5

PHN TH NHT
L THUYT C S

KHAI NIM CHUNG V THIT BJ DIN

Thit b in c cp y la cac loai thit b lam cac nhim vu: ong ct, iu khin, iu
chnh, bao v, chuyn i, khng ch va kim tra moi s hoat ng cua h thng li in va cac loai
may in. Ngoai ra thit b in con c s dung kim tra, iu chnh va bin i o lng nhiu qua
trnh khng in khac.
Thit b in la mt loai thit b ang c s dung rt ph bin co mt trong hu ht cac lanh
vc san xut cua nn kinh t, t cac nha may in, tram bin ap, h thng truyn tai in, n cac may
phat va ng c in trong cac x nghip cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng,... va trong ca lanh vc an
ninh quc phong.
Thit b in s dung nc ta hin nay c nhp t rt nhiu nc, rt nhiu hang san xut
khac nhau va u cac th h. Co ca cac thit b a co thi gian s dung 40 n 50 nm, rt lac hu va cac
thit b rt hin ai mi nhp. Chnh v vy cac quy cach khng thng nht, gy kho khn cho vn hanh,
bao dng va sa cha. Do qua nhiu chung loai thit b in vi cac tiu chun ki thut rt kha c nhau,
nn trong s dung hin nay nhiu khi khng s dung ht tnh nng va cng sut cua thit b hoc s dung
khng ung gy h hong nhiu, lam thit hai khng nho cho nn kinh t. Chnh v vy vic ao tao va
cp nhp nng cao kin thc v thit b in c bit la cac thit b mi cho cac can b ki thut quan l va
vn hanh thit b in la mt oi hoi rt cp thit. Giao trnh nay nhm trang b nhng l lun c ban,
hiu nguyn l lam vic, c im cu tao cac loai thit b in thng dung trong t ng truyn ng,
trong h thng in va trong cac linh vc iu khin ma y in,...nhm giup sinh vin cac nganh nng
lng khi ra trng co th la chon, vn hanh, sa cha, cai tin thit b in hoc mt s b phn cua
thit b in, c bit cung cp nhng kin thc lam c s tip cn cac thit b hin ai.

1. Phn loai thit bj din
thun li cho vic nghin cu, vn hanh s dung va sa cha thit b in ngi ta thng
phn loai nh sau:
a) Phn theo cng dung
+ Thit b in khng ch: dung ong ct, iu chnh tc chiu quay cua cac may phat
in, ng c in (nh cu dao, ap t mat, cng t c t,...).
+ Thit b in bao v: lam nhim vu bao v cac ng c, may phat in, li in khi co qua
tai, ngn mach, sut ap,...( nh rle, cu ch, may ct,...).
+ Thit b in t ng iu khin t xa: lam nhim vu thu nhn phn tch va khng ch s hoat
ng cua cac mach in nh khi ng t,...
+ Thit b in han ch dong ngn mach (nh in tr phu, cun khang,...).
+ Thit b in lam nhim vu duy tr n nh cac tham s in (nh n ap, b t ng iu chnh
in ap may phat,...)
+ Thit b in lam nhim vu o l ng (nh may bin dong in, bin ap o lng,...).
b) Phn theo tnh cht dong in
+ Thit b in dung trong mach mt chiu.
+ Thit b in dung trong mach xoay chiu.
c) Phn theo nguyn l lam vic
Thit b in loai in t, in ng, cam ng, co tip im, khng co tip im,...
6
d) Phn theo iu kin lam vic
+ Loai lam vic vung nhit i kh hu nong m, loai vung n i, co loai chng c kh
chay n, loai chu rung ng,...
e) Phn theo cp in ap co
+ Thit b in ha ap co in ap di 3kV.
+ Thit b in trung ap co in ap t 3kV n 36 kV.
+ Thit b in cao ap co in ap t 36kV n nho hn 400 kV.
+ Thit b in siu cao ap co in ap t 400 kV tr ln.

2. Cac yu cu co ban cua thit bj din
- Phai am bao s dung c lu dai ung tui tho thit k khi lam vic vi cac thng s ky
thut nh mc.
- Thit b in phai am bao n nh lc in ng va n nh nhit khi lam vic bnh
thng, c bit khi s c trong gii han cho phep cua dong in va in ap.
- Vt liu cach in chu c qua ap cho phep.
- Thit b in phai am bao lam vic tin cy, chnh xac an toan, gon nhe, d lp rap, d kim
tra, sa cha.
- Ngoai ra con yu cu phai lam vic n nh iu kin kh hu mi trng ma khi thit k a
cho phep.



























7
Chuong 1. H QUANG IN

1.1. DAI CUONG V H QUANG DIN

1. Khai nim chung
H quang in thc s co ch khi c s dung trong cac lnh vc nh han in, luyn
thep,...nhng luc nay h quang cn c duy tr chay n nh.
Nhng trong cac thit b in nh cu ch, cu dao, may ct,...h quang lai co hai cn phai nhanh
chong c loai tr. Khi thit b in ong, ct (c bit la khi ct) h quang phat sinh gia cac cp tip
im cua thit b in khin mach in khng c ngt dt khoat. H quang chay lu sau khi thit b
in a ong ct se lam h hai cac tip im va ban thn thit b i n. Trong trng hp nay am bao
lam vic tin cy cua thit b in yu cu phai tin hanh dp tt h quang cang nhanh cang tt.
Ban cht cua h quang in la
hin tng phong in vi mt dong
in rt ln (ti khoang 10
4
n 10
5

A/cm
2
), co nhit rt cao (ti khoang
5000 6000
0
C) va in ap ri trn cc
m be (ch khoang 10 20V) va thng
kem theo hin tng phat sang. S phn
b cua in ap va cng in trng
doc theo chiu dai h quang c biu
din trn hnh 1-1a.
Doc theo chiu dai h quang
c chia lam ba vung la: vung xung
quanh cc m (cach cc m khoang 10
-4

n 10
-5
cm) vung nay tuy in ap nho ch
8 n 10V nhng khoang cach cung rt be
nn cng in trng rt ln c 10
5

n 10
6
V/cm. Con vung co chiu dai gn
ht h quang la vung thn, vung nay co
cng in trng ch khoang 10 n
50 V/cm. Vung con lai con c goi la
vung cc dng co cng in trng
ln hn vung thn nhng cac yu t xay ra
y theo cac l thuyt hin ai th t anh
hng n qua trnh phat sinh va dp h
quang nn khng c cp.
c tnh u(i) cua h quang mt chiu co th biu in theo cng thc Kapzow co dang:
u
hq
= a+ bl +
n
i
dl c +

Vi: a, b, c, d la cac hng s phu thuc vt liu lam tip im va cac yu t bn ngoai (v du tip
im ng co a= 30; b=17; c=41; d=33). Co n la s mu, phu thuc vao nhit vt liu dng cc, theo
thc nghim thng ly n = 2,62.T.10
-4
, trong o T la nhit cua vt liu dng cc.
c tnh u(i) vi l la chiu dai h quang co dang hypecbn nh hnh 1-1b.








a)







b)






Hnh 1-1: a) H quang mt chiu; b) c tnh

K A
U
A
U
Th
U
K
E[V]
E
K
E
th
E
A

Vung K Vung thn Vung A
l
hq
[m]
I
U
hq
l
50mm
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
50
100
150
200
8
2. Qua trinh phat sinh va dp tt h quang
a) Qua trnh phat sinh
H quang in phat sinh la do mi trng gia cac in cc (hoc gia cac cp tip im) b ion
hoa (xut hin cac hat dn in). Ion hoa co th xay ra bng cac con ng khac nhau di tac dung cua
anh sang, nhit , in trng manh,.... Trong thc t qua trnh phat sinh h quang in co nhng dang
ion hoa sau:
- Qua trnh phat xa in t nhit; Qua trnh t phat xa in t.
- Qua trnh ion hoa do va cham.
- Qua trnh ion hoa do nhit .
a.1) S phat xa in t nhit
in cc va tip im ch tao t kim loai, ma trong cu truc kim loai lun tn tai cac in t t do
chuyn ng v moi hng trong quy ao cua cu truc hat nhn nguyn t. Khi tip im bt u m ra
lc nen vao tip im giam dn khin in tr tip xuc tng ln ch tip xuc dong in b tht lai mt
dong tng rt ln lam nong cac in cc (nht la cc m nhiu e). B t nong, ng nng cua cac in
t tng nhanh n khi cng nhn c ln hn cng thoat lin kt hat nhn th in t se thoat ra khoi b
mt cc m tr thanh in t t do. Qua trnh nay c go i la phat xa in t nhit.
a.2) S t phat xa in t
Khi tip im hay in cc va m ra luc u khoang cach con rt be di tac dung cua in ap
ngun ngoai th cng in trng rt ln, nht la vung cc m co khoang cach nho co th ti hang
triu V/ cm. Vi cng in trng ln cc m mt s in t co lin kt yu vi hat nhn trong cu
truc se b keo bt ra khoi b mt ca tt tr thanh cac in t t do, hin tng nay goi la t phat xa in
t . Khi co in t t phat xa va phat xa in t nhit nng lng c giai phong rt ln lam nhit khu
vc h quang tng cao va phat sang, c bit khi ct mach in ap cao va co dong tai ln th h quang
chay va phat sang rt manh lit.
a.3) Ion hoa do va cham
Sau khi tip im m ra, di tac dung cua nhit cao hoc cua in trng ln (ma thng
thng la ca hai) th cac in t t do se phat sinh chuyn ng t cc dng sang cc m. Do in
trng rt ln nn cac in t chuyn ng vi tc rt cao. Trn ng i cac i n t nay bn pha cac
nguyn t va phn t kh se lam bt ra cac in t va cac ion dng. Cac phn t mang in nay lai tip
tuc tham gia chuyn ng va bn pha tip lam xut hin cac phn t mang in khac. Do vy ma s lng
cac phn t mang in tng ln khng ngng, lam mt in tch trong khoang khng gian gia cac tip
im rt ln, o la qua trnh ion hoa do va cham.
a.4) Ion hoa do nhit
Do co cac qua trnh phat xa in t va ion hoa do va cham, mt lng ln nng lng c giai
phong lam nhit vung h quang tng cao va thng kem theo hin t ng phat sang. Nhit kh cang
tng th tc chuyn ng cua cac phn t kh cang tng va s ln va cham do o cung cang tng ln.
Khi tham gia chuyn ng cung co mt s phn t gp nhau se kt hp lai phn li thanh cac nguyn t.
Cac nguyn t khuch tan vao mi trng xung quanh, gp nhit thp se kt hp lai thanh phn t,
hin tng nay goi la hin tng phn li (phan ng phn li thu nhit lam giam nhit cua h quang, tao
iu kin cho kh ion). Con lng cac ion hoa tng ln do va cham khi nhit tng th goi o la lng
ion hoa do nhit. Nhit co hin tng ion hoa do nhi t cao hn nhiu so vi nhit co hin tng
phn li. V du khng kh co nhit phn li khoang 4000
0
K con nhit ion hoa khoang 8000
0
K.
Tom lai, h quang in phat sinh la do tac dung cua nhit cao va cng in trng ln
sinh ra hin tng phat xa in t nhit va t phat xa in t va tip theo la qua trnh ion hoa do va cham
va ion hoa do nhit. Khi cng in trng cang tng (khi tng in ap ngun), nhit cang cao va
mt dong cang ln th h quang chay cang manh lit. Qua trnh co thoat nng lng hat nhn nn
9
thng kem theo hin tng phat sang choi loa. Nu tng ap lc ln mi trng h quang th se giam
c tc chuyn ng cua cac phn t va do vy hin tng ion hoa se giam.
b) Qua trnh h quang tt
H quang in se b dp tt khi mi trng gia cac in cc khng con dn in hay noi cach
khac h quang in se tt khi co qua trnh phan ion hoa xay ra manh hn qua trnh ion hoa. Ngoai qua
trnh phn li a noi trn, song song vi qua trnh ion hoa con co cac qua trnh phan ion gm hai hin
tng sau:
b.1) Hin tng tai hp
Trong qua trnh chuyn ng cac hat mang in la ion dng va i n t gp c cac hat tch
in khac du la in t hoc ion dng tr thanh cac hat trung hoa (hoc t dng hn). Trong l
thuyt a chng minh tc tai hp t l nghch vi bnh phng ng knh h quang, va nu cho h
quang tip xuc vi in mi hin tng tai hp se tng ln. Nhit h quang cang thp tc tai hp
cang tng.
b.2) Hin tng khuch tan
Hin tng cac hat tch in di chuyn t vung co mt in tch cao(vung h quang) ra vung
xung quanh co mt in tch thp la hin tng khuch tan. Cac in t va ion dng khuch tan doc
theo thn h quang, in t khu ch tan nhanh hn ion dng. Qua trnh khuch tan c trng bng tc
khuch tan. S khuch tan cang nhanh h quang cang nhanh b tt. tng qua trnh khuch tan ngi ta
thng tm cach keo dai ngon la h quang.


