DFM For Pressure Die-casting

By Dr.N.Ramani Principal NTTF School of Postgraduate Studies Bangalore

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Introduction:
Prize for one who has made the most number of mistakes in the design of die cast components! Japanese methodology OET Compilation of design rules how to design die cast components without tears PDC Part design: ~ 80% Science & some 20% art!

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

10 Commandments?

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

1. Commandment: Dont design castings!

First sentence in book on Design for Castings Dont design castings! Make sketches & discuss with the founder who is going to make the casting for you, on matters of Position of parting plane Functional features, Achievable accuracies...
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

2. Do Practise simultaneous engineering

In short the author preempted simultaneous engineering (i.e.) he suggested discussion of the details of the casting by part-designer with the die-maker for maximum effectiveness of the design of the casting.(?)

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

3. Know Effectiveness of casting design:

Easy to cast without filling problems Easy to machine without the disadvantages of either too less or too much material to remove by machining The most economical in cost by reducing Cost of the die Cost of component
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

100%

QUALITY PARADOX of a new product

Knowledge / Expertise of our Product ! Cost of Change !

100%

Flexibility & Opportunity to improve design quality of a new Product

0%
Fig.1

Concept First Proto

- Proto -Proto
Dr. N. Ramanj

-Proto

0% Time
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Design for Pressure Die Casting

100%

QUALITY PARADOX
For a PDC Die
Knowledge / Expertise of our own casting ! Cost of Change !

100%

Flexibility & Opportunity to improve design quality of a new Casting

0%
Fig.2

0% Concept FMEA Detailed Die Mfg. Trial ProductionTime Design Design 8

Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

AN ANALOGY OF A RIVER & A PRODUCT WRT INFLUENCING ITS QUALITY

PRODUCT & PROCESS DESIGN (UPSTREAM)

MANUFACTURING (MIDSTREAM)

CUSTOMER USAGE POST PRODUCTION SERVICE WARRANTY (DOWNSTREAM)

SEA Fig.3
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

4.Design for Function & Assembly

Part designer should Overall function Part Consolidation Design for attachment and assembly Typified by the chassis illustrated in Fig.4

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Example of multi-functional casting design:

?

Fig 4.One-piece chassis for a high-speed electronic printer replaced 82 separate components and fasteners in the forerunner assembly. Drilling and tapping have been eliminated by incorporating cored holes, which receive thread-forming screws for fastening. 11
School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

5. Rib the part to add strength and stiffness & Reduce weight: Ribs to reinforce part structurally Minimum increase in weight Replacing heavy sections that would be otherwise necessary. Fig.5

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Think Ribs:
Ribs fairly easy to incorporate into an existing hardened die! When?
Fig.5School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Examples of strong light weight components

FIGURE 6.Castings for two-wheeler engines show how good design can provide ribs where needed for strength and cored holes for fastening while maintaining fairly constant wall thickness.
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Examples of large light weight components

Moped Frame?

FIGURE 7. Aluminum components for a weighing scale demonstrate intelligent use of ribbing to promote strength and stiffness.
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Where & How to Design Ribs?

Fig.8 Box shaped components strengthened by

incorporating internal ribs that run the full depth of the part. Corners reinforced by radiusing to avoid corner fractures in the casting 16
School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Where & How to Design Ribs?

Fig.9 Where there would normally be a heavy section adjacent to a cored area, introduce further coring to create ribs, thereby removing mass & obtaining uniform wall thickness
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Can This be True?

3 >> 4 >> 6

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Poor Design Of Rib

Acute-angle intersections cause the die to overheat in the area between the ribs. Multiple intersections of radial ribs should be avoided; otherwise, the intersection will contain porosity.
Fig.10
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Typical case of how ribs should not be designed

Number of ribs intersecting = 6!

Fig.11
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Slightly improved design of ribs:

Number of intersections = 4 4 >> 6 Which design is still better?

