .D

l1 : chiu di con lc trc khi vng inh. l2 : chiu di con lc sau khi vng inh. l2 = l l , .

4. Chu k con lc vng inh dao ng ca con lc l tun hon:

l1 l + 2 ) g 2g

T =(

5. Con lc trong thang my: T , = 2

l g hd

Khi thang my chuyn ng nhanh n u ln trn: g hd = a + g Khi thang my chuyn ng i xung : g hd = a g

6. Va chm n hi xuyn tm: T0 = m( g + 7. Bo ton c nng: v0 2 = 2 gh

v0 ) 2 gl

CHNG 3: SNG C Hai ngun kt hp c cng pha gi l 2 ngun ng b. Hai m c cng cao l 2 m c cng tn s. cao ca m ph thuc vo tn s m. m sc ph thuc vo dng t h dao ng. to ph thuc vo bin hay mc cng m. cao l 1 tnh cht sinh l ca m xc nh bi tn s m. Tn s m l 1 trong nhng c trng vt l quan trong nht ca m. Khi 1 sng m truyn t khng kh vo nc th bc sng tng ln. Khong cch gia 2 cc i lin tip nm trn ng ni 2 tm sng bng 1 na bc sng. C sau 1 bc sng th sng li c hnh dng nh trc. CHNG 4: DAO NG IN T in tch q ca 1 bn t in v cng dng in I trong mch dao ng bin thin iu ha theo thi gian; I lch pha q = Q0cos(t + ) i = q , = Q0 ..cos(t + + )
2

so vi q.

Trong 1 chu k T dng in xoay chiu i chiu 2 ln ,trong mi giy i chiu 2f ln. Mch dao ng hot ng da trn hin tng t cm. T trng v in t trng trong mch dao ng tun hon. Nng lng t trng tp trung cun cm,nng lng in trng tp trung t in. Trong in t trng vecto CUDT v vecto CUT lun c phng vung gc vi nhau. Dao ng in t ca mch dao ng l 1 dao ng t do. Gi tr cng hiu dng o c bng ampe k. Nguyn tc to ra dng in xoay chiu da trn hin tng cm ng in t.

 Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu thay i tun hon v cng bin thin iu ha theo thi gian. in trng v t trng khng th tn ti c lp vi nhau. Trong qu trnh truyn sng in t vecto B v E lun lun dao ng cng pha. Mch dao ng kn khng bc x sng in t. Mch dao ng h pht c sng in t truyn i xa nht trong khng gian. Nguyn tc pht sng in t da vo hin tng bc x. Nguyn tc thu sng in t da vo s cng hng in t. Sng di dng thng tin di nc. i truyn hnh dng cc sng cc ngn. Sng trung v sng ngn b phn x tng in ly. Mch tch sng khng c trong s khi ca my pht v tuyn in. - S khi ca 1 my pht thanh v tuyn n gin gm t nht 5 b phn : (1) micro; (2) mch pht sng in t cao tn; (3) mch bin iu( trn sng); (4) mch khuch i; (5) anten pht. - S khi ca 1 my thu thanh n gin gm 5 b phn: (1) anten thu; (2) mch khuch i dao ng in t cao tn; (3) mch tch sng; (4) mch khuch i dao ng in t m tn; (5) loa. 1. ON MCH XOAY CHIU CH C IN TR THUN:
U R CNG PHA VI I.

2.on mch ch c t in: U c tr pha hn I 1 gc

T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua nhng cho dng in xoay chiu i qua. 3.on mch ch c cun cm thun: U L sm pha hn I 1 gc Mch in c in tr thun ni tip vi in tr thun th HSCS ln nht. in dung ca t in phng: C =
S 4 k .d
2

on mch ch gm cun cm L v in tr R c: 1 + 2 = MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU 1. 1 PHA:

ta c : L =

R1.R2

Nam chm in thng l phn cm to ra t trng. Khung dy l phn ng to ra sut in ng cm ng l phn ng.