1.2. H QUANG DIN MT CHIU

1. Khai nim chung
Chung ta khao sat y mt qua trnh xut hin h quang gia hai in cc trong mt mach
in mt chiu nh hnh 1-2.
Goi in ap ngun la U
0
,in tr mach la R, in cam mach la L va r
hq
c trng cho in tr h
quang vi in ap trn h quang la u
hq
. Theo nh lut Kic khp II, ta co phng trnh cn bng in ap
trong mach khi m tip im va h quang bt u chay nh sau:
U
0
= i.R + u
hq
+ L
dt
di
(1.1)
Khi h quang chay n nh th dong in khng i i=I va co
dt
di
= 0 phng trnh cn bng ap se la :
U
0
= u
R
+ u
hq
= I.R+ I.r
hq
(1.2)
Cac thanh phn in ap trong phng trnh (1.1) c th hin trn hnh 1-2. Vi: ng 1-la
in ap ngun; ng 2- la in ap ri trn in tr R va ng 3- la c tnh u(i) cua h quang.
Theo th cac ng c tnh 2 va 3 giao nhau hai im A va B. Tai A va B phng trnh
(1.2) c thoa man, cac im A, B c goi la hai im chay cua h quang .
-Xet tai B: H quang ang chay nu v mt l do nao o lam dong in i tng ln hn I
B
th theo th ta
nhn thy sc in ng t cam trn L la L
dt
di
< 0 (ngc chiu dong tng) se lam dong in i giam
xung lai I
B
. Con ngc lai nu i giam nho hn I
B
th L
dt
di
> 0 se lam i tng tr lai gia tr I
B
, do vy im
B c goi la im h quang chay n nh.
-Nu cung tng t ta xet tai im A, khi h quang ang chay n nh vi i= I
A
nu v mt l do nao o i
giam nho hn I
A
th L
dt
di
< 0 nn dong tip tuc giam n 0 va h quang tt. Con nu i tng ln hn I
A
th
10
trn c tnh ta thy L
dt
di
> 0 nn dong tip tuc tng n I
B
va h quang chay n nh tai im B, vy
im A goi la im h quang chay khng n nh.

2. Diu kin d dp tt h quang din mt chiu
co th dp tt c h quang in mt
chiu cn loai bo c im h quang chay n nh
(im B). Trn c tnh ta nhn thy se khng co
im chay n nh khi ng c tnh 3(in ap
trn h quang) cao hn ng c tnh 2 (la c
tnh in ap ri trn in tr R) nh hnh 1-2b (tc
la h quang se tt khi U
hq
> U
0
- U
R
). nng cao
ng c tnh 3 thng thc hin hai bin phap la
tng dai h quang(tng l) va giam nhit vung
h quang xung, c tnh nh hnh 1-3.
















3. Qua din ap trong mach din mt chiu
Khi ct mach in mt chiu thng xay ra qua in ap, khi mach co in cam ln nu tc
ct cang nhanh th qua in ap cang ln.
Nu tai thi im ct co I= 0 th : U
0
= L
dt
di
+ u
hq
, hay ta co:
u
hq
- U
0
= - L
dt
di
= U

(1.3)
U

la tr s qua in ap xoay chiu. Trong mach mt chiu lam vic vi cng sut ln lai co nhiu
vong dy khi dp h quang in qua in ap se xay ra rt ln co th gy anh thung cach in va h hong
thit b. han ch hin tng qua in ap ngi ta thng dung thm mt mach in phu mc song
song vi phu tai. Mach nay co th la in tr, in tr va tu ni tip hoc mt chnh lu mc ngc.























Hnh 1-2: c tnh h quang mt chiu va iu kin
tt
I[A]
U[V]
U
0
1
2 3
U
R
U
hq

Ldi/dt>0
Ldi/dt< 0
Ldi/dt< 0
I[A]
U [V]
2
3
c)
a)
+ -
U
o
R
r
hq
L
I
b)
T
1

T
2
<T
1

U [V]
b)
I[A]
U [V]
L
1

L
2
>L
1

a)
I[A]
Hnh 1-3: c tnh khi keo dai va giam
nhit h quang
11
1.2. H QUANG DIN XOAY CHIU


1. Khai nim chung
c im cua mach xoay chiu la trong
mt chu k bin thin dong in co hai ln qua tr s
i= 0. Khi co h quang th tai thi im khi i= 0 qua
trnh phan ion hoa xay ra manh hn qua trnh ion
hoa. Khi i= 0 h quang khng dn in va y la
thi im tt dp tt h quang in xoay chiu.
Khi h quang in xoay chiu ang chay ta
a dong in va in ap cua h quang vao dao
ng k ta se c dang song cua dong in va in
ap h quang nh hnh 1-4.
Dong in co dang song gn ging song
hnh sin con in ap th trong mt na chu k co hai
nh nho n tng ng vi hai gia tr in ap chay (
U
ch
) va in ap tt (U
t
) cua h quang in. T dang
song thu c trn man hnh dao ng k ta xy
dng c c tnh Vn -Am pe (V-A) cua h
quang in xoay chiu nh hnh 1-4.
Ta nhn thy thi im dong in qua tr
s 0 nu in ap ngun nho hn tr s in ap chay
(U
ch
)

th h quang se tt. Do vy qua trnh dp h
quang in xoay chiu phu thuc rt nhiu vao tnh
cht cua phu tai.
Ta nhn thy trong mach co phu tai in
tr thun d dp h quang hn trong mach co tai
in cam, bi mach thun tr khi dong in qua tr s khng (thi gian i=0 thc t keo dai khoang
0,1 s ) th in ap ngun cung bng khng (trung pha), con mach thun cam khi dong bng khng th
in ap ngun ang co gia tr cc ai (in ap vt trc dong in mt goc 90
0
).

2. Dp tt h quang din xoay chiu
H quang in xoay chiu khi dong in qua tr s 0 th khng c cung cp nng lng. Mi
trng h quang mt dn tnh dn in va tr thanh cach in. Nu cach in nay u ln va in ap
ngun khng u duy tr phong in lai th h quang se tt hn. anh gia mc cach in cua in
mi vung h quang la ln hay be ngi ta dung khai nim in ap choc thung. in ap choc thung ( U
ch.t
)
cang ln th mc cach in cua in mi cang cao.
Qua trnh dp tt h quang in xoay chiu khng nhng tuy thuc vao tng quan gia ln
cua in ap choc thung vi ln cua in ap h quang ma con phu thuc tng quan gia tc tng
cua chung. Nu tc tng in ap choc thung ln hn tc phuc hi in ap ngun (hnh 1-5: ng 1
va ng 2 khng giao nhau im nao) th h quang se tt hoan toan. Trong cac thit b in khi tip
im m ra khoang cach tng dn lam cach in in mi tng dn (ng 1), na chu k sau cang dc
hn na chu k trc.
























Hnh 1-4: c tnh cua h quang xoay chiu

i
(t )

1
2
U
ch
U
t
U[V]
t
a)
U
I
U
ch

U
t

b)
12
Ngc lai, tc phuc hi in ap ma nhanh hn tc
tng cua in ap choc thung ( lam ng 1 va ng 2 giao
nhau) th h quang se chay lai.
Tom lai : dp tt h quang in xoay chiu hoan
toan th ta phai lam sao tng in ap choc thung (ng 1)
vt cao hn nh cua ng biu din in ap phuc hi h
quang (ng 2). Khi in ap ngun la1000V th trong luc dong
in qua tr s 0 sau khoang 0,1 s mc cach in khu vc
nay at n gia tr xuyn thung tc thi khoang 150 n 250V.


1.4. QUA TRINH PHUC HI DIN AP CUA H
QUANG DIN

1. Khai nim
Gia tr tc thi cua in ap ngun xut hin gia cac tip im sau khi a ngt mach trong qua
trnh qua c goi la in ap phuc hi.
a) Trong mach in mt chiu
Tuy thuc tnh cht cua tai la in tr, in cam hay in dung ma in ap phuc hi cung khac
nhau. Thc t tn tai in dung gia cac dy dn khac nhau, dy dn vi t hay gia cac bi dy v i
nhau. Trong mach khi co ca R, L, C th in ap phuc hi tuy theo gia tr in tr R ma co th dao ng
tun hoan hay khng. Khi mach R, L, C ma co mc thm tu in song song vi h quang th trc khi
dong in trit tiu tu a c nap va phong in tr lai, in ap phuc hi se dao ng tun hoan khi R
nho.
Nhng nu tr s in tr R ln se khng th co dao ng tun hoan c.
b) Trong mach in xoay chiu
Nu h quang c dp tt vnh vin th qua trnh phuc hi in ap co dang bin thin vi tn s
nho dn v bng 0. Nu h quang xut hin lai th qua trnh phuc h i b ngt va in ap giam nhanh t gia
tr U
ch
n gia tr be nht ng vi in ap ri trn h quang.
Nu mach in co in tr u ln th in ap phuc hi trn tip im khi co h quang se khng
con xut hin lai (co dang khng tun hoan). mach in xoay chiu th tn s in ap ngun f
ngun
thng
thng rt thp so vi tn s dao ng ring cua mach co L va C.

f
ngun
<< =

1
2
100 10 000
. .
( . ) [ ]
L C
Hz
(1.4)
Gia tr be nht phu hp vi li co in ap cao. Qua trnh phuc hi in ap xay ra hai trng
hp gii han sau :
+ Ngt mach cam ng ln (
0
90 ) thng xay ra khi ngn mach.
+ Ngt mach thun in tr (
0
0 ).
Trn hnh 1-6a biu din trng hp phu tai thun in cam (
0
90 ) in ap phuc hi khng tun
hoan, kt qua la : x ma max ph
E U
. Hnh 1-6b in ap phuc hi dao ng (tun hoan) va trn thc t
x ma max ph
E . 2 U
. Trn hnh 1-6c la trng hp phu tai in tr (
0
0 ), khi o dong in va sc in
ng ngun e
(t)
trung pha nhau, chung ng thi qua gia tr 0, in ap phuc hi se bng 0.
Kt qua la mach thun in tr, h quang d b dp tt vnh vin hn la mach in cam. T o
giai thch khi th nghim thit b in ong m mach dong xoay chiu cn phai thc hin trong mach co
h s cng sut

cos thp ) 2 . 0 cos ( .










