Pnm hnZym`ymk kanXn

]mwXcw A[nI]T\kma{Kn
KWnXw

XmdmnbXv :

kamct{iWnI

hr Bibw
Htc IWap a{XntImWfpsS aqmw aqebpsS kmc]mXbmWv hrw.

{]h\w
IWw 5 sk.ao. Bb Hcp a{XntImWw hcbvpI. ew_hi FpamImw. Fs\sbmw hcbvmw? (aw D]tbmKnv, tImam]\n D]tbmKnv). Ccw Iptd {XntImW hcv AhbpsS aqmw aqeI tbmPnnpI. Innb Nn{Xw hniIe\w sNpp. Ahrw Inm\p ImcWw Ahrnse tIm atIm Fv 8-mw mkn ]TnXv Hma ]pXppp. hyXykvX hymJym\ side box page 27, 28, 29 hymkw FXnhiambn Ahrn Hcp tImWpmnbm AXv atImWmbncnpw.

hvjov 1
1. 6 cm \ofn AB hcbvpI. kvsIbnepw tImpw D]tbmKnv AB IWamb Hcp a{XntImWw hcbvpI. AB hrns hymkamWv. P bn Hcp atIm \nnm B tImWns hi hrnse GsXmw _nphneqsS ISpt]mIpw?
Q A S T B P R

2.

3.

Hcp hrhpw Hcp NXpcSempw \Inbncnpp. NXpcSemkv D]tbmKnv hrns tI{w IspI. O tI{amb hrns hymkamWv AB. A bneqtSbpw B bneqsSbpw ]ckv]cw ew_amb hcI hcm Ah IqnappXv GXp _nphnembncnpw?
R Q

4.

P A O B

5.

Nn{Xn M hrtI{amWv. AB hymkamWv. AB hymkamWv. MCB = 500 Bbm MCA F{X?

)
500

6.

Nn{Xn O hrtI{amWv. AB hymkhpw. B = 450 Bbm

C A

= =

______ ______ 102 cm Bbm AC, BC Ch

Q A O B

AB = ImWpI. 7.

P, Q, R Fo _npfn Hmtcmnt\bpw A, B Chbpambn tbmPnptm Inp tImWpIfn Ghpw henb tIm GXmbncnpw? Ghpw sNdnb tIm GXmbncnw?
A

O P

8. 9.

hrmIrXnbnep Hcp XInSns hymkw 28 sk.ao. CXn\npw apdnsSpmhp Ghpw henb kaNXpcns ]cfhv F{Xbmbncnpw? kaNXpcmIrXnbnep Hcp ImUv t_mUns Hcphiw 15 sk.ao. BWv. CXn\nv ]camh[n hepap Hcp hrw apdnsSpm hrns Bcw F{Xbmbncnpw? ]cfhv Fmbncnpw?

{]h\w
5 sk.ao. \ofap Hcp hc hcbvpI. Cu hc Hcp hiambpw Cu hin\v FXnscbp Hcp tIm 800 bpamb {XntImW hcbvpI. {XntImWfpsS aqmw aqeI tbmPnnpI. Nn{Xw hniIe\w sNpI. 5 sk.ao. \ofap Hcp hc hcbvpI. Cu hc Hcp hiambpw Cu hin\v FXnscbp Hcp tIm 1000bpamb {XntImW hcbvpI. {XntImWfpsS aqmw aqeI tbmPnnpI. Nn{Xw hniIe\w sNpI. IpnIsf cv {KqpIfmn XncnpI. Hmtcm {Kqn\pw Hcp Iqw tImWpI \Ipp. {Kqv 1 : {Kqv 2 : 200, 400, 600, 700, 1350 450, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1100

Hmtcm {Kqntebpw IpnI Ahv e`n Hmtcm tImWpw iojnhcp {XntImW shnsbSppp. Hcp {XntImWw D]tbmKnv B tIm iojn hcp hn[nep [mcmfw {XntImW Htc hcbpsS apIfnepw Xmsgbpw hcbvpI. hcbpsS \ofw Fmhcpw 10 sk.ao. FsSpmw. hyXykvX tImWpI D]tbmKnv hc hr`mK shnsbSpv hcbvv Ccphihpw tNpshv t\mpI. GsXms tImWpI D]tbmKnv hc hr`mK tNmemWv Hcp ]qWhrw InpI Fv NsNpp.
8

hvjov 2
A

1.

Nn{Xn A = 35 BWv. s{]m{SmIvSdns klmbanmsX 350 D asmcp tImWpw 1450 D Hcp tImWpw Nn{Xn hcbvpI.
0

)
350

2.

Nn{Xn PAQ hn\v Xpeyamb tImWpI GsXmw? Xpeyam tImWpI GsXmw?

P Q E D

3.

AB hymkamb hrn GsXmw _np DsSpw?

600

900 1000

700

4.

(b) C, E Ch Htc hrn hchn[w hrw hcbvm Ignbptam? FpsImv? (c) AB Rm Bbn Hcp hrw DbneqsS hcm C, E Chbn GsXmw hrnse _np fmIpw?
9

(a) Nn{Xn AB hymkamb Hcp hrw hcm C, D, E Fo _npfn GsXmw B hrn hcpw? hrn\v AIp _np GXmbncnpw? ]pdp _np GXmbncnpw?

C D A
1100 900

700

5. 6.

ABC bn A = 600, B = 700 Bbm C bpsS Afhv Ip]nSnpI. AB hymkamb hrw hcm C bpsS m\w FhnsSbmbncnpw? NXp`pPw ABCD bn A = 1000, B = 700, C = 1100 Bbm D bpsS Afhv ImWpI. (a) (b) (c) (d) AB hymkamb hrs ASnm\amn C, D ChbpsS m\ \nWbnpI. BC hymkamb hrs ASnm\amn A, B ChbpsS m\ \nWbnpI. CD hymkamb hrs ASnm\amn A, D ChbpsS m\ \nWbnpI. BD hymkamb hrs ASnm\amn A, C ChbpsS m\ \nWbnpI.

