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Essay

1 Weight and Balance At specified intervals, the aircraft is weighed and the basic weight and the position of the centre of gravity is established in accordance with the requirements of the ANO. All new aircrafts must be reweighed 2 years after date of manufacture and then at intervals not exceeding 5 years. The purpose is to check if the CofG is within limits for a controlled and stable flight. It may also be carried out after modifications and re-painting operations. The need for accuracy is extremely important. Incorrect data could cause subsequent overloading of the aircraft resulting in an increase of structural loads and a reduction in performance. Safety 1. Weighing must be carried out in a controlled environment. 2. All tools and equipment relevant to the operation must be in serviceable condition. 3. The capacity of the weighing equipment must be correct for the aircraft being weighed. 4. All usable fluids must be drained and unusable fluids topped up to the maximum level. 5. The load cell should be switched on 30 minutes prior to the commencement of weighing procedures. 6. Ensure all ground safety locks are fitted. 7. Aircraft must be longitudinally and laterally leveled. 8. Tyre brakes must be released. 9. Aircraft should be clean and dry. 10. Ensure aircraft is equipped in accordance with the loading and distribution schedule or the weight and CofG schedule. Equipment and Tools Required 1. Weighing equipment ( mechanical or electrical ) 2. Locking Pins 3. Leveling equipment 4. Ballast, if required Terminology Basic Weight Is the weight of aircraft and al its basic equipment plus unusable fuel and unusable engine oil. Variable Load Is the weight of crew and of items such as crew baggage, removable units and other equipment.

Disposable Load Is the weight of all persons and items of load, including fuel and other consumable fluids carried in the aircraft other than basic equipment and variable load. MTWA Maximum Weight Authorized for the aircraft and its contents, at which the aircraft may take off from anywhere in the world. CofG Is the point at which the weight of the aircraft is said to act. Datum Is the imaginary vertical line from which horizontal measurements are made. Arm Horizontal distance from CofG of item to the datum. Moment Is the product of weight and arm. Basic Principle It is based on the principle of turning moments. All readings fwd of datum is taken as ive, and aft is +ive. Procedure 1. Refer previous weighing records to allocate the range of CofG. 2. Aircraft must be placed in the rigging position. 3. It is necessary to find the weight of aircraft acting at the undercarriage positions or the main jacking positions. 4. Aircraft is weighed by placing wheels on weighing machine or if jacking the aircraft, by placing a weighing machine between each jack and the aircraft jacking points. 5. Zero indication of the weighing equipment must be checked before weighing is carried out. 6. Plumb bob should be suspended from the centre line of main wheel axles on the inner side of the wheels and the two positions marked on the floor. Midway of these points will give you rear reaction point. Plumb bob is suspended from the centre line of the nose jacking point, enabling us to find the distance between front and rear reaction point.

7. Jacks situated at the lowest jacking point is raised until aircraft is leveled. Now, all jacks must be raised in harmony until aircraft wheels are clear off the ground. 8. Lock the jacking collar for every increment of 2.5 cms. 9. The readings are taken, after making sure that the aircraft is leveled. Formulas and Calculation CofG for Nosewheel Aircrafts ; - With Datum fwd of main wheels CofG = D (F x L/ W ) - With Datum aft of main wheels CofG = - ( D + F x L / W ) CofG for Tail Wheel Aircrafts ; - With Datum fwd of main wheels CofG = D + ( R x L / W ) - With Datum aft of main wheels CofG = -D + ( R x L / W ) Where, F is weight at the nose wheel R is weight at the tail wheel L is distance between the main wheel and nose wheel W is total weight of the aircraft D is Datum Basic Weight x Distance desired to move CofG Ballast = ----------------------------------------------------------- Distance between ballast and desired CofG Example A diagram showing arms and moments on a beam of 8 KG, 60 cm long. Weight of 2, 10, 20 and 30 kg at 6, 14, 23 and 36 cm from Datum respectively. Weight Arm Moment 1. 2 6 12 2. 10 14 140 3. 20 23 460 4. 30 36 1080 5. 8 30 240 _________________________________________________ 70 kg 1932 _________________________________________________

CofG = Total Moment / Total weight = 1932 / 70 = 27.6 cm from Datum. Close Up Lowering Procedures 1. Ensure the landing gear is completely down and safety locks on, brakes released. 2. Loosen the safety jack collar. 3. Slowly operate all the jacks together in harmony till the total weight is supported by main wheels. 4. Remove the jacks as soon as the aircraft is on its wheels firmly. The struts might compress suddenly and get damaged by the jacks, due to stiction in the landing gear. 5. Apply the brakes and wheel chokes on. Documentation Weight and CofG recording ; i) One copy of any type of schedule is retained by CAA and one by the operator. ii) All records of weighing including the calculations involved must be available to the CAA. iii) Schedules must be retained in the aircraft records. Weight and Balance report ; i) The report must be prepared by a CAA approved organization. ii) Report should include reference number and date, designation, constructors number, nationality and registration marks.

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