Hnh 1-5: iu kin tt h quang
xoay chiu
I[A]
U[V]
1
2
150250V
13
Trn hnh 1-6d biu din in ap phuc hi khi ngt mach ng dy khng tai.

2. Nng luong h quang
a) Dong mt chiu
c tnh dp tt h quang phu thuc vao nng lng h quang. Nng lng h quang dong mt
chiu tnh theo :

+
t
0
2
hq
dt . i ). i . R U (
2
I
L = W
(1.5)
T phng trnh thy rng toan b nng lng
2
I . L
2
a tch luy trong mach trc luc ngt cng
vi nng lng ngun sau khi a bt phn nng lng tn hao trn in tr R nm trong mach chnh la
nng lng h quang (W
hq
).
Do vy mach mt chiu, in cam cua mach cang ln th nng lng h quang se cang ln, khi
o h quang se kho dp tt.
b) Dong in xoay chiu
H quang xoay chiu dp tt luc i = 0, do o nng lng in t xem nh bng 0 va ta co :

n.
= t
0
hq
R.i)i.dt. - (u = W
(1.6)
Vi n la s lng ban chu k trong khoang thi gian chay cua h quang. Kt qua la dong xoay
chiu th nng lng h quang la nng lng ngun tr bt i phn tn hao tac dung. Khac vi dong mt
chiu toan b nng lng c a tr v ngun. Nu dong in c ngt trc luc i qua tr s 0 th
mt phn cua nng lng t se khng a v ngun ma cung cp cho h quang. Do o ng trn quan





















Hnh 1-6: Cac ng c tnh in ap phuc hi sau khi ct mach trong cac
trng hp: a,b) phu tai in cam, c)phu tai in tr , d)phu tai dung

e(t)
i(t)

u
t
t
U
phm
E
m
=90
L

e(t)

i(t)
u
t
t

U
m
=2E
m
E
m
=90
L
U
phm =0
e(t)

i(t)

u
t
t
R

e(t)
i(t)
u
t
t

C
i=0
=90
d) c)
b)
a)
14
im nng lng ma xet th ngt mach dong xoay chiu d dang hn ngt mach dong mt chiu cung mt
cng sut.
ng thi ta con thy mun giam nng lng h quang (mt chiu va xoay chiu) th phai cn
giam thi gian t chay cua h quang.

3. Cng thuc qui uoc v cng sut ngt
c trng cho kha nng ngt ln nht cua thit b ong m mach, ngi ta a vao khai nim
cng sut ngt (S
ngt
) c xac nh theo qui c theo cng thc sau :

) MVA ( I . C S
m ngt ngt
=
(1.7)
Trongo: C=m.U
m
=3.U
mfa
=
pha ba cho trng c :
mdy
U . 3
.
[kA]. mach, m ong thit b cua mc nh t in ng dong dung hiu tr gia la
m ngt
I
dung). hiu tr (gia dy mc nh ap in la
mdy
U
dung). hiu tr (gia pha mc nh ap in la
mfa
U

I
ngtm
la dong in ln nht ng vi luc u tin cac tip im ri xa nhau in ap nh mc cua thit b
ong m mach.
Trong cac cng thc trn xet tr s cua cac thng s c ban khi ngt gia tr o thit b in
khng b xay ra h hong.

1.5. BIN PHAP VA TRANG BJ DP H QUANG TRONG THIT BJ DIN

1. Cac bin phap va trang bj d dp h quang trong thit bj din cn phai dam bao yu cu
-Trong thi gian ngn phai dp tt c h quang, han ch pham vi chay h quang la nho nht.
-Tc ong m tip im phai ln.
-Nng lng h quang sinh ra phai be , in tr h quang phai tng nhanh.
-Tranh hin tng qua in ap khi dp h quang.

2. Cac nguyn tc co ban d dp h quang din
-Keo dai ngon la h quang.
-Dung nng lng h quang sinh ra t dp.
-Dung nng lng ngun ngoai dp.
-Chia h quang thanh nhiu phn ngn dp.
-Mc thm in tr song song dp.

3. Trong thit bj din ha ap thuong dung cac bin phap va trang bj sau
a) Keo dai h quang in bng c kh
y la bin phap n gian thng dung cu dao cng sut nho hoc rle. Keo dai h quang lam
cho ng knh h quang giam, in tr h quang se tng dn n tng qua trnh phan ion dp h
quang. Tuy nhin bin phap nay ch thng c dung mang ha ap co in ap nho hn hoc bng 220V
va dong in ti 150 A.
b) Dung cun dy thi t kt hp bung dp h quang
Ngi ta dung mt cun dy mc ni tip vi tip im chnh tao ra mt t trng tac dung ln
h quang sinh ra mt lc in t keo dai h quang. Thng thng bin phap nay kt hp vi trang b
thm bung dp bng aming. Lc in t cua cun thi t se thi h quang vao tip giap aming lam
tng qua trnh phan ion.
15
c) Dung bung dp h quang co khe h quanh co
Bung c dung bng aming co hai na li lom va ghep lai hp thanh nhng khe h quanh co
(khi ng knh h quang ln hn b rng khe th goi la khe hep).
Khi ct tip im lc in ng sinh ra se y h quang vao khe quanh co se lam keo dai va
giam nhit h quang.
d) Phn chia h quang ra lam nhiu oan ngn
Trong bung h quang pha trn ngi ta ngi ta t thm nhiu tm thep non. Khi h quang
xut hin, do lc in ng h quang b y vao gia cac tm thep va b chia ra lam nhiu oan ngn.
Loai nay thng c dung li mt chiu di 220 V va xoay chi u di 500 V.
e) Tng tc chuyn ng cua tip im ng
Ngi ta b tr cac la dao ng, co mt la chnh va mt la phu (thng la cu dao) hai la nay
ni vi nhau bng mt lo xo, la dao phu ct nhanh do lo xo an hi(lo xo se lam tng tc ct dao phu)
khi keo dao chnh ra trc .
f) Kt cu tip im kiu bc cu
Mt im ct c chia ra lam hai tip im song song nhau, khi ct mach h quang c phn
chia lam hai oan va ng thi do lc in ng ngon la h quang se b keo dai ra lam tng hiu qua
dp.

4. Cac bin phap va trang bj dp h quang o thit bj din trung va cao ap
a) Dp h quang trong du bin ap kt hp phn chia h quang
cac may ct trung ap cac tip im ct c ngm trong du bin ap, khi ct h quang xut
hin se t chay du sinh ra hn hp kh (chu yu la H) lam tng ap sut vung h quang, ng thi giam
nhit h quang. Cac may ct in ap cao mi pha thng c phn ra lam nhiu ch ngt.
b) Dp h quang bng kh nen
Dung kh nen trong bnh co sn hoc h thng ng dn kh nen khi h quang xut hin (tip
im khi m) se lam m van cua bnh kh nen, kh nen se thi do c hoc ngang thn h quang lam giam
nhit va keo dai h quang.
c) Dp h quang bng cach dung vt liu t sinh kh
Thng dung trong cu ch trung ap, khi h quang xut hin se t chay mt phn vt liu sinh
kh(nh thuy tinh hu c,...) sinh ra hn hp kh lam tng ap sut vung h quang.
d) Dp h quang trong chn khng
Ngi ta t tip im ct trong mi trng ap sut ch khoang 10
-6
n 10
-8
N/ cm
2
.
mi trng nay th bn in cao hn rt nhiu bn in cua khng kh nn h quang nhanh
chong b dp tt.
e) Dp h quang trong kh ap sut cao
Kh c nen ap sut ti khoang 200 N/cm
2
hoc cao hn se tng bn in gp nhiu ln
khng kh. Trong cac may ct in ap cao va siu cao ap hin nay thng s dung kh SF
6
c nen trong
cac bnh kh nen dp h quang. H quang dp trong mi trng SF
6
rt am bao(bi v ngay ca iu
kin ap sut thng h quang cung a tt nhanh trong mi trng kh SF
6
).
16









































Hnh 1-7: Cac bin phap nhn tao dp tt h quang thng dung
a) chia h quang thanh nhiu oan; b) dp h quang trong khe hep bung dp;
c,d) di chuyn h quang trong t trng; e) dp h quang trong du

17
Chuong 2. TIP XUC IN

2.1. DAI CUONG V TIP XUC DIN

1. Khai nim
Ch tip giap gia hai vt dn in cho dong in chay t vt dn nay sang vt dn kia goi la
tip xuc in. B mt ch tip giap cua cac vt dn in goi la b mt tip xuc in.
Tip xuc in chia ra lam ba dang chnh:
-Tip xuc c nh: la hai vt dn tip xuc lin kt cht cng bng bulng, inh vit, inh riv,...
-Tip xuc ong m: la tip xuc ma co th lam cho dong in chay hoc ngng chay t vt nay sang vt
khac (nh cac tip i m trong thit b ong ct).
-Tip xuc trt: la vt dn in nay co th trt trn b mt cua vt dn in kia (v du nh chi than trt
trn vanh gop may in).
Tip xuc ong m va tip xuc trt u co hai phn, phn ng (goi la tip im ng) va phn
tnh (goi la tip im tnh).
Ba dang tip xuc trn u co th tin hanh tip xuc di ba hnh thc:
-Tip xuc im: la hai vt tip xuc vi nhau ch mt im hoc trn b mt din tch vi ng knh rt
nho (nh tip xuc hai hnh cu vi nhau, hnh cu vi m t phng, hnh non vi mt phng,...)
-Tip xuc ng: la hai vt dn tip xuc vi nhau theo mt ng thng hoc trn b mt rt hep (nh tip
xuc hnh tru vi mt phng, hnh tru vi tru,...)
-Tip xuc mt: la hai vt dn in tip xuc vi nhau trn b mt rng(v du tip xuc mt phng vi mt
phng,...).
Cac yu cu i vi tip xuc in tuy thuc cng dung, iu kin lam vic, tui tho yu cu
cua thit b va cac yu t khac. Mt yu t chu yu anh hng ti tin cy lam vic va nhit phat
nong cua tip xuc in la in tr tip xuc R
tx
.

2. Din tro tip xuc
Xet khi t hai vt dn tip xuc nhau(hnh 2-1) , ta se co din tch b mt tip xuc :
S
bk
= a . l.
Nhng trn thc t din tch b mt tip xuc thc nho hn nhiu a.l v gia hai b mt tip xuc
du gia cng th nao th vn co nhp nh, khi cho tip xuc hai vt vi nhau th ch co mt s im trn
tip giap tip xuc. Do o din tch tip xuc thc nho hn nhiu din tch tip xuc biu kin S
bk
= a.l.
Din tch tip xuc con phu thuc vao lc ep ln trn tip im va vt liu lam tip im, lc ep
cang ln th din tch tip xuc
cang ln.
Din tch tip xuc thc
mt im(nh mt cu tip
xuc vi mt phng) xac nh
bi:
S =
d
F

(2.1)
Trong o:
F la lc ep vao tip
im [kg].

d la ng sut chng










Hnh 2-1: Tip xuc cua hai vt dn
2
1 a
l 1
2
a
18
dp nat cua vt liu lam tip im [kg/cm
2
].

