Arbuckle Guidetothistable Material Rawformula Molecularwt.

Rawmaterialsinforms thatexistinnature

CEramic Materials Guide

Fired Formula Thecompoundformed fromtherawmaterials afterfifing EquivalentWt. FiredElementContribution Function Comments

Theweighttodetermine ONEmoleculeofthe desiredelementinthe firedform

Alistofelementsthis Howthoseelements Informationabout materialcontributestothe functioninceramicsglazes thematerial,its uses,effects. firedglaze.

Itisrecommendedthatceramicartistsfamiliarizethemselveswithpotentialhazardsinmaterials.Theinformationheredoesnotfullycoverthis.
Material Rawformula alumina oxideAl2O3 alumina hydrateAl2(OH)6 Albanyslipclay 0.059Na2O0.156K2O 0.309MgO0.476CaO 0.659Al2O34.42SiO2 0.023TiO20.15Fe2O3 2.399H2O antimonyoxideSb2O3 barium carbonateBaCO3 sulfateBaSO4 Mol.Wt. Fired Formula 102 Al2O3 156 Al2O3 459.3 Samebut w/othe2.399 H2O Eq. Wt. 102 156 Fired Contr. Al Al Fe Ca, Mg,& KNaO Al Si Sb Ba Ba Function Comments Hydrateformoftenusedforwaddingforvaporglazing.Alsosuppliedin calcinedform.Refractory.Usedinwaxresisttowaxpotgalleries,etc.and keephighlyfluxedclaysfromstickingtoeachotherinfiring. Aslipglazeclayathighfiretemperatures.Nolongermined.TryusingBlackbird orBarnard(slightlymorefluxed),orAlbertaSlip,seeOct.'88CMarticleon substitutions:dolomite9,sodaash1,Redart90.

Viscosity Viscosity ColorantFlux ViscosityGlassfrmr

292 197 233.4

Sb2O3 BaO BaO

292 197 233.4

Colorant Flux Flux

bentonite Al2O34SiO2H2O

360.4

Al2O3 4SiO2

360.4

Al Si

Viscosity Glassfrmr

Colorant.Weakwhite,yelloww/lead.UsedtomakeNaplesyellow.Highly toxicbyinhalation. Alkalineearthflux,activeprimarilyathightemps.Carbonatetoxicifingested orinhaled.Noevidenceofabsorptionthruunbrokenskin.SeeCeramics TECHNICALno.3,1996p.66,J.DeBoos.MayleachinhighBaorunstable glazes.Notsuggestedforfoodwares.Makessatinmattsexceptw/boron. BaSO4isalmostcompletelyinsolubleandnotasignificanttoxin.Secondary flux.%inearthenwareclaybodiestopreventscumming.HighBa+Cu=matt bluesinoxidationorreduction. Volcanic,claylike.Addupto2%tohelpcountersettlinginglazew/ochanging firedresult,orasaplasticizerinclaybodies.Bloatsinwater:addtodry ingred.first&mix,thenaddwater.

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Material Rawformula boneash Ca3(PO4)2

Mol.Wt. Fired Formula 310 CaO

Eq. Wt. 103

borax(soluble) Na2O2B2O310H2O boricacid(soluble) B2O33H2O cadmium carbonateCdCO3 sulfideCdS Cadycal