Bibw 2
Hcp hrnse cp _np hrs cp Nm]fmbn `mKnpp. Cu _np CXn Hcp Nm]nse GsXnepw Hcp _nphpambn tbmPnnpInp tIm, adpNm]ns, tI{tImWns ]IpXnbmWv; Htc hrJnse tImWpI Xpeyw, adp Jfnse tImWpI A\p]qcIamWv.

{]h\w
Hcp hrw hcbv pI. hrn Hcp Rm hcbvpI. RmWns A{K_np Hmtcm Nm]ntebpw Hmtcm _nphmbn tbmPnnpI. Inp tImWpI aamtWm?
A

O B

OAP = 300, OBP = 100 Bbm Xmsg ]dbp tImWpI IspI.

ImcWw FgpXpI. OPA = _______ _______ OPB = _______ APB = _______ POA = _______ POB = _______ AOB = OAP = 150, OBP = 350 Bbmtem? OAP, OBP Chbvv ap Nne AfhpI sImSppt\mpI.
10

 P, AOB Ch Xn FmWv kw?

Fs\ sXfnbnmw?

O P A B

OPA = 200, OPB = 500 Bbm OAP =

_______ OBP = _______ _______ BOP = _______ AOP = _______ AOB = _______ APB = APB, AOB Ch Xn FmWv _w? OPA, COB Chbvv av AfhpI sImSppt\mpI. APB, AOB bpsS ]IpXnbmsWv sXfnbnmtam?
Q

A P

Nn{Xn OAP = 500, BOP = 700 Bbm _______ OPA = _______ OPB = _______ AOP = _______ BOP = _______ AOB = APB = _______ Nm]w AQB bpsS tI{tImWns Afsh{X? OAP = 600, OBP = 700 Bbmtem? APB bpw AQB bpsS tI{tImWpw Xn FmWv _w? sXfnbnpsXs\? Cu aqp Nn{Xfn\npw s]mXphmb Hcp \nKa\nsemtam?
11

hvjov
1. NphsSbp Nn{Xfn P bpsS Afhv ImWpI.

P P P

O 800 B A B

1800 A

600

P
20 0 ) 30 0
)

70 A

700 800 B A B C A B

C 700

)
C O 2x

P
)

P A B A

1000 B A

12

2.

NphsSbp Nn{Xfn P, Q Ch ImWpI.

P Q P O Q P O 600 Q

1200 A B

800

P2400 P B A B

)
Q
130
0

3.

NphsSbp Nn{Xfn x, y Ch ImWpI.

B

100

)
600

120

240 y

) )

)
P P P

A
0

P y B
0

240

y
240

B A

120

x
A
100 y

)
0

)
Q
13

)
P

4.

NphsS sImSpncnp Hmtcm Nn{Xn\npw Bhiys Hmtcm tImWntbpw Afhv IWmpI.

P 500
0 10
)

40 A Q AOB = ______ OAB = ______ OBA = ______ B A Q

40 A

1400 B Q A Q

AOB = ______ OAB = ______ OBA = ______

OAB = ______ AOB = ______ APB = ______

BAC = ______ ACB = ______ AOC = ______ ABC = ______

5.

NphsS sImSpnp Nn{Xsf ASnm\amn ]nI ]qcnnpI. Nn{Xw I Nn{Xw II Nn{Xw III Nn{Xw IV

APBbpsS Afhv

Nm]w APBbpsS tI{ tIm AQB APB + AQB

I. P
)

700

100

900 B B

A Q

Q IV . P 600
)

A B Q
14

II.

III.

O
)

{]tbmK
1. cp tImWpIfpw ]cnhr Bchpw {XntImWw \nbnpp.

{]h\w
Bcw 2.5 sk.ao. Bb Hcp hrn tImWpI 400, 600, 800 Bb {XntImWw hcbvpI. hifpsS \of AfsgpXpI. Bcw 3 sk.ao. Bb Hcp hrn cp tImWpI 1000, 400 Bb {XntImWw hcbvpI. hifpsS \of AfsgpXpI. {XntImWfpsS khkaX NsNpp. 2. Hcp tImWns ]IpXn Afhp tImWpw Ccn Afhp tImWpw \nanpXv.

hvjov
1. Nn{Xn ABC, PQR Chbn BC = QR, A = P, Q = 900, QR = 5 cm, PR = 12 cm Bbm ABCbpsS ]cnhrns hymkw ImWpI. A P

12

2. 3.

R 5 Q B C Hcp hrs Fs\ 5 Xpey`mKfmn apdnsSpmw? tI{w ASbmfsSpnbnnm Hcp hrns 1 `mKw shnsbSpp 6 sXs\? Nn{Xn A = 350 BWv. s{]m{SmIvSdns klmbanmsX 350 D Hcp tImWpw 700 D Hcp tImWpw \nanpI.
350 O
)

4.

5.

Nn{Xn O hrtI{hpw OAC = 400, OCB= 300 bpw BWv. OCA F{X? AOC F{X? ABC bpsS aqp tImWpIfptSbpw AfhpI ImWpI.
15

O
) 40
0

20

6.

7. 8.

1500 tIm hcv AXns ka`mPn hcmWv Ap 750 tIm hcXv. Fm ka`mPn hcbvmsX, s{]m{SmIvS D]tbmKnmsXbmWv Ap 750 tIm hcXv. Ap hcXpt]mse 750 tIm \nanpI. tImWpIfpsS ka`mPn hcbvmsX 450, 220, 110 tImWpI \nanpI. Hcp CcppIn aSn 300 tIm Dmpp. Cu InbpsS aSnb aqe Hcp hrns tI{n shbvpp. InInSbnep Nm]ns \ofw hrns Npfhns F{X `mKambncnpw? Cu aSnb aqe hrnse Hcp _nphn shm InInSbnep Nm]ns \ofw hrns Npfhns F{X `mKambncnpw? Nn{Xn ABC = 300, Nm]w ADC bpsS \ofw 18 sk.ao. (a) Nm]w APC bpsS tI{ tIm F{X? (b) Nm]w APC bpsS \ofw hrns Npfhns F{X `mKamWv? (c) hrns Npfhv ImWpI. (d) RPQ = 180 Bbm Nm]w QSR s \ofw F{X?
B Q S R A D P D Y C C 300 180 ) P
)

9.

