t.

vz;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

jiyg;G
kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; gzpfs;/gjtpfs; ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp - Njh;T Kiw Kjy; epiy Njh;T Kjd;ik Njh;T NeKfj; Njh;T Neh;fhzYf;fhd Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs; Neh;fhzypy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfspd; tiffs; jFjpf;fhd epge;jidfs; vj;jid Kiw Njh;T vOjyhk; ,e;;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp Kjy; epiy Njh;T E}y;fspd; gl;bay; tpUg;gg; ghlk; - E}y;fspd; gl;bay; elg;G epfo;Tfs; topfhl;Ljy; Fwpg;Gfs; Njh;T Row;rpf;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;

gf;f vz;
3-4 5-6 7 8-10 11 12-13 14 15-18 19 20-21 22-24 25-29 30-34 35-36

md;G khztr; nry;tq;fSf;F>

nghJ Njh;Tfs; Fwpg;ghf kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;> jkpof muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; kw;Wk; ,ju Njh;TfSf;F jauhFk; nghOJ ePq;fs; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kf;fpa Fwpg;G njhFj;J toq;fpAs;Nsd;. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp vd;gJ gbj;J xU gl;lj;ij ngWtJ Nghd;W my;yhky; Nghl;bj; Njh;tpy; fye;J nfhz;L jFjpg; gl;baypYk;> ju thpirapYk; Kd;dpiy ngWtjhFk;. cq;fs; ju thpir vz; kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; IAS/IPS/IRS/IFS/IRTS/IAAS/IRAS/ETC Nghd;w gzpfs; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLk;. fPo;fz;l gzpf;fhf xt;nthU Mz;Lk; kj;jpa Njh;thsh; gzpahizahd Njh;Tfis elj;jp tUfpwJ. ,j;Njh;T ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;T (Civil Service Examinations) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Indian Administrative Service. Indian Foreign Service. Indian Police Service. Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group A. Indian Audit and Accounts Service, Group A.

,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp

,e;jpa ntspAwTg; gzp

,e;jpa fhty; gzp ,e;jpa jghy; njhiy njhlh;G fzf;F kw;Wk; epjp Nrit ,e;jpa jzpf;if kw;Wk; fzf;F Nritf; FO

Indian Revenue Service ,e;jpa tUtha; gzp (Customs and Central Excise) Group 'A'. Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group A. Indian Revenue Service, Group A. Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group 'A' ,e;jpa ghJfhg;Gg; gzp

,e;jpa tUtha;g; gzp

,e;jpa gPuq;fp njhopw;rhiyg; gzp

10 Indian Postal Service, Group A. Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group A. Indian Railway Traffic Service, Group A. Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group A.

,e;jpa mQ;ry; gzp

11

,e;jpa cs;ehl;L fzf;F Nrit

12

,e;jpa ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nrit

13

,e;jpa ,uapy;Nt Nrit fzf;F

14

Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group A. Post of Assistant Security Officer, Group 'A' in RPF. Indian Defence Estates Service, Group A. Indian Information Service (Junior Grade), Group A.

,e;jpa ,uapy;Nt gzpahsh; Nrit

15

cjtp ghJfhg;G mjpfhhp gzp ,e;jpa ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Njapiy Njhg;G ,e;jpa jfty; Nrit

16

17

18 Indian Trade Service, Group "A". Indian Corporate Law Service, Group "A". Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Service, Group B.

,e;jpa th;j;jf Nrit

19

,e;jpa $l;LwT rl;l Nrit

20

,e;jpa MAj gilfspd; jiyik jpy;yp> me;jkhd;> epf;Nfhghj;> yl;rj;jPT lhkd; ilA+ kw;Wk; jhj;uh eh$h; `Ntyp rptpy; rh;tP]; jpy;yp> me;jkhd;> epf;Nfhghj;> yl;rj;jPT lhkd; ilA+ kw;Wk; jhj;uh eh$h; `Ntyp Nghyp]; rh;tP]; ghz;bNrhp rptpy; rh;tP];

Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, 21 Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli Civil Service, Group 'B'. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra 22 & Nagar Haveli Police Service, Group 'B'. 23 Pondicherry Civil Service, Group 'B'.

24 Pondicherry Police Service, Group 'B'.

ghz;bNrhp fhty; rh;tP];

jho;j;jg;gl;l (SC) goq;Fbapdh; (ST) ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;Wj; jpwd; nfhz;lth;fSf;fhd gphpTfSf;F fhypg; gzpaplq;fs; KiwNa muR eph;zapj;Js;s xJf;fPl;bd;gb cUthf;fg;gLk;. Njh;T ikaq;fs; jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhpapy; fPo;f;fz;l Njh;T ikaq;fspy; Njh;T eilngWk;. 1. nrd;id> 2. kJiu> 3. ghz;br;Nrhp Fwpg;G: jkpofj;jpYs;s nrd;id kw;Wk; kJiu Mfpa ,uz;L Njh;T ikaq;fspy; Kjy;epiy Njh;T eilngWk;. Mdhy; nrd;idapy; kl;Lk; jhd; Kjd;ik Njh;T eilngWk;. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp - Njh;T Kiw ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp ,uz;L njhlh; epiyfis nfhz;lJ. mit 1. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpf;fhd Kjy;epiyj; Njh;T (nfhs;Fwp tif) %yk; Njh;thsh;fs; Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. 2. Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpd; (vOj;J kw;Wk; Neh;fhzy;) %yk; ntt;NtW

gzpfSf;Fk;> gjtpfSf;Fk; Njh;thsh;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. Kjy;epiyj; Njh;ntd;gJ ,uz;L jhl;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. 400

kjpg;ngz;fSf;fhd ,j;Njh;T nfhs;Fwp tifahFk;. ,j;Njh;thdJ ,g;gzpf;F jFjpAilath;fis kl;Lk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Nehf;fpy; elj;jg;gLk;. ,j;Njh;tpy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fis itj;J xUth; Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; ,k;kjpg;ngz;fs; ,Wjpfl;l Kbtpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.

Xuhz;by; epug;gg;glNtz;ba fhypaplq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; Nghy; 12 my;yJ 13 klq;F khzth;fs; Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. Kjy;epiyj; Njh;tpy; Njh;rrp ngw;wtuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l egh; me;jhz;L eilngWk; ; Kjd;ikj; Njh;it kl;Lk; vOj jFjpAilatuhthh;. Kjd;ikj; Njh;thdJ Xh; vOj;Jj; Njh;itAk; Xh; Neh;Kfj; Njh;itAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;. vOj;Jj; Njh;tpy; ghlthhpahf njhd;Wnjhl;L Nfl;fg;gLk; fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fis nfhz;l xd;gJ Nfs;tpj; jhl;fis cs;slf;fpaJ (nkhop ghlk;-jha;nkhop kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk;> nghJg;ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs;). Kjd;ik vOj;Jj; Njh;tpy; Njh;r;rp ngWtjw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;w Njh;thsh;fs; Njh;Tf;FOtpd; mDkjpNahL mth;fspd; MSikj;jd;ikia mwpa xU Neh;fhzYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLthh;fs;. ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; cs;s tpdhj;jhl;fs; ,ay;gpNyNa jFjpAilajhFk;. ,t;tpdhj;jhl;fspy; ngwg;gl;l kjpg;ngz;fs; juthpirf;Fr; Nrh;f;fg;glkhl;lhJ. fhypg;gzpaplq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl ,U klq;F Njh;thsh;fs; Neh;fhzYf;F miof;fg;gLthh;fs;. Neh;fhzYf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fs; 300 MFk;(Fiwe;j gl;r kjpg;ngz;fs; fpilahJ). Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; (vOj;J kw;Wk; Neh;fhzy;) Njh;thsh;fs; ngw;w

kjpg;ngz;fs; mth;fSila ,Wjp juthpiria jPh;khdpg;gjhf mikAk;. mth;fs; Njh;tpy; ngw;w juthpirf;Nfw;gTk;> mth;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; ntt;NtW gzpfspYk; gjtpfspYk; mkh;j;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;. Kjy; epiyj; Njh;T Kjy; epiy Njh;thdJ ,uz;L jhs;fis nfhz;ljhFk;. jhs;-I nghJg;ghlk; jhs;-II CSAT nkhj;jk; 200 kjpg;ngz;fs; 200 kjpg;ngz;fs; 400 kjpg;ngz;fs;

