Cognitive Psychology Quizzes Quiz 1 1. Which of the following topics is NOT commonly studied within cognitive psychology? a.

Dreaming 2. A participant is asked to look within him- or herself and report on his or her own mental processes. This method is called: a. Introspection 3. Which of the following would a classical behaviorist be LEAST likely to study? a. Participant's Beliefs 4. Historically, the movement known as behaviorism was encouraged by scholars concerns regarding: a. Research based on introspection 5. Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method in which: a. Researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events 6. Central to research in neuropsychology is: a. how brain dysfunctions affect performance 7. Which of the following statements about introspection is NOT true? a. It provides a testable hypothesis 8. The great change in cognitive psychology is referred to as a revolution because: a. The focus changed from behaviors to the processes underlying those behaviors 9. Cognitive processes are NOT necessary for which daily activity? a. Breathing 10. Which of the following kinds of evidence would NOT be used in cognitive psychology? a. self-reported dreams Quiz 2 1. One of the main differences between PET and fMRI is the use of radioactive particles in one but not the other a. True 2. A Synapse is a. made up of the end of one neurons axon, another neurons receiving membrane, and the gap between these 3. Among its other functions, the amygdala seems to serve as a(n): a. emotional evaluator or threat detector 4. A double dissociation demonstrates the independence of two (or more) process within the brain a. True 5. Sam is able to remember old memories but cannot retain information learned after his brain injury. Most likely, Sam had damage to the hypothalamus a. False 6. The frontal lobe is associated with motor and higher-thought processing while the temporal lobe is associated with: a. auditory processing 7. The cortex makes up the surface of what brain structure? a. the forebrain 8. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) uses a strong magnetic pulse to: a. produce a temporary disruption to the brain area, and thus brain function, where it is applied

9. The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the: a. right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear 10. In split brain patients: a. The corpus callosum is severed and the hemispheres are functionally separated from one another Quiz 3 1. A researcher has identified the receptive field for a neuron and has determined that the receptive field has a centersurround organization. If the researcher were to shine light into the entire receptive field, including both the center and the surrounding area, we would expect the neuron to: a. continue firing at its resting rate 2. Which of the following is an illustration of the fact that if an object appears to be further away, it will look bigger? a. Ponzo Illusion 3. A tachistoscope is a device used to: a. display stimuli briefly 4. The word-superiority effect refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize: a. A letter within the context of a word than it is to recognize a letter presented by itself 5. Feature net is a: a. Network of detectors organized in layers, with one of the lower levels of detectors specialized for detecting features 6. On one trial of an experiment, a participant is shown the sequence GWXT. On a different trial, the participant is shown the sequence PAFE. On the basis of prior research, we should expect that: a. PAFE will be easier to perceive than GWXT because detectors for PA and FE are likely to be well primed 7. Biedermans recognition by components (RBC) model: a. Makes use of geon detectors, which in turn trigger detectors for geon assemblies 8. The form of brain damage identified as prosopagnosia is primarily characterized by an inability to: a. Recognize faces 9. Perception depends on: a. Both the stimulus and the perceiver 10. Bottom-up (or data-driven) mechanisms refer to: a. Mechanisms for which activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information Quiz 4 1. Recordings from neurons in area V4 of the visual cortex are: a. more responsive to attended inputs than unattended inputs 2. Participants are instructed to fixate on a point on a computer screen and report on a + sign that appears off to one side. After several trials, the fixation point is replaced by a new shape, but the participants do not notice this change. This is a study of: a. inattentional blindness 3. Change blindness indicates that: a. perception is not sufficient for attention 4. The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fact that: a. interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks have no elements in common 5. Stroop interference indicates that: a. word reading is automatized

6. If a participant is asked to perform two activities at the same time, performance will be improved if: a. the two activities are highly dissimilar, drawing on different task-specific resources 7. An experienced driver can drive while holding a relatively complex conversation. This combination of activities is difficult, however, for a novice driver. Which of the following explanations is MOST likely to explain the difference? a. practice of a task leads to a decline in the resource demands for the task 8. A late selection view of attention suggests that: a. all inputs are fully processed; however, only the attended input reaches consciousness 9. The task of shadowing involves: a. immediately repeating, word for word, the contents of a message 10. A patient has suffered brain damage and, as a result, now seems to ignore all information on the left side of her world. If shown words, she reads only the right half of the word; if asked to copy a picture, she copies only the right half. This patient seems to be suffering from: a. the unilateral neglect syndrome Quiz 5 1. In general, any technique designed to improve memory is referred to as: a. a mnemonic strategy 2. The operations through which we gain new knowledge, retain that knowledge, and later use that knowledge are often divided into three categories. Which of the following is NOT one of those categories? a. Deliberation 3. The helper that stores visual materials is called the: a. visuospatial buffer 4. For most recall tests, the transfer of items into long-term storage is BEST facilitated by ______ rehearsal a. Elaborative 5. A participant is asked to recall a series of numbers, and the participant chooses to think about the numbers as though they were years (e.g., 1, 9, 9, 7 becomes The year I turned 16). The participant is organizing information into the memory unit known as a(n): a. Chunk 6. According to the modal model of memory, words presented early in a list are easier to remember because: a. the early words receive more of the participants attention than do the later words 7. Louise put a light bulb on a lamp, turned it on, and looked at it directly. Immediately after that, she looked away and she could still see the bulb shining brightly. This visual persistence is an example of the type of information held in ____________ store. a. Iconic 8. Which of the following is NOT true of primacy effects: a. They are based only on working memory 9. Early estimates of working-memorys capacity relied on the so-called digit-span task. The data indicate working memorys capacity to be: a. around 7 items 10. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of working memory (sometimes called short-term memory)? a. unlimited storage capacity.