10. Nn{Xn Nm]w A x B bpsS tI{tIm 110 BWv. Nm]w CYD bpsS tI{ tIm 300 BWv. (a) CAD F{X? (b) APC bpsS tImWpI IWmpI.

A B X

Bibw
Hcp NXp`pPns FXnaqeIfnse tImWpI A\p]qcIambm AXns \mep aqeIfneqsSbpw ISpt]mIp hrw hcbvmw.

{]h\w
Hcp hrw hcbvpI. hrn A, B, C, D Fo \mev _np ({Ian) ASbmfsSppI. AB, BC, CD, AD Ch hcbvpI. ABC, ADC Ch Xn FmWv _w? PAB, DCB Ch Xntem? \nKa\w FgpXpI. Hcp NXp`pPw hcbvpI. CXns \mep aqeIfneqsSbpw ISpt]mIp hrw hcbvmtam? Xnp Hcp _nphneqsS F{X hrw hcbvmw? cp _npfneqsS ISpt]mIp F{X hrw hcbvmw? aqp _npfneqsStbm?
16

Hcp NXp`pPns GXp aqp aqeIfneqsSbpw hrw hcbvmtam? Cs\ hcbv p hrs ASnm\amn \memas aqebpsS m\w FhnsSsbmsbmImw? Geo Board Rubber band D]tbmKnv Hcp hrhpw hrnse \mev _np tbmPnn NXp`pPhpw DmpI. Hcp aqebnse d_mUv henv ]pdtbvp \optm B tImWpw FXnaqebnse tImWpw Xnep XpIbv v Fpamw hcpp Fv \nconpI. CXpt]mse Hcp aqe hrn\Itbvv hcptmgpw XpIbnepmIp amw \nconpI. cp k`fnepw D Nn{Xw hcbvpI. D E E C D C

A (i)

A (ii)

Nn{Xw (i) B + AEC F{X? AEC, D Chbn GXmWv hepXv? ImcWsav? B + D sbpdnv Fp]dbmw? Nn{Xw (ii) B + E F{X? ADC, E Chbn GXmWv hepXv? ImcWsav? B + ADC F XpIsbpdnv Fp ]dbmw? Hcp NXp`pPns FXncaqeIfpsS XpI 1800 Bbm aqp iojfneqsS hcbvp hrs ASnm\amn \memas iojw FhnsSbmIpw? \nKa\w FgpXpI. Geogebra {]h\w

17

hvjov
I. D
800 700
0 100

C S
)

R
650
0 105

O
)

N
0

90

700

0 120

A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. 1. 2.

Xncnp NXp`pPfn GsXnepw N{Iob NXp`pPw BtWm? ImcWsagpXpI. P, Q, R Fo _npfneqsS hcbvp hrs ASnm\amn S s m\w FhnsSbmbncnpw? L, M, N Fo _npfneqsS hrw hcm O bpsS m\w FhnsSbmbncnpw? M, N, O Fo _npfnqSn hrwhcm L s m\w FhnsSbmbncnpw? LN hymkambn hrwhcm O, M ChbpS m\w FhnsSbmbncnpw?

NXp`pPw PQRS P = 750, Q = 1300. NXp`pPw N{InbamsWn R, S Ch IWmpI. NXp`pPw ABCD N{InbNXp`pPamWv. A = 3x + 5, B = 4x + 10, C = 4x Bbm xs hne ImWpI. NXp`pPns \mev tImWpIfptSbpw AfhpI ImWpI.

III. NphsS Xncnp NXp`pPfn GsXmw Ftmgpw N{InbamIpw? (i) NXpcw (ii) kaNXpcw (iii) kmamcnIw (iv) ka`pkmamcnIw (v) ew_Iw (vi) ka]mizew_Iw IV. Nn{Xn PCD = 1000, BDC = 200, CAD = 500, ABCDbpsS tImWpIfpsS AfhpI ImWpXn\v Hcp Ipn FgpXnb spI sImSpncnpp. Hmtcmn\pw ImcWw FgpXpI. A B
18

0 100

PCD = 1000
0

( .....................) ( .....................) ABD = 80 ( .....................) ADC = 500 ( .....................) CBD = 500 0 ( .....................) ABC = 130 ( .....................) BAC = 200 0 BAD = 70 ( .....................) ( .....................) BCD = 1100 NXp`pPns hnIWnSbnep tImWpI Ip]nSnpI.

V.

Nn{Xnse Fm tImWpIfpw IWmpI.

Q A B D C

Bibw
Hcp hrnse cv RmWpI ]ckv]cw Jnptm AhbpsS `mKfpsS \of Xnep _w. PA x PB = PC x PD \nnXamb \mep _np Hcp hrnemIWsan Ah Xn tbmPnnptmgpmIp tImWpI Xn FmWv _w? \of Xn Fsnepw _aptm? 5 sk.ao. Bcn Hcp hrw hcbvpI. Cu hrn 8 sk.ao. \ofap Hcp Rm AB hcbvpI. A bn \npw 6 sk.ao. AIsebmbn AB bn Hcp _np P ASbmfsSppI. P bneqsS hrns asmcp Rm CD hcbvpI. PC, PD Ch AfpI. PC x PD ImWpI. P bneqsS ap RmWpI hcpt\mpI. Cu _w icnbmIpptm? Geogebra {]h\w. vi) Nn{Xnse AB, CD Fo RmWpI P bn Jnpp. (a) Nn{Xnse Xpey AfhpIfp cp tPmSn tImWpI FgpXpI. (b) PAC, PDB Ch kZrifmtWm? FpsImv? (c) PA bvv Xpeyamb `ncq] FgpXpI. PD (a) PA x PB, PC x PD Fnh Xn FmWv _w?