,uz;L jhs;fspYNk nfhs;Fwp tpdhf;fs; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. [gyTs; njhpT tpdhf;fs; (Multiple choice questions)]
7

tpdhj;jhs;fs; `pe;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ,Uf;Fk;. tpUg;ghlj;jpDila ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; nghUslf;fk; (Syllabi) gl;lg; gbg;G mstpy; ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthU mspf;fg;gLk;. kjpg;ngz; Fiwg;G (Negative Marketing) nfhs;Fwp tpdhj;jhspy; Njh;thsh;fshy; jtwhf vOjg;gLk; tpilfSf;F tpisg;gad; (Penalty) ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F tpilfspy; xd;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJtjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Njh;thsh;fshy; jtwhf vOjg;gLk; tpilfSf;F %d;wpy; xU gq;F kjpg;ngz; tpisg;gadhf (Penalty) Fiwf;fg;gLk;. VjhtJ xU tpdhtpw;F tpil vOjhky; ,Ue;jhy; mt;tpdhtpw;F tpisg;gad; (Penalty) ,Uf;fhJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpd; tpUg;gg;ghlj;jpy; 120 tpdhf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ePq;fs; 101 tpdhf;fSf;F tpil mspj;jpUe;jhy; 80 tpdhf;fs; rhpahf ,Ue;jhy; kPjp 20 tpdhf;fs; jtwhf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; kjpg;ngz;fs; fPo;fz;lthW ,Uf;Fk;. ( 80 7 ) x 2 Kjd;ikj; Njh;T Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; Njh;thsh;fspd; jfty; mspf;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; epidTj; jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;ahky; mth;fSila mwpTrhh; gz;GfisAk; (Intellectual traits) Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwidAk; (depth of understanding) kjpg;gPL nra;tjhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,sepiy gl;lg;gbg;gpd; Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpd; tpUg;gg; ghlj;jhs;fspd; ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ KJfiy gl;lg;gbg;gpw;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf msit tpl cah;thfTk;> KJepiyg; gl;lg; gbg;ig tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. nghwpapay; kw;Wk; rl;lg; gbg;Gfspy; ,jd; msT ,sepiy gl;lg; gbg;Gf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk;.
8

tpdhj;jhSf;Fk;

,uz;L

kzp

Neuk;

toq;fg;gLk;.

ghh;itapy;yhjth;fSf;F xt;nthU jhSf;Fk; $Ljyhf ,UgJ epkplq;fs;

Kjd;ik vOj;Jj; Njh;thdJ fPo;f;fz;l jhs;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. jhs;-I : ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; cs;s vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;s nkhopfspy; Njh;thsh;fs; vjhtJ xd;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOjyhk; (nkhopg;ghlk;) jhs;-II jhs;-III jhs;-IV-V : : : Mq;fpyk; fl;Liu - 300 kjpg;ngz;fs;

- 300 kjpg;ngz;fs; - 300 kjpg;ngz;fs;

nghJg;ghlk; (xt;nthU jhspw;Fk; - 300 kjpg;ngz;fs;)

jhs;-VI, VII, VIII & IX : fPo;f;fz;l gj;jpfspy; ,uz;lhk; gj;jpapy; cs;s tpUg;gg; ghlq;fs; thpirapy; VjhtJ ,uz;L ghlq;fis Njhe;njLj;J nfhs;syhk;. xt;nthU ghlKk; ,uz;L jhs;fs; nfhz;ljhFk;. xt;nthU jhSf;Fk; - 300 kjpg;ngz;fs; MFk;. Neh;Kfj; Njh;T Fwpg;G: Nfs;tpj; jhsdJ ,e;jpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkl;hpFNyrd; my;yJ mjw;F ,izahd juj;ij cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;Njh;Tfspy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; juthpirf;F fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sgl khl;lhJ. Njh;thsh;fSila fl;Liu> nghJg;ghlk; kw;Wk; tpUg;gg; ghl tpilj;jhs;fs; xNu rkaj;jpy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLtJld;> mNj rkaj;jpy; jFjpj; Njh;Tfshd ,e;jpa nkhopfs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpyg; ghl tpilj;jhs;fSk; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;. fl;Liug; ghlk; kw;Wk; tpUg;gg; ghlq;fspy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; Njh;thizak; eph;zapj;j Fiwe;j gl;r mwpT rhh; jpwidahtJ ngw;wpUe;jhy; kl;LNk jFjp ngWth;. Mifahy; ,e;jpa nkhop kw;Wk; Mq;fpy ghlq;fspy; Fiwe;j gl;r kjpg;ngz;fs; ngwhj khzth;fspd; fl;Liu> nghJg;ghlk; kw;Wk; nkhopg;ghlq;fspy; kjpg;ngz;fs; ntspg;gilahf njhpa tuhJ.
9

300 kjpg;ngz;fs;

Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpd; tpUg;gg; ghlq;fspd; gl;bay; Ntshz;ik / tpyq;Ffisg; Ngzpf; fhj;jy; & fhy;eil mwptpay; / khdpltpay; / jhtutpay; / Ntjpapay; / fl;bl nghwpapay; / tzpfk; kw;Wk; fzf;fpay; / nghUshjuk; / kpd;dZ nghwpapay; / Gtpapay; / kz;zpay; / tuyhW / rl;lk; / Nkyhz;ik / fzpjk; / ,ae;jputpay; / kUj;Jt mwptpay; / jj;Jtk; / ,aw;gpay; / murpay; mwptpay; / gd;dhl;L cwT Kiwfs; / kNdh jj;Jtk; / nghJ eph;thfk; / r%ftpay; / Gs;spay; / tpyq;fpay; fPo;fz;lthW VjhtJ xU nkhopfspy; ,yf;fpak; mugp / m];]hkp / NghNlh / ngq;fhy; / Nlhfphp / rPdk; / Mq;fpyk; / gpnuQ;r; / n[h;kdp / F[uhj;jp / `pe;jp / fd;dlk; / fh\;kPhp / nfhq;fdp / ikjpyp / kiyahsk; / kzpg;Ghp / kuhj;jp / Neghsk; / xhpah / ghyp / ngh;rpad; / gQ;rhgp / u\;ad; / rk];fpUjk; / rhe;jpyp / rpe;J / jkpo; / njYq;F / cUJ. Fwpg;G: fPo;f;fz;l ghlq;fspd; fyitia (Combination) Njh;e;njLf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl khl;lhh;fs;.

murpay; mwptpay; & gd;dhl;L cwTfs; kw;Wk; nghJ eph;thfk;. tzpftpay; & fzf;fpay; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik. khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay;. fzpjk; kw;Wk; Gs;spapay;. Ntshz;ik kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsh;g;G kw;Wk; fhy;eil mwptpay;. Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; nghJ eph;thfk;. nghwpapay; ghlq;fspy; fl;bl nghwpapay; kpd;dDtpay;> ,ae;jputpay; vd VNjDk; ghlj;jpw;F Nky; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

fhy;eil tsh;g;G & fhy;eil mwptpay; kw;Wk; kUj;J mwptpay;.

i. ,j;Njh;Tf;fhd tpdhj;jhs;fspy; njhd;W njhl;Lf; Nfl;fg;gLk; fl;Liu Kiw ,Uf;Fk;. ii. xt;nthU jhSf;Fk; %d;W kzp Neu mtfhrk; mspf;fg;gLk;.
10

iii. ghh;itaw;wth;fSf;F xJf;fgLk;. iv. Njh;thsh;fs; ,e;jpa

xt;nthU

jhSf;Fk; rl;l

$Ljyhf vl;lhtJ

30

epkplq;fs;

murpaiykg;Gr;

ml;ltizapy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;s VjhtJ xU nkhopg; ghlj; Njh;it jtpu kw;w Njh;Tfspy; tpdhf;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOjyhk;. v. Njh;thsh;fs; tpdhj;jhs;fis (III IX) murpayikg;Gr; rl;l vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy; tpUk;gpdhy; vOjyhk;. vi. Njh;thsh;fs; Nkw;$wpa tpjpKiwfspy; Vjhtnjhd;wpid kPwpdhy; mth; ngw;w nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fspypUe;J kjpg;ngz;fs; Fiwf;fg;gLk;. tpjp kPwpa nray;ghLfspypUe;jhy; mth;fspd; tpilj;jhs;fs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj Clfk; vd kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl khl;lhJ. vii. nkhopg;ghl tpdhj;jhs;fisj; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; mikf;fg;gLk;. Neh;Kfj; Njh;T Neh;fhzy; eilngWtjw;F Kd;Ng Mizaj;jplk; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;lth; gw;wpa KO tptug; gl;bay; ,Uf;Fk;. tpz;zg;gjhuhplk; nghJ <Lghl;bd; Nghpy; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. tpz;zg;gjhuiu Njh;e;njLf;Fk; Njh;thizahsh;fs; jpwik tha;e;jth;fshfTk;> guhgl;rkpy;yhjth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fshy; kl;LNk mg;gzp rhh;ghd kjpg;gPL nra;ag;;gLfpwJ. muRg; gzpf;F Vw;Gilatuh vd;gij kjpg;gPL nra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Njh;thdJ Njh;T nra;ag;gl;lthpd; kd Mw;wiy jPh;khdpf;Fk; tifapy; jpl;lkplg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf $wNtz;Lkhdhy; ,j;Njh;thdJ mwpTj;jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;tjy;y. mth;fspd; r%fg; gz;Gfs; elg;G epfo;Tfis njhpe;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; <LghL vt;thW cs;snjd kjpg;gpLfpwJ. ,JNt kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; Kf;fpag; gz;GfshFk;.
11

cs;s

VjhtJ El;gf;

xU

nkhopapy;

gjpyspf;fyhk;.

