CHAPTER 2

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

2.1

Geographical Location
The City of Toledo is located at the midpoint of the west coast of

Cebu Island, about 50 kilometers from Cebu City, and is directly opposite to San Carlos City, about 40 kilometers away across the Taon separates Cebu from Negros Island. Toledo City is Strait which by the bounded

municipalities of Balamban on the north, Pinamungajan on the south, Cebu City and Talisay on the east, Minglanilla and Naga on the southeast and the Taon Strait on the west. It is about 8,000 kilometers away from Metro Manila. Toledo City extends 10 20 to 10 26N Latitude and from 12 35 to 12 49 Longitude midway along the West Coast of the elongated island Province of Cebu.

2.2

Political Subdivision
Toledo City is under the Third District of Cebu province. It is

composed of thirty-eight (38) barangays, ten (10) of which are urban and twenty-eight (28) are rural barangays.

2.3

Land Area
The total land area of the city as of 1998 is 21,627.7570 has.,

although it was reported in the Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) of 1994, as 219.75 sq. km. Table 2.1 shows the city barangays with their respective areas in hectares.

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FIG. 2.01 TOLEDO CITY LOCATION MAP

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Table 2.1 Toledo City Barangays, Number of Parcels and Total Land Area (in Hectares)
Total No. of tax parcel land 1. Campo 8 58 2. Bunga 176 3. Bato 1789 4. Tubod 267 5. Subayon 285 6. Capt. Claudio 429 7. CalongCalong 131 8. Gen. Climaco 181 9. Matab-ang 685 10. Carmen 188 11. Cantabaco 480 12. Magdugo 428 13. Awihao 923 14. Sam-ang 215 346 15. Sto. Nio 16. Poblacion 1,355 17. Ilihan 237 18. Puting Bato 168 19. Cabitoonan 792 20. Bulongan 382 21. Ibo 457 22. Poog 423 23. Landahan 194 24. Luray II 652 25. Canlumampao 281 26. Cambang-ug 175 27. Dumlog 149 28. Talavera 441 29. Bagacay 51 30. Loay 41 31. Tungkay 13 32. Media Once 507 33. Sagay 402 34. Sangi 523 35. Pangamihan 121 36. DAS 513 37. Biga 290 38. Daan Lungsod (combined with Sangi) TOTAL 14,763 Source: City Assessors Office, as of Dec. 2006 Name of Barangay Area (hectares) 242.4065 461.56 482.6413 337.9107 240.8631 1213.4658 45.7004 1121.1795 831.0406 365.9709 1148.5171 658.9380 484.9300 565.5725 278.3154 2213.103 172.6457 445.9595 298.2104 636.9967 273.2331 193.2716 442.5664 154.9390 614.1291 557.1678 172.6457 854.1250 141.1203 219.0056 17.7000 831.0406 445.9595 104.5558 419.8609 1820.6765 3150.31 43.7209 21,431.4133

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FIG. 2.02 BARANGAY MAP OF TOLEDO CITY

Source: Knowledge Center, Metropolitan Water District, Cebu City, 2006

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2.4

Topography or Slope
The terrain of Toledo City is characterized by the Narrow Coastal

Plain that give way abruptly to a few rolling hills and rugged mountain ranges and slopes. Roughly 20 sq. km. (2000 hectares) along the coast line have elevations of less than 40 meters above sea level. There are fairly level and rolling plateaus and valley comprising some 57 sq. km (5,700 has) spread throughout the interior. The highest mountain peak is above sea level. 700 meters

2.5

Soil Type
Toledo City has seven types of soil. Roughly 75% of the total land

area are Lugo Clay, Faraon Steep Phase and Baguio Clay loam, located in the mountainous portion of the city. Mandaue Silt Loam, Beach Sand, Faraon Clay and Bolinao Clay are the other types of soil with first three dominating the coastal portions of the city.

TABLE 2.2 Soil Type and Characteristics of Toledo Soil Type

Faraon Clay

Description/Characteristics and Recommend Use

The general topography of Faraon Clay is hilly with roughly rolling slopes. The distinguishing characteristics of the soil are black and heavy clay soil and the surface is littered with pebbles and cobbles of limestones. Like the other tye of soil, the Faraon series, this type is well-drained. Faraon Clay is friable, fluffy and granular and does not harden nor shrink upon drying. When dry it can be easily picked with the hand and poured out in a manner that seed is sown over a seedbed. This type of soil covers the high, steep limestone hills. Soil of this type was formed from the underlying bed of rocks of limestone. The bedrock is calcareous, with poroes coralline rocks with colors ranging from white to yellowish gray. This soil type is in upland roughly rolling to hilly areas which is dissected by numerous gullies and creeks. Lugo Clay is residual soil developed from limy shale. Soil erosion is so severe in this type of soil that a greater part of the surface soil especially along the slopes has been washed down. The absence of the stones or rock outcrops and the fine granular structure of the surface causes the high erodibility of the soil type. Corn growth on this soil type seldom gives good harvest, the range yield being from 5-7 cavans per hectare. Coconuts