19

vi)

Nn{Xnse AB, CD Fo RmWpI hrn\p ]pdv P bn Jnpp. PA x PB = PC x PD Fp sXfnbnpXn\p hnhn[ L FgpXnbncnpp. ImcW FgpXpI. (a) PBC = PDA (b) PAD = PCI (c) PA PC = PD PB

B A P C D

vii) Nn{Xs ASnm\amn ]nI ]qcnnpI. AM 4 6 5 4 16 MB 2 3 a10 2 MC 2 MD 6 10 11 12 19 AB 7 CD 9 11 18 16 A D M C B

20

hvjov
i. AB, CD Fo hcI P bn Jnpp. C = 250, B = 250 Bbm
)

(a) PAC, PDB Chbn GsXmw tImWpI XpeyamIpw? (b) PAC, PDB Ch {XntImWfmtWm? ___ (c) PA = AC = __ __ PB (d) PA x PB = ______ x _____ kZri

C
250

B
250
)

D A

ii.

Nn{Xnse cp {XntImWfntebpw Fm tImWpIfptSbpw Fm hifptSbpw Fm tImWpIfptSbpw Fm hifptSbpw AfhpI ImWpI.

C 12
0 160 )

) 200

9 D

A iii. Nn{Xfntemtcmnepw
C A 3 2 D

x ImWpI.
C C

x
O A 8

x
1 2 B D B A 9 O

x
P 3 1 B

iv.

O hrtI{hpw AB CD bpw Bbm CP F{X? PD F{X?

x
A2P D 7 B

21

viii. Nn{Xn AB hrns hymkhpw MC AB bpamWv. MC = ____ ]nI ]qWampI. AM 12 6 3 MB 1 8 7 AB MC = AM x MB

12 12 12

12 sk.ao. \ofap tcJ 3 Xcn hcbvpI.

\ofw 5 sk.ao., hoXn 4 sk.ao. Bb NXpcw hcbvpI. NXpcns AtX ]cfhp kaNXpcw hcbvpI. x. Hcp NXpcw hcv, AXns \ofhpw hoXnbpw AfmsX Xs AtX ]cfhp kaNXpcw hcbvpI. xi. Hcp ka`pP{XntImWw hcbvpI. Cu {XntImWns AtX ]cfhp kaNXpcw hcbvpI. xii. hi 5 sk.ao., 6 sk.ao., 7 sk.ao. Bb {XntImWw hcv AXns Xpey ]cfhp kaNXpcw hcbvpI. xiii. Hcp NXp`pPw hcbvpI. CXns Hcp hnInWw hcv cp {XntImWfmpI. NXp`pPns AtX ]cfhp kaNXpcw hcbvpI.

ix.

22

23

24

25

26

27

cmwIrXn kahmIy
1.

2.

x2 = c F cq]nep kahmIyfpsS ]cnlmcw. x2 = 25 x = 25 x = 5 x = 5 Asn x = 5 CXpt]mse, x2 = 7 x = 7 x = 7 Asn x = 7 (x + a)2 = c F cq]nep kahmIyfpsS ]cnlmcw. (x + 3)2 = 49 (x + 3) = 49 (x + 3) = 7 x = 3 7 AXmbXv x = 3 + 7 Asn x = 3 7 x = 4 Asn x = 10
hnIhv F Bibw
CXphsc sNbvX DZmlcWfn\npw kahmIyns CSXp`mKw ]qhambmep Ffpw IpnI a\nems. ]mT]pkvXInse 59 apX 65 hscbp t]PpIfnse {]h\ s]mXpsh Ah x2 + ax = c F cq]nemWv.

3.

x s KpWIw CckwJy Bbn hcph, x s KpWIw HkwJy Bbn

hcph. AXpt]mse,

x2 s KpWIw 1 AmsX atsXnepw kwJy BIph, x2 s KpWIw

\yq\kwJy Bbn hcph.

4.

kq{XhmIyns AhXcWw
ax2 + bx + c = 0 F cmwIrXn kahmIyns ]cnlmcw ImWpXpw, p( x ) = a x 2 + b x + c F cmwIrXn _lp]Zw, x s GsXmw hneImWv 0 BIpXv Fp IspXpw HpXsbmsWp a\nempp. DZmlcWambn, x2 5x + 6 = 0 F kahmIyns ]cnlmcw Asn, x = 3. _lp]Zns hne 0 Bbncnpw.

x =2

x2 = 2 Asn, x = 3 Bbm p(x) = x2 5x + 6 F cmwIrXn

5. hnthNIw
ax2 + bx + c = 0 F cmwIrXn kahmIyns ]cnlmcamb b b24ac FXn x= 2a b24ac F `mKw A[nkwJybmsWn kahmIyn\v 2 ]cnlmc Dv. b24ac F `mKw 0 Bbm kahmIyn\v Hcp ]cnlmcta Dq. b24ac sb kahmIyns hnthNIw Fv ]dbpp.
28