Fig.12
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Optimum Rib design:

Much improved rib design(Only 3 ribs intersect at each point) 3 >> 4 >> 6
Fig.13
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Procedure for design of Reinforcing Ribs

Designer may under-design initially, test sample castings, then add strength if necessary by removal of die steel until optimum combination of mechanical properties & casting-material conservation reached. (Preferable to over-designing and having to lighten the die casting later by welding the die, which is a costly, life-limiting procedure.)
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

6.Design For Metal-flow:

Avoid Abrupt section changes Sharp corners Walls at an acute angle to one another (disturb the continuity of metal flow & promote porosity and surface irregularities) Blend differing sections into one another with radii as generous as possible.
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design For Metal-flow:

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Fig.14 School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Dr. N. Ramanj

Design for Pressure Die Casting

Why More Radii?

Radii Sharp external corners are undesirable because they become a localized point of heat and stress buildup in the die steel that can cause die cracking and early failure. Therefore, radii and fillets should be as generous as possible, preferably at least 1.5 times wall thickness for both inside and outside radii.

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Sharp corners cause uneven cooling, while rounded corners permit uniform cooling with much less stress; Rounded corners that maintain uniform wall thickness provide the best results
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig.15

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Why to avoid sharp corners?

Fig.16

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Sharp edges on cores are difficult to maintain because they are points of heat concentration, with resulting premature erosion of the die 28 material.
Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

7.Design For Uniform Wall thickness

The easiest die casting to make and the soundest in terms of minimum porosity is one that has uniform wall thickness. Sharp changes in sectional area or heavy sections over 6 mm thick should be avoided if possible. When a heavy section seems to be indicated, its underside should be cored out.
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Importance of Uniformity of wall thickness

Less Problems More Problems

Fig.17

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Why should we design a PDC with as less a wall thickness as possible?

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

8. Design with as thin a wall thickness as possible:

Typical W.T? *Fine-grained dense structure, devoid of porosity, thus making the skin the strongest part 32 of wall thickness (?)
Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig 18 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Max Strength/Weight is achieved with 0.8 - 1.3 W.T Strength Weight Ratio

Fig.19

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

9.Let walls intersect at right angles:

Fig.20

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Intersection of two walls should be at right 34 angles to avoid sharp corner hot spots
Dr. N. Ramanj

Design for Pressure Die Casting

10.Know How to design a Boss?

FIGURE 21. To avoid surface shrinks, relocate

the boss and connect it to the wall with a short rib. The ribs should be no wider than the 35 thickness of the casting wall
School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj

Design for Pressure Die Casting

11.Be generous with drafts:

Fig.22 When the draft angle is abnormally small, even the slightest depression in the drafted surface of the die will prevent ejection causing drag marks in the surface of the casting 36
School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

12. Think Avoidance of side cores:

Fig.23 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

12. Think Avoidance of side cores:

Fig.24 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

13.Think simplicity (Two-piece die)

If possible, the part should be designed so that it can be made in a simple two-piece die.
Fig.25 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

14.Think of shopman :

Fig.26 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Through-wall cored holes for tapping should be countersunk on both sides to avoid deburring; Holes for tapping should be cored rather than drilled. A drilling operation is eliminated, and the tap will cut into dense material for a higher-quality thread. 40
Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

15.Dont be too smart with Sliding core

SC Should never be designed to intersect the opposite die half, since imperfect die closure (possibly the result of flash at the parting plane not being fully removed) would result in a damaged die.
Fig.27 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Can we Pressure die Cast Threads?:

Fig.28 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

16.Know Limitations of Cast Threads:

Fig.28 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

16.Know Limitations of Cast Threads: It is possible to die-cast internal threads in zinc parts only by using techniques that involve either unscrewing the casting from a threaded core or rotating the core out of the casting during ejection.

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design of bush type inserts:(To resist both axial and rotational forces).