Bang 2.1: Ung sut chng dp nat cua mt s kim loai thng dung

Kim loai
ng sut

d
[N/cm
2
]
Kim loai
ng sut

d
[N/cm
2
]
bac 30.400 ng cng
(hp kim)
51.000
ng mm 38.200 nhm 88.300
Nu tip xuc n im th din tch se ln ln n ln so vi biu thc (2.1).
Dong in chay t vt nay sang vt khac ch qua nhng im tip xuc, nh vy dong in cac
ch tip xuc o se b tht hep lai, dn ti in tr nhng ch nay tng ln.
in tr tip xuc cua tip im kiu bt k tnh theo cng thc:
R
tx
=
m
F
K
[ ] ( 2.2)
K: h s phu thuc vt liu va tnh trang b mt tip im ( theo bang tra).
m: h s phu thuc s im tip xuc va kiu tip xuc vi:
+Tip xuc mt m = 1
+Tip xuc ng m = 0,7
+Tip xuc im m = 0,5

Bang 2.2: Tra trj s K trong cng thuc (2.2)
Kim loai tip xuc
Tr s K [ .N]
Kim loai tip xuc
Tr s K [ .N]
ng - ng ( 0,08 n 0,14).10
-2
st - ng ( 3,1).10
-2

bac - bac ( 0,06)10
-2
nhm - ng ( 0,38).10
-2

nhm - nhm ( 0,127).10
-2


Ngoai cng thc (2.2) la cng thc kinh nghim, ngi ta con dung phng phap giai tch dn
giai rut ra cng thc tnh in tr tip xuc im:
R
tx
=

.
.
2
d
n F
(2.3)

: in tr sut cua vt dn [ .cm].

n: s im tip xuc.
F: lc nen [kg].
Do vy ro rang in tr tip xuc cua tip im anh hng n cht lng cua thit b in, in
tr tip xuc ln lam cho tip im phat nong. Nu phat nong qua mc cho phep th tip im se b nong
chay, thm ch b han dnh. Trong cac tip im thit b in mong mun in tr tip xuc co gia tr cang
nho cang tt, nhng do thc t co nhiu yu t anh hng n R
tx
nn khng th giam R
tx
cc

nho c
nh mong mun.

3.Cac yu t anh huong dn din tro tip xuc (R
tx
)
in tr tip xuc b anh hng cua nhiu yu t vi mc khac nhau, ta xet y mt s yu
t chu yu sau:
19
a) Vt liu lam tip im
T (2.3) ta thy h s chng dp nat
d
be th R
tx
be. V vy ng v mt yu cu co in tr
tip xuc be nn dung cac vt liu mm lam tip im. Nhng thc t cn phai kt hp cac yu t
khac(nh bn c) nn vt liu thng dung la ng, ng thau ma thic, thep ma thic,...
b) Lc ep ln tip im
Cung t cng thc (2.2) va (2.3) lc F
cang ln th R
tx
cang nho (hnh 2-2)
ng 1 biu din in tr tip xuc giam theo
chiu lc tng, nu giam lc nen ln tip im
in tr tip xuc R
tx
thay i theo ng 2.
Ta co th giai thch la v khi tng lc nen b ln
mt tip xuc th khng nhng b mt tip xuc b
bin dang an hi ma con b pha huy cuc b. Khi
ta giam lc ep th mt s im tip xuc vn con
gi nguyn nh khi lc ep ln tac dung. Tng lc
ep ch co tac dung giam R
tx
giai oan u in
tr ln va trung bnh. Khi lc ep u ln th du co tng lc ep ln na th in tr tip xuc vn khng thay
i.
c) Hnh dang cua tip im
Hnh dang cua tip im cung anh hng n R
tx
. Cung mt lc nhng kiu tip xuc khac nhau
th R
tx
cung khac nhau. T cac cng thc trn ta thy R
tx
cua tip xuc mt nho nht v co h s m ln nht
(tra t cng thc 2.2).
d) Nhit cua tip im
Nhit cua tip im thay i se lam R
tx
thay i theo kt qua th nghim vi nhit nho hn
200
0
C co th tnh R
tx
qua cng thc:
Rtx( )

= R
tx (0)
(1+
2
3
) [ ] (2.4)
Trong o: R
tx(0):
in tr tip xuc 0
0
C, : h s nhit in tr [1/
0
C].

: Nhit cua tip im [
0
C].
e) Tnh trang b mt tip xuc
B mt tip xuc khi b bn hoc khi b oxit hoa co R
tx
ln hn nhiu R
tx
cua tip im sach (do
co nhiu im khng c tip xuc trc tip bng vt liu lam tip im). Khi b oxy hoa cang nhiu th
nhit phat nong trn b mt tip xuc cang cao. Tip im b oxy hoa co in tr tip xuc tng hang
chuc ln(v oxit cua phn ln kim loai dn in kem hn nhiu kim loai nguyn cht).
f) Mt dong in
Din tch tip xuc c xac nh tuy theo mt dong in cho phep. Theo kinh nghim
i vi thanh dn bng ng cho tip xuc nhau khi ngun tn s 50 Hz th mt dong in cho phep
la:
J
cp
=
S
I
[( 0,31 - 1,05 .10
-4
(I-200)] [A/mm
2
] ( 2.5)
Trong o : I la gia tr dong hiu dung ; S=S
bk
din tch tip xuc biu kin.
Biu thc (2.5) trn ch ung khi dong in bin thin trong khoang t 200 n 2000A. Nu ngoai tr s
o th co th ly:
I < 200 A ly J
cp
= 0,31 [A/ mm
2
]









R
tx
[10
6
]
F[kg] 0 5 10 15 20 25
100
200
300
400
1
2
Hnh 2-2: in tr tip xuc khi lc nen tng
20
I > 2000 A ly J
cp
= 0.12 [A/ mm
2
].

Khi vt dn tip xuc khng phai la ng th mt dong cho phep i vi vt liu y co th
ly theo cng thc sau:
3
cp vt liux
J
cp.ng
x liu )vt (
ng ) ( tx
R
R

(2.6)

2.2. TIP DIM THIT BJ DIN

1. Vt liu lam tip dim
thoa man tt cac iu kin lam vic khac nhau cua tip im thit b in th vt liu lam tip
im phai co c nhng yu cu c ban sau:
-Co dn in cao(giam R
tx
va chnh in tr cua tip im).
-Dn nhit tt (giam phat nong cuc b cua nhng im tip xuc).
-Khng b oxy hoa (giam R
tx
tng n nh cua tip im).
-Co kt tinh va nong chay cao (giam mai mon v in va giam s nong chay han dnh
tip im ng thi tng tui tho tip im).
-Co bn c cao (giam mai mon c kh gi nguyn dang b mt tip xuc va tng tui tho
cua tip im).
-Co u deo ( giam in tr tip xuc).
-D gia cng khi ch tao va gia thanh re.
Thc t t vt liu nao ap ng c y u cac yu cu trn. Trong thit k s dung tuy tng
iu kin cu th ma tro ng nhiu n yu cu nay hay yu cu khac. Nhng vt liu thng dung gm:
a) ng ki thut in: ng nguyn cht thu c bng in phn. No ap ng hu ht cac yu cu trn.
Nhc im chnh cua ng ki thut in la rt d b oxit hoa.
b) ng caimi: ng ki thut in pha thm caimi co tnh cht c cao chng mai mon tt, kha nng
chu c h quang tt hn ng ki thut in thng thng.
c) Bac: la vt liu lam tip im rt tt do co dn in cao va co in tr tip xuc n nh. Nhc
im chu yu la chu h quang kem nn s du ng b han ch.
d) ng thau: hp kim ng vi kem c s dung lam tip im dp h quang.
e) Cac hp kim ng khac: hp kim ng vi nhm, ng vi mangan, ng vi niken, ng vi silic
va cac hp kim ng khac c s dung lam tip im, ng thi lam lo xo ep (v du tip im tnh cua
cu ch). Nhng tip im nh vy khi b t nong d b mt tnh an hi.
f) Thep co in tr sut ln: thep thng b oxy hoa cao nhng la vt liu re nn vn c s dung lam
tip xuc c nh dn dong in ln, trong cac thit b the p thng c ma.
g) Nhm: co dn in cao, re nhng rt d b oxy hoa lam tng in tr sut. Nhc im na la han
nhm rt phc tap, bn c lai kem.
h) Vonfram va hp kim vonfram: co mai mon v in tt va chu c h quang tt nhng co in
tr tip xuc rt ln. Hp kim vonfram vi vang s dung cho tip im co dong nho. Hp kim vi
molipen dung lam tip im cho nhng thit b in thng xuyn ong m, khi dong in ln th
vonfram va hp kim vonfram s dung lam tip im dp h quang.
i) Vang va platin: khng b oxy hoa do o co in tr tip xuc nho va n nh, c s dung lam tip
im trong thit b in ha ap co dong in be va quan trong. Vang nguyn cht va platin nguyn cht co
bn c thp nn thng c s dung dang hp kim vi mlipen hoc vi irii tng bn c.
j) Than va graphit: co in tr tip xuc va in tr sut ln nhng chu c h quang rt tt.
21
Thng dung lam cac tip im ma khi lam vic phai chu tia la in, i khi lam tip im dp h
quamg.
k) Hp kim gm: hn hp v mt c hoc cua hai vt liu khng nu chay ma thu c bng phng
phap thiu kt hn hp bt hoc bng cach tm vt liu nay ln vt liu kia. Thng vt liu th nht co
tnh cht ky thut in tt, in tr sut va in tr tip xuc nho, t b oxy hoa.Vt liu th hai co tnh cht
c cao va chu c h quang. Nh vy, cht lng kim loai gm la do tnh cht cua hn hp quyt nh.
Kim loai gm s dung rng ra i nht thng co gc bac nh : bac-niken, bac- oxit caimi, bac- vonfram,
bac-mlipen. Ngoai ra i khi ngi ta s dung kim loai gm co gc ng nh: ng -vonfram, ng -
mlipen, ng caimi lam tip im chnh va tip im dp h quang.
Chu y
+Vi tip xuc c nh thng dung vt liu la ng, nhm, thep.
+Vi tip xuc ong/m tuy theo dong dn, nu :
-Dong in be dung bac, ng, platin, vonfram, i khi vang, mlipen, niken.
-Dong va n ln dung ng thau, kim loai hoc hp kim t nong chay nh vonfram, molipen,...
-Dong in ln th thng dung hp kim gm (san phm hai kim loai dang bt ep lai ap lc ln,
nhit cao. H p kim gm rt cng chu c dong ln, khuyt im la dn in kem, nn thng
c ch tao dang tm mong han trn b mt tip im cua thit b).