382 124 172.4 144

Na2O2B2O3 B2O3 CdO

382 124

Fired Contr. Ca + traces ofMg, Al,Fe B, Na B Cd

Function Flux

Comments Calciumphosphate.Pburnsoutinfiring,promotesredbrownFecolors.May givemilky,mottledglazecolor&encouragesbreakingfromhighspots. Secondaryflux.Bodyfluxinbonechina.W/tin,lesstinneededtoopacify.May causecrawling&blisteringduetoboilingduringfiring.Canmakelowfirefoam glazesatabout20%. Soluble.Givesbrightalkalinecolor.Sometimesusedw/saltinvaporglazingfor lowerfiring,glassyglaze. Solublesourceofboron.Toxicraw. Notusefulforthestudiopotterinrawform.Orangesandredsinlowfire stainswithalimitedfiringrange,burnsouttogreyabove05.Toxicraw,toxic fumesinfiring.NewinclusionstainsencapsulateCdinZrtostabilize(willgo tocone10)andreducesolubility.Donotballmillinclusionstains. CalciumboratemineralproducedbyFortCadyMineralsCorpofNewberry Springs,CA.TwiceasmuchboronasGerstley.GBglazesdependonits thixotropicpropertiesforsuspension,hardnessandflowproperties,but Cadycalwillnotimpartthese. Whiting,chalk,lime,limestone.MainsourceofCa(alkalineearthflux)for glazes.Helpsproducehardglazes.Excessmatts. seeclay Mostcommoncolor=opaque,densegreen.Cr+Zn=brown.Smallamts.Cr+ hightin=pink.Cr+Pb=orange,red,oryellow.Cr+alkalineflux=yellower green.Refractory,butvolatileoverabout1800F,soitmayfumehigh(5%+) tinglazestopinking.Maycauseskinandrespiratoryirritation.Seesourcesof Cr:ironchromate,leadchromate.ColorantinwellknowOttosTexture sculptureglaze. Chinaclay,kaolinarepurestforms.Otherclaysmayalsocontributeironand traceminerals.Maybeaddedtoglazestoraisethemeltingpoint,reduceflow, andeventuallymatt.Someclayinglazeaidsapplicationofrawglaze.Ballclay usedtomakeharderrawsurfaceforbetterhandlingbeforefiring.Foraraw glazethatcracksindrying,addpartoftheclayascalcinedclay.Toxicif inhaled:inhalationofdryclaycancausesilicosis(fromfreesilicainclay)or kaolinosisofthelungs.

V,Flux Flux. F,V Colorant

calciumcarbonate CaCO3 chinaclay Al2O32SiO22H2O chromium oxideCr2O3rawform green

100 258 152

CaO Al2O32SiO2 Cr2O3

100 258 152

Ca Al Si Cr

Flux Viscosity Glassfrmr Colorant

clay Al2O32SiO22H2O idealformula

258

Al2O32SiO2

258

Al Si

ViscosityGlassfrmr

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Material Rawformula CMCgum seeCMMay98p92by Pinnell.

Mol.Wt. Fired Formula Organic; burnsout

Eq. Wt.

Fired Contr. Burns out

Function Conditionerfor rawglazeapplica tion.

Comments Sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose.Organicgumusedasabinder,surface hardener,andplasticizer.Aidsbrushability,counterssettlinginglazes. Decomposesinsolutionunlessapreservativeisadded,e.g.formaldehyde, Canguard,Vancide(availablefromsomeceramicsuppliers).ExcessCMCcan causecrawling.Availableinpowderorliquidform(syrup).Slakecupdry CMCto5cupsboilingwaterovernight,thenmixinablender.Willbethick. Thintoaheavysyrup. Strongcolorant.Meltsatlowfiretemperatures.Expensive.Carbonateform (lavenderraw)slightlyweaker,dispersesbetterthanoxideform(blackraw). Cobaltsulfateisasolubleform,toxic.Givesstrongbluecolors,transparentif dilute.Ultramarinew/alkalinefluxes.Purplew/Mg.Greenw/Ti.Screenglazes containingCowelltoavoidspotting.ConcentrateduseofCospitsinfiring, leavingbluehalosonkilnshelvesandadjacentwares. Calciumborate.OccursinCAandNV.SeeGerstleyborate.Nolongeravailable. SubstituteGerstleyborate. Toxic.Meltsatlowfiretemperatures,somayalsofluxinhigheramtsathi temps.Volatileabovecone8.Carbonate(greenraw)weakerbutdisperses betterthanoxideform(blackraw).Redcopperoxidedoesnotmixw/water. Coppersulfate(a.k.a.bluevitriol)issoluble&toxic,equivalentto28%ofCuO. Redinreduction.Greentogreenblueoxidized.Cu+alkalineflux=turquoise, Cu+Pb=transp.grassgreen.Highamountsgivegunmetalgreys. Copperredinfo:StudioPottermagazinev.8no.1. ClayTimesv.4#6Nov/Dec.'98Pt1andJan./Feb.99v.5no.1pt.2articleon firingCuredsbyPetePinnell. Similartofeldspar,butw/higherproportionofsilicathanspar.Maycontain fluorine.Variablematerial.Meltingrange2100Fto2450F,dependingonthe sample.Forgreateraccuracy,obtainananalysisofthespecimenbeingused. DefluorinatedCornishstoneisknownasD.F.stone.HamersaysCornwall stonehaslesssurfacetensionthanfeldsparinthemeltedstateandis sometimeusedinplaceofspartopreventcrawling. Formofsilica.Formedfromfreesilicaaboveabout1938.Inversionofabout 3%smallerat439F. Naturalformofiron,purplishraw.2FeSO4 Fe2O3 +SO3(gas)+SO2 (gas)Alone, dissociatesat2192F.Maygivedarkerbrownsthanredironandblack w/cobaltinglazes.Givespurplishbrowncolorsinsigillata:1cupliquidwhite sigbase+1tsp.crocusmartis.