_oPKWnX hmNIfmn ampI. 1. Hcp kwJytbmSpIqSn 3 Iqnbm 10 Inpw. kwJy GXv? 2. Hcp kwJybpsS 3 aSv 18 Bbm kwJy GXv? 3. Hcp kwJybpsS hw 36 Bbm kwJy F{X? 4. Hcp kwJytbmSv 7 IqnbXns hw 81 Bbm kwJy GXv? 5. Hcp kwJybn\npw 3 IpdXns hw 49 Bbm kwJy GXv? 6. XpSbmb cv CckwJyIfpsS KpW\^ew 48 Bbm kwJyI Gh? 7. XpSbmb n HkwJyIfpsS XpI F{X? 8. Hcp t]\bpsS hnebpsS IqsS 10 cq] Iqnbm 25 cq]bmhpw. Fn t]\bpsS hne F{X? 9. Hcp t\mp_pns hnebpsS 6 aSv 90 cq]bmWv. Fn Hcp t\mp_pns hne F{X? 10. Hcp kaNXpcns ]cfhv 64 N.sk.ao. BWv. Hcp hiw F{X? 11. Hcp kaNXpcns hint\mSv 4 Iqnbtm ]cfhv 100 N.sk.ao. Bbn. BZykaNXpcns hiw F{X? 12. Hcp kaNXpcns hin\npw 3 Ipdtm ]cfhv 25 N.sk.ao. Bbn. ]pXnb kaNXpcns hiw F{X? 13. Hcp kaNXpcns Hcp tPmSn FXnhi 6 sk.ao. hoXw Iqnbtm ]cfhv 55 N.sk.ao. Bbn. 14. Hcp kaNXpcns Hcphiw 2 sk.ao. Dw at hiw 4 sk.ao.Dw hnnv NXpcamnbtm ]cfhv 63 N.sk.ao. e`np. Fn NXpcns \ofhpw hoXnbpw ImWpI. 15. Hcp kaNXpcns Hcp hiw 4 sk.ao.Dw sXmSp hiw 6 sk.ao.Dw Ipdtm e`n NXpcns ]cfhv 96 N.sk.ao. Bbn. kaNXpcns ]cfhv F{X? 16. Hcp kwJybpsS hnt\mSv B kwJybpsS cpaSv Iqnbtm 80 Inn. kwJy F{X? 17. Hcp kwJybpsS hn\npw kwJybpsS 6 aSv Idm 40 Inpw. kwJy GXv? 18. cmPphn\v hnt\mZnt\m 4 hbv IqSpXepv. AhcpsS hbpIfpsS KpW\^etmSv 4 Iqnbm 169 Inpsan HmtcmcpcpsSbpw hbv F{XbmWv? 19. s]mXp hyXymkw 2 Bb Hcp kamc t{iWnbnse BZysbpw cmasbpw ]ZfpsS KpW\^etmSv Hp Iqnbm 9 Inpw. Fn t{iWn FgpXpI. 20. Hcp kaNXpcns hi 5 sk.ao. Ipdtm ]cfhv 256 N.sk.ao. Bbn. BZys kaNXpcns hins \ofw F{X?

29

21. Hcp FkwJybpsSbpw AXns hyp{Iansbpw XpI 35 BIptam? 6 BIptam? 22. Hcp NXpcns \ofw hoXnbpsS 2 aSnt\mSv 3 IqnbXmWv. CXns ]cfhv 44 N.sk.ao. Bbm \ofw, hoXn Ch ImWpI. 23. cp kwJyIfpsS XpI 57 Dw KpW\^ew 782 Dw BWv. kwJyI GsXmw? 24. NXpcmIrXnbnep Hcp Ifnens Npfhv 44 aodpw ]cfhv 120 N.aodpamWv. Ifnens \ofhpw hoXnbpw IWmpI. 25. Nn{Xn PA = 15 sk.ao., PB = 9 sk.ao, CD = 6 sk.ao., PC bpsS \ofw F{X?

B P D

30

{XntImWanXn

31

32

33

34

L\cq] 1. Bib / [mcWI.

kvXw`fn\npw kvXq]nIIfntep amw (1 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
amXvkv em_nse amXrIIfpsS AhXcWw. Aym]nIbpsS sNdnb CSs]StemsS kvXw`tfbpw, kvXq]nIItfbpw thXncns. Htc ]mZap (km[npsan Htc Dbchpw) kv X w`tfbpw, kvXq]nIItfbpw XmcXaysSps. kvXw`v Htct]mep cp ]mZfpw, Nppw NXpcfpamWv. Fm, kvXq]nIIv NphsS Hcp ]mZw. apIfn ]mZn\p ]Icw Hcp ap\. Nppw {XntImWfpw. ]mZhv, ]mizhv, iojw Fnh ]cnNbsSppI. Dbcw FXv iojn\nv ]mZntep ew_ZqcamWv Fv t_m[ysSppI. (]mT]pkvXIw t]Pv 96, 97).

Assksa v
kvXq]nIIfn apJfpsS Fhpw, aqeIfpsS Fhpw, hpIfpsS Fhpw Xn Fsnepw _aptm Fp ]cntim[npI.

2. Bib / [mcWI. kaNXpckvXq]nI (1 ]ncoUv) {]h\

HmWmev apsImpmp cq]fpw, CuPn]vXnse ]ncanUpIfpw apw IpnI Hms. Nmpt] D]tbmKn ]mZhv 10 sk.aodpw, ]mizhv 13 sk.aodpw Bb Hcp kaNXpc kvXq]nI Fs\ Dmmw? 10 sk.ao hiap Hcp kaNXpchpw, hi 10 sk.ao., 13 sk.ao., 13 sk.ao. Bb 4 {XntImWfpw tN cq]amWv thsXv a\nems. Nmpt]dn hcv shnsbSps. ISemkn ]mZhv 4 sk.aodpw, ]mizhv 7 sk.aodpw Bb Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nI Dmm\mhiyamb cq]w hcpI.

Assksa v
Cun D]tbmKnv ]mZhv 12 sk.aodpw, ]mizhv 20 sk.aodpw Bb Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nI DmpI. Nmpt] D]tbmKnv ]mZ ka_lp`pPfmb kvXq]nII Dmn t\mpI.

35

3.

Bib / [mcWI
kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv (1 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
IgnZnhkw Dmnb kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv Fs\ IWmmw? apdnsSpv \nhnbm Inp ISemkns ]cfhv XsbmWtm? AXmbXv kaNXpcntbpw {XntImWfptSbpw ]cfhpIfpsS XpI. {XntImWfpsS ]cfhv sltdmWns kq{XhmIyap]tbmKnv ImWmw. {XntImWns DXn D]tbmKnpw ImWmw. Fm DXn Fs\ IWmpw? {XntImWns DXn, kaNXpckv X q]nIbpsS ]mZw, ]mizhv Fnhbpambn Fs\ _sncnpp Fp Im aXn. (ss]XtKmdnb _w). {XntImWns DXn, kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS NcnhpbcamWv.