 Gim tc quay ca roto ngi ta tng s cun dy v tng s cp cc. 2. 3 PHA: Stato l phn ng. Roto l phn cm. phn cm l phn to ra t trng. Hot ng da trn hin tng cm ng in t. Dng din xoay chiu 3 pha dng trong cc nh my,x nghip. Cch mc mch 3 pha: Nu ti tiu th c ni hnh sao v ti i xng(3 ti ging nhau) th cng dng in trong dy trung ha = 0 v ngc li. NG C KHNG NG B 3 PHA: Roto lng sc quay do tc dng ca t trng quay vi tc nh hn tc ca t trng. Sut in ng hiu dng ca my pht in: E =
4.N .0 . 2

(V)

Ch : Stato gm n cp cun dy ni tip nn c 2n cun dy. CHNG 5: SNG NH SNG ng dng ca hin tng tn sc nh sng: Trong my quang ph. Gii thch hin tng cu vng. Chit sut i vi nh sng tm c GTLN.( tia tm b lch nhiu nht,tia b lch t nht) Hin tng giao thoa nh sng trn bn mng: Gii thch hin tng trn cc vng du m,bong bng x phng. Chit sut ng vi nh sng c bc sng cng di th c gt cng nh hn chit sut ng vi nh sng c bc sng ngn. QUANG PH LIN TC: Quang ph gm nhiu di sng mu sc khc nhau ni tip nhau 1 cch lin tc. Ngun pht: cc cht rn ,lng, kh c klr ln b nung nng pht ra. Khi nhit tng dn th cng bc x cng mnh v min quang ph lan dn t bc x c bc sng di sang bc x c bc sng nhn. Lng knh c tc dng phn tch chm nh sng phc tp thnh nhng thnh phn n sc trong my quang ph. QUANG PH VCH PHT X: Cch to: cht kh hay hi c klr nh b kch thch p sut thp. Bc x pht ra c bc sng xc nh c trng cho nguyn t . QUANG PH VCH HP TH:

Do cht kh hay hi kim loi hp th. TIA HNG NGOI: c nhn bit = pin nhit in. C bc sng ln hn bc sng ca nh sng v nh hn bc sng ca sng v tuyn. mt tri cha 50% nng lng. Tia hng ngoi c th gy ra hiu ng quang in 1 s cht. TIA T NGOI: C bc sng ngn hn bc sng ca nh sng tm.khng c tc dng thp sng.mt tri cha 9 % nng lng. C th gy ra 1 s phn ng quang ha,tia t ngoi c bc sng t 0,18 micromet n 0,4 micromet truyn qua c thch anh.gy hiu ng quang in, c tc dng sinh l. Dng cha bnh ci xng. TIA X( tia Rn-ghen), THANG SNG IN T: Dng mn hunh quang,mch dao ng LC, t bo quang in pht hin tia X.Dng d khuyt tt bn trong sn phm. Tia X c bc sng t:10-12 m n 10-8m . Tia X cng:c bc sng t 10-12 m n 10-9m. Tia X mm:c bc sng t 10-9 m n 10-8 m. Tia X c bc sng cng ngn th kh nng m xuyn cng ln. Khi nh sng truyn t khng kh vo thy tinh th f=const, bc sng gim. THANG SNG IN T SNG V TUYN, TIA HNG NGOI, NH SNG NHN THY,TIA T NGOI , TIA RON-GEN, TIA GAMA L SNG IN T. Vi cc tia c bc sng di ta d quan st hin tng giao thoa. CHNG 6: LNG T NH SNG Hin tng quang in l hin tng nh sng lm bt cc electron ra khi mt kim loi. Vn tc ban u cc i ca electron quang in hoc hiu in th hm ph thuc vo c nh sng ca nh sng kch thch v bn chy ca kim loi dng lm catot. Cng dng quang in ph thuc vo cng chm sng kch thch. 1. Thuyt lng t nh sng: nh sng c to thnh bi cc ht gi l photon. Vi mi nh sng n sc c tn s f cc photon u ging nhau. Photon ch tn ti trnh thi chuyn ng. Khng c photon ng yn. 2. Hin tng quang in trong:

L hin tng nh sng gii phng cc electron lin kt chng tr thnh cc electron dn ng thi gi phng cc l trng. Quang in tr l 1 in tr lm = cht quang dn. Pin quang in bin i quang nng thnh in nng. Hot ng da vo hin tng quang in trong xy ra bn trong 1 lp chn. S PHT QUANG 1. HUNH QUANG: L s pht quang ca cht lng v cht kh. Thi gian < 10-8s. 2. Ln quang: L s pht quang ca cc cht rn . Thi gian > 10-8s. nh lut Xtoc v s pht quang: Bc sng ca nh sng pht quang di hn bc sng ca nh sng kch thch. S TO THNH QUANG PH VCH V QUANG PH VCH PHT X CA NGUYN T HIDRO 1. TIN BO: Nguyn t ch tn ti trnh thi c mc nng lng xc nh gi l trng thi dng. Khi trng thi dng th nguyn t khng bc x. Nng lng nguyn t bao gm ng nng ca electron v th nng tng tc tnh in gia electron v ht nhn. Bn knh Tn qu o R0 K 4R0 L 9R0 M 16R0 N 25R0 O 36R0 P