cobalt carbonateCoCO3 (lavenderraw) oxideCo3O4(blackraw) sulfate(soluble) CoSO47H2O(lavender crystalsraw) colemanite 2CaO3B2O35H2O copper carbonateCuCO3(gray greentoturquoiseraw) oxideblackCuO oxideredCu2O sulfateCuSO45H2O

119

CoO

119

Co

Colorant

241 281

CoO CoO

80 281

Co Co

Colorant Colorant

412 124

CaO 1.5B2O3 CuO

206 124

Ca B Cu

Flux Viscosity/Flux Colorant

80 143 223.3

CuO CuO CuO

80 70.6 223.3

Cu Cu Cu

Colorant Colorant Colorant

cornwallstone .304CaO.340Na2O .356K2O1.075Al2O3 8.10SiO2

667

same

667

Ca, KNaO Si Al

Flux Glassfrmr Viscosity

cristoballite crocusmartisFeSO4

311.6

Fe2O3 623.2

Si Fe

Glassfrmr Colorant

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Material Rawformula cryoliteNa3AlF6

Mol.Wt. Fired Formula 210 3Na2OAl2O3

Eq. Wt. 420

Fired Contr. Na Al (F) Ca,Mg Mg

Function Flux Viscosity

Comments Sodiumaluminumfluoride.Secondaryflux,alkalinecolorresponse.Maycause boilingofglazeandpinholesfromFgasreleasedinfiring.Usedinthe productionofopalglass,formslowmeltingeutectics,potentiallysupplying aluminainlowmeltingform. Calciummagnesiumcarbonate.Hitempflux.CaandMgproperties:soft, butterymatts,pastelscolors,givespurplecolorsw/CoduetoMg. Epsomsalts.Soluble.Usedinsmallamounts(e.g.1tbsper10,000gramsof wetglaze)asaflocculenttohelpkeepglazesfromsettling.SeeHamerfor discussionofflocculation.NotgenerallyusedasaglazesourceofMginglazes duetoamountofSandactionasflocculent. Thisisalanthaniderareearthoxide.Raw:pinkpowder.Producespale, translucentpink.Erbium,atomicno.:68,symbolasEr,weightat167.26,has applicationinglasscoloring,asanamplifierinfiberoptics,andinlasersfor medicalanddentaluse.TheErbiumionhasaverynarrowabsorptionband coloringerbiumsaltspink.Itisthereforeusedineyewareanddecorative glassware.Itcanneutralizediscoloringimpuritiessuchasferricionsand produceaneutralgrayshade.Itisusedinavarietyofglassproductsforthis purpose.m.p.2355degreesC(4,271degF);density8.64g/cm3.DavidPierhas researchedthiscolorantinglazesandsays,Erbiumoxidesdensitymeansitis absolutelyessentialthatyouuseCMCgum.Erbiumoxidegivesitsbestpink coloratconcentrationsof810%,butitisdifficulttogetmorethan8%tofully dissolveinthemelt.Ithasgivenamorelavendercolorinthepresenceofiron tracesinreduction. Commonmineralincrystallinerocks.Flux:alumina:silicaratioapprox.1:1:6. CusterisaKspar,KonaF4aNaspar,SpodumeneaLispar.Usedtofluxclays andglazeathightemps.MostcommercialfeldsparshavetracesofFeandMg. CusterisapopularKfluxedspar,KonaF4apopularNafluxedspar. Silica,quartz.Majorglassformer.Undergoesquartzinversionof2%at1000 F.Over1938Ffreesilicamayformcristobalite,whichundergoes3%inversion at439F. Calciumfluoride.Fluorineburnsoffinfiring,maycauseboilingandpinholing over5%.Fluidmeltsatlowtemps.Maycauseunusualbluesw/CoandCu. AccordingtoCeramicIndustry:Duringfiringfluorsparincontactw/silicaand clayisthoughttodissociateintogaseousSiF4.Thevolatilefluoridemayintime promotedestructionofkilnrefractories. Manmadefluxesthatmeltbetween14001700 F.Ferro,Pemco,O'Hommel companiesmakeavarietyoffritsforlowfiretemperatures.Seepublishedlists ormfg.specificationforcontentsandsubstitutions.Ferro3300and3400and PemcoPbseriescontainPb(lead).