mth;fs;

njhopy;

Fwpg;Gfis

milf;fg;gl;l

FwpaPl;Lf;Fs;

Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjyhk;. NkYk; mth;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l nkhopapYk;

jtpu

kw;w

tpdhj;jhs;fs;

,e;jpapYk;

Neh;fhzy; KiwahdJ fbdkhd Njh;ty;y. Mdhy; mj;Njh;thsh;fspd; kdj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,aw;fhf elj;jg;gLk; Njh;thFk;. Neh;Kfj; Njh;T vd;gJ gzpehLfspd; Ke;ija vOj;Jj; Njh;tpd;

mbg;gilapNyh nghJ mwpitNah (m) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ghl mwpitNah Nrhjpg;gjhf my;yhky;> mth;fspd; ghl mwpT kw;Wk; jd;idg; gw;wpAk;> jd;Dila khepyj;jpYk; Njrj;jpYk; cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk; elf;Fk; epfo;Tfisg; gw;wpAk; GJikahd epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; ,isa jiyKiwapdhpd; Gjpa Kaw;rpfis ntspf;nfhzuf;$ba Mh;tj;jpid J}z;LtNj Neh;fhzypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. Neh;fhzYf;fhd Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs;: Nfhj;jhhp FOthdJ> kj;jpag; gzpahsh; Njh;T thhpaj;jpw;Fg; gzpehLehplk; Neh;fhzypd; NghJ ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jFjpfs; Fwpj;J gl;baypl;L fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. njspthd ntspghL nrhy;Yjy; kw;Wk; tpthjq;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd; gFj;jwpTj; jpwd; ntt;NtW fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J ghuhl;Ljy;. r%f nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;T kw;Wk; mf;fiw mjpf Mh;tk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; czh;Tfs; njhlh;Gila jdpg;gl;l Mf;ff; $Wfs; Ml;rpg; gzpf;fhd Neh;fhzy; vd;gJ MSikj; Njh;T vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs; gzpehLehpd; MSikia kjpg;gPL nra;tjhfTk;> mth; jpwikahd eph;thfj; jFjp tha;e;jtuh> ,y;iyah vd;gijAk; kjpg;gpLfpwJ. gzpehLehpd; mwpTj;jpwd; kl;Lkpd;wp mtUila KOikahd MSik tsh;r;rp> Neh;ik> ehzak;> tpopg;Gzh;T> rkepiyj; Njh;T> ftdk;> jiyikg; gz;G Mfpa gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLfpwJ. Mifahy; Neh;Kfj; Njh;tpw;F rhpahd Kiwapy; jpl;lkply; mtrpak;.
12

Njh;th;fs; gzpehLehpd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lthpd; rpy gz;Gfis cw;W Nehf;fp mth; Ml;rpg; gzpf;Fj; jFjpahdtuh? ,y;iyah? vd KbT nra;thh;fs;. mjw;fhf mth;fSf;F Neh;kiw vz;zq;fs; rkNahrpj Af;jp> jtwhd vz;zq;fSf;F ,lkspf;fhjtuhfTk;> ,Wf;fkhd #oypYk; ifahSk; jpwd; cilatuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Neh;Kfj; Njh;Tf;F jahh; nra;jy; vd;gJ xU njhlh; epfo;T. jahh; nra;jy; vd;gJ mjpfkhd Gj;jfq;fs;> gj;jphpf;iffs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L nra;jp jhs;fs; Mo;e;J gbg;gjhFk;. xUth; ey;y cr;rhpg;Gld; $ba fye;Jiuahly; jpwid tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; gw;wpAk; jd;Dila nghOJ Nghf;F gw;wpAk; jd;Dila ,ju jpwikfisr; rhh;e;J Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f jahuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ez;gh;fSld; elg;G epfo;Tfs; gw;wpAk;> rkPgfhy rk;gtq;fs; Fwpj;J MNyhrpj;jy; ey;y mwpTiuahFk;. khjphp Neh;fhzy; kw;Wk; FO ciuahly; %yk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;w Nfs;tpfisf; nfhz;L xj;jpif ghh;g;gnjd;gJ xU rpwe;j topfhl;LjyhFk;. jd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdj;ij Ra gFg;gha;T nra;J jd; jpwikiaf; nfhz;L ey;y Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

kj;jpag; gzpahsh;fs; Njh;T thhpa Neh;fhzypy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfspd; tiffs;: cd;Dila ngah;fs; njhlh;ghd gpugykhd> Gfo; ngw;w xNu khjphpahd (m) FLk;g ngah; cq;fSila ,yl;rpak; / tpUg;gk; Fbikg; gzpia Njh;e;njLf;f fhuzk;? cq;fSila nghOJ Nghf;Ffs; - ePq;fs; Vd; me;j nghOJ Nghf;if Njh;e;njLj;jPh;fs; nfhs;Sq;fs;. rkPgj;jpa #lhd jfty;fs; - ef;]yprk; / gd;wpf; fha;r;ry; / ypgh;fhh;d; / mwpf;if njhlh;ghd ntspaPL> gaq;futhj jhf;Fjy;> ghk;gd; N`fd; re;jpg;G> fhkd; nty;j; tpisahl;Lfs;
13

nghOJ

Nghf;F

njhlh;ghd

tpdhf;fs;

Ma;Tfs;

tpdtg;gLk;. Mifapdhy; cq;fs; nghOJ Nghf;Fk; gw;wp ed;whf Muha;e;Jf;

,e;jpa fphpf;nfl;bd; thpir . . . . ,J Nghd;w gy md;whl nra;jpfis gbg;gijAk;> Ntz;Lk;. Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;gpl;l mwpit eP vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;Nghfpwha;? (eP lhf;luhf> tf;fPyhf> nghwpahsuhfapUg;gpd;) #o;epiyf;Nfw;w Nfs;tpfs; eP thuzhrpapd; Ml;rpauhf Jiz fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf ,Ug;gpd; Fz;L ntbg;G eilngw;wgpd; eP vd;d nra;tha;? Njh;T Nritfs; - Nritfis Njh;T nra;Ak; Mizak; Nfs;tpfis vOg;g KbAk;. eP gbj;j fy;tp epWtdj;ijg; gw;wpAk; mJ njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs; gw;wpAk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fyhk;. eP IIM gbe;jpUe;jpUe;jhy; rk;gs cah;T gw;wp Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbj;jpUe;jhy; mjDld; njhlh;Gila ftdpg;gijAk; rkPgj;jpa njhlh; nray;ghLfshf nra;jpfs; mikj;Jf; nfhs;s jiyg;G cd;Dila ghlj;Jld;

njhlh;GilahjfapUg;gpd; me;jg; gFjpia kpfr; rpwg;ghf kW Ma;T nra;a

Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;. tpz;zg;gj;jpypUe;J - G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l tpz;zg;gj;jpypUe;Jk; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;glyhk;. eP ghlj;ij khw;wpapUe;jhy; vjw;fhf khw;wpdha; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;. cd;Dila nrhe;j khtl;lk;> khepyk; - khepy> khtl;lk; thhpahf Kf;fpa ntsaPLfs; gw;wp Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;.