2. Mt s kt cu tip dim
a) Phn ra lam cac loai theo cu tao
Tip xuc c nh co cac dang
-Ni hai thanh tit din ch nht.
-Ni hai thanh tit din tron (thanh tron ni vi nhau thng trong cac thit b in nh may ngt in,
may bin dong,...).
Loai tip xuc ong m va tip xuc trt phn theo dong in
-Dong be : I 10 [mA].
-Dong va: I 100 [A].
-Dong ln: I > 100 [A].
b) Tip im rle
Thng dung bac, platin tan han ga vao tip im, kch thc tip im do dong in cho phep
quyt nh (theo bang co trong cac s tay thit k).
c) Tip im thit b in khng ch
Cac thit b nh cng tc t, aptmat va thit b cao ap thng co dong in ln. Th nhng tip
im chnh mc song song vi tip im h quang khi tip im v tr ong dong in se qua tip im
chnh (tip im) lam vic, khi m hoc bt u ong tip im h quang se chu h quang. Do o bao v
c tip im lam vic.
Ta thng thy tip im co ca c dang nh hnh 2-3.
+Hnh ngon: dung trong cng tc t, tip im ng va trt va ln trn tip im tnh do vy co th
t lam boc lp oxit trn b mt tip xuc.
+Tip im bc cu: dung trong rle va cng tc t.
+Tip im i din: dung may ngt in ap cao.
+Tip im hoa hu: gm mt canh hnh thang ging canh hoa hu hay ch z, tip im ng la mt
thanh dn tron.
+Tip im vut ma: tip im ng kiu sng dao co th trt gia hai vut tron (lam tip im tnh) lo
xo va dy c ni cht vi vut.
22
+Tip im chi: tip im ng hnh chi gm nhng la ng mong 0,1 0,2 mm xp lai trt ln
sng dao tip im tnh. tng lc ep trn tip im hnh chi th thng co thm ban an hi. Loai nay
khi chi b chay se lam in tr tng nhanh do o t dung lam tip im h quang.

















Hnh 2-3:Dang mt s tip xuc ong m: a) Tip im ngon, b) Tip im bc cu, c)Tip im
kiu cm, d) Tip im kiu i din, e) Tip im kiu li, h) Tip im kiu thuy ngn, g) Tip im
kiu vut ma
+Tip im cm: thng c dung cu dao, cu ch, dao cach li,...ap lc ln tip im ng khoang P
= (0,3 0.6) kg/cm
2
.

3. Nguyn nhn hu hong tip xuc va bin phap khc phuc
a) Nguyn nhn h hong
Nguyn nhn h hong tip xuc co rt nhiu, ta xet mt s nguyn nhn chnh sau:
a.1) n mon kim loai
Trong thc t ch tao du gia cng th nao th b mt tip xuc tip im vn con nhng l nho li
ti. Trong vn hanh hi nc va cac cht co hoat tnh hoa hoc cao thm vao va ong lai trong nhng l
nho o se gy ra cac phan ng hoa hoc tao ra mt lp mang mong rt gion. Khi va cham trong qua trnh
ong lp mang nay d b bong ra. Do o b mt tip xuc se b mon dn, hi n tng nay goi la hin tng
n mon kim loai.
a.2) Oxy hoa
Mi trng xung quanh lam b mt tip xuc b oxy hoa tao thanh lp oxit mong trn b mt tip
xuc, in tr sut cua lp oxit rt ln nn lam tng R
tx
dn n gy phat nong tip im. Mc gia tng
R
tx
do b mt tip xuc b oxy hoa con tuy nhit . 20-30
o
C co lp oxt day khoang 25.10
-6
mm. Theo
th nghim tip im ng ngoai tri sau mt thang R
tx
tng ln khoang 10%. nhit

ln hn 70
0
C
s oxit hoa rt nhanh. Theo th nghim 100
0
C sau ch mt gi R
tx
cua tip im ng tng khoang 50
ln. Ngoai ra vic lun phin b t nong va lam ngui cung tng qua trnh xit hoa.
a.3) in th hoa hoc cua vt liu tip im
Mi cht co mt in th hoa hoc nht nh. Ly H lam gc co in th m (-) th ta co bang mt
s kim loai co in th hoa hoc nh bang sau:

23
Bang 2.3: Din th hoa hoc cua mt s kim loai
Kim loai Ag Cu H Sn Ni Co Fe Al
in th hoa
hoc [ V].
+0.8 +0.345 0 -0.14 - 0.2 -0.255 -0.44 - 1.34

Hai kim loai co in th hoa hoc khac nhau khi tip xuc se tao nn mt cp hiu in th hoa
hoc, gia chung co mt hiu in th. Nu b mt tip xuc co nc xm nhp se co dong in chay qua,
va kim loai co in th hoc m hn se b n mon trc lam nhanh hong tip im.
a.4) H hong do in
Thit b in vn hanh lu ngay hoc khng c bao quan tt lo xo tip im b hoen r yu i
se khng u lc ep vao tip im. Khi co dong in chay qua, tip im d b phat nong gy nong chay,
thm ch han dnh vao nhau. Nu lc e p tip im qua yu co th phat sinh tia la lam chay tip im.
Ngoai ra, tip im b bn, r se tng in tr tip xuc, gy phat nong dn n hao mon nhanh tip im.
b) Cac bin phap khc phuc
bao v tip im khoi b r va lam giam nho in tr tip xuc co th thc hin cac bin
phap sau:
b.1) i vi nhng tip xuc c nh nn bi mt lp m chng r hoc quet sn chng m.
b.2) Khi thit k ta nn chon nhng vt liu co in th hoa hoc ging nhau hoc gn bng nhau cho tng
cp.
b.3) Nn s dung cac vt liu khng b oxy hoa lam tip im.
b.4) Ma in cac tip im: vi tip im ng, ng thau thng c ma thic, ma bac, ma kem con
tip im thep thng c ma caini, niken, kem,...
b.5) Thay lo xo tip im: nhng lo xo a r, a yu lam giam lc ep se lam tng in tr tip xuc, cn lau
sach tip im bng vai mm va thay th lo xo nen khi lc nen con qua yu.
b.6) Kim tra sa cha cai tin: cai tin thit b dp h quang rut ngn thi gian dp h quang nu
iu kin cho phe p.

4. Tinh trang lam vic cua tip dim khi ngn mach
Khi co ngn mach, nhit ch tip xuc tng cao lam giam tnh an hi va cng c kh cua
tip im. Nhit cho phep khi ngn mach quy nh:
-Vi ng, ng thau: [ ] = (200 300)
0
C
-Nhm: [ ] = (150 200)
0
C
Tuy thi gian ngn mach co mt dong in cho phep khac nhau nh bang 2-4.

Bang 2.4: Mt d dong din cho phep
Vt liu tip xuc Mt dong in cho phep j
cp
[A/mm
2
]
Thi gian ngn mach [s] 1s 5s 10s
ng 152 67 48
ng thau 75 38 27
Nhm 89 40 28

Ngoai ra con tuy tnh trang lam vic cua tip im khi ngn mach xay ra nh:
-Tip im v tr ong khi ngn mach
Theo cng thc kinh nghim Butkvich: I
m
= K. F
(2.7)
Vi: I
m
: dong in bin lam tip im nong chay han dnh.
24
K: h s tuy vt liu lam tip im va s im tip xuc.
F: lc nen ln tip im, F = (20 50) kg.
H s K trong mt s trng hp cu th sau:
+ Tip im chi ng, ng thau: K= 3000 n 4000
+ Tip im hnh ngon bng ng: K= 4100.
+ Tip im kiu cm ng, ng thau: K= 6000.
-Tip im trong qua trnh ong b ngn mach
Luc nay sinh lc in ng keo di tip im, tip im ng co tc ln d sinh hin tng
han dnh v co chn ng.
Khi dong chay trong vt dn t tit din ln sang tit din nho thng b un cong sinh lc in
ng theo cng thc:
F = 1,02.10
-8
.i
2
ln
d
D
(2.8)
D,d: ng knh tit din ln va nho [cm].
-Tip im trong qua trnh ngt b ngn mach
Phat sinh h quang co th lam chay tip im. Tuy kim loai co tr cc tiu ap va cc tiu dong
co th phat sinh h quang.
Bang 2.5: Trj s dong, ap cuc tiu
Kim loai tip im W Ag Cu Al Fe
I
min
[A] 0,8 0,75 0,42 0,5 0,55
U
min
[V] 11,5 12 14 12,5 12,5

+Khi ct dong be
Nu I

I
min
, U

U
min
: Gia hai tip im hnh thanh mt cu kim loai nong chay, cu b t
kim loai se chay t ant sang catt. V vy tip im la ant b mon.
Nu I

I
min
, U

U
min
: Hnh thanh cac ion n bn pha pha catt, kim loai se chuyn t catt
sang ant.
+Trng hp ct dong trung bnh va dong in ln
H quang ln ca catt va ant u b mon. Cn chu y tip im ng khi ong co khi b hao
mon nhiu hn khi m.
S hao mon t l vi dong in, s ln ong m va lng in tch qua tip im va thi gian
chay cua h quang, o la cac hao mon v in (do dong in gy ra). Ngoai ra con hao mon v c, thng
thng hao mon v c bng (1 3)% hao mon in.













25
Chuong 3. PHAT NONG

3.1. DAI CUONG

1. Khai nim chung
Nhit lng sinh ra do dong in chay qua trong cun dy hay vt dn in khi thit b in lam vic
se gy phat nong. Ngoai ra trong thit b in xoay chiu con do tn hao dong xoay va t tr trong loi st
t cung sinh ra nhit. Nu nhit phat nong cua thit b in vt qua tr s cho phep th thit b in se
nhanh b h hong, vt liu cach in nhanh b gia hoa, bn c kh cua kim loai b giam sut. Nhit
cho phep cua cac b phn cua thit b in tham khao theo bang cho sn.
Trong tnh toan phat nong thit b in thng dung khai nim chnh nhit la hiu s gia nhit
phat nong va nhit mi trng xung quanh thit b in

0
. vung n i cho phep =35
0
C,
vung nhit i =50
0
C. S phat nong thit b in con tuy thuc vao ch lam vic. Thit b in co
ba ch lam vic: dai han, ngn han va ngn han lp lai.

2. Cac ngun nhit trong thit bj din-Cac phuong phap truyn nhit
Trong thit b in mt chiu s phat nong chu yu la do tn hao ng. i vi thit b in xoay
chiu, s phat nong sinh ra chu yu la do tn hao ng trong dy qun va tn hao st t trong loi thep,
ngoai ra con tn hao do hiu ng b mt.
Song song vi qua trnh phat nong co qua trnh toa nhit gm: d n nhit, bc xa nhit va i lu
nhit.
Qua trnh dn nhit, nhit lng dn tnh theo cng thc
dQ = - .

X
Q
.dS.dt
Trong o: dQ: nhit lng c dn theo phng x.

X
Q
:
graien nhit lu theo phng x; dS: din tch nhit lu i qua, dt: thi gian; : h
s dn nhit [W/
0
C.cm].
Bc xa nhit: phu thuc b mt toa nhit
i lu nhit: phn lam i lu t nhin va i lu cng bc, i lu phu thuc vao v tr phn b cua
vt th, kch thc b mt, tnh cht mi trng xung quanh vt va nhit mi trng.
Nu xet ca ng thi ba hnh thc trn th co cng thc Niutn sau:
P = .S. hay =
S
P

Trong o: P: nhit lng toa ra; S: din tch toa nhit.
: chnh nhit cua vt dn vi mi trng.

