Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hydrostatics Force
p=0
p=0
h p = h
p = h
p=0
p=0
The pressure on the bottom is uniform so the resultant force acts through the centroid. The pressure of the sides increases with decreasing depth. The force will not act through the centroid of the surface. The centroid is the geometric mean position center of the surface. The line of action (center of pressure) weights the area integral by the force applied through that area.
dAi xi xc
dx dy
A C yc
yi
One adds up position of x for all the little pieces dAi of the Area, A to get average x position, xc . The x and y -coordinates of the centroid are evaluated mathematically as xc = yc =
i xi i yi
dAi = i dAi
Ax Ay
dx dy A
dAi = dAi i
dx dy A
dAi xi xc
dx dy
A C yc
yi
xi dAi =
A
x dx dy dx dy
A
Qy =
A
(x xc ) dx dy + xc dx dy = xc A
A
Qy = 0 + xc
y dx dy = yc A
dAi xi xc
dx dy
A C yc
yi
y 2 dx dy
A
It is sometimes called the moment of inertia of the area. The second moment of inertia is always positive since y 2 > 0 . The second moment of area about the y -axis is Iy =
i
x2 dAi = i
x2 dx dy
A
xi yi dAi =
A
xydx dy
A
dy
C yc x
Iy = Iyc + x2 A c Ixy = Ixyc + xc yc A One writes down second moment through centroid, then determines distance of centroid to axis of rotation, and nally apply the parallel axis theorem.
The x -axis points out of page. The distance down incline is y . Depth is h . p = h (gauge pressure).
Inclined plane
To determine net force, need to add up all contributions over each small piece of the area.
dF
= p dA = h dA h dA
A
one piece of A
FR = FR =
A
y sin dA y dA
A
FR = sin
Inclined plane
y dA = yc A
A
Since F = sin
Ay
dA hc = yc sin
FR = Ayc sin = hc A
The net force on the plane depends on the depth of the plate centroid below the surface. The net force is the area multiplied by the pressure at the centroid.
10
Center of pressure
To determine the center of pressure, add up all contributions to the force over each small piece of the area, but multiplied by y . The center of pressure is essentially a weighted average. y =
i yi Fi i Fi Ay A
yR = yR = yR = yR =
dF dF
A yp
dA A p dA dA sin y dA y 2 dA A yc A
A yy sin
y 2 dA A = y dA
11
Center of pressure
yR = y 2 dA A yc A
The y position of the force is the 2nd moment of the area with respect to the x axis. This is essentially the moment of inertia about the x axis. Ix yR = Ayc
2 Parallel axis theorem Ix = Ixc + Ayc . 2 Ixc Ixc + Ayc = + yc yR = Ayc Ayc
The resultant force FR always passes below the centroid since yR > yc .
12
Center of Pressure, x
xR =
A xydA
yc A
The mean x-position of the force can be determined by similar technique. This is just the product of inertia for the coordinate system. xR = xR = xR = Ixy = yc A yc A Ixyc + xc yc A yc A Ixyc + xc yc A
A xydA
13
c y b/2
R c y x
c y R
x R
Iyc = 0.3927R4
4R 3
14
More shapes
Triangle
d
y (b+d)/3 b
a/3
4R 3 c R y x
Ixyc is only non-zero if the shape does not have a bilateral symmetry.
15
Worked example
Determine the resultant force on the plate and the reaction at the step.
1.2 m 1.0 m
Hy
= 1000 kg/m3 Draw FBD for plate. Ignore the weight force. W = 0 , Hy = 0
Hx Fr W Fstep
16
Pipe-inlet
Determine resultant force Fr = ghc A 1 1 A = ab = 1.2 1.0 = 0.60 m2 2 2 a 1 hc = 3.0 + = 3.0 + 1.0 = 3.333 m 3 3 Fr = 1000 9.810 0.600 (3 + 0.333) = 19.6 kN Ixc 1.2 1.03 = = 0.0333 m4 36 Ixc + yc = Ayc 0.0333 = + 3.333 0.60 3.333 = 3.349 m
17
0.349 m Fr =19.6 kN
Hx Fstep W= 0
Fstep 1.0 = Fr (0.349) Fstep = 19.6 103 (0.349) Fstep = 6.85 kN The force on the hinge determined from Fr Fstep + Hx = 0 . Hx = Fstep Fr = 6.85 19.6 = 12.7kN The force on the hinge acts to the left (opposes Fr )
18
Pressure Prism
This is a intuitive recipe for determining the force on submerged surfaces. Useful for surfaces that are rectangular in shape. Gauge pressure is zero at top and h at bottom. Pressure variation with h is linear. Average pressure p = h/2 Resultant force Fr = p A = (hA/2) Volume of pressure prism (= hA/2) . The center of pressure passes through the centroid of the pressure prism.