14

Njh;Tf;fhd jFjpfs; taJ tuk;G Kjy; epiy Njh;ntOJk; tpz;zg;gjhuh; 21 taJ G+h;j;jp mile;jtuhfTk; NkYk; Mf];l; 1 Mk; Njjpf;Fs; 30 taJ G+h;j;jp milahkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; fPo;f;fz;lth;fSf;F taJ tuk;gpy; rpy tpjpKiwfs; jsh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpz;zg;gjhuh; jho;j;jg;gl;l (SC) kiytho; kf;fs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapduhf ,Ue;jhy; (ST) mjpfgl;rkhf 5 tUlk; tiuapYk; tpz;zg;gjhuh; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;ltuhf ,Ue;jhy; mjpf gl;rkhf 3 tUlKk; tpz;zg;gjhuh; [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jpy; 1980 [dthp-1 ypUe;J 1989 brk;gh;31f;Fs; FbNawpatuhf ,Ug;gpd; 5 tUlk; tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghJfhg;G gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;j tPuh; cly; Cdk; Vw;gl;L mjd; fhuzkhf gzpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mth;fSf;F taJ tuk;gpy; %d;whz;Lfs; tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kjdpiy Njh;T vOJk; Mz;L Mf];l; 1 Mk; Njjpad;W Fiwe;jJ Ie;jhz;Lfs; mjpfhhpfs; ,uhZtj;jpy; kw;Wk; gzpGhpe;j Kd;dhy; ,uhZtj;jpdh;> Ie;jhz;Lfs; FO taJ ECOs/ SSCOs MfpNahh;fSf;F

tuk;gpypUe;J rYif toq;fg;gLk;. kw;Wk; xg;gilT (Assignment) Kbj;jth;fs; (Kjdpiy Njh;ntOJk; Mz;by; Xuhz;L gzpepiwT ngwhky; ,Ug;gth;fSk;) gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; elj;ijapd;ik kw;Wk; jFjpapd;ik fhuzkhf gzpePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; my;yJ ,uhZtj;jpy; gzpGhpa ,ayhj msTf;F cly; FiwghL cilath;fs; kw;Wk; ,ayhik fhuzkhf gzpePf;fk; my;yJ gzptpyf;F ngw;wth;fSf;Fk; Ie;jhz;Lfs; tpjptpyf;F mspf;fg;gLk;. Kjdpiy Njh;ntOJk; Mz;L Mf];l; 1 Mk; Njjpad;W jd;Dila Ie;jhz;L fhy ,uhZtg; gzpapy; xg;gilT (Assignment) Muk;g fl;lj;ij Kbj;j CEOs/ SSCOs kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G mikr;rfj;jplkpUe;J Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;T vOj rhd;wpjo; ngw;w Ie;jhz;LfSf;F Nky; xg;gilt gzp ePl;bf;fg;gl;ltUf;Fk; Ie;jhz;L fhyk; rYif toq;fg;gLk;. gzp epakd
15

Miz ngw;w NjjpapypUe;J %d;W khjj;jpw;Fs; mth;fs; gzpapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. ghh;itapoe;Njhh;> tha; Ngr ,ayhjth;fs; kw;Wk; cly; CdKw;wth;fSf;F taJ tuk;gpy gj;jhz;L fhyk; rYif toq;fg;gLk;.

Fwpg;G 1 jho;j;jg;gl;l (SC)> goq;Fbapdh; (ST) gj;jp 3(ii) (b) ,d;gb tUk; ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpid rhh;e;jth;fs;> Kd;dhy; ,uhZtj;jpdh;> [k;K fh\;kPh; khepyj;jth;fs; CdKw;wthfs; ghh;itapoe;jth;fs;> MfpNahh; taJ fhJ Nfshjth;fs; ngw kw;Wk; cly; tuk;G rYif ,uz;L tiffspYk;

jFjpAilath; Mth;.

Fwpg;G 2 Kd;dhs; ,uhZtj;jpdh; (Fbikg; gzpapy; kW Ntiy tha;g;Gg; gzp kw;Wk; gjtp) tpjp 1979 ,d;gb Kd;dhs; ,uhZtj;jpdh; vd;w jFjpAilath; Mthh;. NkYk; ,J fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g rl;l khWjYf;Fl;gl;lJ.

Fwpg;G 3 nrhe;j tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy; gzp Xa;T ngw;w Kd;dhy; ,uhZtj;jpdh;> Miza mjpfhhpfs; (ECOs/SSCOs cl;gl) MfpNahh; gj;jp 3(ii) (b) (v) and(vi) ,d;gb taJtuk;G rYif ngw jFjpAilath; my;y.

Fwpg;G 4 NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cly; CdKw;wth;fs; gj;jp 3(ii) (b) (vii) ,d;gb taJtuk;G rYif ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk;; murhq;fk; my;yJ epakd mjpfhhpfshy; epakpj;Js;s kUj;Jt ghpNrhjidfSf;F gzp gpwNf cly; epiyf;Nfw;g cly; CdKw;wth;f;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s kw;Wk; gjtpfSf;F kl;LNk

jFjpAilath; Mthh;fs;.

16

nkl;hpf;FNyrd; ,izahd ,e;jpa

my;yJ

gs;sp

,Wjp

rhd;wpjo;>

nkl;hpf;FNyrDf;F rhd;wpjo; xU

gy;fiyfofj;jhy;

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l

gy;fiyfofj;jpd; Kiwahd mjpfhuKila mjpfhhpaplkpUe;J rhd;wpjo; ngw;w nkl;hpf;FNyrd; gjpthsh; Nky;epiyg; gs;sp my;yJ mjw;F ,izahd Njh;T rhd;wpjo; gpwe;j Njjpf;fhd rhd;whf Mizaj;jhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. Kjd;ikj; (Affidavit); Njh;Tf;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; khl;lhJ. NghJ Mtzq;fs;> ,Wjp taij Njh;T

eph;zapf;ff;$ba [hjfk;> jhd; nrhy;tJ cz;iknad;w vOj;Jtbt fbjk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl nkl;hpf;FNyrd;/gs;sp rhd;wpjo; kl;LNk tajpid eph;zapg;gjw;fhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Fwpg;G 1 gzpehLeh; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;nghOJ taij eph;zapf;f nkl;hpf;FNyrd;/gs;sp

,Wjp Njh;T rhd;wpjo; kl;LNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. taJ tpj;jpahrj;ij ep&gpf;f NtW ve;j vOj;J tbtpyhd tpz;zg;gq;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl khl;lhJ.

Fwpg;G 2 tpz;zg;gjhuh; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ taij ep&gpf;f xUKiw Mizaj;jplk; toq;fg;gl;l taJ rhd;wpjioNa gyKiw Njh;ntOJk; nghOJk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. khw;wj;jf;fjy;y.

Fwpg;G 3 gzpehLeh; mth;fspd; gpwe;j Njjpia fyk; 8 ,y; G+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW G+h;j;jp nra;Ak;NghJ mjpf ftdj;Jld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fyk; 8 IAk; rhd;wpjioAk; rhpghh;f;Fk;NghJ tpj;jpahrkpd;wp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kPwpdhy; gzpehLeh; kPJ Miza tpjpfspd;gb xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

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Fiwe;jgl;r fy;tpj; jFjp gzpehLeh; kj;jpa khepy murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l VNjDk; xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyh my;yJ ghuhSkd;w rl;l tpjpfspd;gb epWtg;gl;l fy;tp epWtdj;jpNyh my;yJ UGC Act 1956 ,d;gb> gphpT 3 ,d;;gb jd;dhl;rp gy;fiyf;fofj;jpNyh gl;lk; my;yJ mjw;F epfuhd fy;tpj; jFjpapid ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;G 1 ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzp Njh;tpw;F> Mizak; jFjpahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Njh;it> Njh;thsh; vOjpapUe;J mjd; KbT ntspaplg;glhj epiyapy; mj;Njh;thsh; Njh;ntOj tpUk;gpdhy; mth; Kjy;epiy Njh;ntOj jFjpAilath; Mthh;. Mdhy; Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpw;F jtWk; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;NghJ gl;rj;jpy; Mizak; ,j;Njh;tpw;F Njh;T jFjpahff; fUJk; gl;lg;gbg;gpd; rhd;wpjio ,izj;jpUe;jhy; kl;LNk Njh;Tf;F jFjpAilatuhthh;. mth;fs; kw;Wk; Kjd;ikj; Mf];l; mDkjpf;fg;glkhl;lhh;fs;. ngUk;ghYk; [_iy khjq;fspy;