: h s toa nhit [N/
0
C.cm
2
].
Dung cng thc trn rt tin nhng sai s c (15 25)%
H s tra trong tai liu thit k:
+Vi cun dy truyn nhit tt trong pham vi nhit 75
0
C 120
0
C h s la:
= 11.10
-4
n 12,98.10
-4
[W/
0
C cm
2
]
+Vi cun dy truyn nhit kem: = 9,84.10
-4
n 11,52.10
-4
[W/
0
C. cm
2
].
3. Nhit d phat nong va cp cach din
26
Nhit mi trng xung quanh quy nh cho cac nc vung n i
0
= 35
0
C, nc vung nhit
i
0
= 40
0
C. Nhit phat nong chnh lch = -
0
quy nh vung n i th: =35
0
C, vung nhit
i =50
0
C.
Cp cach in: cn c vao kha nng chu nhit phat nong ln nht cua vt liu cach in ma khng
lam pha huy tnh cht c cua no, ngi ta chia vt liu cach in ra cac cp cach in gm cp:
A : [T
0
] = (90 105)
0
C
E : [T
0
] = (105 120)
0
C
B : [T
0
] = (120 140)
0
C
Cac b phn thit b in quy nh
+ Vt liu khng boc cach in xa vt cach in [T
0
] =110.
+ Dy ni tip xuc c nh [T
0
] = 75
0
C
+ Tip xuc ma bac [T
0
] =120
0
C
+ Vt liu dn in co boc cach in th:
-Cp O: [T
0
] 80
0
C
-Cp A : [T
0
] 95
0
C
-Cp B: [T
0
] 110
0
C
+ Vt liu khng dn in khng boc cach in [T] 110
0
C
Ngoai ra ch lam vic khac nhau co nhit ln nht cho phep khac nhau.

3.2. CH D LAM VIC DAI HAN CUA VT TH DNG NHT

Thit b in lam vic dai han tc la thit b in co th lam vic lin tuc lu dai nhng thi gian
lam vic phai khng nho hn thi gian cn thit thit b phat nong n nhit n nh.
Khi co dong in I chay trong vt dn se gy ra tn hao mt cng sut P va trong thi gian dt se gy
ra mt nhit lng:
P.dt = RI
2
dt (3.1)
Nhit lng hao tn nay bao gm hai phn:
-t nong vt dn G.C.d
-Toa ra mi trng xung quanh S ..dt.
Ta co phng trnh cn bng nhit cua qua trnh phat nong:
P.dt

= G.C.d + S ..dt (3.2)
Trong o: G la khi lng vt dn [g]
C la t nhit vt dn toa nhit [J/g].
la chnh nhit [0
0
C].
la h s toa nhit [W/cm
2
].
T (3.2) ta co phng trnh :

C . G
P
=
dt
d
+
C . G
. S
. (3.3)
Giai phng trnh vi phn (3.3) vi iu kin tai t = 0 th chnh nhit ban u la
0
, ta c:
=
. S
P
(1 -
t
GC
S
e

) +
0

t
GC
S
e

(3.4)

27
t T =
. S
C . G
la hng s thi gian phat nong.

. S
P
=

: chnh nhit n nh. Ta co:

=

( 1-
T
t
e

) +
0
T
t
e

(3.5)

Khi t = 0 ma
0
= 0 th:
=

.(1-
T
t
e

) (3.6)
Khi ngt dong in (I = 0), qua trnh phat nong chm
dt va qua trnh ngui lanh bt u xay ra, ngha la P.dt
= 0, ta co phng trnh ngui lanh:
I
2
R.dt = 0 (3.7)
Va: G.C.d + S +dt = 0 nn co:

dt
d
+
. S
C . G
= 0 (3.8)
Vi iu kin khi ngt dong in chnh lch nhit bng chnh lch nhit n nh. Giai phng
trnh vi phn (3.8) ta c biu thc th hin qua trnh ngui lanh:
=

.e
t
T
Hng s thi gian phat nong T la khoang thi gian cn thit t nong vt ln ti chnh nhit n
nh nu khng co s toa nhit ra mi trng xung quanh .
Xac nh hng s T bng giai tch, ta co: P dt = G.C.d

dt
d
=
C . G
P
th =
C . G
P
.t +
0

Nu
0
= 0 th: =
C . G
P
.t
Khi
0
=

th t = T. T

=
C . G
P
.T va theo cng thc Niutn

=
S .
P

.
Ta co: T=
. S
C . G
(3.9)
Dung phng phap ve cung co th xac nh c gia tr T. T gc toa gc ta ve ng tip tuyn
vi ng cong 1 va ng cong 2. Ta nhn c AB
=
T.

d
dt

t =0
=

T
= tg

=
AB
BC

Trong o BC =

vy AB = T. Qua trnh phat nong co toa nhit ra mi trng xung quanh th sau
thi gian T chnh lch nhit ch at ti gia tr 0,632

.

3.4. CH D LAM VIC NGN HAN CUA VT TH DNG NHT
ch lam vic ngn han chnh lch nhit cua thit b in sau thi gian lam vic cha at ti
tr s n nh th thit b in a ngng lam vic. Nhit phat nong ch nay la nho nht. Khi ngng
lam vic (I= 0) th qua trnh ngui lanh lai bt u.

0
0.632

3
t[s]
1
2
0
T
A
B
Hnh 3-1: Phat nong dai han
28
Gia s lam vic dai han ng cong phat nong la ng 1 trong hnh 3-2.
Phu tai luc nay la P
f
:
P
f
= S.
f
(3.10)
Sau thi gian t
lv
(thi gian lam vic ngn han)
chnh nhit mi at ti tr
1
<
f
, nn thit b
in lam vic non tai va cha li dung ht kha nng
chu nhit. T o ta thy rng co th nng phu tai
ln sau thi gian lam vic ngn han t
lv
chnh
nhit va at ti tr s cho phep
f
, phu tai luc nay
la P
n
:
P
n
= S.
max
(3.11)
ng cong phat nong trng hp nay la ng
2. im M trn ng 2 thoa man phng trnh
chnh nhit cua qua trnh phat nong.

f
=
max
(1- e
T
t
lv
) (3.12)
Sau thi gian lam vic t
lv
dong in ngng chay vao vt dn do o vt dn ngui lanh theo quy
lut nh khi lam vic dai han (ng 3).
T cac biu thc (3.10), (3.11), (3.12) va goi K
p
=
f
n
P
P
la h s qua tai cng sut ta rut ra:
K
p
=
f
n
P
P
=
f
max

=
T
t
lv
e 1
1

> 1 (3.13)
V cng sut t l vi bnh phng dong in nn:
K
I
=
f
n
I
I
=
P
K =
T
t
lv
e 1
1

(3.14)
K
I
: h s qua tai v dong in.
V du: Mt thit b in co T = 180s nu lam vic dai han th dong in cho phep I
f
= 100 A nhng nu
lam vic ngn han trong thi gian t
lv
= 5 s th co th tng dong din ln bao nhiu ?.
Giai:
K
I
=
1
1

e
t
T
lv
=
1
1
5
180

e
= 6
Vy dong cho phep ln nht la: I
n
= K
I
. I
f
= 6.100 = 600 [A].


3.4. CH D LAM VIC NGN HAN LP LAI CUA
VT TH DNG NHT

y la ch ma thit b in lam vic trong mt thi gian t
lv
ma nhit phat nong cha at ti
bao hoa va sau o ngh mt thi gian t
ng
ma nhit cha giam v nhit ban u ri lai tip tuc lam
vic va ngh xen ke. Qua trnh lam vic va ngh c lp lai tun hoan nh vy. th hin mc lam
vic lp, ngi ta dung khai nim h s lam vic (con goi h s ong in):

max

1

0
t[s]
t
lv
1
2
3
Hnh 3-2: Phat nong khi ngn han
M
29
L% =
ng
t
lv
t
lv
t
+
.100% (3.15)
Trong thc t L% thng bng 25%, 40%, 60%. Trong ch lam vic ngn han lp lai, nhit
phat nong nho hn ch lam vic dai han nhng ln hn ch ngn han. Tng thi gian lam vic
t
lv
va thi gian ngh t
ng
goi la thi gian chu k t
ck
.
t
ck
= t
lv
+ t
ng

Ta gia thit tai thi im ban u chnh nhit cua vt dn la
0
sau thi gian lam vic t
lv
vt dn c t nong n chnh nhit la:

1
=

(1-e
T
t
lv

) +
0
e
T
t
lv

(3.16)
Sau thi gian ngh t
ng
vt dn ngui xung nhit
:

2
=
1
e
T
t
ng

(3.17)
Chu k tip theo vt dn lai b t nong ti chnh
nhit :

3
=

(1- e
T
t
lv

) +
2
e
T
t
lv

(3.18)
Sau mt s chu k nhit chnh lch nhit
at n chnh nhit cc ai
max
va chnh lch
nhit cc tiu
min
khng thay i, ta goi la thi k n
nh. Tng t nh trn, ta vit:
Qua trnh phat nong
max
=

(1- e
T
t
lv

) +
min
e
T
t
lv

(3.19)
Qua trnh ngui lanh:
min
=
max
. e
T
t
ng

(3.20)
Giai hai phng trnh nay ta c:

max
=
T
t t
T
t

ng lv
lv
e 1
e 1
+

(3.21)
Vi:

: chnh nhit n nh bng chnh nhit cho phep

f
[
0
C].

max
: chnh nhit ln nht khi lam vic ngn han lp lai [
0
C].
Co:
max
<
f
=

nn co th cho tng tai thm ln lam vic nh ng cong phat nong 2(ng vi

nl
>
f
) hnh 3-3, sau thi gian lam vic

=
f
.
Ta co:


f
=
nl

T
t t
T
t
ng lv
lv
e 1
e 1
+

(3.22)











t[s]
t
lv
t
ng
t
cK
3
4
1
2

max

max

min
Hnh 3-3: Phat nong khi ngn han lp lai
30
H s qua tai cng sut: K
p
=
cf
nl

=
T
t
T
t
lv
CK
e 1
e 1

(3.23)
H s qua tai dong in:
K
I
=
f
nl
I
I
=
P
K =
T
t
T
t
lv
CK
e 1
e 1

(3.24)
Hnh 3-3 so sanh c tnh phat nong khi lam vic trong ch ngn han lp lai (ng 3) vi
c tnh phat nong khi lam vic dai han (ng 1) ta thy khi lam vic ngn han lp lai lai co th tng
thm phu tai (ng 4).

3.5. SU PHAT NONG KHI NGN MACH

Thi gian xay ra ngn mach rt ngn nn nhit cung cp cho vt th hoan toan dung t
nong vt dn va gn ung ta coi khng co nhit lng toa ra mi trng xung quanh. Trong thi gian dt
dong in ngn mach sinh ra nhit lng la:
dQ = K
2
m
. I
2
.R.dt = K
2
m
.I
2
.
s
l
.dt (3.25)
Trong o: K
m
=
I
I
nm
, vi I
nm
la tr s dong ngn mach qua vt dn; I

la dong in nh mc qua
vt dn; S la tit din vt th.
Toan b nhit lng do dong in ngn mach sinh ra dung t nong vt dn ln chnh nhit
la d
nm
. Ta co phng trnh:
dQ = C.G.d
mn
= C.S.l. .d
mn
(3.26)
Vi la khi lng ring cua vt dn. C la nhit dung ring cua vt dn.
So sanh biu thc (3.25) va (3.26) ta co: d
mn
=
c .