VI R0=5,3.10-11M: BN KNH BO. TRNG THI C BN l trng thi dng c mc nng lng thp nht v electron chuyn ng trn qu o gn ht nhn nht. Mu nguyn t bo khc mu nguyn t ca R-do-pho im trng thi c nng lng n nh. S LC V LAZE: Hot ng da trn hin tng pht x cm ng. Laze rubi(laze hng ngc) bin i quang nng thnh quang nng. Chm sng ca laze rubi ta thu c t gng bn m G2 . Laze c tnh n sc rt cao. sai lch tng i c th ch = 10-15. L chm sng kt hp.

 L chm sng song song. Tia laze c cng ln. vd: laze hng ngc. HIN TNG QUANG PHT QUANG: s hp th hon ton 1 photon s pht ra 1 photon khc. HP TH NH SNG L hin tng mi trng lm gim cng ca chm sng truyn qua n. Cng chm sng N SC truyn qua mi trng hp th gim theo nh lut hm s m ca di ca ng i. Nhng cht khng hp th nh sng trong min no ca quang ph gi l gn trong sut vi quang ph . Nhng vt khng hp th nh sng trong min nhn thy ca quang ph c gi l vt trong sut khng mu v ngc li. Vt hp th hon ton mi nh sng nhn thy th vt c mu en. V d: tm g sn .Khi chiu vo tm g nh sng lam hoc tm th tm g c mu en. QUANG PH VCH CA HIDRO 1. Dy laiman thuc vng T NGOI. CC ELECTRON chuyn v qu o K. 2. Dy banme 1 phn nm trong vng t ngoi v gm 4 vch trong vng nh sng nhn thy c. electron chuyn dn v qu a L. 3. DY PASEN THUC VNG HNG NGOI. electron chuyn dn v qu o M. CHNG 7: HT NHN NGUYN T 1. K hiu ht nhn:
A Z

Z l s proton(s THN hay s nguyn t) A l s khi hay s nuclon.s notron: N=A-Z. X l k hiu ha hc ca nguyn t. Khi lng nguyn t xp x = khi lng ht nhn. KCH THC HT NHN:
A+ B C + D M 0 = mA + mB

R = 1, 2.1015. A 3 (m)
4 3

Th tch ht nhn: V = R3 . NG V: c cng s proton Z nhung s khi A khc nhau. NNG LNG LIN KT: LC HT NHN l lc tng tc gia cc nuclon trong ht nhn. L lc ht c bn knh khong 10-15 m.

 Tng khi lng ca cc nuclon bao gi cng ln hn khi lng ca ht nhn tao thnh. Nng lng lin kt l nng lng cn cung cp cho ht nhn ban u ng yn tch n thnh cc nuclon ring l. Ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th cng bn vng. S PHNG X Hon ton do cc nguyn nhn bn trong ht nhn khng ph thuc vo cc yu t l ha bn ngoi. Cc loi phng x: 1. TIA ANPHA: Thc cht l nguyn t heli: 24 He b lch v pha bn (-). Phng ra vi vn tc khong 2.107 m. c kh nng ion ha khng kh. m xuyn km, trong khng kh i c 8 cm. 2. TIA BETA:
0 A. k hiu: 1 e lch v pha bn (+), thc cht l electron, q= -e.

Phng x l phn ng ht nhn ta nng lng. B. + th ngc li. Phng ra vi vn tc gn = vn tc nh sng. Ion ha cht kh yu hn tia anpha. Kh nng m xuyn mnh. i c vi trm mt trong khng kh. 3. TIA GAMA: C bn cht l sng in t c bc sng rt ngn. y l chm photon c nng lng cao. Khng b lch trong in trng v t trng. kh nng m xuyn ln, c th i qua lp ch dy vi chc cm v rt nguy him. 4. NH LUT PHNG X: C sau mi chu k T th
1 s nguyn t ca cht y bin i thnh cht khc. 2

phng x: c o = s phn r trong 1s. Phng x l trng hp ring ca phn ng ht nhn. 5. PHN NG HT NHN: CC HT NHN C TH L CC HT S CP: ELECTRON,POZITRON,NOTRON Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng tron phn ng ht nhn.