Assksa v
]mZhv 15 sk.aodpw, Ncnhpbcw 20 sk.aodpw Bb kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv IWmpI. ]mZhv 16 sk.aodpw, ]mizhv 17 sk.aodpw Bb kaNXpc kvXq]nImIrXnbnep acwsImp Ifnmw apgph hSempsImv s]mXnp `wKnbmWw. Ccw 100 Ifnmapmm F{X ISemp thnhcpw?

4.

Bib / [mcWI
kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS Dbcw (1 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
kaNXpckvXq]nImIrXnbn Hcp IqSmcw DmWw. ]mZns hi 16 ao hoXw D IqSmcn\v 6 ao Dbcw thWw. CXn\v F{X NXpc{iao Iymhmkv thnhcpw? IqSmcns hifmb {XntImWfpsS ]cfhv Im aXn Fp IpnIv t_m[yamIWw. Xncnp hnhcshv Ncnhpbcw ImtWnbncnpp. AsXs\? Dbchpw, ]mZns ]IpXnbpw, Ncnhpbchpw tN a{XntImWw {ibnsSppI. XpSv Ncnhpbcw Iv IqSmcns ]cfhv ImWpI.

Assksa v
]mZns hi 20 sk.ao hoXhpw Dbcw 24 sk.aodpw Bb kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv IWmpI.
36

Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS ]mZw 18 sk.aodpw, Ncnhpbcw 15 sk.aodpw Bbm Dbcw F{X?

5.

Bib / [mcWI
kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS hym]vXw (1 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
GXv kv X w`ntbpw hym]v X w, ]mZ]cfhntbpw Dbcntbpw KpW\^eamWv . AtX ]mZhpw Dbchpap kv X q]nIbpsS hym]v X w kvXw`ns hym]vXns aqnsemv Bbncnpw. (kaNXpckv X ]nIbpsStbm hrkv X q]nIbptStbm Xpd cq] D]tbmKnv, aW \ndtm atm t_m[ysSppIbmbncnpw DNnXw).

Assksa v
]mZhv 14 sk.aodpw, Ncnhpbcw 25 sk.aodpw Bb kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS hym]vXw IWmpI. Hcp kaNXpckvXw`ns hym]vXw 380 L\ sk.aodmWv. AtX ]mZhpw F\\m ]IpXn Dbchpap kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS hym]vXw F{Xbmbncnpw?

6.

Bib / [mcWI
hr kvXq]nI (2 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
]mZw hramb kv X q]nIbmWv hrkv X q]nI. hrmwiw hfmWv hrkvXq]nI DmtXv. (Xobmbpw SodpsS ssIbn Ipnbmb ISemn\nv shnsbSp cp aqv hrmwifpsS amXrII DmbncnWw 1800, 900, 1200, 600 - IgnbpXpw Htc Bcaph). hrmwins Bcw hrkvXq]nIbpsS Ncnhpbcambncnpw Fv BZyw a\nems. hrmwins Nm]\ofw kvXq]nIbpsS ]mZNpfhpw. hrmwins Nm]\ofw Bctbpw, tI{tImWns Afhnt\bpw B{ibnncnpp Fv HmnnpI. amXrII ]cntim[nv Ah 1800 BsWn samw hrns Npfhns 1 `mKamsWpw, 900 BsWn 1 `mKamsWpw, 1200 BsWn 1 `mK 2 4 3 amsWpw, 600 BsWn 1 `mKamsWpw IpnIv t_m[yamIWw. 6 Atm hrkvXq]pIbpsS ]mZNpfhpI hrmwiw shnsbSp henb hrns 1 `mKw, 1 `mKw, 1 `mKw Fns\ BIpatm. 2 3 6
37

Bc NpfhpIv B\p]mXnIambXn\m sNdnb hrns (hrkvXq]nIbpsS ]mZw) Bcw, henb hrns (hrmwiw) Bcns 1 `mKw, 1 `mKw, 1 `mKw, 1 `mKw Fns\s BIpatm. 2 4 3 6

Assksa v
Bcw 16 sk.aodpw, tI{tIm 450 Dw Bb hrmwiw hfpmnb Bchpw Ncnhpbchpw F{XbmWv? Bcw 12 sk.aodpw, tI{tIm 2400 Dw Bb hrmwiw hfpmnb hrkvXq]nIbpsS Bchpw Ncnhpbchpw F{XbmWv? Nmpt]dn hyXykvX Bcfn, hyXykvX tI{tImWpItfmSpIqSnb hrmwi hcpI. Ah hfpmmhp hrkvXq]nIIfpsS Bchpw Ncnhpbcpw DsSp ]nI XmdmpI.

7.

Bib / [mcWI
hr kvXq]nIbpsS h{IXe]cfhv, D]cnXe]cfhv (1 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
hrmwins ]cfhmWv hrkvXq]nIbpsS h{IXe]cfhv. ]mZns Bcw 15 sk.aoLcpw, Ncnhpbcw 20 sk.aodpw Bb hrkvXq]nIbpsS h{IXe]cfhv IWmWw. sNdnbhrns Bchw henbhrns Bchpw Xnep Awi_w 15:20 = 3:4 BWtm. AXn\m sNdnbhrns Npfhv henbhrns Npfhns 3 `mKamWv. AXmbXv hrmwiw henbhrns 3 `mKamWv. 4 4 2 3 = 300 N.sk.ao BWv. BbXn\m ]cfhv 20 4 kaNXpckvXq]nIbptSXpt]mse hrkvXq]nIbptSbpw iojn\nv ]mZntep ew_ZqcamWv Dbcw. AXn\m ChnsS Dbcw, ]mZ Bcw, Ncnhpbcw Fnh Hcp a{XntImWs \nbnpp. ]mZns Bcw 6 sk.aodpw, Dbcw 8 sk.aodpw Bb hrkvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv IWmpI. hrkvXq]nIbpsS Ncnhpbcw F{XbmWv? 10 sk.ao Fp IWmmatm. 6 3 sNdnb hrns Bcw henb hrns Bcns 10 AYhm 5 `mKamWtm. As\sbn ap]p sNbvXXpt]mse hrkvXq]nIbpsS (hrmwins) h{IXe]cfhv, henbhrns ]cfhns 3 `mKam 5 Wv. AXmbXv 102 3 = 60 N.sk.ao. XpSv ]mZ]cfhv IqSn Iqn 5 D]cnXe]cfhv IWmmatm.