K
2
m

2
F
I

.dt.
Ly tch phn ta c:

nm
=
c
m
K
.
.

2
.

t
0
dt .
2
S
I
(3.27)
-Khi I = const th: dt
2
S
I
t
0

=
2
S
I

t = J
2
t. Co:
nm
=
c
m
K
.
.

2
J
2
t (3.28)
Nu chnh nhit luc bt u ngn mach la

th khi kt thuc ngn mach chnh nhit se la:

,
nm

=

+
nm
. Trong thc t , C thay i theo nhit : C = C
0
[ 1+ b
0
(

+
nm
)],
=
0
[ 1+
0
(

+
nm
)]. Trong o: C
0
: nhit dung ring khi = 0; b
0
: h s nhit t nhit.

0
: in tr sut khi = 0;
0
: h s nhit in tr. Thay vao (3.28) ta c:

nm
=

2
m
K
dt .
2
S
I
.
)]
nm
(
0
b 1 [
0
c
)]
nm
(
0
1 [
0

+ +
+ +
(3.29)
31
Chng 4. LC IN NG

4.1. KHAI NIM CHUNG

Mt vt dn t trong t trng, co dong in I chay qua se chu tac ng cua mt lc. Lc c hoc
nay co xu hng lam bin dang hoc chuyn di vt dn t thng xuyn qua no la ln nht. Lc
chuyn di o goi la lc in ng. Chiu cua lc in ng c xac nh theo quy tc ban tay trai.
trang thai lam vic bnh thng, thit b in c ch tao lc in ng khng lam anh
hng g n bn vng kt cu. Khi ngn mach dong tng ln rt ln (co luc ti hang chuc ln I
m
) do
o lc in ng se rt ln. Trong mt s trng hp dong ln, lc co th ti hang chuc tn. Lc lam bin
dang i khi co th lam pha v kt cu thit b. Do o cn phai nghin cu lc in ng ngn nga
tac hai cua no khi la chon, tnh toan va thit k thit b in.
Ngoai ra ngi ta con nghin cu ng dung lc in ng ch tao cac thit b in nh rle in
ng, c cu o in ng,...

4.2. CAC PHUONG PHAP TINH TOAN LUC DIN DNG

1. Phuong phap su dung djnh lut Bio-Xavar-Laplax
Theo quan im cua phng phap nay lc in ng la kt qua tng tac ln nhau cua dy dn l
mang dong in I va t trng do dy dn khac tao nn.
- Lc in ng tac dung ln chiu dai l khi co dong in I t trong t trng co t cam B la:
= = sin . l . B . I F hay B x l . I F
Vi goc la goc hp bi l va B ( l cung chiu I ).
la goc xac nh theo chiu quay nho nht.
- Dang vi phn la B x l d I F d . =
= sin . dl . B . I F d (4-1)
Co : dl

trung chiu dong in i.

T o ta co lc in ng :

= =
l
0
l
0
sin Bdl . I F d F = I.B. l. sin (4-2)
- Nu hai dy dn cung trong mt mt phng = 90
0
th

=
l
0
IBdl F =I.B.l.
Mun xac nh c F ta phai tm c quan h B = B(l), cam ng t phu thuc kch thc dy
dn.
- Theo Bio-Xavar-Laplax th cng t cam tai mt im M B co tr s la :

=
2
0
2
0 0
r
sin . dl
I
4
B hay ,
r
r x l d
I
4
B (4-3)
Trong o:








B
dl
l
M

I
Hnh 4-1: Lc in ng
32

=
ln. tao
0
r va l d do
g mt phn vi goc thng t cam ng t vec : B

0
r va l d bi hp goc :
M. n dl cach t khoang la : r
1
0
r co M n dl chon t n v vect la
0
r


2. Phuong phap cn bng nng luong
Xet mt dy dn co dong in chay qua nh hnh 4-2.
Khi dy dn dch chuyn theo hng x mt oan dx th lc in
ng c xac nh bi :
dw = F.dx
dx
dw
F = (4-4)
Trong o:
+ dw : bin thin nng lng t trng cua vt dn
mang dong in khi di chuyn mt oan dx.
+ x : phng chuyn di co th co cua dy dn di tac
dung cua lc F.
+ Chiu F trung vi chiu dx.
V du: xet h hai vt dn mang hai dong in i
1
; i
2
nh hnh 4-3 t song song cach nhau mt khoang x.
Nng lng t trng cua h la:

=
=

+ +
= =
+ + =
] cm / J [
dx
dL
. i
2
1
F
] cm / J [
dx
dL
. i
2
1
F

: la se re ring dung tac lc co Ta
dx
i Mi i L
2
1
i L
2
1
d
dx
dw
F
: la dung tac lc va i Mi i L
2
1
i L
2
1
W
2 2
2
2
1 2
1
1
2 1
2
2
2
2
1
1
M
2 1
2
2
2
2
1
1 M

Khi vt th bin dang hoc chuyn di ta gia thit cac dong in bng hng s. Theo phng phap nay
mun tnh lc ta phai bit c biu thc toan hoc cua h s t cam L va h cam M theo x. Cac phng
phap tnh L va M nu trong giao trnh l thuyt trng in t.

4.3. TINH LUC DIN DNG TAC DUNG LN VT DN
1. Ung dung phuong phap cn bng nng luong
Ta xet lc in ng trong mt s trng hp vt dn ng nht nm trong t trng u. Cac
trng hp khac co th tham khao tai liu chuyn nganh ch tao thit b.
a) Lc in ng tac dung ln mt vo ng dy co dong i nm trong mt t trng

















x A A

B B

F
dx
l
Hnh 4-2: Lc tac dung vao thanh dn.
x
dx
I
2
I
1
Hnh 4-3: Lc gia hai vong dy
33
Gia thit ban knh vong dy R, ban knh dy dn r (hnh 4-4). Lc in ng co xu hng keo cng
vong dy dn bung ra. Gia thit lc phn b u trn chu vi vong dy. Goi f
R
la lc tac dung ln mt
n v dai chu vi theo hng knh, lc tac dung tng:
dR
dL
. I
2
1
f . R . 2 F
2
R
= = (4-6)
Theo Kic khp co:

= 75 , 1
r
R 8
ln R L
0
.
Va ta gia thit 1
R
r 2
<< thay vao biu thc (4-6) ta co:

m
H
8
10 .
0
2
0
. 4 , 0 bit 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln I .
2
1
F
Vy ] kg [ 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln I . 10 . . 04 , 2 F
2 8

=

(4-7)
tnh bn c kh vong dy, ta phai xac nh lc co xu
hng keo t vong dy theo hng knh (la tch phn hnh chiu cac lc
hng knh tac dung ln 1/4vong dy) la :

= = =
2
0
2 7
R R R
75 , 0
r
R 8
ln I . 10 R . f d . cos . R . f F N
* Trong trng hp cun dy co W vong, thay IW cho I, ta co :
]. kg [ 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln ) WI .( 10 . 02 , 1 ] N [ 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln ) WI .( 10 F
2 8 2 7
R

=

(4.9)
Chu y: 1[N]=0,102 [kg] va 1[J/cm]=10,2[kg].

b) Tnh lc in ng gia hai dy dn tit din tron t song song mang dong i
Ta s dung phng phap cn bng nng lng vi gia thit hai dy dn co ban knh r t song song
cach nhau khoang a.
Ta bit theo l thuyt trng i vi dy dn nh trn th h s t cam la :

=
r
r a
ln . 2
2
1
2
l
L
. 0

Vi: l la chiu dai cua dy dn.
Lc tac dung vao tng thanh dn c tnh:

r a
l
. I . 10 . 2 , 0
da 2
dl . I
da
dW
F
2 8
2
M

= = =

[J/cm]. (4.10)
Nu co a>>r th:

a
l
. I . 10 . 04 , 2 F
2 8
= [kg] (4.11)
Nu dong trong hai dy cung chiu th hai dy dn se hut
nhau va ngc chiu th y nhau.


2. Ung dung djnh lut Bio-Xavar-Laplax
a) Lc in ng tac dung ln hai dy dn t trong cung mt mt phng
Trn hnh 4-6 la hai dy dn l
1
va l
2
cung t trong mt mt phng. Dy dn l
1
mang dong I
1
dy
dn l
2
mang dong I
2
.
















Hnh 4-5: Hai thanh t song song
l
I
2r
a
dF
B l
F
T

d
I
2r
Hnh 4-4: Lc cng vong dy
34
Ta tm s phn b lc ln dy dn l
2
.
Ta chon truc tung oy trung vi dy l
1
(chon h xoy hnh 4-6). Dong I
1
n v dy trong dy l
1
tao
ra oan dl co cng t cam la :

2
0
1
0
r
r x y d
I
4
B d
r r
r

= hay:
2
1
0
r
) sin(
dy I
4
dB

=
V co: sin( )= sin nn:
2
1
0
r
sin
dy I
4
dB

=
Lc tac dung ln oan dl
2
do I
1
dy gy ra la:
B d x l d . I F d
2 2
r r r
=
Hay:

0
2
2 2 1
0
90 sin .
r
sin
dl . dy I I
4
dB

=
T hnh 4-6 ta co :
y=cotg

=
sin
x
r ; d
sin
x
dy ;
2

Vy:

= d . sin . dl .
x . 4
I I .
dF
2
2 1 0
(4.12)
Lc tac dung ln oan dl
2
v tr x trn do dong I
1
chay trong l
1
gy ra la :

=
2
1
d . sin
x . 4
I . I .
dF
2 1 0
x
(4-13)
Lc tac dung ln mt n v dai cua dy l
2
tai v tr x
i
do
1 1
l trong I gy ln la :

i
i 1 i 2 2 1 0
2
x
x
x
cos cos
.
4
I . I .
dl
dF
F
i
i

= = (4-14)
Chu y : khi chon cac im tnh x doc chiu dai l
2
goc va dai x bin thin dn n cac lc F
x
bin
thin khng u doc chiu dai l
2
cua dy 2.
im tac dung cua lc tng F se qua trong tm dy l
2
.
Bng phng phap ve ta co th bit s phn b cua lc doc chiu dai dy l
2
.
b) Lc in ng gia hai dy dn t song song trong o mt dy dai v tn
Hnh 4-7, xet khi dy l
1
= ; dy l
2
= l khoang cach gia hai dy x = a. Ap dung biu thc (4.14)
ta thay
1
= ;
2
= 0; x = a vao ta co : const
a . 4
I . I . 2
F
2 1 0
xi
=

=
Lc in ng tac dung ln dy dn l
2
la :
a
l
.
4
2
I .
1
I .
0
2
2
F

= (4-14)
va co ] [ . . . . ,
2
F hay [J/cm] . . . . , kg
a
l
I I
a
l
I I F
8
10
2 1
04 2
8
10
2 1
2 0
2