Quiz 6 1. The famous patient H.M. is unable to remember events he experienced after his brain surgery. The surgery apparently produced: a. anterograde amnesia 2. Which of the following statements is an example of a recognition test? a. Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party? 3. A participant is asked, In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with lake? The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if he or she: a. paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them 4. In many circumstances, participants correctly recognize that a stimulus is familiar, but they are mistaken in their beliefs about where and when they encountered the stimulus. This error is referred to as: a. source confusion 5. Which of the following statements seems to be the BEST illustration of encoding specificity? a. Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life. 6. Which of the following tasks is LEAST appropriate as a means of testing implicit memory? a. recall task 7. Context reinstatement refers to: a. improved memory if we recreate the context that was in place during learning 8. Amnesia can provide insight into the role of memory in our everyday life. For example, if H.M. was having a conversation with a friend and noticed the friend smiling, H.M. is MOST likely to: a. forget the conversation immediately, because his attention has been turned to his friends smile 9. Which of the following statements is NOT true for explicit memory? a. Explicit memory is typically revealed as a priming effect. 10. A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce state-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that: a. if participants studied the material after drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee just before taking the memory test Quiz 7 1. An eyewitness to a crime is quite confident that his memory of the crime is correct. In evaluating the eyewitnesss testimony, the jury should note that: a. memory confidence is a poor indicator of memory accuracy 2. Intrusion errors in memory are errors: a. in which other knowledge intrudes into the remembered event 3. Flashbulb memories are extremely detailed, vivid memories, usually associated with highly emotional events. The accuracy of these memories seems: a. best predicted by the consequentiality of the event to participants lives 4. Which of the following does NOT name a hypothesis concerning why we forget? a. Hypermnesia 5. Evidence suggests that decay a. probably explains far less forgetting than interference or retrieval failure 6. Memory schemas, or schemata, serve as representations of our _____ knowledge. a. Generic

7. In a study by Brewer and Treyens, participants waited in an experimenters office for the experiment to begin. After they left the room, they learned that the study was about their memory of that office. This study demonstrated that: a. people make assumptions using prior knowledge about what an academic office typically contains 8. The misinformation effect is an example of: a. source confusion 9. Information that is perceived as relevant to the self is better remembered. This is referred to as the: a. Self-reference effect 10. Michael and Maria both witnessed an auto accident. Maria remembers watching the car race past a stop sign, but she hears Michael as he reports to the police that the car raced past a yield sign. Later, Maria is likely to recall that she saw: a. a yield sign, incorporating Michaels report into her own recollection Quiz 8 1. Connectionist or parallel distributed processing (PDP) models differ from classic associative networks in that connectionism: a. employs distributed processes 2. A lexical-decision task is generally used to assess: a. how rapidly participants can look up a word in their mental dictionary 3. In a connectionist model, knowledge is BEST defined as: a. a potential for activation to flow in a certain way 4. According to the text, hints help us remember because: a. the target node receives activation from both the hints nodes and from other nodes 5. Which of the following is an advantage of a winner-takes-all system? a. It provides a selective mechanism so that distracting thoughts do not trigger other distracting thoughts. 6. Often mental processes (such as the hunt through memory or the search for a problem solution) must obey several requirements at the same time. According to connectionists, this requirement is achieved through: a. simultaneous multiple constraint satisfaction 7. The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state can be accounted for if the incorrectly activated node inhibits the correct node. This is commonly known as: a. retrieval blockage 8. In a memory network a connection tying two nodes together is called a(n): a. Associative link 9. Participants are better able to remember material learned earlier if they are in the same state at the time of recall that they were in at the time of learning. In network terms, this reflects the fact that nodes for the target materials: a. are receiving activation from both the nodes presenting the learned material and the nodes representing the participants state 10. Node L within a memory network has a low degree of fan. Node H within the network has a high degree of fan. All other things equal, a comparison of the nodes will show that Node H: a. will, when activated, send less activation to each of its associated nodes Quiz 9 1. A categorization heuristic strategy: a. allows swift categorization of a target even if the strategy risks an occasional error 2. The claim that mental categories have fuzzy boundaries means that:

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a. category membership is a matter of degree, not an all-or-nothing distinction If asked to name as many birds as they can, participants are MOST likely to name: a. birds resembling the prototype (e.g., robin, sparrow) Basic-level categories have all of the following traits EXCEPT: a. basic-level descriptions are more difficult to remember than more general descriptions In many procedures, participants are sensitive to a categorys degree of variability. This is probably because the participants are able to refer to: a. a number of examples of the categorys members, allowing them to estimate the range of whats possible within the category Often extraneous noise interferes with our ability to hear all speech sounds. If a brief burst of noise prevents a phoneme from being heard (e. g., His *ame is Barry), what is MOST likely to occur? a. The listener will be able to understand the sentence and will know a burst of noise occurred but not know where the burst occurred. The claim that language is generative is the claim that: a. the units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities Sentences such as Colorless green ideas sleep furiously indicate that: a. a sentence can be grammatical even if it is meaningless Nonfluent aphasia, in which a patient has good language comprehension but disrupted speech production, is typically associated with damage to: a. Brocas area In the 1950s, the anthropologist Benjamin Whorf argued that our language determines the possible range of our thoughts. In subsequent decades, Whorfs theories: a. have found little specific support, with the implication that language may guide our thoughts and memories but does not influence what its possible for us to think