GROUPS

PARTA
[1MARK]
1.

Defineabinaryoperation
Ans:LetSbeanonemptyset.*issaidtobebinaryoperationonSif
a, b S , a * b S and is unique

2.

a*b= ab ,WhereaandbaretheelementsofR.Is*abinaryoperationonR?
2

Ans:Leta=2,b=7then

14

*isnotabinaryoperation.
3.

a*b= ab ,WhereaandbaretheelementsofC.Is*abinaryoperationonC?
1

Ans:Leta=1,b=ithen

*isnotabinaryoperation
4.

InthesetofallofnaturalnumbersN,*isdefinedbya*b=3a4b.Is*abinaryoperation.
2 3

Ans:Leta=2,b=3then

3 2

4 3

12

*isnotabinaryoperation
5.

Inthesetofnonnegativeintegers*isdefinedbya*b=ab.Verifywhether*isabinaryoperationor
not.
0 0

Ans:Leta=0,b=0then

*isnotabinaryoperation
6.

If*isdefinedbya*b=1+ab,showthatitisa.b.o.onQ.
Ans:Leta,bQ.Product oftworationalnumbersisagainarationalnumberand1+abisalso
arationalnumber.
Thus

*isabinaryoperation
7.

Iftheb.o*onZisdefinedbya*b=a+b+5,findtheidentityelement

Ans:e=5
8.

If*isdefinedbya*b=

3ab
,a,bR,FindtheidentityelementinRunder
7

Ans:e=7/3
9.

If*isdefinedby

,findtheidentityifitexists.

Ans:a*e=ae1ande*a=ea1
i.ea*e e*aThereforeidentitydoesnotexist

10.

OnQ+,*isdefinedby

3.

Ans:31=3
11.

Inagroup(G,*),ifa*x=e,aG,findx.

Ans:x=a
12.

If*isdefinedbya*b=a+bab,solvetheequation6*x=4
Ans:6*x=4

i.e6+x6x=45x=2

13.

Whythesetofrationalsdoesnotformagroupw.r.tmultiplication?
Ans:inverselawfails

14.

Giveanexampleofafinitegroup.
Ans:{1,w,w2}undermultiplication

15.

Giveanexampleofainfinitegroup.
Ans:ThesetZofintegersunderaddition.

16.

Inthegroup{2,4,6,8};mod10},findtheidentityelement
Ans:62=66istheidentity[Orconstructthecompositiontableandfindidentity]

17.

Findtheinverseof3inthegroup{1,3,7,9}undermod10(O95)
Ans:e=1:371(mod10)31=7

18.

InthegroupG{1,3,4,5,9}undermod11,findtheinverseof5
Ans:e=1:591(mod11)51=9

19.

Inthegroupnonzerointegers(mod5)find21and41
Ans:e=1;23121=3and 441 4-1=4

20.

Inthegroup{Z6;+mod6)find2+41+31

Ans:(2+62)+63=1
21.

Nametheb.o.underwhichthesetoffourthrootsofunityformsanabeliangroup.
Ans:multiplication

PARTB

22.

If

verifywhether*isassociative.

Ans:

a*(b*c)=a*x wherex=b*c=

a+x 1
b + c 2a + b + c
= a +
=
(1)
2
2
2
4

(a*b)*c=y*cwherey=a*b=

b+c

a+b

y + c 1 a + b a + b + 2c
=
+ c =
(2)
2
2 2
4

From(1)and(2)*isnotassociative

23.

OnI,thesetofintegers*isdefinedbya*b=a+b7,findtheidentityandinverseof14.
Ans:Letebetheidentity
a*e=a

Leta betheinverseofa
Bydefinitiona*a1=ea+a17=7a1=14a
14

14

14

24.

ifGisgroupanda,b,cG,thenprovethata*b=a*cb=c

25.

InagroupG,provethattheequationa*x=bhasuniquesolutioninG.

26.

P.Ttheidentityelementisuniqueinagroup

27.

P.Ttheinverseofanelementisuniqueinagroup.

28.

InagroupG,provethat(a*b)1=b1*a1,a,bG

29.

Provethatagroupoforder3isabelian

30.