=

= .
c) Lc in ng gia hai dy dn song song co chiu dai bng nhau











l
1

l
2

l
dl
2

dy
y
I
2

I
1

2
x
Hnh 4-6: Hai thanh trong cung mt phng
35
Ap dung cng thc (4.12) phn trc va thay x = a; dl
2
= dy ta co :
)
1
cos
2
(cos dy .
a . 4
2
I .
1
I .
0
dF

= (4-15)
Trn hnh 4-7 co :
2 2
1 1
2 2
2
a y
y
) cos( cos con ,
a ) y l (
y l
cos
+
= =
+

=
Vy :

+
+

=
l
0
2
a
2
y
ydy
l
0
2
a
2
) y l (
dy ) y l (
a . 4
2
I .
1
I .
0
F (4-16)
Tnh tng tch phn ring re co :

+
=
l
0
2
a
2
y
ydy
A
Nu t z
2
= y
2
+a
2
2zdz = 2ydy va:
+ khi y= 0 th z= a
+khi y=1 th z= l a
2 2
+
i cn ta co :
. a
2
l
2
a
2
a
2
l
a
dz
l
0

2
a
2
y
ydy
A + =

+
=

+
=

i cn ta co:

a
2
a
2
l
0
l
2
a
2
u
udu
-
l
0
2
a
2
) y l (
dy ) y l (
+ =

+
=

T o thay vao (4.16) ta co :

=
l
a
2
l
2
a
1
2
a
l
.
2
2
I .
1
I .
0
a
2
l
2
a 2 .
a . 4
2
I .
1
I .
0
F
t : co 1 )
l
a
( th a l khi chnh u ham hi goi con hay
l
a
2
l
2
a
1 )
l
a
( >> + =
] [ ). ( . . . . , : hay ] / [ ). ( . . . , kg
l
a
a
l
I I F cm J
l
a
a
l
I I F
8
10
2 1
04 2
8
10
2 1
2 0

=

=
Khi hai thanh dn co tit din ch nht vi kch thc rng b, cao h va dai l
+ Nu co b h, b a th :
] cm / J [
8
10 .
2
a
2
h
l ln
a
h
arctg
a
h 2
2
h
1
. l
2
I
1
I 2 , 0 F

+ =

. Co th vit di dang :

= =
= =
=
=

=
0 u l y khi
l u 0 y khi
dy - du
y; - l t u t tng
l
0
2
a
2
) y l (
dy ) y l (
B

1
a
l
y
dy
l-y
I
1
I
2

Hnh 4-7: Hai thanh song song
36
] cm / J [ ) f (
8
10 .
a
l
2
I
1
I . 2 , 0 F

= hay ] kg [ ) f (
8
10 .
a
l
2
I
1
I . 04 , 2 F

=
co (f) goi la ham Dwight phu thuc theo
b h
b a
;
a
h
+

+ Nu h<<a ; h/b<1 th:
] kg [ ) f (
8
10 .
a
l
2
I
1
I . 04 , 2 F

=
Trong o : )]
a
b
1 ln( ).
a
b
1 ( )
b
a
1 [(
2
b
2
a
) f ( + + = .

4.4. LUC DIN DNG TRONG MACH DIN XOAY CHIU
1. Mach xoay chiu mt pha
Xet hai dy dn song song co hai dong in i
1
, i
2
cung pha (hoc lch mt goc ) gia thit i
1
= i
2

= I
m
sint = I
2
sint = i
Lc in ng F = C.i
2
, vi C la hng s :
2
F
1
F
2
t . 2 cos .
2
m
I . C
2
2
m
I . C
2
t . 2 cos 1
.
2
m
I . C t .
2
sin .
2
m
I . C F + =

=

= =
Trong o :
2
2
m
CI
1
F = la thanh phn khng i.
t 2 cos
1
F
2
t 2 cos .
2
m
CI
2
F =

= la
thanh phn lc thay i.
Ta biu din nh hnh 4-8 :
Lc F bin thin khoang t 0 n CI
m
2
.
- Lc trung bnh
2
CI
2
2
m
I . C
tb
F = =
Khi xay ra ngn mach lc F rt ln, dong in

= t cos
T
t
e I . 2 i
t
T
1
= la h s can cua dong
khng tun hoan, phu thuc vao may phat
in va cac thng s cua mach in. Theo
th nghim co = 22 , ta co lc in ng
la:
2
) t cos
t
e (
2
CI 2
2
Ci F

= =
Tc la trong mach gm hai thanh
phn la thanh phn bin i tun hoan va
thanh phn khng tun hoan. Sau mt s







Hnh 4-8: Lc in ng trong mach mt pha









Hnh 4-9: Lc in ng khi ngn mach
37
chu k (nT) thanh phn khng tun hoan suy giam v 0, do o lc n nh (mt s na chu k nh nhon
thp dn, mt s na cao dn n bng nhau va n nh nh hnh 4-9).
Theo th nghim sau t = th co i at cc ai i
max
= 1,8 2 I va lc:
F
Max
= CI
2
= C.6,48I
2
.

2. Luc din dng trong mach xoay chiu ba pha
Gia s dong in trong cac pha A, B, C ln lt la :

+ =

=
=
)
3
2
t . sin( . 2 I
2
i
)
3
2
t . sin( . 2 I
2
i
t . sin . 2 I
1
i

a) Khi b tr ba dy trn mt mt phng (hnh 4-10a)
Goi C
1
hng s lc gia dy A va B, C
2
dy B va C, C
3

dy A va C . Ta co:
+ Lc tac dung ln dy pha A la:

+ +

=
+ =
)
3
2
t sin( . t sin
3
C )
3
2
t sin( . t sin
1
C
2
I 2
3
i
1
i
3
C
2
i
1
i
1
C F

Chon chiu tng theo thi gian t: du (+) vi lc keo v hai dy kia va (-) vi lc y ra. Tin hanh
thay s ta tnh toan va tm c cac tr s lc y va lc keo cc ai cua pha A
la:

+ + = )
3
C
1
C (
3
C
1
C
2
3
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
1
k
F .
Chon sin2t va cos2t du (-) lc ngc lai la lc y nhau:

+ + + = )
3
C
1
C (
3
C
1
C
2
3
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
1

F .
+ Vi dy pha C ging dy A.
+ Dy pha B : tng t ta co F
k2
va F
2
la :

+ + = )
2
C
1
C (
2
C
1
C
2
2
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
2
k
F .

+ + = )
2
C
1
C (
2
C
1
C
2
2
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
2

F .
Nu chon C
1
= C
2
, C
3
= 0,5C
1
th ta co pha A:

=
=
2
I
1
C . 615 , 1
1

F
2
I
1
C . 115 , 0
1
k
F

Co ngha la pha A lc y gp khoang 14 ln lc keo. Con pha B th:

=
=
2
I
1
C 73 , 1
2

F
2
I
1
C 73 , 1
2
k
F

b) Trng hp ba dy dn b tr trn ba nh tam giac u



a)







b)

Hnh 4-10: Lc in ng trong mach xoay
chiu ba pha
F
1
F
k1

A
F
2
F
k2


B


C
Y
X
A
B
C
F
AC
F
AB

6
38
Ta gia thit ln lt ba dong in i
1
, i
2
, i
3
cho trn i vao dy dn cac pha A, B, C c b tr
trn ba nh tam giac u nh hnh 4-10b.
Ta co h s C
1
=C
2
=C
3
=C
+ Lc tac dung ln dy pha A sau khi thay s va tnh toan ta c:
t sin . C
2
I 3 t 2 cos . 2 2
2
CI
2
3
F = =
+ Lc tac dung ln dy B va dy C tng t nh dy A ch co goc pha thay i.

3. Luc din dng trong ba pha khi ngn mach
Dong trong cac pha khi ngn mach la :
[ ]

+ +

+

=

=
+

=
)
3
2
t cos( )
3
2
cos(
t
e I 2
3
i
)
3
2
t cos( )
3
2
cos(
t
e I 2
2
i
) t cos( cos
t
e I 2
1
i

Trong o :
:goc pha cua dong in trong pha th nht khi bt u xay ra s c; : h s can. Nu gia thit
khng xet n thanh phn khng tun hoan vi e
-t
= 1 ta co :
+ Lc tac ng dy A la : F = C
1
i
1
i
2
+ C
3
i
1
i
3

+ Lc tac dung ln dy B la : F = C
1
i
1
i
2
+ C
2
i
2
i
3

Khi xet ba dy cung nm trong mt mt phng, lc in ng khng ch phu thuc thi gian t ma
phu thuc ca thi im xay ra ngn mach .
Xet : +) Khi = - 15
0
ma xay ra ngn mach th

= t cos
2
3
2
t
2
sin
2
I 2
1
C 3
1

F
Nu t = th

=
=
0
1
k
F
2
I
1
C 46 , 6
max 1

F

+) Khi = 75
0
ma ngn mach th

= t cos
2
3
2
t
2
sin
2
I 2
1
C 3
1
k
F
t = th F
k1max
= 0,16C
1
I
2
, F
1max
= -1,5C
1
I
2
.


4.5. CNG HUONG CO KHI VA N DJNH LUC DIN DNG
THIT BJ DIN
1. Cng huong co khi
Khi dong in xoay chiu i qua thanh dn (thanh cai) lc in ng se gy chn ng va co th
phat sinh hin tng cng hng c kh.
iu kin tranh cng hng c kh
39
Mun khng xay ra cng hng th tn s dao ng ring cua thanh cai phai be hn tn s song c
ban cua lc. Trong thc t ngi ta thng thay i khoang cach gia thanh cai iu chnh tr s tn
s dao ng ring cua thanh cai.
Tn s dao ng ring thanh cai tnh theo biu thc :

1
g
J . E
2
l
112
Z =
Trong o :
l : khoang cach gia cach in; E : m un an hi [kg/cm
2
].
J : m men quan tnh (ly truc thng goc vi hng un lam chun)
g
1
: trong lng n v dai thanh cai [kg].
Nu khng thc hin c iu kin trn th co th phai giai quyt bng iu chnh tn s ring
cua thanh cai z ln hn tn s song c ban. Chu y tn s lc in ng gp hai ln tn s dong in f
1

= 2f
I
> z.

2. n djnh luc din dng
Trong thit b in phai tnh lc in ng kim tra xem thit b in co at bn c hay
khng. n nh lc in ng la kha nng chu ng tac ng c kh do lc in ng sinh ra khi ngn
mach.
am bao cn iu kin cn th: I
m
> I
xk
vi :
+I
m
: dong cho phep ln nht cua thit b in, i
xk
: dong xung kch tnh toan khi ngn mach ba
pha. Co th dung bi s cho phep (K
m
) ln nht kim tra lc in ng.
xk m m
i K I 2 , trong o : K
m
la bi s dong cho phep ln nht.
Chu y : theo tnh toan ngn mach trong mang ba pha, lc in ng khi ngn mach mt pha (F
max

= CI
1
2
= C.6,48I
m
2
) ln hn lc in ng khi ngn mach ba pha (F
1max
= C
1
.6,46I
m
2
), nhng do khi
ngn mach ba pha chiu lc thay i trong khng gian nn phai dung kim tra kha nng chu lc cac
im.
- Nu thit b in khng ghi gia tr I
m
th co th xac nh theo cng thc :
] kA [
m
U 3
ng
S
55 , 2
xk
i
m
I =
Vi : S
ng
: cng sut ngt mach [MVA]; U
m
: in ap nh mc hiu dung [kV].