Resistivity Logs

Dual Induction Log Dual Laterologs

Swn = Ro/Rt F = Ro/Rw = a/(Porositym) If n = m = 2, then:

Sw = c (SQRT (Rw/Rt))/(Porosity)

Use Induction Logging when the value of the Rmf/Rw is greater than about 2 and Rt is less than 200 ohm-m.

Dual Induction Spherically Focused Logs

A constant current of 20 kHz frequency is fed into the transmitter coil. This generates an alternating magnetic field that causes a circular current to flow in the surrounding medium. This current in turn creates a magnetic field that induces a voltage in the receiver coil. The induced voltage is approximately proportional to the surrounding conductivity. From this voltage, the formation conductivity and, therefore, its resistivity is determined for presentation on the log.

The Induction log requires no conductive fluid in the borehole for its operation (because this is not an electrodetype tool). It works very well in holes filled with air or gas or with oil-based mud. No other resistivity tool can be used under these circumstances.

Depth of Penetration of Induction Logs The integrated geometrical factor is the relative weight that the tool assigns to a cylindrical shell of the surrounding medium extending from the surface of the sonde to any particular diameter. Each shell contributes to the total conductivity signal in accordance with the product of its conductivity and its relative weight.

If Cxo is the conductivity of the invaded zone, di is the diameter of the invaded zone, and Ct is the conductivity of the undisturbed formation, then the apparent conductivity, Ca, read by the tool is:

In terms of resistivity:

Borehole Effects

Bed Thickness Effect The Induction Log has a vertical bed resolution of about 4 ft, as determined primarily by the mail coil spacing. The contributions from beds well above and below the 4-ft section directly opposite the tool are usually neglected.

The Spherically Focused Log

This is a shallow-reading resistivity tool (electrode-type tool). Survey current flows from center electrode (Ao) into the formation. Variable focusing current flows between Ao and the auxiliary electrodes pair, A1 and A1.

Depth of Penetration of SFL

The vertical bed resolution of SFL is about 1 ft. Bed thickness correction is not required.

An Example of DIL-SFL

The logging speed for the DIL-SFL is 5,000-6,000 feet per hour.