,k;Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F tpz;zg;gq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;G 2 kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; tpjptpyf;fhf Nkw;$wpa jFjp ngwhj xU gzpehLeh;; NtnwhU epWtdj;jpd; %yk; elj;jg;gLk; Njh;tpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;wpUg;gpd; me;epWtdj;jpd; jFjpiag; nghWj;J Mizak; mtiu Njh;Tf;F mDkjpf;fpwJ. Fwpg;G 3 murhq;fj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj; jFjp ngw;w gzpehLeh; ,j;Njh;ntOj jFjpngw;wtuhthh;. Fwpg;G 4 ,Wjpahz;L kUj;Jtj; njhopy;fy;tp my;yJ VjhtnjhU kUj;Jt Njh;tpy; Njh;r;rp ngw;w internship Kbf;fg;glhj gzpehLeh; Ml;rpg;gzp Kjd;ikj;Njh;Tf;F tpz;zg;gk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;nghOJ xg;gilf;fhky; ,Ug;gpDk; mth; Kjd;ikj; Njh;Tf;F mDkjpf;fg;gLthh;. tpz;zg;gj;Jld; mthpd; ,Wjpahz;L kUj;Jt njhopw;fy;tp Njh;T Njh;r;rp ngw;Ws;shh; vd;W rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhuKila
18

gy;fiyf;fofj;jplkpUe;Njh my;yJ epWtdj;jplkpUe;Njh ngw;Ws;s rhd;wpjio ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w epfo;tpd; NghJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpehLeh; Neh;fhzypd; NghJ gy;fiyf;fofj;jplkpUe;Njh my;yJ epWtdj;jplkpUe;Njh ngw;w cz;ikr; rhd;wpjo; ( internship Kbj;jy; cl;gl) rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kaw;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if jFjpAila Njh;thsh;fs; Fbikg; gzp Njh;Tf;F ehd;F Kiw kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. NkYk; epge;jidahdJ jho;j;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; goq;Fbapd Njh;thsh;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jhJ. ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j jFjpAila Njh;thsh;fs; VO Kiw Njh;ntOj mDkjpf;fg;gLth;. nghJ gphpit rhh;e;j cly; CdKw;w Njh;thsh;fs; VO Kiw Njh;T vOj mDkjpf;fg;gLth;. Cly; CdKw;Nwhh; vg;gphpit rhh;e;jtNuh> mg;gphptpYs;s cly;

Cdky;yhjth;fSf;F vj;jid Kiw toq;fg;gLfpwNjh vj;jid Kiw kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gLth;. Fwpg;G xU Kiw Kjy;epiy Njh;it vOjpdhy;> mJ Njh;tpw;fhd xU Kaw;rpahf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Kjy;epiyj; Njh;tpy; VNjDk; xU jhs; kl;LNk vOjpapUe;jhy; $l mJ Njh;tpw;fhd xU Kaw;rpahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; gzpehLeh; Njh;tpw;F jFjpapy;yhjtuhfNth> Njh;tpw;fhd mtuJ mtuJ Kaw;rp tpz;zg;gk; fzf;fpy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lhNyh vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

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Books list for study IAS Prelims Exam 1. NCERT Books Indian History - Ancient India, Medieval India and Modern India (+1, +2) and (Modern India Spectrum Publications) Indian Geography - Indian Geography. o Principles of Geography. o Human and Economic Geography. Science - Science and Technology (Standard 9 & 10) 2. Indian Polity [constitution] Indian polity Reference Introduction to constitution of India D.D. Basu. Indian Constitution P.N. Bakshi / Pylee. 3. Indian Economy Pratiyogita Darpan (Latest Edition) and Economic survey [2009-10] 4. GK Books Manorama Year Book 2010 India Year Book 2010 (Publication Division) 5. Magazines Frontline (For Mains & Interview) Competition wizard/Civil Services Chronicle / Civil Service Times (Any 1) Yojana [Published by Publication Division] 6. Newspapers / Daily* - The Hindu/Economic Times/(Tamil Daily) - by Laxmikanth (TMH publications) (or) Wizard guide for Indian Polity.

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7. Prelims Guide*Tata McGraw Hills UPSC General studies - Prelims guide -2010 and Wizard strategist for General Studies for Prelims (Latest Edition). 8. Other Sources* Regular watching of TV News (NDTV, BBC, CNN, and DD) and reading general magazines like India Today, Outlook and Sunday Indian etc. Note: * - 6, 7 & 8 - For beginners in preparation.

BOOK LIST FOR OPTIONAL SUBJECTS Geography 6th to 12th Std - NCERT Books Physical Geography - Savindra Singh Indian Geography - Khullar Human Geography Cartography - Majjid Hussain Majjid Hussain Geographical Thought - Khullar

Geography thro maps - Siddhartha and Mukherjee Certificate of physical Geography - Goh Cheng Leong Map - Oriental Black swan and TTK Map Indian History NCERT - XI Std. IGNOU Materials. An Advanced History of India 3 Authors Majumdar Roy Choudary R.C. Dutt Ancient India - Romila Thapar Ancient India - TN Jha The Wonder that was India - AL Basham
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Medieval India NCERT - XI Std. IGNOU Materials. An Advanced History of India 3 Authors Majumdar Roy Choudary RC Dutt The History of South India - Nilakanta Shasthri Delhi Sultanate - Satish Chandra Mughal Empire - Satish Chandra The Wonder that was India - Rizvi Medieval India - J.L. Mehta Medieval India - Sathiya Natha Iyer Modern India NCERT - VIII and XII Std. Modern Indian History - BL Grover and S Grover. Indian Freedom Struggle India 1857 1947 IGNOU Materials. Advanced History of India 3 Authors - Majumdar Roy Choudary and RC Dutt. Modern India - Spectrum Guide. Guides Indian History - Krishna Reddy and Tata Mc Graw hill Publications Indian History - Agnihothri Question Banks MnM Series Jawahar Publication Arihant previous years question papers - Bipin Chandra. India After Independence - Bipin Chandra. - Sumit Sarkar.

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Sociology Sociology - Shankar Rao. Social anthropology - Madhan and Majumdar. Sociology Themes and Perspectives - Harlon Bose. Dictionary of sociology - WP Scott. Modernisation of Indian tradition - Yogendhra Singh. Indian society - Ram Ahuja. NCERT Books on sociology. IGNOU Booklets on sociology. Spectrum prelims guide for sociology. Political Science 1. An introduction to political theory Gauba. 2. An introduction to the constitution of India - D.D. Basu. 3. Political Ideology - Andrew Heywood. 4. Political theory - Andrew Heywood. 5. IGNOU Booklets. Public Administration Administrative Thinkers - Prasad & Prasad. Indian Public Administration - Arora & Goyal. Public Administration - Avasthi Maheshwari. Public Administration for prelims Laxmikanth. Public Administration - Fadia & Fadia. Introduction to Constitution of India - D.D. Basu.

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elg;Gfhy epfo;Tfs; fPo;f;fhZk; jiyg;Gfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; ;,e;J ehspjo; kw;Wk; Nghl;bj; Njh;Tf;fhd khj ,jo;fspy; ,lk;ngWk;. khzth;fs; gbf;Fk;nghOJ jpdrhp Fwpg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;L gbf;fyhk;. 1.Njrpak; murpd; Gjpa jpl;lq;fs; Njrpa gpur;ridfSf;fhf Gjpjhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s FOf;fs; Kf;fpa mYtyfq;fspy; Gjpjhf epakpf;fg;gl;l jiyikfs; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd rr;ruTfs; Kf;fpa ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; mJ njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs; 2.,Ujug;G cld;gbf;iffs; rkPgj;jpa th;j;jf cld;gbf;iffs;> th;j;jf ,yf;Ffs;> cyf th;j;jf mikg;gpd; nray;ghLfs; ,Ujug;G ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; ,uhZtg; gapw;rpfs; ,Ujug;G ehLfspd; jiyth;fs; tUif kw;Wk; re;jpg;Gfs; ,Ujug;G ehLfspd; mwpf;iffs; (,lk;> mwpf;ifapd; fUg;nghUs;> Kf;fpa gpur;ridfs; gw;wpa MNyhridfs;> mwpf;iffs;) ,Ujug;G> Kj;jug;G Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs;> SAARC, IBSA gw;wpa cld;gbf;iffs; 3.nghUshjhuk; ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fpapd; gzf;nfhs;if khw;wq;fs;> tq;fp gz ,Ug;G tpfpjk; (CRR)> tq;fp tpfpjk;> md;dpa nryhtzp ifapUg;G> gztPf;f tpfpjk; kw;Wk; gpw epjp mikr;rfk; - epjpf; nfhs;if> thp tpfpjq;fs;> thptpjpg;gpw;fhd tpLKiwfs;> thptpjpg;G kW Ma;T nra;a epakpf;fg;gl;l rpwg;G FOf;fs; kj;jpa Gs;spapay; mYtyfk; - Njrpa tUtha;> jdpegh; tUkhdk;> nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp> tsh;rrp tpfpjk; kw;Wk; gpw. ; kj;jpa muR - Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; r%f eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
24

v.fh:

NREGP

Njrpa

Cuf

Ntiytha;g;G

cWjpaspg;G

jpl;lk;>

r%feyj;Jiw jpl;lq;fs; (NOAP, ICDS, MDMS)> tWik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs; (AAY)> cs;fl;likg;G tsh;r;rp (NURM, NHDP) SEBI - ,e;jpa gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ghpkhw;w thhpak;> gq;Fre;ij> gq;F FwpaPLfs;> gq;Ffs; tpw;gid> Nkhrbfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs; th;j;jfk; - Vw;Wkjp nghUs;fs; - ,wf;Fkjp nghUs;fs;> gy;NtW Jiwfspd; Vw;Wkjp ,yf;Ffs;> th;j;jf cld;gbf;iffs; jpl;lq;fs; - jpl;l fhyq;fs;> nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) ,yf;F> Kd;Dhpikfs;> Jiw xJf;fPL rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs; WTO - cyf th;j;jf ikak;> cr;rp khehLfs;> tpthjpf;fg;gl;l rpf;fy;fs; (th;j;jf Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l FOf;fs;) IMF - rh;tNjr epjp Mizak;> cyf tq;fp> tsh;r;rpf;fhd mwpf;if (fld;fs; kw;Wk; khd;aq;fs;) ILO - rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mikg;G (UNCTAD)> If;fpa ehLfspd; th;j;jfk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp khehLfspd; mwpf;if. 4.murpay; 1. Gjpa rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; 2. Njrpa rpf;fy;fs; - murpay; mikg;gpy; njhlh;Gila gFjpfs; 3. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Njrpa gpur;ridfs; gw;wpa cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G 4. murpay; mikg;G njhlh;ghd Kf;fpa FOf;fs; 5. khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ejpePh; gq;fPL> vy;iy gpur;ridfs;. 5.rh;tNjrk; 1. rh;tNjr cr;rp khehLfs; - khehLfspd; fUg;nghUs;> nghpa epfo;Tfs;> nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs;> ghh;itahsh;fs;> ntspaplg;gl;l gpufldq;fs;> rkPgfhy cWg;gpdh;fs;> mLj;j epfo;Tfs; eilngWk; ,lk; 2. rh;tNjr muR rhuh njhz;L epWtdq;fs; - cyf r%f Nguit WSF, WEF - cyf nghUshjhu kd;wk;> TI> cyf mikjp mikg;G kw;Wk; gpw
25

3. rh;tNjr

gpzf;Ffs;

gpuhe;jpa

$w;Wfs;>

cs;ehl;Lg;Nghh;>

,dg;

gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; njhlh;Gila cld;gbf;iffs; 4. gaq;futhjk; - mikg;Gfs;> epjpfs;> rkPgj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fs; kw;Wk; ,dg; gLnfhiyfs;> jLj;J epWj;Jtjw;fhd rh;tNjr Kaw;rpfs; ([.eh-tpd; jPh;khdq;fs; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jq;fs;) 6.tpz;ntsp rkPgj;jpa tpz;ntsp gazq;fs; - tpz;ntsp ngah;> tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rp fofk;> tpz;fyj;jpd; ngz;> nraw;ifNfhs; ngah;> vjw;fhf mDg;gg;gl;lJ> MAl;fhyk; vt;tsT? tpz;ntsp epfo;T - rhj;jpakhd el;rj;jpu kPd;fspd; mr;RWjy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; - rkPgj;jpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Nfhs;fs;> thy; el;rj;jpuq;fs;> el;rj;jpu kPd;fs; rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp epiyaq;fs; tpz;ntsp tpgj;Jfs; - tpahod; # Nkf;fh; Nfhu tpgj;J> nfhyk;gpah Xl tpgj;J fypypNah Nghd;w rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp jpl;lq;fs; 7.ghJfhg;G rkPgj;jpy; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;l VTfizfs;> ngah;> tif> tPr;R> Ntfk;> mZrf;jp jpwd;> njhopy;El;g gad;ghL> cs;ehL my;yJ $l;L jahhpg;G ,Ujug;G ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jq;fs;> Nghuhspfs;> fg;gy;fs;> ePh;%o;fp fg;gy;fs;> VTfizfs;> Nulh; kw;Wk; gy. ,Ujug;G ,uhZtk;> fg;gw;gil> tpkhdg;gil gapw;rpfs; - ,lk;> FwpaPl;L ngah; eltbf;iffs; rh;tNjr rkhjhd eltbf;iffs;> ,e;jpahtpd; gq;fspg;G> nray;ghLfs;. cyf mikjpf;fhf rkPgj;jpa gilfs;> fl;lisfs; kw;Wk; gpw.

26

8.tpUJfs; 1. Njrpa tpUJfs; ghuj uj;dh> fhe;jp mikjp tpUJ> ,e;jpuh fhe;jp mikjp tpUJ> MAj xopg;G kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp tpisahl;L - ,uh[pt; Nfy; uj;dh tpUJ> mh;[_dh> JNuhzhr;rhhpah rpdpkh - Internation Film Festival of India IFFI rh;tNjr ,e;jpa jpiug;gl tpoh> jhjh rhfpg; ghy;Nf Njrpa tpUJ. mwptpay; - fypq;fh tpUJ> v];.v];.gl;ehfh; ,yf;fpak; - rhfpj;a mflhkp> Qhdg;gPl tpUJ> tpahrh; rk;kd; tpUJ> ru];tjp rk;kd; tpUJ r%f gzp - ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Njrpa xUikg;ghL tpUJ> yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jphp tpUJ nghJeyd; 2. rh;tNjr tpUJfs; Nehgy; ghpR> M];fh; tpUJ> ,uhkd; kfN\rh tpUJ (Mrpa Nehgy; ghpR)> iel; iyt;Fl; fpuhkp tpUJ (,ir) (tho;thjhu tpUJ) Gf;fh;> Gypr;rh;> MuQ;R eyhd; jkh]; tpUJ> nlk;gps;ld; tpUJ. 9.cyf gpugyq;fs; (Gfo; ngw;wth;fs;) Gjpjhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Njrpa jiyth; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr jiyth;fs; nra;jpahsh;fs;> fz;Lgpbg;ghsh;fs; Kf;fpa rh;tNjr epWtd jiyth;fs; Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr tpUJfis ntd;wth;fs; 10.E}y;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;jhsh;fs; Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr mstpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gpur;ridfs; nfhz;l rkPgj;jpa E}y;fs;. rh;r;irf;Fhpa Gj;jfq;fs; (in the line of fire, Lajja, Satanic verses) rkPgj;jpa Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr tpUJfis ntd;w E}y;fs;.

27

Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr mstpy; Gfo; ngw;w vOj;jhsh;fs; (Noam chomskey, Salman Rushdie, Arunthathi Roy, Shashi Tharoor)

11.tpisahl;L tpisahl;L tPuh;fs; kw;Wk; tpisahl;L epfo;Tfs; Njrpa kw;Wk; rh;tNjr rhjidfs; xypk;gpf;> Mrpad;> fhkd;nty;j;> njw;fhrpa tpisahl;L> gq;Fngw;w ehLfs;> Gjpjhf Nrh;f;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwfs;> mjpf gjf;fq;fis ntd;w ehLfs;. Nghij kUe;J gad;gLj;jpa tpisahl;L tPuh;fs;> jil nra;ag;gl;l fhyk;> ehL nld;dp]; tpishal;by; fpuhz;l; ];yk; gl;lq;fs; ntd;wth;fs;> ehLfs; 12.Rw;Wr;#oy; khz;hPy;> fPahl;Nlh> ghrpy;> fhh;n[d; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; gw;wpa rkPgj;j;pa xg;ge;jq;fs; If;fpa ehLfs; mDg;gpa Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy; jpl;lk; mopTfs;> ,aw;if NguopTfs;> vhpkiy tpgj;J> G+fk;gk;> Rdhkp Gay;fs; - ilG+d; v.fh. fhj;jphPdh> eh;fp]; jpBh; Neha;fs; (gwit fha;r;ry;> gd;wp fha;r;ry;> nlq;F fha;r;ry;) rkPgj;jpa Rw;Wr;#oy; gpur;ridfs; rkPgj;jpa Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;Gfspd; gpur;rhuq;fs;. 13.fiy kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; United Nation Education, Scientific and cultural Organization (UNESCO) Njrpa ehLfspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; mwptpay; fyhr;rhu mikg;G. cyfg; guhk;ghpa jyq;fs; (,lq;fs;) Kf;fpa Nfhtpy;fs;> tpohf;fs; / v.fh. Fk;gNksh ,e;jpa ghuk;ghpa eldq;fs; ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd; ehl;Lg;Gw fiyfs; eld ebfh;fs; fiy kw;Wk; jpiuauq;Ffspd; jw;Nghija nra;jpfs;.
28

