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The document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs) which vary the speed of AC motors. It describes how a VFD works by converting AC power to DC, then inverting the DC power to variable voltage and frequency AC power using IGBT transistors and pulse width modulation. This variable voltage/frequency output allows the motor speed to be varied. VFDs are used in applications that require variable torque or constant torque control of motors.
The document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs) which vary the speed of AC motors. It describes how a VFD works by converting AC power to DC, then inverting the DC power to variable voltage and frequency AC power using IGBT transistors and pulse width modulation. This variable voltage/frequency output allows the motor speed to be varied. VFDs are used in applications that require variable torque or constant torque control of motors.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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The document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs) which vary the speed of AC motors. It describes how a VFD works by converting AC power to DC, then inverting the DC power to variable voltage and frequency AC power using IGBT transistors and pulse width modulation. This variable voltage/frequency output allows the motor speed to be varied. VFDs are used in applications that require variable torque or constant torque control of motors.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Frequency Drives Basic VFD Theory SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS What is a VFD ( Variable Frequency Drive) ! Electrical / electronic piece of equipment that varies the speed of a 3 phase or AC motor. ! Also called . ! VSD ( Variable speed drive) ! ASD ( Adjustable speed drive) ! AFD ( Adjustable frequency drive) ! Inverter SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Basic VFD Operation ! Convert AC power to DC power. ! Filter DC power. ! Invert DC power to variable voltage and variable frequency AC power. SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Voltage Source VFD INPUT 3 PHASE D.C. VOLTAGE SPEED REFERENCE REGULATOR FEEDBACK OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY CONTROL SIGNALS INVERTER PWM BLOCK DIAGRAM DIODE RECTIFIER MOTOR LOAD REACTOR SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Input Line Capacitor Inverter Rectifier AC Motor PWM Power Diagram SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Convert AC Input Power to DC AC input power is rectified to DC through a six pulse diode bridge DC voltage is equal to AC input voltage * 1.414 (root 2) !230 * 1.414 = 325 !460 * 1.414 = 650 !600 * 1.414 = 850 DC power is filtered and stored through a capacitor bank called the DC bus SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Diode Rectifier SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Rectifier and Filter SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Power Factor SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Invert DC Power to Variable Voltage and Frequency AC Power ! 2 IGBTs per output phase switch the positive and negative sides of the DC Bus utilising pulse width modulation ! IGBTs will have a characteristic rise time depending on its generation and current rating ! Rise time is the time it takes the IGBT pulse when switched on to reach DC bus voltage level SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Inverter SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Full Voltage, 60 Hz PWM Waveform Half Voltage, 30 Hz PWM Waveform 1.0 -1.0 1.0 -1.0 PWM Waveform SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Pulse Width Modulation SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Modulation of Waveform SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS PWM Carrier Frequency SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Volts / Hz Ratio SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Voltage Variable Frequency 100 % Amount of Boost Field Weakening Region O u t p u t
V o l t a g e 60Hz Output Frequency SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS VFD Summary ! VFD Varies the speed of an AC Motor ! Maximum output voltage = input voltage ! V/Hz ratio is controlled throughout the range up to 60 Hz. ! Torque decreases after 60Hz. ! Output wave form is Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) . SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Application Types ! Variable Torque ! Constant Torque ! Constant Horsepower SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Torque Curve V O L T A G E
( % ) 60 20 0 0 10 50 60 20 10 30 40 SPEED (Hz.) 40 30 50 HORSEPOWER TORQUE 100 80 70 90 SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Torque Affinity Laws: ! Flow is proportional to speed. (Flow 1 / Flow 2 ) = (RPM 1 )/(RPM 2 ) ! Pressure is proportional to the square of the speed. (Press 1 / Press 2 ) = (RPM 1 ) 2 / (RPM 2 ) 2 ! HP is proportional to the cube of the speed. (HP 1 / HP 2 ) = (RPM 1 ) 3 / (RPM 2 ) 3 SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Load Torque Proportional To The Square of Speed 60 100 200% 100% 63% T o r q u e ( T y p i c a l ) Continuous torque capability Speed in Hertz Region of continuous operation Region of intermittent operation Peak torque capability Load torque Requirement SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Torque - Flow Flow is proportional to speed. (Flow 1 / Flow 2 ) = (RPM 1 ) / (RPM 2 ) Flow RPM Second Second Gallons/min RPM Flow 10000 1800 900 5000.00 SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Torque - Pressure Pressure is proportional to the square of the speed. (Press 1 / Press 2 ) = (RPM 1 ) 2 / (RPM 2 ) 2 Pressure RPM Second Second Lb/sq. in RPM Pressure (lb/sq. in) 1000 1800 3600 4000 SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Torque Horsepower HP is proportional to the cube of the speed. (HP 1 / HP 2 ) = (RPM 1 ) 3 / (RPM 2 ) 3 Horsepower RPM Second Second RPM Horsepower 10 3450 3000 6.58 SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Variable Torque Applications Irrigation Water Pumps Down-hole Water Pumps Submersible Water Pumps Domestic Water Pumps Centrifugal Sewage Treatment Pumps Centrifugal Fans Blowers Air Handling Units Chillers SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Constant Torque ! Torque remains constant up to the motor base speed. ! HP is proportional to the speed. SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Constant Torque Curve V O L T A G E
( % ) HORSEPOWER 40 SPEED (Hz.) 0 0 10 30 20 60 40 30 10 20 50 50 60 100 80 70 90 TORQUE SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Constant Torque Applications Conveyors Compressors Positive Displacement Pumps Crushers Mixers Elevators Escalators Etc. SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Constant Torque Load 60 100 200% 100% 63% T o r q u e ( T y p i c a l ) Continuous torque capability Speed in Hertz Region of continuous o eration Region of intermitten operation Load torque requirement Region of intermittent operation Peak torque capability 60 100 200% 100% 63% T o r q u e ( T y p i c a l ) Continuous torque capability Speed in Hertz egion of continuous peration Region of intermittent operation Load torque requirement Region of intermittent operation Peak torque capability SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Torque De-rating Due to Motor Cooling 60 100 200% 100% 63% Field weakening region Peak torque capability provided that the AC dri ve has adequate overload capability T o r q u e ( T y p i c a l ) Continuous torque capability limited by motor cooling Speed in Hertz 60 100 200% 100% 63% Field weakening region Peak torque capability provided that the AC dri ve has adequate overload capability T o r q u e ( T y p i c a l ) Continuous torque capability limited by motor cooling Speed in Hertz SALES & SERVICE FOR ABB AC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES SOFT STARTERRS DC VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES POWER QUALITY PRODUCTS Torque Curve Below & Above 60 Hz, Constant Torque V/F Ratio Torque (AC Motor) Constant Torque Mode of Operation 2.0 Speed Base 1.5 HP Torque and HP Torque Torque (DC Motor) HP