38

Assksa v
hrkv X q]nIbpsS BIrXnbnep Hcp ]qpnbpsS ]mZhymkw 30 sk.aodpw, Ncnhpbcw 45 sk.aodpw BWv. Ccw 1000 ]qpnIfpsS ]pdw `mKw apgph hSemv HnWw. 1000 N.sk.ao hSemn\v 5 cq] \ncn F{X cq] sNehmIpw? 12 sk.ao Bcap AhrmIrXnbnep Hcp hrmwiw hfpmp hrkvXq]nIbpsS h{IXe]cfhpw ]mZ ]cfhpw Xnep _w FmWv? ]mZns Bcw r Dw l Dw Bb hrkv X q]nIbpsS h{IXe]cfhv IWmpI.

8.

Bib / [mcWI
hr kvXq]nIbpsS hym]vXw (1 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
kaNXpckvXq]nIbptSXpt]mse hrkvXq]nIbptSbpw hym]vXw, AtX ]mZhpw Dbchpap kvXw`ns hym]vXns 1 `mKamWv.AXmbXv hr 3 kvXq]nIbpsS hym]vXw ]mZ]cfhntbpw Dbcntbpw KpW\^ens aqnsemmWv. 20 sk.ao Bchpw 2160 tI{tImWpap Hcp hrmwiw hfv Hcp hrkvXq]nI Bnbm AXns hym]vXw ImWWsancns. hrkvXq]nIbpsS ]mZns Bchpw hrmwins Bchpw Xnep _w Fv? kvXq]nIbpsS DXn Fv? hym]vXw F{X? (Cs\bp {]h\fn BcfpsS Awi_w hrmwins tI{tImWpambn _sncnpp Fp hopw Hmnntnhcpw.
r = x0 l 360

Fns\ A`ymknnmepw XctSn).

Assksa v
hrkvXq]nImIrXnbn Iqnbnncnp Hcp s\q\bpsS ]mZNpfhv 8 ao BWv. Ncnhpbcw 5 ao Dsn AXn F{X s\pmIpw? 20 skoao hymkhpw 30 sk.ao Dbchpa Inbmb Hcp hrkvXq]nI Dcpn AXns ]IpXn hymkhpw ]IpXn Dbchpap F{X kvXq]nII Dmmw?

9. Bib / [mcWI tKmfw, AtKmfw (1 ]ncoUv) {]h\

tKmfs IrXyw ]IpXnbmn apdnm DmIp hrns tI{hpw, Bchpw, hymkhpsamsbmWv tKmfns tI{hpw, Bchpw, hymkhpw.
39

tKmfns D]cnXe]cfhv Bcns hs 4 sImv KpWnXmWv. AXmbXv, Bcw r Bbm 4r2 BWv. CXpt]mse hym]vXw 4 r3 BsWv sXfnbnsnpv. 3 AtKmfns Imcyn hym]vXw tKmfns hym]vXns ]IpXnbmb 2 r2 BsWnepw D]cnXe]cfhv (Inbmb tKmfamsWn) tKmfns 3 D]cnXe]cfhns ]IpXnbpw Hcp hrhpw tNXmsWv HmsSpWw. AXmbXv 2r2 + r2 = 3r2 (sNdp\mc apdnm Inp cq]w Hms).

Assksa v
3 sk.ao Bcap Hcp tKmfns D]cnXe]cfhpw, 6 sk.ao Bcap Hcp tKmfns D]cnXe]cfhpw XmcXaysSppI. AhbpsS hym]vXfpw XmcXaysSppI. Inbmb Hcp tKmfw IrXyw ]IpXnbmn apdnm Inp AtKmfns D]cnXe]cfhv 300 N.sk.ao Bbm tKmfns D]cnXe]cfhv F{X?

10.

Bib / [mcWI
ap {]mtbmKnI {]iv\ (1 ]ncoUv)

{]h\
ctm AXn IqSpXtem L\cq] tNpmIp cq]. hrkvXw`hpw AtKmfhpw tN hm Smv XpSnbh. hrkvXw`hpw 2 AtKmffpw tN Uok Smv apXembh. IqSmsX hrkvXw`mIrXnbnep In Dcpn sNdptKmffm, Inbmb Iyq_n\npw sNnsbSpmhp Ghpw henb tKmfw XpSnbh ]cnKWnWw.

40

1.

NphsS sImSpncnp cq]fpsS ]cfhv IWmpI.

8 15 5 10 10 10 12 6 6 6

2.

NphsS sImSpncnp cq]fpsS hym]vXw ImWpI.

5 20

10 10 10

3.

Nn{Xse Hmtcm Achpw kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS GtXXp `mKsf kqNnnpp Fp IspI.

m l

4.

NphsS Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nI s]mfnp \nhnshncnpp.

26 20

Cu kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS ]mZ]cfhv F{Xbmbncnpw? kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS Ncnhpbcw IWmpI. Hcp {XntImWns ]cfhv F{XbmIpw? 4 {XntImWfptStbm? kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv Ip]nSnpI.
41

5.

CXpt]mse NphsS sImSpncnp kaNXpckvXq]nIIfpsS D]cnXe]cfhv IWmpI.

35 35

20

25

30

42

6.

NphsS kaNXpckvXq]nIIfpsS Hcp hiw Xncnpp. Hmtcm kvXq]nIbptSbpw D]cnXe]cfhv IWmpI.

7.