dolomiteCaCO3MgCO3 Epsomsalts magnesiumsulfate MgSO47H2O erbiumoxide

184

CaO MgO

184

Flux

382.5

Er2O3

colorant

feldspar KnaOAl2O36SiO2 Idealizedformula FlintSiO2

556K 524Na 60

same

SiO2

556K 524 Na 60

K,Na orLi Si Al Si

Flux GlassfrmrViscosity Glassfrmr

FluorsparCaF2

78

CaO

78

Ca

Flux

frit variousformulas.Seemfg info

varies

F.G.V

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Material Rawformula galenaPbS Gerstleyborate Na2O.177CaO.823 B2O3.886SiO2.658+ 3.049LossonIgnition ilmenite FeOTiO2 Iron oxideblackFeO(ferrous) oxideredFe2O3(ferric) chromate FeCrO4

Mol.Wt. Fired Formula 239.3 213.3 same

Eq. Wt. 213.3

Fired Contr. Pb Ca,Na B Si Fe Ti Fe Fe

Function Flux Flux V,Flux Glassfmr Colorant Opacifier Colorant Colorant Colorants

Comments Leadsulfide.Toxic. Substituteforcolemanite.NamedafteraCalif.manwhooperateda colemanitemine.Boronisbothfluxandviscosityagent.Thixotropic.Mining ceasedin1999.SeeDigitalFirewebpageforinfoonsubstitutions: http://digitalfire.com/education/material/gerstley.htm Opaqueblackmineralraw.Ingranularform,causesspeckles.Effectssimilarto rutile. Meltsatlowfiretemperatures.Redironisfinerinparticlesizethanblack.Iron isusuallytantobrowntoredbrowninoxidation,butcanalsobeamberin leadglazes,orglazesw/BaorSr.Yellowtooliveinhighalkalineglazes.In reduction16%w/calciumphosphategivesblues,3%withsomecalcium givesceladons,1015%Temmoku.Seeotherformsofiron:crocusmartis, ochre,umber. Ironchromate:sourceofironandchrome.Taupeinslips..McKeesaysuse4% ironchromate+4%coppertomakeblack. Seeclay.Forgenericusesofkaolin,EPKisoftenused. Metallicflux.Softglazes,easilyabradedorattackedbyacids.Toxic, accumulativepoison,esp.byingestionorinhalation.Mayleachfromfired glazeinthepresenceofacidfoods.White,red,andyellowlead,galena, lithargeandleadchromatearesources.Leadfritsaresafertohandleinstudio thanrawlead.Finalsafetyofaglazedependsonglazechemistry.Activeatlow tempcone6.Blistersifreduced.Volatilizesinfiring,boilsoffbycone6. Pb+Cu=transparentgrassgreen.Pb+Fe=amber.Pb+Cr=yellow,red, orange.Pb+Cd=red. Similartofeldspar.Licontentmaycauseshiveringinexcess.

172

same FeCrO4 172

Fe,Cr

kaolin Al2O32SiO22H2O lead carbonate 2PbCO3Pb(OH)2 monosilicate 3PbO2SiO2 oxidelitharge oxidered Pb3O4 lepidolite .55Li2O.39K2O .06Na2OAl2O3 3.74SiO2 lithiumcarbonateLi2CO3

258 775

Al2O3 2SiO2 PbO

258 258

Al Si Pb

V Glassfrmr Flux

789 223 684 383

same PbO PbO same

263 223 228 383

Pb Si Pb Pb Li,Na Si Al Li

Flux Glassfrm Flux Flux Flux Glassfmr. Viscosity Flux

74

Li2O

74

Macaloid Li2OMgOSiO2 magnesiumcarbonate MgCO3

84

MgO 84

Li,Mg Si Mg

Flux Glassfmr Flux

Activelowhightemperatures.Alkalineflux.Lowcoefficientofexpansion.Soft glaze,mayproducemattcrystals.Maycauseshiveringinexcess.Lithium carbonatewilldeflocculateglazesandcausethemtosettleinthebucket. Syntheticversionofbentonite.Moreexpensive.Doesntbloatinwatersocan bedirectlymixedintoliquids.Usedasaglazeadditive. SourceofMg,alkalineearthflux.Hightempflux.Butterymatts,pastelscolors. +Co=purple.