Faraon Clay Steep Phase

Lugo Clay

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- continuation of Soil Types

and Characteristics -

likewise do not grow well on this type. Bananas seem to grow well when grown along the gullies. The plants produce big and good fruits.

Baguio Clay Loam

Beach Sand

Mandawe Silt Loam

This soil type is of residual formation, has dark brown to brown surface soil that ranges in depth from 20 to 30 centimeters and is rich in organic matter. It ahs a medium coarse granular structure. This type is well drained. This soil type is an accumulation of wave and current erosion materials from the sea. It has no well-defined characteristics, being principally structure of deposited sandy materials. The surface soil of this type, which ranges in thickness from 25 to 30 cm., is light brown to depending upon the amount of organic matter and moisture content. Deep plowing can be done on this soil by any type of farm tillage machinery, without fear of hitting any stones. The greater part of this soil type is planted to lowland (area) rice. The other part which is better drained is devoted either to corn, coconut, cassava, sugarcane, or fruit trees.

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FIG. 2.03 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF TOLEDO CITY Page 10

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FIG. 2.04 SLOPE MAP OF TOLEDO CITY City of Toledo Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) Page 11

FIG. 2.05 SOIL MAP OF TOLEDO CITY

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2.6

Climate
Cebu Island is located within the Philippines typhoon belt. Slightly

strong winds from northeast follow a normal track in January to March, hit the general area of Toledo at an average of once a year. Although shielded by Cebus mountain ranges, the winds still hit Toledos mountain barangays and part of lowland areas particularly in the vicinity of Dumlog and Sangi where disastrous typhoons cause floodwater to rise beyond normal level. Dry season comes in February through April, based on data from Camp 7 PAGASA Station. Rainy days fall between June and November, averaging experienced 15 days in a 13-year observation period. Heaviest rains are in October with a 17-day average, 7 days of which are

measured at 50 mm and 40 days at 100 mm. These records are assumed without El Nio phenomenon scenario. Mean relative temperature is highest in April and May at 28.2 and 28.4 degrees Celsius, respectively and lowest in January and February at 26.3 and 26.4 degrees Celsius, respectively. Mean relative humidity goes up in July at 78% then goes down in August at 77% before it shoots up to its peak at 79% in October and November through March, until it reaches its lowest in April at 71.9%.

Hydrology
The whole area of Toledo is endowed with a number of natural waterways. The biggest and most significant of these is the Sapangdaku river. Collection of rainwater is made in open canals and natural drainage creeks especially in Barangay Poblacion.

2.7

Wind Direction
Owing to Toledos topography and geographical features, micro-

climatic conditions may be observed while prevailing winds generally take a similar pattern to that of the whole Cebu island. The City is exposed to northwesterly winds during the month of June and is more severely hit by southwesterly winds in the months of July and August. The city is shielded from the westerly winds by the high mountain ranges of Negros Island across the Taon Strait. On the other hand, the mountain ranges of Cebu Island offer a natural barrier from the full force of the northeasterly winds.

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Toledos coasts experience strong waves from the sea lash on the month of January and February and slightly weaken in July and August. Toledos exposure to these winds tends to cause problems on off-shore development and directional patterns of the wind during a certain period of time affect the urban center of the city.

TABLE 2.3 CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS (1973-2005) 33 YEARS PERIOD Cebu PAGASA Complex Station
No. of Tropical Cyclone that passed 100K from the station T 2 0 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 3 7 10 S 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 4 4 D 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 2 Mean Thunder Storms 0.88 0.60 0.93 2.40 8.00 12.00 12.60 10.60 14.40 13.80 6.80 2.70

TEMPERATURE IN Month Mean Mean Max JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 26.9 27.1 27.7 28.8 29.4 28.8 28.2 28.4 28.4 28.1 27.8 27.2 29.9 30.2 31.0 32.2 32.8 32.1 31.6 31.8 31.7 31.4 31.0 30.2 CELSIUS Mean Min 23.9 24.0 24.4 25.3 26.0 26.3 24.8 25.0 24.9 24.8 24.7 24.3 Highest Recorded 34.3 33.4 33.6 35.4 36.4 35.8 35.3 34.8 34.6 34.2 33.8 33.1 Lowest Recorded 19.2 20.0 19.4 21.4 22.3 22.4 22.0 21.1 21.8 21.6 22.2 20.5

MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) 81 79 77 75 76 80 80 79 8 82 82 82

MEAN CLOUDINESS (0-8) 6 6 6 5 5 6 7 7 7 6 6 6

Annual

28.1

31.4

24.8

36.4

19.2

79

30

15

14

85.2

T = Typhoon - maximum winds of 110 kph or more D = Depression - maximum winds not more than 64 kph S = Storm - maximum winds not more than 109 kph

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- Continuation of Climatological Normals Rainfall in Milliters (mm) Month Average Greatest Greatest fall in one day JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Annual 101.7 72.6 54.4 42.6 76.3 178.0 187.7 148.4 189.8 188.6 159.2 139.8 1539.2 304.3 173.8 243.5 251.7 206.2 360.3 391.3 358.6 375.5 373.8 493.7 423.5 493.7 126.6 66.3 141.3 124.0 88.6 87.8 99.6 96.6 127.0 166.1 276.1 158.4 276.1

Number of Rainy Days

Wind Direction Speed (mps) 03 03 03 03 03 02 02 03 02 02 02 03 03

Dew Point (Celcius) 23.3 23.2 23.5 24.0 24.7 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.6 24.4 23.9 24.0

Average

Greatest (16 pts.)

11 8 7 5 7 13 14 13 14 15 13 13 132

27 17 17 10 15 22 22 19 21 22 20 23 27

NE NE NE NE NE SW SW SW SW NE NE NE NE/SW =3.6 kph

Source: Mactan PAGASA Station

2.8

Geology
Toledo Citys mountain crusts are of volcanic origin formed millions

of years ago during the glacial age when a great upheaval changed the face of the earth. It is the general scientific belief that the sea in this part of the world, rose by several meters when the ice sheet melted and overflowed the land bridge that is believed to have connected the land mass of the archipelago to mainland Asia. The present islands that comprise the country are believed to be the tips of the new partly submerged mountain chain. A series of volcanic eruptions finally completed the great mountain upheaval causing areas of the remaining landmass to rise and others to fall. The stratigraphy namely: QUATERNARY: of Toledo fall under the following classifications,

a) QA1_Alluvium
river beds

Quaternary

Alluvium -

Coral reef detrital

deposits mostly sand and gravel in benches, alluvial plains and

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b) CaF_Limestone
poorly bedded

to

Carcar Formation - dominantly limestone, massive, partly dolomitic and contains

abundant marine fossils

c) MiF

- Maingit Formation - Granule to cobble conglomeration

with interbedded shale, sandstone, limestone and conglometric limestone in the lower part. MESOZOIC: a) MG Basalt abundant late Mananga Group early Massive Cretaceous mudstone , limestone, contains limestone, clastic sandstone and

nummulites of

sedimentary rocks andesitic to basaltic, pyroclastics and lava; cretaceous limestone, conglomerate with intercalated andesitic to basaltic pyroclastics and lava; and Paleocene conglomerate, sandstone and calcareous mudstone overlying the late cretaceous near the type locality of Pandan Formation. CENOZOIC: a) TF Shale/Mudsone - Toledo Formation - thin to thick bedded

sandstone and shale with occasional lenses of conglomeratic limestone and calcaremite. b) UL Limestone - Uling Limestone - generally hard massive limestone in part porous and coralline. NAGA ARGAO GROUP: a) MbF - Malubog Formation - mudstone shale and occasional

beds of conglomerate, limestone and coal, includes the upper Alpaco member, middle Birabac limestone member and lower Cantabaco member in central Cebu.

b) CF - Cebu Formation - consists of an upper massive orbitodial

limestone (Ilag limestone, Santos Yigo, Cebu Orbitodial Limestone, Corby et.al; a lower classic unit with coal measures (Cebu Coal Measures, Corby et.al, Masaba Formation, Santos Yigo; and sequence). Guindarohan Conglomerate at the base of the

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FIG. 2.06 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TOLEDO CITY Page 17

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Source:Knowledge Center, Metropolitan Water District, Cebu City, 2006