Insert with knurled circumference (Positive location within the die must be provided to prevent insert movement during the casting cycle)
Fig.29 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design of bolt type inserts:

Insert with recess & longitudinal grooves

Fig.30 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design of bolt type inserts:

Insert Machined & U/C square (insert's threads must be kept away from the casting face)
Fig.31 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design of bush type inserts:

Insert with locally machined flat

Fig.32 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design of bush type inserts:

Insert with drilled anchor holes

Fig.33 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

17. Design Inserts to Cost

Decision based on Cost comparison for inserts

Fig.34 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

18.Limit machining Allowances to a minimum:

Deeper cuts could open up unsightly subsurface porosity and possibly affect function.
Fig.35 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

19. Specify explicitly location of ejector pins: If an area to be machined covers ejector-pin locations, their impressions should be 0 to 0.4 mm depressed-so that they are removed in machining.

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

20.Design For Flash and Gate Removal

With complex castings having massive core slides, the cost of complete removal by a combination of die trimming and hand operations can be as much as the cost of the raw casting !

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

20.Flash and Gate Removal:

Avoid an angled junction of an external wall with the parting line.It is preferable to add a minimumdraft shoulder at the parting line, so that most of the gate material will come away in trimming.
Fig.36 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

20.Simplify Flash and Gate Removal

Fig.37 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Trimming tool to match intricate geometry would be expensive and hard to maintain. Advisable to add a shoulder between wall detail and parting line to allow for use of a single trimming die or a lathe-turning operation to remove gates and flash. 55
Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

21.Think of Die-sinking costs:(?)

If the casting is designed with convex features in outside walls,it is a straightforward job to mill the corresponding concavities into the steel.
Fig.38 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

22. Leave the Letters Raised :

There are two alternatives. The easy way is to specify that the characters be raised in the casting. This can be accomplished by relatively inexpensive engraving of the die. Characters depressed into the casting All the background steel on that face of the die must be removed around the characters.
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

On Lettering If the designer wants the economy of raised characters but does not wish them to project above the surrounding surface, a raised pad can be incorporated into the die to form a depressed area in the casting. Then when the pad is engraved, the lettering will come out flush.

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

23.Know the limitations of cored out holes

The die-casting process can accommodate the coring in of holes into the body of the casting at right angles to the parting line. However, there are core-length limits, depending on diameter, that should not be exceeded Long, slender cores may lead to core breakage

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

24.Design for Assembly:

How will you design a spherical shaped handle for a door? Zinc only!

Fig.39 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

24.Design for Assembly:

Zinc only!
Fig.39 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

25.Know limitations of dimensions & Tolerances The as cast dimensional variations of a die casting depend on part size. This dependency is largely due to thermal expansion and contraction of both the die and the casting. The die expands at operating temperatures, and the casting shrinks after it leaves the die. Variations in die operating temperatures and the temperature of the molten metal entering the die add to the need for a design tolerance on diecasting dimensions.
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

25.Know limitations of dimensions & Tolerances Tolerances across the parting line and between core slides and main die blocks must be greater because of the clearances that are incorporated into these features in the die to enable them to function at elevated temperatures. Recommended tolerances also allow for gradual wear in die components over the life of tooling. This is a significant factor. Another is warpage.
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Some case-studies of Problems encountered during die casting of engineering components

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Outside view of Motor Body Housing Casting ~ 180 dia; ~100mm deep; 800gm

Support pin locations

10

Fig. 40

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Problem: Non-filling of window portions? 67

Dr. N. Ramanj

Design for Pressure Die Casting

Inside view of Motor Body Housing Casting

Nominal Wall thickness ~ 2 mm CI Insert for bearing Problem: Non-filling of window portions 68
Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig. 41 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Motor Body Housing Casting

Original runner location near heavy sections

What to do?
Fig. 42 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig. 43

Motor Body Housing Casting

Fully filled windows after the addition of extra runner

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig. 44

Housing For Hand-grinder

Semi- Cyl. Portion 200 long 60 dia Cyl.