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Material Rawformula magnesiumsulfate MgSO47H2O

Mol.Wt. Fired Formula

Eq. Wt.

Fired Contr. Mg

Function Flux

Comments Epsomsalts.Soluble.Usedinsmallamounts(e.g.1tbsper10,000gramsof wetglaze)asaflocculenttohelpkeepglazesfromsettling.SeeHamerfor discussionofflocculation.NotgenerallyusedasaglazesourceofMginglazes duetoamountofSandactionasflocculent. Toxic.Carbonateisweakerbutdispersesbetterthanoxideordioxideform. Browns.Towardpurplew/alkalineflux,lead.Usedfrittedw/aluminatomake pinkstain(Mason6020,whichisrefractoryandgoestocone10).Canbe metallicinhighamountswithcopper,e.g.ReynoldsGoldMetallicglaze. SimilartofeldsparbutmoreKNatoSi(sparhasflux:alumina:silicaratioof 1:1:6;nephsyis1:1:4ratio),soitmeltslowerthanspar.TracesofCaandMg. Popularformidrangematerials.Somewhatsoluble,deflocculatesclaysand glazes.Trysubstituting56partsspar+oneparttalcforthenephsyinmid rangebodiestoavoidthedeflocculatingeffect.Substitutingnephsyforspar wouldbeaplacetobegintestingloweringahitempglazetomidrange. Toxic.Carbonateandoxide(blackorgreenraw)forms.Usedtoproduce subduedgreen,grey,brown,orblue.andtomodifyothercolors(e.g.mute cobaltblues).InhighMgglazes,acidgreenmaydevelop.InhighBaglazes, pinktopurple. Anaturalsourceofiron(about50%),mixedwithclayandsand.Mayalso containmanganese.Weakerthanusingiron.ComeinYellow,reds,orbrowns. Potassiumcarbonate.Solublesourceofpotassium.Deflocculatesclayslips. Slightlycaustic. Lithiumaluminumsilicate.M.p.2552F.Consideredalithiumfluxedfeldspar. Lowthermalexpansionwhenheatedabove1832 F.Usedasanauxiliarybody fluxtoreducethermalexpansionandincreaseshockresistance.Sourceof lithiumforglazes.Similartospodumene,whichcontainslesssilica,and lepidolite,whichprovideslesssilicaandlithium+KNaO. Resemblesfeldspar,buthasmoresilicatofluxandaluminathanspar. Idealizedformulais1RO1.69Al2O314.64SiO2molwt1139

manganese dioxideMnO2 carbonateMnCO3 nephelinesyenite .75Na2O.25K2O. 1.11Al2O34.65SiO2

87 115 477

MnO MnO same

87 115 477

Mn Mn KNa Si Al

Colorant Colorant Flux Glassfmr. Viscosity

nickel oxide(green)NiO oxide(black)Ni2O3 ochre variousformulas pearlash K2CO3 petalite Li2OAl2O38SiO2

75 166 138 612

NiO NiO K2O same

75 83

Ni Ni Fe

Colorant Colorant Colorant Flux Flux Viscosity Silica

138 612

K Li Al Si

1139 plasticvitrox .045CaO.058MgO .054Na2O.842K2O1.693 Al2O314.634SiO2 potassiumcarbonate potassium dichromate(bright orangeraw)K2Cr2O7 carbonateK2CO3 praseodymium oxidePrO2
Ceramic materials.docx

same

1139

Ca Mg KNa Al Si Cr K K Pr

Flux Flux Flux Viscosity Glassfmr. Colorant Flux Flux Colorant

294

K2OCr2O3

294

138 172.9

K2O PrO2

138 172.9

Seepearlash Verytoxic.Soluble.Olivegreensgenerally,behaveslikechromew/fluxes. UsedinglazetoproduceCrSnpinks.Inglazesw/oSnorZn,givesolivedrab colors. Pearlash.Solublesourceofpotassium.Deflocculatesclayslips.Slightlycaustic. Toxic.Colorantusedtomakebrilliantyellowstains.Stable@hightempsin oxidationorreduction.

