σ = P/ A E

ε =δ /L G=
2(1 + v)
σ = Εε Factor of Safety = Actual Strength/Required
ν = −ε ' / ε
Allowable Stress = Yield Strength/Factor Safety
ε ' = −νε
σb = Fb / Ab σ
τaver = V / A
εr =
E
τ = Gγ
ε p = ε − εr
d = hγ
δ = PL / EA σx
σθ = (1 + cos 2θ )
δ = α (∆T ) L 2
TL Tr 16T σ
φ= τ max = = τ θ = − x (sin 2θ )
IpG I P πd 3 2
π π
Ip = (r24 − r14 ) = (d 24 − d14 )
Pδ P 2 L
2 32
U =W = =
2 2 EA
σx + σy σx − σy
σx ' = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2θ T L
2

2 2 U=
σx + σy σx − σy 2GI p
σy ' = − cos 2θ − τxy sin 2θ
2 2 σ 2 Eε 2
σx − σy u= =
τxy ' = − sin 2θ + τxy cos 2θ 2E 2
2
σx '+σy ' = σx + σy P = 2πfT
σ 1 + σ 2 = σx + σy 2πnT
H=
2τxy 33,000
tan 2θp =
σx − σy
VQ
σx + σy  σx − σy  τ=
2

σ 12 = ±   + τxy
2

It
2  2 
Q = A' y '
 σx − σy 
2

τ max =   + τxy
2

bh 3
 2  I=
σx + σy 12
σaver = π 2 EI
2 Pcr = 2
σx − σy L
tan 2θs = −
2τxy
Mc
σ=
I