2.9 Geohazard Investigation of Reported Visible Earth Movements at Barangay Don Andres Soriano, Toledo City INTRODUCTION:
In response to the letter-request of Elbert T. Rosell, Secretary of Toledo City Council, the undersigned Geologists of Mines and GeoSciences Bureau, DENR Region 7 conducted a geohazard investigation of the reported visible earth movements at Barangay Don Andres Soriano (DAS), Toledo City, Cebu on April 21, 2005. This request was made in connection with Resolution No. 2005 19 which was approved by Sangguniang Panlungsod of Toledo City on February 22, 2005. As stated in city council resolution, approximately 80% of Barangay Don Andres Soriano area shows visible ground movements, A barangay map prepared by City Planning showing the location of these movements was attached to the letter. The team was guided by Engr. Samson himself during the conduct of this investigation. Due to very limited time, only selected areas that show clear evidences of ground instability were inspected by the team. Access to ACMDC mine site was not allowed at the time of inspection.

FINDINGS and OBSERVATIONS:

1. Barangay Don Andres Soriano (DAS) of Toledo City is located about 20 aerial kilometers southwest of Cebu City. It is where Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corporation (ACMDC) copper mines, formerly one of the biggest copper producing mines in the Philippines, it is situated. The barangay has a total land area of 1,859.6462 hectares and a population of 20,127. DAS can be reached from Cebu City via south provincial highway and then thru Naga Uling road which is currently undergoing major repair works. 2. The team together with Engr. Samson inspected some of the identified areas to confirm the report.

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A.

Main Provincial Road at Sitio LQIA (Photo 1) Active ground subsidence was observed along a 50 meter long section of this road. According to Engr. Samson, the road has been asphalted two times already since it was constructed. Noticeably, only half of the road alongside the embankment is affected. Cracking in the wall and floor were likewise noted in some houses located directly below the road. This subsidence and occurrence of cracking indicate that the slope is unstable.

B.

Residential Unit at Sitio LQIA (Photo 2) Ground instability is evident in the tilted concrete wall fence at the side of this house and cracking in some part of the floor area inside the house. Cracks are persistent, has irregular shape and measuring 2 cm to 3 cm wide. It initially occurred as tight cracks per residents account. The tilted wall fence was stabilized by a steel bar anchored on solid ground.

C.

Engr. Samsons Residence at Sitio Bagong Buhay (Photo 3

4) Concrete cracking has occurred as far as this Sitio particularly at Samsons residence. Engr. Samson showed to us the tilted concrete wall fence near the gate of his house. According to him, they could feel the vibration of the ground everytime a bus is passing by. Their house is located about 30 meters away from the main road. D. Residential House owned by Mrs. Luzviminda Quizante at Sitio Bagong Buhay (Photo 5 & 6) Mrs. Quizantes house situated about 20 meters downslope of the main road was vacated after it was totally damaged as a result of foundation failure. The family has transferred to the new house located nearby where cracking in the floor area started to develop again. An unidentified person approached the group and complained that cracking has also been occurring in their house.

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E.

Mrs. Paulita Tapuls Residence at Sitio Uncrona (Photo 7 & 8)

Half of Mrs. Tapulss house located beside a creek collapsed, heavily damaging the kitchen and dining area. This happened sometime in 1999 when a strong typhoon hit the province according to Mrs. Tapul. The affected house being founded on a soft highly weathered limestone made us conclude that the underlying rock materials were washed away by flood water during typhoon.

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Barangay Map of Don Andres Soriano

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Road Map of Don Andres Soriano

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

The areas investigated by the team within Barangay Don Andres Soriano (DAS) show indications of ground instability. The recurrence of ground subsidence and widening of the crack apertures over a period of time indicate that the ground failure (landslide) is active. The movement rates though are considered very slow. It also appears that the unstable grounds are specific, affecting groups of houses. These events are expected to recur especially during the rainy period and will continue to cause damage to the properties. Apparently, the ground failure along the vicinity of Mrs. Tapuls residence was triggered by the removal or scouring of the materials (soil and weathered rocks) along the creek banks. A more detailed engineering assessment is necessary in order to come up with appropriate engineering interventions to prevent ground failure from recurring. However, the most ideal mitigating measures would be to avoid the unstable areas. This means houses would have to be relocated to other areas. Brgy. DAS is one of the areas that is covered in MGB 7 geohazard assessment program for this year. A more detailed geohazard survey will be made which would cover areas not included in the recent investigation.