CH : phn ng: e + e + 2 (electron+pozitron 2photon) c bo ton khi lng v photon c khi lng tnh =0 nhng n lun chuyn ng di dng ng nng. 6. NNG LNG TRONG PHN NG HT NHN: XT PHN NG: A + B C + D Khi lng cc ht trc phn ng: M 0 = mA + mB Khi lng cc ht sau phn ng: M = mC + mD Nu M < M 0 th M >0 phn ng ta nng lng. Tng khi lng gim phn ng ta nng lng. Ht nhn sau bn hn ht nhn trc. phn ng thu nng lng ht nhn sinh ra km bn vng hn. 7. S PHN HCH: 1. PHN NG PHN HCH:cc ht nhn hp th 1 notron v thnh 2 ht nhn c khi lng trung bnh v ta nng lng. 2. PHN NG NHIT HCH: Cc ht nhn nh kt hp vi nhau thnh 1 ht nhn nng hn nhit cao v ta nng lng. 3. PHN NG DY TRUYN: Phn ng phn hch sinh ra 1 notron th cp. K 1 th s c phn ng dy chuyn. k>1 phn ng dy chuyn vt hn khng khng ch c. Trong my xiclotron cc ion c tng tc bi IN TRNG BIN I TUN HON GIA 2 CC D. CHNG 8: T VI M N V M 1. HT S CP: Photon, lepton, mezon, bazion. Proton,notrino, graviton c khi lng ngh = 0. Cc ht s cp bn: proton,electron,photon, notrino. Cc barion l t hp ca 2 quac. Cha quan st c ht quac t do. 2. TNG TC CC HT S CP: HP DN< IN T<YU(TRONG PHN R )< MNH( GIA CC HADRO) 3. H MT TRI: Tt c cc hnh tinh u chuyn ng quanh mt tri theo cng 1 chiu( chiu thun) v gn nh trong cng 1 mt phng. mt tri v cc hnh tinh u t quay quanh mnh n tr KIM TINH. MT TRI C KHI LNG 1,99.1030 kg.

 Chu k ca sao chi quay quanh mt tri khong 150 nm. Khi sao chi tin gn mt tri th ui sao chi tin ra xa mt tri. Nht hoa trng thi ion ha mnh. Cng sut bc x mt tri l P=3,9.1026 W KHI NHIN LIU TRONG MT TRI CN KIT TH MT TRI TR THNH SAO LN. ng knh mt tri khong 60 dvtv.ng knh tri t khong 12800km. Khi lng tri t khong: 6.1024 kg. Mt tri thuc loi sao trung bnh gia trng v knh . Cu trc quaza khng phi l 1 thnh vin ca 1 thin h.
P.T . AU H .W.N A

Tnh khi lng U 235 cn dng cho l phn ng ht nhn: mU 235 = P: CNG SUT. T: THI GIAN(S).
AU : S KHI.

. H: NNG LNG TA RA.

N A =6,023.10 .
23

W S % nhn 1,6.10

-13

1.Bi tp phn phng x:

24 Ngi ta tim vo mu 1 ngi 1 lng nh dung dch cha 11 Na c phng x

H 0 =2.10 Bq . sau 5h ngi ta ly 1 cm mu ngi th thy phng x H=0,265

Bq/cm3. chu k bn r ca Na l 15h. Tm th tch mu ngi . GII: Gi V cm3 l th tch ca mu trong ngi th phng x ban u ca 1cm3 mu = H=
H 0 t .e V H0 V

0, 265 =

2.103 0,231 .e v = 6 lt. V

t m0 (1 2 T ).22, 4 AU

Th tch kh He trong phn ng: V = 8.

1ci = 3, 7.1010 bq

2.BI TP V LAZE: Ngi ta dng 1 laze hot ng lin tc khoan 1 tm thp. Cng sut ca chm laze l 10 W . ng knh ca chm sng d=1mm. b dy ca tm thp e=2mm. nhit ban u t0=300C. cho khi lng ring ca thp: = 7800 kg/m3.

Ndr ca thp:c=448 J/kg.. Nhit nc ring ca thp: =270 Kj/kg. im nc ca thp: TC =15350C. Gii: Th tch thp cn nu chy: V =
d 2e
4 =

.1.106.2.103
4

= 1, 57.109 m .

