Overview of Animal Diversity Chapter 32

Bonus Topics: multinucleate vs colonial flagellate hypothesis Cambrian explosion

General Features of Animals (see Table 32.1)

Animals are the consumers of the Earth
very diverse group share major characteristics

heterotrophs multicellular no cell walls movement diverse in form and habitat

most reproduce sexually

haploid gamete

characteristic pattern of embryonic development cells of all animals (except ?) are organized into tissues

Evolution of the Animal Body Plan

Five key transitions 1. Tissues 2. Symmetry 3. Body cavity 4. Development 5. Segmentation

Evolution of tissues
Parazoa (sponges = the simplest animals) lack defined tissues and organs have ability to disaggregate and aggregate cells Eumetazoa (all other animals) distinct and well-defined tissues irreversible differentiation for most cell types

Evolution of symmetry
Parazoa lack any definite symmetry Eumetazoa have a symmetry defined along an imaginary axis drawn through the animals body

Two main types of symmetry: radial symmetry bilateral symmetry

main advantages 1. cephalization 2. greater mobility

Evolution of a body cavity

Fig 32.2

Eumetazoa produce three germ layers:

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

body cavity (coelom) = space surrounded by mesoderm tissue that is formed during development 3 basic kinds of body plans for bilaterally symmetrical animals: acoelomates pseudocoelomates coelomates
body cavity made possible the development of advanced organs systems

Evolution of different patterns of development

basic Bilaterian pattern of development:
mitotic cell divisions of the egg form a hollow ball of cells, called the blastula blastula indents to form a 2-layer-thick ball blastopore archenteron

Bilaterians can be divided into two groups: Protostomes Deuterostomes

Deuterostomes evolved from protostomes more than 500 MYA

Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in three fundamental embryological features:

1. cleavage pattern of embryonic cells 2. developmental fate of cells 3. origination of coelom

Evolution of segmentation
provides two advantages:
1. allows redundant organ systems in adults, such as occurs in the annelids 2. allows for more efficient and flexible movement because each segment can move independently

Segmentation appeared several times in the evolution of animals

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Traditional classification of animals

multicellular animals, or metazoans, are traditionally divided into ~36 distinct phyla based on shared anatomy and embryology metazoans divided into two main branches: Parazoa = lack symmetry and tissues Eumetazoa = have symmetry and tissues diploblastic = two germ layers triploblastic = three germ layers

A new look at metazoans

traditional animal phylogeny is being reevaluated using molecular data

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Scientists generally agree about the taxonomic classification of 36 animal phyla disagree about how these are interrelated mostly in construction of the protostome lineage

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Molecular systematics uses unique sequences within certain genes to identify clusters of related groups Molecular data
confirms animals are a monophyletic group (remember that term? see CH23) confirms cnidarians branched off before bilateral symmetry evolved separates annelids and arthropods into separate clades; segmentation evolved convergently whereas ecdysis did not
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Protostomes: two major clades

Spiralia include two main groups Lophotrochozoa: most coelomate phyla Platyzoa: most acoelomate phyla Ecdysozoa include Arthropoda (largest # of described species) Nematoda (roundworms): pseudocoelomates Chordata Echinodermata

Deuterostomes

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