IfeachofagroupGisitsowninversethenprovethatGisabelian.

31.

InagroupG,(ab)2=a2b2,a,bG,thenprovethatGisabelian.

Note:Questions24to31areallstandardpropertiesofgroups.Youget
solutioninalltextbooks

32.

Writethemultiplicationmodulo4tableforthesetZ4={0,1,2,3}.Is

4 0 1 2 3

agroup?

0 0 0 0

0 1 2 3

Z4isnotagroupunder

0 2 0 2

0 3 2 1

IsG={1,2,3,4}undermodulo4agroup?Givereason

33.

Ans:2x42=0

i.eclosurefails.Gisnotagroup.

4 1 2 3 4
1

1 2 3 4

2 0 2 0

3 2 1 0

0 0 0 0

34.

Ingroupofnonzeroreals, a b =
5

Ans:2
.
35.

10
10

ab
.Solveforxif2*(x*5)=10
5
10

10

25

Defineasemigroup.Giveanexampleofasemigroupwhichisnotagroup.
AnonemptysetGtogetherwithabinaryoperation*issaidtobeasemigroupif*satisfiesclosure
andassociativelaws.
Ex:(N,+)

36.

Defineasubgroupandgiveanexample.
Ans:AnonemptysetHissaidtobesubgroupofagroup(G,*)if
(i)HG(ii)(H,*)isitselfagroup.
Ex:{1,1}isasubgroupof{1,1,i,i}undermultiplication.

37.

Provethattheintersectionoftwosubgroupsofagroupisagainasubgroup

PARTC

38.

ProvethatthesetofintegerZisanabeliangroupunderthebinaryoperation definedbya*
b=a+b5foralla,bZandhencesolvex 31=2.
Soln:
Closurelaw:
Leta,bZ.Clearly,a+b5isagainanelementofZ.
Thusa,bZ,a*b=a+b5Z
Associativelaw:Leta,b,cZ.
Consider,
a*(b*c)=a*xwherex=b*c=b+c5
=a+x5=a+(b+c5)5
=a+b+c10
Again(a*b)*c
=y*cwherey=a*b=a+b5
=y+c5=(a+b5)+c5
=a+b+c10
a*(b*c)=(a*b)*c
Identitylaw:Letebetheidentity
a*e=aa+e5=ae=5
Inverselaw:
Leta1betheinverseofa
Thena*a1=e
a+a15=5
a1=10aZ 3

10

Commutativelaw:a,bZ,
wehave
a*b=a+b5=b+a5=b*a
Hence(Z,*)isanabeliangroup
Considerx 31=2
Iex+7+5=2

7
10

39.

IfQ1isthesetofallrationalnumberexcept1and*isab.o.definedonQ1bya*b=a+bab,

Showthat(Q1,*)isanabeliangroup.

Hint:Associativelaw:a*(b*c)=(a*b)*c=a+b+cabbcca+abc

Identityelement:e=0

Inverselaw:

40.

IfQ1isthesetofallrationalnumberexcept1and*isab.o.definedonQ1bya*b=a+b+ab,

Showthat(Q1,*)isanabeliangroup.
Hint:Associativelaw:a*(b*c)=(a*b)*c=a+b+c+ab+bc+ca+abc

Identityelement:e=0

Inverselaw:

41.

InthesetQ+ofallpositiverationalnumbersdefinetheoperation*bya*b=ab/2,foralla,bQ+.
Provethat(Q+,*)isanabeliangroup

Hint:Associativelaw:a*(b*c)=(a*b)*c=

Identityelement:e=2

Inverselaw:

42.

ShowthatthesetG={53,52,51,5051,52,53..........}isanabeliangroupundermultiplication.
Ans:Leta=5p,b=5q,c=5rwherep,q,rI.Thena,b,cG

Closurelaw:a,bG

Associativelaw:

Also,

5
5

Identitylaw:Considertheelement50=1G.
1

ClearlyforeveryaG,wehave

Thus50=1istheidentity
Inverselaw:Sincethebinaryoperationismultiplication
.
Commutativelaw:

Hence(G,*)isanabeliangroup.

1
5

5
5

5
5


43.