Khi lng thp cn nu chy: m = v. = 122, 46.107 kg. Nhit cn thit a khi thp ln nhit nng chy: Q1 = mc(TC t0 ) = 8, 257 J.
Q2 = m = 3,306 J. Nhit lng cn nu chy thp: Q = Q1 + Q2 = 11, 653 J.
Q =1,16 s. P
Q(1s ) . Q (tp )

Thi gian khoan thp: t =

Cng thc tnh th tch m tia laze lm bc hi trong 1s: V 1 = Chiu di vt ct laze: l=vn tc . thi gian=v.s. Din tch vt ct: S=2r.l. Chiu su cc i: h =
V1 . S ct 2

Khong cch gia tri t vi mt tri: L =

C=3.108 m/s t :khong thi gian gia thi im pht v nhn xung. di mi xung sng: l = c. : thi gian ko di mi xung. 3.BI TP V MT TRI: Cng sut bc x ton phn ca h mt tri l: P=3,9.1026 W. 1.Mi nm khi lng mt tri gim bao nhiu? 2.Bit rng c mi ht He to thnh th nng lng gii phng l 4,2.10-12 J. tnh lng He to thnh v lng Hidro tiu th hng nm trong mt tri. GII: 1.p dng h thc Anh-xtanh: E = m.c 2 vi E = P.t vi t=365.24.3600 (s)
m = 1,37.1017 kg/nm.
m = 6,88.1014 kg. M = 1, 99.1030 . M

2.Phn khi lng mt tri gim 1 nm =

S ht nhn He to thnh trong 1 nm =( nng lng bc x ca mt tri trong 1 nm)/nng lng ta ra sau 1 phn ng tng hp) hay n=2,93.1045 ht. Khi lng ht He to thnh trong 1 nm: mHe =
n 18 .2( g ) hay mHe =9,73.10 kg. NA

Lng Hidro tiu th hng nm: mH = mHe + m = 9,867.1018 kg. 4.BI TP V MY BIN TH: 1. Dng 1 hiu in th 100Kw ti i 1 cng sut 5000Kw n 1 ni cch xa 5km. gim in th trn ng dy cho php = 1% hiu in th pht. Tm tit din ca dy ti = ng bit in tr sut ca ng =1,7.10-8 .m . Gii:
I day = I phat = Pf Uf = 5000 = 50 A 100

gim th trn ng dy: U d = in tr dy ti: R =

Ud = 20 Id

Uf 100

100 = 1kV 100

Tit din dy ti: S =

.2l
R

1, 7.108.2.5.103 = 8, 5.106 m 2 20

2. Dng 1 hiu in th 6Kw ti i 1cng sut =100Kw 1 ni cch xa 7,5 km . cng sut tn hao trn ng dy = 3 ln cng sut truyn.tm khi lng ng cn dng lm dy. Gii: I day = I phat =
Pf Uf = 100 50 = A 6 3

Cng sut hao tn trn ng dy: Pd = 0, 03.Pf = 0, 03.100 = 3Kw

Rt = Pd I
2 day

3000 = 10,8 2500

Th tch dy ti: V = S .2 L =

.2l.2l
Rd

4l 2 = Rd

4l 2 .D Khi lng dy: m = V .D = = 3,117 tn. Rd

5.BI TP V BN KNH NGUYN T: T s bn knh nguyn t ca ht nhn 1 v ht nhn 2 =

rPb 3 207 3 r = 8 = 2 1 = 2 . T s r2 rAl 27

nng lng lin kt trong ht nhn xp s = bao nhiu? Gii: BN KNH NGUYN T T L VI CN BC 3 KHI LNG S. th tch ht nhn t l vi khi lng s A. Trong gn ng nng lng t l vi th tch tc l t l vi s khi A. vy nng lng tng xp s 8 ln.

V d :

rPb 3 207 3 = 8 = 2. rAl 27

6.BI TP V SNG M: Cng hng ca 1 m thoa xy ra vi ct khng kh trong ng hnh tr, khi ng c chiu cao kh d thp nht=25cm. Tnh tn s dao ng ca m thoa. GII: Chiu cao ca ng = tn s =330 Hz. Chc cc em thi tt trong cc k thi ! nht l k thi tuyn sinh i hc-cao ng! NGUYN SN TNG S T: 01659199199 EMAILL:SONTUNGAM_GM199@YAHOO.COM.VN 29/2/2012

vy =100cm c vn tc m thanh trong khng kh =330m/s vy

Vi chnh ph phi tuyt i trung thnh, vi dn phi knh trng l php.