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2. 10 Soil Categories, Type , Erosion and Barangays Covered per Classification: Soil Category
Name of Barangay
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. POBLACION AWIHAO BAGAKAY BATO BIGA BULONGAN BUNGA CABITOONAN CALONGCALONG CAMBANG-UG CAMPO 8 CANLUMAMPAO CANTABACO CAPT. CLAUDIO CARMEN DAS DUMLOG GEN. CLIMACO IBO ILIHAN LANDAHAN LUAY LURAY II MAGDUGO MATAB-ANG MEDIA ONCE PANGAMIHAN POOG PUTINGBATO SAGAY SAM-ANG SANGI STO. NIO SUBAYON TALAVERA TUBOD TUNGKAY

Scope Categories
S1 & S2 S1 & S2 S2 & S3 S1 & S2 S2 & S3 S2 & S3 S1, S2 & S3 S1 & S2 S1 & S2 S2 & S3 S3 S1 & S2 S2 & S3 S1, S2 & S3 S1 & S2 S2 & S3 S1 S1, S2 & S3 S1 & S2 S1 & S2 S2 S3 S2 S1, S2 & S3 S1, S2 & S3 S2 & S3 S2 S1 & S2 S2 S2 S2 S1 & S2 S1 & S2 S2 S1 & S2 S2 S2 & S3

Remarks: S1 = 0% - 18% Scope S2 = 18% - 30% Scope S3 = 30% - 50% Scope

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SOIL EROSION
Name of Barangay Soil Erosion Type

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

POBLACION AWIHAO BAGAKAY BATO BIGA BULONGAN BUNGA CABITOONAN CALONGCALONG CAMBANG-UG CAMPO 8 CANLUMAMPAO CANTABACO CAPT. CLAUDIO CARMEN DAS DUMLOG GEN. CLIMACO IBO ILIHAN LANDAHAN LUAY LURAY II MAGDUGO MATAB-ANG MEDIA ONCE PANGAMIHAN POOG PUTINGBATO SAGAY SAM-ANG SANGI STO. NIO SUBAYON TALAVERA TUBOD TUNGKAY

No Apparent Erosion No Apparent Erosion Severely Eroded No Apparent Erosion Moderately Eroded Severely Eroded Slightly Eroded No Apparent Erosion Moderately Eroded Severely Eroded Severely Eroded No Apparent Erosion/Moderately Eroded Severely Eroded Severely Eroded No Apparent Erosion Severely Eroded with some moderately eroded No Apparent Erosion Severely Eroded No Apparent Erosion No Apparent Erosion Severely & Slightly Eroded Severely Eroded Moderately Eroded No Apparent Erosion/Slightly Eroded Severely Eroded Slightly Eroded Severely Eroded Slightly Eroded Moderately Eroded Slightly Eroded Slightly Eroded No Apparent Erosion No Apparent Erosion/with severely eroded Severely Eroded No Apparent Erosion No Apparent Erosion Severely Eroded

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SOIL TYPES

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Name of Barangay
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. POBLACION AWIHAO BAGAKAY BATO BIGA BULONGAN BUNGA CABITOONAN CALONGCALONG CAMBANG-UG CAMPO 8 CANLUMAMPAO CANTABACO CAPT. CLAUDIO CARMEN DAS DUMLOG GEN. CLIMACO IBO ILIHAN LANDAHAN LUAY LURAY II MAGDUGO MATAB-ANG MEDIA ONCE PANGAMIHAN POOG PUTINGBATO SAGAY SAM-ANG SANGI STO. NIO SUBAYON TALAVERA TUBOD TUNGKAY

Soil Type
Faraon Clay/ Beach Sand Faraon Clay/Lugo Clay Baguio Clay Faraon Clay/ Beach Sand Baguio Clay/ Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Lugo Clay/ Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Lugo Clay/ Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Faraon Clay Mandawe Silt Loam Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Baguio Clay Loam Baguio Clay Loam/Mandawe Silt Loam Baguio Clay Loam/ Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Baguio Clay Loam Mandawe Silt Loam/Baguio Clay Loam Faraon Clay (Steep Phase)/ Lugo Clay Mandawe Silt Loam Baguio Clay Loam/Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Beach Sand/ Faraon Clay Mandawe Silt Loam Mandawe Clay/Faraon Clay Baguio Clay Loam/Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Faraon Clay/Beach Sand Mandawe Silt Loam/Lugo Clay/Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Faraon Clay/ Baguio Clay Loam Mandawe Clay/ Faraon Clay (Steep Phase) Baguio Clay Loam Mandawe Clay Loam Baguio Clay Loam Mandawe Clay Mandawe Clay Mandawe Silt Loam Mandawe Silt Loam/ Faraon Clay Faraon Clay/ Mandawe Clay Mandawe Silt Loam/ Baguio Clay Loam/Faraon Clay Faraon Clay/Beach Sand Baguio Clay Loam

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