14.tiuglk; rhh;e;j Nfs;tpfs; ,Ujug;G vy;iyfspy; cs;s rh;tNjr gpzf;Ffs; (islands etc) NguopTfs;> vhpkiyfs;> Gay;> mZ tpgj;Jfs; nkhop mbg;gilapy; ehLfs; xU ehl;bd; Kf;fpa efuq;fs;> MWfs;> ,lq;fs; Njrpa kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G gw;wpa tpdhf;fs; 15. elg;Gfhy epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfhpf;fg; gad;gLk; nra;jpj;jhs; jpdrhp gj;jphpf;iffs; - The Hindu English Economic Times, jpdkzp khj ,jo;fs; Mz;Lkyh;> kNdhukh ,ah; Gf; Economic Survey Fwpg;G : mjpf ftdj;Jld; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tptuq;fs; midj;Jk; nghJthdit. gpd;tUk;

gf;fq;fspy; ePq;fs; Njh;Tf;F jahuhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fwpg;Gfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg;gzp Njh;T vOj Njitg;gLk; Fiwe;jgl;r fy;tpj;jFjp vd;d? kj;jpa vOJtjw;F ,j;Njh;it my;yJ NghJkhdJ. vOjyhk;. khepy ,Wjp murhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gbf;Fk; xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l xU gl;lg;gbg;G kl;LNk Ml;rpg;gzp Njh;T Mz;L Kjd;ikj; gl;lg;gbg;G Njh;tpw;F khzth;fSk; NghJ Mdhy; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk;

gl;lg;gbg;G rhd;wpjio rkh;g;gpf;Fk; epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njh;T - vk;nkhopapy; vOjyhk;? Kjy;epiy Njh;T tpdhj;jhs; Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpapy; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt

Nfs;tpfisg;Ghpe;J

nfhs;sf;$ba
29

tifapy;

Fiwe;jgl;r

Mq;fpy

GyikahtJ ekf;F ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjd;ikj; Njh;it Mq;fpyk; my;yJ jkpopy; vOjyhk;. vk;nkhopapy; Njh;T vOjg;NghfpNwhk; vd;gij tpz;zg;gj;ij G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; NghJ mtrpak; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpw;F vk;nkhopia Njh;e;njLf;fpwPh;fNsh mNj nkhopapy; jhd; Neh;fhzYk; eilngWk;. Mdhy; rpy rkaq;fspy; Neh;fhzy; elj;Jk; FOthdJ Neh;fhzy; jUzj;jpy; ehk; tpUk;Gk; nkhopia Mh;tj;ijAk; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; vz;zp tha;g;gpid ey;Fk;. NkYk; mt;thW cq;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;fg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; ePq;fs; Mq;fpyj;ij Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;. gpw nkhopapy; GyikiaAk; ghuhl;Lthh;fs;. jd;dk;gpf;if tsUk;. Neh;fhzYf;F Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; jkpopy; jahh; nra;J nfhs;tjpd; %yk; #o;epiyia vspjhf ifahsyhk; vd;gJ vd;Dila mwpTiu MFk;. gapw;rp ngWtjw;F nry;y Ntz;ba ,lk; nrd;idah my;yJ nly;ypah? Kd;ngy;yhk; Fbikg; gzp Njh;Tf;F gapw;rp ngWtjw;F khzth;fs; nly;ypf;F nrd;W te;jdh;. Vndd;why; gapw;rp ikaq;fs; mq;F mjpfstpy; ,Ue;jJ. jw;rkak; Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;Tf;F gapw;rpaspf;Fk; ikakhf nrd;id khwp tUfpwJ. gapw;rp ikaq;fspy; gapw;rp vLg;gJ kl;LNk Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd cj;jputhjj;ij juhJ vd;gJ vd;Dila MNyhrid MFk;. ,j;Njh;tpw;F Gjpa eguhfapUg;gpd; ,j;Njh;itg;gw;wp tpsf;fkhf vd;d> VJ> vt;thW vd;gJ gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F xU gapw;rp ikaj;jpy; Nrh;tJ rpwe;j mwpTiuahFk;. Mdhy; gzk; nryT nra;tjpy; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; ikaq;fspy; nryT nra;J Nru ,ayhJ vd;W epidj;jhy;> ,ytr gapw;rp ikaq;fs; epiwa cs;sd. mtw;wpy; VNjDk; xU gapw;rp ikaj;jpy; Nrh;e;J nfhs;syhk; my;yJ ehq;fs; njhlq;fTs;s gapw;rp ikak; vg;NGhJk; cq;fSf;F cjtpf;fuk; ePl;Lk;. ePq;fs; xUKiw Njh;T vOJk; Kiwapid Ghpe;J nfhz;lhy; gapw;rp ikaq;fspy; njhlh;e;J gapw;rp ngw Njitapy;iy. ePq;fs; Nrfhpj;Js;s ghl jfty;fs; > nka;ik $WfSld; (Study Materials) mz;ikapy; kw;Wk; elg;G jfty;fisAk; Nrfhpj;J ePq;fNs Njh;tpw;F jahh; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

30

Fbikg;gzp Njh;tpw;F ePq;fs; vg;nghOjpypUe;J jahuhfyhk;? xUth; jq;fSilag; gs;spg;gbg;G Njh;T Kbe;jTld; nra;fpd;wdh;. Fbikg;gzp Mdhy; Njh;tpw;F gyh; jahuhtJ rhyr;rpwe;jjhFk;. rpyh; Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfis vOJtjw;F cfe;j ghlg;gphpTfis gl;lg;gbg;gpw;Fk; ek;kpy; gl;lg;gbg;ig gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ my;yJ gl;lg;gbg;ig Kbj;j gpwF ,j;Njh;tpid vOjyhk; vd vz;Zfpd;wdh;. NkYk; rpyh; cah;f; fy;tpg; gapYk; NghJ Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F jahuhf Jtq;Ffpd;wdh;. ePq;fs; cz;ikahfNt ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpahsuhf Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhy; ePq;fs; gl;lg;gbg;gpd; NghNj Njh;Tf;Fj; jahuhf Ntz;Lnkd;gNj vd;Dila MNyhridahFk;. ,j;Njh;tpw;F Kbg;gjpy; Mh;tkhf cq;fisj; ,Uj;jy; jahh;gLj;jpf; Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;Sk; NghJ cq;fsJ gbf;Fk;

gl;lg;gbg;gpw;F ve;jghjpg;Gk; ,y;yhky; ftdk; KOtJk; gl;lg;gbg;ig ntw;wpfukhf gl;lg;gbg;G ghlq;fisg; fhyq;fspy; nghJ mwpT gFjpfspy; kl;LNk ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. cq;fsJ gl;lg;gbg;ig ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;j gpwF tpUg;gg; ghlj;jpw;F jahuhfyhk;. rpyh; jq;fsJ gl;lg;gbg;igNa Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;fhd tpUg;gg; ghlkhf Njh;e;njLj;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. midtUk; Njh;e;njLf;Fk; tpUg;gg;ghlk; vJ? kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpj; Njh;tpy; Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpw;F ,uz;L tpUg;gg;ghlq;fis Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Muk;gf; fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;

Kjy;epiyj; Njh;tpw;F xNu xU tpUg;gg;ghlk; kl;Lk; jhd; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; jw;nghOJ ,e;j Kiw khw;wg;gl;L ,uz;L tpUg;gg;ghlq;fis Njh;T nra;J nfhs;syhk;. ,j;Njh;tpw;fhd tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs; midtUk; mwpe;j kw;Wk; mwpahj ghlq;fs; vd ,U gphpthFk;. midtUk; mwpe;j tpUg;gg;ghlk; vd;gJ ePz;l fhykhfNt Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpw;F ey;y kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;Wj; jUk; ghlkhFk;. cjhuzkhf gpd;tUk; ghlq;fis tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.