ProvethatG={cos +isin : isreal}isanabeliangroupundermultiplication

,

Let

,Thena,b,cG

Closurelaw:a,bG

Associativelaw:

Also,

Identitylaw:Considertheelementcis0=1G.
ClearlyforeveryaG,wehave

Thuscis0=1istheidentity
Inverselaw:Sincethebinaryoperationismultiplication
.
Commutativelaw:

Hence(G,*)isanabeliangroup.

44.

Provethatthesetofmultiplesof3formsanabeliangroupunderaddition.

Ans:Let G = {3n : n I } = set of multiples of 3 = {... 9, 6, 3, 0,3, 6,9.....}

Leta=3p,b=3q,c=3r,wherep,q,rI a,b,cI
Closurelaw. a, b G, a + b = 3 p + 3q = 3( p + q) G closurelawisvalidinG
AssociativelawSincetheadditionofintegersisassociative
a, b, c G, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
associativelawisvalidinI
Identitylaw:Sincetheb.oisadditiontheidentityelementis0G
Inverselaw:Sincetheb.oisadditiontheinverseofaisabecausea+(a)=(a)+a=
Inverseofa=ai.eInverseof3p=3p
Commutative a, b G, a + b = b + a
i.eadditioniscommutative

 (G,+)isanabeliangroup

45.

Provethatthesetofall22matriceswithelementsofrealnumbersisanabeliangroup
w.r.t.addition
Ans:LetMbethesetofall2x2matrices

b1
a2
=
B
and
c
d1
2

a1
c1

Closurelaw.LetA=

a1 + a2
c1 + c2

b2
M
d 2

b1 + b2
M closurelawisvalidinM
d1 + d 2

ThenA+B=

AssociativelawWeknowthatthematrixadditionisassociative.i.eA+(B+C)=(A+B)+C

associativelawisvalidinM

0 0
M istheidentityandA+O=O+A=A A M
0
0

Identitylaw:ClearlyO=

Inverselaw:SincethebinaryoperationisadditioninverseofAisA M
HenceMisagroupundermultiplication.
CommutativelawClearlyA+B=B+A A, B M

(M,+)isanabeliangroup.

46.

a 0

a, b R, a, b 0 ofallmatricesisagroupundermatrix
0 b

ShowthatthesetM=
multiplication

c 0
a 0
M
and B =
0 d
0 b

Closurelaw.LetA=

a 0 c 0 ac 0

=
M closurelawisvalidinM
0 b 0 d 0 bd

ThenAB=

AssociativelawWeknowthatthematrixmultiplicationisassociative.

associativelawisvalidinM

1 0
M istheidentityandAI=IA=A A M
0 1

Identitylaw:ClearlyI=

a 0
M clearly A = ab 0 HenceAisnonsingular,A1exists
0
b

Inverselaw:LetA=

A1=

1
1 b 0 1 / a 0
adjA =
M

=
A
ab 0 a 0 1 / b

HenceMisagroupundermultiplication.

x x x R

isanabeliangroupw.r.t.matrixmultiplication.
x x x O

47.

ProvetatthesetgivenbyM=

48.

Provethat={1,5,7,11}isanabeliangroupundermultiplicationmodulo12
Ans:ThecompositiontableforGis
X12

11

11

11

11

11

11

Closurelaw:AlltheentriesinthetableareinG

Associativelaw:1

11
1

11
7

Identitylaw:1istheidentity.

Inverselaw:11=1,51=5,71=7and111=11i.eeachelementofGhasinverse
ThereforeGisagroup.

49.

G={2,4,6,8}isagroupundermod10.Preparethemultiplicationmod10tableandhencefind
theidentity

[3m]
50.

ProvethatthesetH={1,2,4}isasubgroupofthegroupG={1,2,3,4,5,6}undermod7
Ans:HG
ThecompositiontableforHis
X7

[3m]

Closurelaw:AlltheentriesinthetableareinH
Associativelaw:1

1
1

1
2

2
4

4
1

1
2

Identitylaw:1istheidentity.

Inverselaw:11=1,21=4and41=2i.eeachelementofHhasinverse
ThereforeHisitselfagroupandhenceitisasubgroup.