19
Pressure Prism
The pressure prism can be regarded as arising from 2 parts. Let w be width of surface into page. Force due to rectangle ABDE . F1 = (h1 )(h2 h1 )w Force due to triangle BCD. F2 = 1 (h2 h1 ) (h2 h1 )w 2
20
Pressure Prism
Determination of Center of Pressure done from moments of the forces. FR y R = F1 y 1 + F2 y 2 F1 y 1 + F2 y 2 yR = FR Moment of rectangular part about AB level is 1/2 distance apex to base, i.e. y1 = 1 (h2 h1 ) . 2 Moment of triangular part is 2/3 distance apex to base, i.e. y2 = 2 (h2 h1 ) . 3
21
Useful hint: While the air pressure inside the tank needs to be taken into consideration, the impact of atmospheric pressure can be ignored (the tank pressure is a gauge pressure).
22
pair
2.0 m 0.6 m
pwater
The over-pressure due to air in the tank, 50 kPa is constant with depth. Pressures and forces due to (A+B) and C are FA+B = (50, 000 + 2.0 9, 800) 0.62 = 25, 060 N FC = ( 1 0.6 9, 800) 0.62 = 1060 N 2
Total force is FR = 26, 100 N . The center of pressure is yR = 25060 0.3 + 1060 0.400 = 0.304 m 26100
23
24
The weight force W passes through the center of gravity of the wedge.
25
W 2.0 m
26
F1 2.0 m
W 1 = (2.0)2 8.0 4 = 246.3 kN
2.0 m W 2.0 m
F1 line of action 1.0 m from wall. W line of action 2.0 0.84883 = 1.151 m from wall. Line of action for F1 and W . xR xR 313.6 1.0 + 246.3 1.151 = 559.9 = 1.066 m
27
F F
The net horizontal force is 313.6 + 156.8 = 470.4 kN F line of action 1.0 m below 2.0 m line. F line of action 1.33 m below 2.0 m line. Line of action for horizontal force. yR yR 313.6 1.0 + 156.8 1.333 = 470.4 = 1.11 m
28
29
A px
p1 h px p = p + h 1
2
Consider pressure forces on a rectangular slab Fnet:pressure = p2 A p1 A Fnet:pressure = (p1 + h)A p1 A FB = hA = V The buoyancy force arises as a result of higher pressure on the bottom surface.
30
Vi
Therefore the proof for a rectangular slab can be generalized to a body of arbitrary shape. FB =
i
Fi = V.
Buoyancy force does not depend on the density of the submerged object. The buoyancy force only depends on the density of the uid and the volume(shape) of the submerged object.
31
Archimedes principle
The Buoyancy force of a submerged body passes through its centroid. Called the center of buoyancy.
FB = V
C CG
W = mg
The buoyancy force for a partially submerged object passes through the centroid of the displaced volume, V .
FB = V
C
CG
W = mg
The weight force passes through the center of gravity and does not always pass through the centroid.
32
Stability
The stability of a body depend on what happens when it is displaced from the equilibrium position.
Stable
Unstable
Neutral
The equilibrium is stable if the forces acting on the object act to return it to its equilibrium position. The equilibrium is unstable if the forces acting on the object act to send it away from its equilibrium position. The equilibrium is neutral if there are no net forces acting on the object to return it or remove it from equilibrium.
33
The buoyant force acts through the centroid of the object. The gravitational weight force acts through the center of gravity. A completely submerged body is stable if the center of gravity lies below the centroid. A completely submerged body is unstable if the center of gravity above the centroid.
34
Even though the center of gravity lies above the centroid the resultant torques is a restoring torque. The centroid (of the displaced volume) can shift as the body has an angular displacement. It is the movement of the centroid to the right that gives this body its stability.
35
In this case the body is unstable. The buoyancy force and gravitational force act to create an overturning torque.
36
M O G F
B
1 W 2 d
O = Waterline point about which boat rolls. B1 = original buoyancy point. B2 = buoyancy point after displacement. The line of action of the original buoyancy force (through the center of gravity) and new buoyancy force intersect at the metacenter.
37
38
FB 1
G M W 2
39
O
M 1 G 2
dz
W F B ROLL AXIS y
dy
dx
Pitch and roll refer to the rotation about long and narrow axes of the vessel.
40
41
42
G B K
1.2 m
The metacentric height is 0.3000 + 0.1389 = 0.4389 m above the keel. Since M is below G the block is not stable.
43
The metacentric height is 0.3000 + 0.5556 = 0.8556 m above the keel. Since M is above G the block is stable in pitch.
44
M 0.60 m
G B K
1.2 m
Increase width. Makes Iy larger. (Catamaran). Lower position of G . Add ballast (near the bottom). This also tends to raise B from the keel, and raises the position of M .