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Material Rawformula pyrophyllite Al2O34SiO2H2O

Mol.Wt. Fired Formula 360 Al2O34SiO2

Eq. Wt. 360

Fired Contr. Si Al

Function Glassfmr. Viscosity

Comments Decreasesthermalexpansion.Nonplasticingredient.Usedasafillerin porcelainbodies,saidtostrengthen,butnotproveninpractice.Usedinplace offlintinaclaybody,increasescrazing. seeflint Brokenopaquecolor,crystalsfromTi.Iron,otherimpurities(Cr,V)present. Supplierssometimescarrylightanddarkvarietiesofrutile.Darkcontainsmore iron. Soluble.Seesodiumchloride. Flint,quartz.Glassformer. Alsoknownascarborundum.Causeslocalreductioniffine(200mesh)(.5%), craterglazesifcoarse(25%?). Waterglass.Strongdeflocculant.Usuallysoldinliquidform.Waterglassis usedasaglue,topreserveeggsw/orefrigeration,andasafireproofer.M.p.of variousforms:11121922F.AccordingtoHamer,sodiumsilicatecombined w/carbondioxideintheair=sodiumcarbonateandsilicicacidthatnolonger deflocculates.Storeinanairtightcontainer. Solublesourcesofsodium.Alkalineflux,highcoefficientofexpansioncauses crazinginhighamounts,brilliantcolorresponse.Sodiummakesamechanically softglazeasamajorflux.Deflocculates. Na+Coultramarine.Na+Cu=transp.turquoiseNa+Cr+chartreuse.Na+ Mn=plum.UsedasrocksaltinsaltglazingwhereNacombinesw/thesilicain claytoformahard,durableglaze. Lithiumfeldspar.Reducesthermalexpansion.Goodforovenwareclaybodies. InglazestoomuchmaycauseshiveringduetolowexpansionofLi. Alkalineearthflux.Test0.75SrCO3 toreplace1bariumcarbinglazesforless toxicingredient. Magnesiumsilicate.Secondaryflux.Oftenabodyfluxatlowtemps,dueto eutecticamountsofingredients.Reducescrazing.Smooth,butteryglaze surfaces,Mgcolorresponses.Chronicinhalationcauseslungscarring.Some talcsmaybecontaminatedbyasbestosorasbestoslikeminerals.Checkwith yoursupplier.TexastalcisreportedtobelessgassythanNYtalc,and recommendedforclaybodiesusedw/stiffglazeslikemajolica. Stannicoxide.Opacifier.Hightin(overabout5%)+smallamts.Cr=pink.+Fe =orangetored.Hightinmaycausecrawling.Butterysurface.1tin=1.5 zirconiumopacifierinstrength.Opacifierinhistoricmajolicaglazes.

quartz rutile TiO2 saltNaCl silicaSiO2 siliconcarbideSiC sodiumsilicate Na2OSiO2

TiO2

Si Fe Ti Na Si Si

Glassfmr. Colorant Opacifier Flux Glassfrmr Glassfmr.

60 40.07

SiO2

60

sodaash sodiumcarbonate Na2CO3 sodiumchloridesalt NaCl spodumene Li2OAl2O34SiO2 strontiumcarbonate SrCO3 talc 3MgO4SiO2H2O

106

Na2O

106

Na

Flux

58.5

Na2O

58.5

Na

Flux

372

same

372

148 379.3

SrO MgO 1.3SiO2

148 126.4

Li Si Al Sr Mg Si

Flux GlassfrmrViscosity Flux Flux Glassfmr.

tinoxide SnO2

151

SnO2

151

Sn

Opacifier

Ceramic materials.docx

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Material Rawformula titaniumdioxide TiO2