250gm; Wall thickness 3mm

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore

Typically asymmetric flow of metal required71

Dr. N. Ramanj

Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig. 45

Housing For Hand-grinder

Runner

Problem: Non-filling of semi-cylindrical portion;Part Sticking to cavity (?)

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Housing For Hand-grinder

Subrunner

Runner

Fig. 46
School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design For Die-casting

NTTF

How did they solve the problem of Part sticking to the cavity? (You guessed it right)

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Motor Housing Non-drive End (Outside view)

Dia 180mm; 100mm high;750gm

Fig. 47 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Motor Housing Non-drive End (Inside view)

2.5mm Wall thickness

Fig. 48 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Motor Housing Non-drive End

Cracks near the opening

Problem: Fin area not being filled at all

Fig. 49 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Motor Housing Non-drive End Cracks below opening Location of runners near heavy sections

Problem: Fins not at all filling

Fig. 50 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Motor Housing Non-drive End

Extra subrunner just below rectangular opening added

Fig. 51
School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fan Casting : Dia ~ 150mm; ~75mm long;

gm

170 dia; 30 height; 500gm Problem: Fins Breaking; Ejection sticky

Fig. 52 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig. 53

Fan Casting

Problem: Fins Breaking; Ejection sticky

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Fig. 54

Fan Casting

Draft angle of blades increased from 20 to 50 Extra ejection pins 6 added ( )

School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj

82
Design for Pressure Die Casting

Family die for Flange & Bearing Cover 50dia 5mm thick; 8gm

40dia Anything Wrong?

Fig. 55 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

20mm thick; 30 gm
Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Family die for Flange & Bearing Cover Problem: Only one set of good parts obtained out of each shot Severe Blow-holes Analysis: Severe unbalanced Mass-flow; C.f. : 46gm Vs 68gm
Fig. 56 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Family die for Flange & Bearing Cover

Fig. 57 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Solution: Progressively reducing runner width Increase radii for improved flow;

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School Fig.58 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design For Die-casting

NTTF

Lesson learnt: For optimum results, the degree of imbalance between the two sides of a family die should not exceed + / - 10%

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Gear Cover Casting

140mm dia; 60mm height; 300gm

Fig. 59 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
Dr. N. Ramanj

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Gear Cover Casting

Fig. 60 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Problem: NonDr. N. Ramanj

89

Design for Pressure Die Casting

Gear Cover Casting

Subrunner added

Fig. 61 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Base Casting for Electric Cutter ~300mm X ~ 150mm; 400gm

Fig.62 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Ribs?

Not Filling

Wall thickness 3mm 91

Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Base Casting for Electric Cutter

Initial Gate Position

Fig. 63 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Not Filling
Dr. N. Ramanj

92
Design for Pressure Die Casting

Base Casting for Electric Cutter

Fully filled with redefined gatings

Fig. 64 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

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Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Cover for Cutter

Non- Filling

Fig. 65 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School

Dia 240mm;120 mm; 2mm nominal thickness94

Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Cover for Cutter

Wafer-thin wall
Fig. 66 of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore School
Dr. N. Ramanj

95

Design for Pressure Die Casting

Cover for Cutter

Solution: Maintain uniform wall thickness

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Conclusion:

20 % 80 % 80 % 20 %
Cause Fig. 67
School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj

Effect Pareto Principle

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Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design For Die-casting

NTTF

Have always the simple mind of a student, because on the simplest of foundations are built the most wonderful works of nature. Dr.W.A.J.Chapman

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Design for Die Casting

NTTF

References: 1.Die casting book by Dr.Arthur Street 2.Metals Hand book Volumes 5A,5B,15 SME 3.Principles of Metal Casting By Richard W.Heine 4.Design for Manufacturability By James Bralla

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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting

Thank You
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School of Postgraduate Studies, NTTF, Bangalore Dr. N. Ramanj Design for Pressure Die Casting