Gtpapay; murpay; mwptpay; nghJ eph;thfk; r%ftpay; khdpltpay;

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cstpay; jkpopyf;fpak; nghUshjhuk; jj;Jtapay;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpUg;gg;ghlq;fisjhd; fl;lhakhf Njh;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;iy. jd;dk;gpf;if kw;Wk; Njitf;Nfw;g kj;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpf; FO toq;fpAs;s gl;baypy; VNjDk; xU tpUg;gg;ghlj;ij Njitf;Nfw;g Njh;T nra;J nfhs;syhk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;l Ntz;b nfhLf;fg;gl;litahFk;. Ntiy ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;Nl Njh;tpw;F jahh; nra;ayhkh? nghJthff; $wpdhy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;Nl Njh;Tf;Fj; jahh; nra;tJ vd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhFk;. KO ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jp mjpf <Lghl;Lld; gbf;Fk;> cdf;Fj; njhpahj gyUld; Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wp ngw Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;Njh;tpd; El;gq;fis ed;F njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkdpy; ,uz;lhz;L fhykhtJ jahh; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; rpy khzth;fs; FLk;g #o;epiy fhuzkhf Ntiy nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. mth;fSk; Njh;ntOj tpUk;gyhk;. Mdhy; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L khj fhykhtJ tpLg;G vLj;Jf; nfhz;L KO Mh;tj;JlDk; <Lghl;LlDk; Njh;tpw;F jahh; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vd; mwpTiuahFk;. rpyh; Kjy; Kaw;rpapy; jPtpukhf jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;L xUNtis Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngw ,aytpy;iynadpy; epue;jukhf ,j;Jiwia tpl;L tpyfp tpLfpd;wdh;. ,J rhpay;y. ,yl;rfzf;fhdth;fs; njhlh;e;J Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. vdNt fz;bg;ghf Fiwe;jJ ,uz;lhz;L fhykhtJ Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy;jhd; ePq;fs; cq;fs; fy;Y}hp ehl;fspy; ,Ue;Nj jahuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Ke;ija gf;fq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nsd;. nfhs;Fwptif kw;Wk; ghlk; rhh;e;j tid vd;why; vd;d? nfhs;Fwptif vd;gJ nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilfSs; rhpahd tpilia Njh;e;njLg;gjhFk;. ,e;j KiwahdJ Kjd;epiy Njh;tpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

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Mdhy; UPSC ,y; jtwhd gjpy;fSf;F kjpg;ngz;fs; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. (Negative Marking) ghlk; rhh;e;j tif vd;gJ Nfs;tpfSf;F El;gkhf gFe;jha;J tpsf;fkhf tphpthf gjpyspg;gJ. ,k;KiwahdJ Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ghlk; rhh;e;J Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F jpwdwpe;J gFj;jha;e;J (Critically analyse) gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpsf;fg;glk; (Diagram) khjphp tiuglk; (Sketch) epyg;glk; (Map) kw;Wk; glq;fs; (Pictures) tiuayhk;. Cq;fs; gFj;jha;T jpwd; kw;Wk; toq;Fjy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. gapw;rpg; Gj;jfq;fs; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; nghJthf $wNtz;Lnkdpy; ,j;Njh;tpw;F ePq;fs; jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w ve;j nkhopapy; Ntz;LkhdhYk; jahh; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. ePq;fs; Njh;e;njLj;Js;s ghlk; njhlh;ghd Gj;jfq;fs; fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ ghuhl;Lf;FwpaJ. Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fpilg;gjdhy; ePq;fs; Njh;tpy; mjpfstpy; tpsf;fk; mspf;fyhk;. Mdhy; jkpo; nkhopapy; ePq;fs; jahh; nra;jhy; jkpo; nkhop Gj;jfq;fs; Fiwthf fpilg;gjhdhy; rpy rkaq;fspy; Gj;jfq;fis nkhop ngah;f;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; cq;fsJ Neuk; nghpastpy; tPzhFk;. vdNt ePq;fs; jkpo; nkhopapy; jahh; nra;tJ vspik vd epidj;jhy; mk;nkhopapNyNa jahh; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F rpwe;j topfhl;b ahh;? ehd; cWjpahff; $WNtd; gioa Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; kl;LNk Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F rpwe;j topfhl;bahf ,Uf;f KbAk;. ePq;fs; Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;tpw;F jahh; nra;tJ vd KbntLj;J tpl;lhy; gioa Nfs;tpj; jhs;fspd; njhFg;ig thq;fp itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nfs;tpfs; vg;gb Nfl;fg; gLfpd;wd vd;w njspthd Kd; mDgtk; fpilf;Fk;. ePq;fs; Gj;jfq;fis gbf;Fk; nghOJ Nfs;tpj; jhs; njhFg;ig itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpia gbj;J Kbj;J tpl;lhy; Nfs;tpj;jhs; njhFg;igg; ghh;j;J mjw;fhd gjpiy fz;Lgbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy; jahh; nra;jhy; Njh;tpy; vt;tifahd Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk; vd;gij Kd;$l;bNa mwpayhk;.
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xU ehisf;F vj;jid kzp Neuk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;? ePq;fs; ,g;Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F rpwg;ghf jahh; nra;tJ vd;W KbntLj;J tpl;lhy; jahh; nra;Ak; fhy msthdJ njhlh;r;rpahfTk; epiyahdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ xU ehisf;F gj;J kzp NeukhtJ gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; %d;W ehl;fs; gbj;J tpl;L %d;W ehl;fs; gbf;fhky; Xa;T vLj;jy; $lhJ. xU ehisf;F gj;J kzp Neuk; gbj;jhy; epr;rakhf ey;y gyidj; jUk;. rpyh; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W khjq;fs; ed;whf gbj;Jtpl;L gpd; ePz;l Xa;T vLg;gh;. ,k;KiwahdJ vjph;ghh;j;j ey;y Kbtpid juhJ.

Row;rpahf tUk; Njh;T Fwpg;G fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhy Kiwapy; Row;rpahf Njh;Tfs; eilngWk; Njh;T mwptpg;G - fle;j Mz;L etk;gh;/brk;gh; (v.fh. etk;gh;/brk;gh; 2011) Kjy;epiy Njh;T - ,t;thz;L Nk/[_d; (v.fh. Nk/[_d; 2012) Kf;fpa Njh;T - ,t;thz;L mf;Nlhgh;/etk;gh; (v.fh. mf;Nlhgh;/etk;gh; 2012) Neh;fhzy; - mLj;j Mz;L Vg;uy;/Nk (v.fh. Vg;uy;/ Nk 2013) ,Wjp KbT - mLj;j Mz;L Nk/[_d; (v.fh. Nk/[_d; 2013) UPSC kw;Wk; TNPSC Njh;tpw;F xNu Neuj;jpy; jahh; nra;ayhkh? UPSC kwWk; TNPSC Njh;T KiwahdJ jw;NghJ Vwj;jho xNu khjphpahf ,Ug;gjhy; ePq;fs; ,uz;L Njh;tpw;Fk; xNu Neuj;jpy; jahh; nra;ayhk;. ,d;Wk; UPSC Njh;tpy; tpUg;gg;ghl Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. TNPSC Njh;tpy; tpUg;gg;ghl Kiw ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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UPSC kw;Wk; TNPSC xg;gPL

Njh;tpd; ngah;

Kjy; epiy Njh;T

Kf;fpa Njh;T jkpo;>Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; nghJ mwpT (2 jhs;fs;)+ fl;Liu + ,uz;L tpUg;gg;ghlq;fs; (xtnthd;wpYk; ,uz;L jhs;fs;)

Neh;fhzy;

UPSC

nghJ mwpT kw;Wk; fhuz fhhpak; mwpAk; jpwd;

MSikj; jpwd; Njh;T kl;Lk;

TNPSC

nghJ mwpT jkpo;>Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; nghJ kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhop Njh;T mwpT (2 jhs;fs;) (,uz;L jhs;fs;)

MSikj; jpwd; Njh;T kl;Lk;

Kjy;epiyj;

Njh;tpw;Fk;

Njh;T

Kbtpw;Fk;

cs;s

fhy

,ilntspia

Kjd;ik Njh;tpw;F gaDs;s tifapy; jahh; nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Kjd;ikj; Njh;T vOjp Kbj;jTld; Kjd;ikj; Njh;T KbT ntspaplg;gLk; tiuAs;s fhy ,ilntspia Neh;fhzYf;F jahh; nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghJthff; $w Ntz;Lnkdpy; Njh;tpw;fhd xt;nthU fhy fl;lj;jpYk; ePz;l Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. ehk; jpdKk; nra;jpj;jhs; thrpf;f Ntz;Lkh? Mk;. ePq;fs; jpdKk; xU kzp NeukhtJ nra;jpj;jhs; thrpj;J Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; Kjd;ikj; Njh;tpy; nghJ mwpT ghlj;jpy; ngUk; gFjp nra;jpj; jhspypUe;J ngw;w mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp gjpyspg;gPh;fs;.

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