Mol.Wt. Fired Formula 80 TiO2

Eq. Wt. 80

Fired Contr. Ti

Function Opacifier

Comments Opacifier.Oftenproducescrystalinematts.+Co=green.W/Cureds=toward purples.2%addedtoglazecangivemicrocrystallineformations&interesting colors.1TiO2+1Gerstleyborate(byvol)usedasapatinaoverfiredterra sigillataisivorytolightyellow. Containsiron+manganese.Rawumberisunheated.Burntumberiscalcined. Toxic.Yellow,red,orangecolorswithlead.Yelloww/alkalineflux.Rarelyused. Unavailableforcasualuse. Weakyellowcolorant,strongersourceofyellowcolorwhenmadeintoastain withtinorzirconia.Inhalationandingestionhazard. Calciumcarbonate,chalk,lime,limestone.MainsourceofCa(alkalineearth flux)forglazes.Helpsproducehardglazes.Excessmatts. Acalciumsilicate.Maybeusedtoreplacewhitingandflint. Metallicflux,mid hightemps.Inlargeamts.(0ver 25%)maycausecrawling, pinholes,drysurfaces,opacity.CalciningtheZnmayhelppreventshrinkage duringearlyheatingthatpromotescrawling.Potentialforsculptureglazeuse. Zn+Cr=brown.ZngoodforCoblues.Completelyvolatilizedincone10 reduction,soitdoesnotcontributeasafluxtothefiredglaze.SeeClayArt archivesfordiscussion. Opacifies.ProducesharderglazethanSnorTi.Lessstrongthantin(general rule:1Sn=1.5Zropacifier).Tradenames:Ultrox(alltemps.,strongerthan Zircopax.6%=white),Superpax,Zircopax(alltemps.,510%=white),Opax (bestatlowertemps.).

umber variousformulas uraniumoxide U3O8 vanadiumpentoxideV2O5 whiting CaCO3 wollastonite CaOSiO2 zincoxide ZnO

842 181.8 100 116 81

V2O5 CaO same ZnO 181.8 100 116 81

Fe,Mn U V Ca Ca Si Zn

Colorant Colorant Colorant Flux Flux Glassfmr. Flux

zirconiumoxide ZrO2

123

ZrO

123

Zr

Opacifier

Resourcesforartmaterialhazardinformation:: McCann,Michael.ArtistBeware,2nded.Lyons&BurfordPubl.,NY,1992.ISBN1558211756 Rossol,Monona.TheArtistsCompleteHealthandSafetyGuide.AllworthPress,NY,1990.ISBN0927629100 Textresourcesforceramicsmaterialsinformation: Green,David,AHandbookofPotteryGlazesAdvancedtechnicalreference. Hamer,Frank,APottersDictionaryofMaterialsandTechniquesExcellentgeneralsourceforspecificinformationonmaterials,processes,andmore.Highlyrecommended. Hopper,Robin,CeramicSpectrumAnoncalculationapproachtoglazedevelopment. Lawrence,W.G.CeramicScienceforthePotter.Advancedtechnicalreference. McKee,Charles,CeramicsHandbook.Paperback.Inexpensivehandbook. Rhodes,Daniel,ClayandGlazesForthePotterIndepthexplanations.Goodresourcebutsometimesbiasedtowardhighfirereduction.
Page 8 of 9

Ceramic materials.docx

CenterforSafetyinthe Arts CeramicIndustry CeramicsWeb

http://www.artswire.org:70/1/csa Industrialceramicspublication.Onlinematerials guide.http://www.ceramicindustry.com RichardBurkettsSanDiegoStateUniv.WorldWideWebsiteofceramicsinformation,ClayArtarchives,GlazeBaseglazedatabase,materials databaseandmore.ManylinkstoitemsofinteresttoCeramicspeople.http://art.sdsu.edu/ceramicsweb Onlinediscussiongroupforceramics.Searchablearchiveshavemanyhelpfuldiscussionsaboutmaterialsandprocess. http://www.acers.org/cic/clayart/ http://www.dinoclay.com/software/glzchem.html BobWiltsglazecalculationprogramWindowsusers.Shareware.Freedownloadtotry.$35.00registrationfee.GlazeChemisaceramicglaze database,analysis,andcalculationprogram.GlazeChemwillhelpyoutokeepyourglazerecipesandtestresultsorganized,willshowyoutheir chemicalandcostanalyses,andwillassistinmakingsubstitutions,changingrecipesizes,performingbatchcalculations,fixingglazefit problems,andadjustingglazestonewfiringranges.GlazeChemhasextensiveonlinehelpandatutorial. http://hyperglaze.com ExcellentglazecalcanddataprogramthatrunsonALLcomputers:Windows,Macintosh,Linux. hyperglaze@sbcglobal.com http://digitalfire.com/ DiversetechnicalresourcepagefromTonyHansen,authorofInsightglazecalculationprogramet.al.Educationsectionpapersaregoodfor troubleshootingandmaterialsinfo.

ClayArt

GlazChem

Hyperglaze RichardBurkett 6354LorcaDr. SanDiego,CA92115 DigitalFire

Ceramic materials.docx

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