NphsS sImSpncnp Hmtcm kaNXpckvXq]nIbptSbpw Dbcw ImWpI. XpSv Hmtcmntbpw hym]vXw Ip]nSnpI.

25 15

25 17 15

17

20

20

20

14

20

27 17 16 20

30 36

42

8.

kaNXpckvXq]nImIrXnbn D Hcp IqSmcn\v 96 ao ]mZNpfhv Dv. IqSmcns Dbcw 5 ao BWv. IqSmcw \nnphm F{X NXpc{iao Imhmkv thnhcpw? 300 N.skao ]mZ]cfhv D Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS Dbcw 15 sk.ao Bbm hym]vXw F{Xbmbncnpw?

9.

10. Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS ]mZNpfhv 88 sk.aodpw, Ncnhpbcw 61 sk.ao Bbm Dbcw F{X? 11. ]mZw 8 sk.ao, Dbcw 5 sk.ao Bb 4 ka]miz{XntImWfpw, AXn\p tbmPn Hcp kaNXpchpw tNv Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nI Dmpp. Fn, Cu kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS ]mZ]cfhv F{Xbmbncnpw? kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS Ncnhpbcw Fv? kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv Ip]nSnpI. kvXq]nIbpsS Dbcw F{X? hym]vXw IWmpI. 12. Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS ]mizapJ ka`pP{XntImWfmWv. BsI hpIfpsS \ofw 48 sk.ao Bbm Cu kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS ]mizhnttbm? ]mZhns \ofw F{X?

kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv IWmpI. kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS Ncnhpbcw F{X? kvXq]nIbpsS Dbchpw, hym]vXhpw Ip]nSnpI. 13. Hcp kv IqSmcw kaNXpckvXq]nImIrXnbnemWv. AXns XdbpsS ]cfhv 1600 N.ao BWv. IqSmcns Dbcw 37.5 ao Dsn IqSmcw \nnphm F{X NXpc{iao Imhmkv thnhcpw? 14. cp kaNXpckvXq]nIIfpsS hym]vX XpyamWv. HmatXns ]mZhns ]IpXnbmWv cmatXns ]mZhv. As\sbn DbcfpsS Awi_w Fmbncnpw? 15. 30 sk.ao hiap Iyq_v BIrXnbmb acbn\nv AtX ]mZap Ghpw henb Hcp kaNXpckvXq]nI sNnsbSppp. Cu kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS Dbcw F{X? hym]vXw F{X? kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS Ncnhpbcw F{X? kaNXpckvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhv IWmpI.

43

16. Xncnp hrmwi Hmtcmpw t\mn a\nemn, Ah hfpmnb hrkvXq]nIIv A\ptbmPyamb AfhpI ap tImffn\npw IspI.

hrmwiw (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l)

Ncnhpbcw 18 cm 20 cm 24 cm 36 cm 40 cm 48 cm

]mZBcw 2 cm 2.5 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm 6 cm 8 cm 9 cm 12 cm 18 cm 20 cm 24 cm

h{IXe]cfhv 50cm 100cm 432cm 192cm 216cm 54cm 240cm 288cm 96cm 144cm 108cm 162cm

44

17. ]mZns Bcw 12 sk.aodpw Dbcw 9 sk.aodpw Bb hrkvXq]nIbpsS D]cnXe]cfhpw hym]vXhpw ImWpI. 18. 12 sk.ao. Bcap Hcp hrs \mep Xpey`mKfmn apdnp. Ah D]tbmKnv hrkvXq]nII Dmpp Fn, F{X hrkvXq]nII Dmmw? AhbpsS Ncnhpbcw F{Xbmbncnpw? AhbpsS Bcw Fmbncnpw? Hcp hrkvXq]nIbpsS h{IXe]cfhv F{Xbmbncnpw? 19. 25 sk.ao. Bcap Hcp hrmwins tI{tIm 2160 BsWn, AXv hfpmp hrkvXq]nIbpsS hym]vXw F{X? 20. 15 sk.ao Bchpw 24 sk.ao Dbchpap Inbmb Hcp hrkvXw`w Dcpn 18 sk.ao Dbcap Inbmb Hcp hrkvXq]nI Dmnbm kvXq]nIbpsS Bcw Fmbncnpw? 21. Hcp hrkv X w`ns apI`mKv hymkap Hcp hrkv X q]nI tNpsh BIrXnbmWv Hcp IqSmcns Ghpw IqSnb Dbcw 15 aodpw hrkvXq]nIm `mKns Ncnhpbcw 15 aodpw BWv. s]mXp hymkw 24 ao BsWn, hrkvXq]nIm`mKns Dbcw F{Xbmbncnpw? hrkvXw`mIrXnbnep `mKns Dbcw F{Xbmbncnpw? IqSmcw adbvpXn\v N.aodn\v 100 cq] \ncn Fp sNehmIpw? 22. 4 sk.ao. Bcap Inbmb Hcp tKmfw Dcpn 1 sk.ao. Bcap Inbmb tKmf Dmpp. Fn, Dcpnb tKmfns hym]vXhpw, Dmp sNdnb tKmffpsS BsI hym]vXhpw Xnep _w Fv? sNdnb tKmffpsS BsI Fw F{Xbmbncnpw? 1 sk.ao Bcap F{X AtKmf Dmmw? 23. Nn{Xnsetmsebp Hcp Ifnmns BsI \ofw 10 sk.ao BWv. s]mXphymkw 6 sk.ao Bbm,

45

hrkvXq]nIbpsS Dbcw Fv? hym]vXw F{X? AtKmfns hym]vXw F{X? BsI hym]vXw IWmpI. Ifnmns BsI D]cnXe]cfhv F{Xbmbncnpw? 24. Hcp s]t{Sm Smv \nnncnpXv hrkvXw`ns c{Kfnepw AtX Bcap AtKmf LSnn BIrXnbnemWv. hrkvXw`ns Bcw 18 sk.aodpw Smns BsI \ofw 80 sk.aodpw BWv. B Smn F{X en s]t{Sm sImpw? 25. hi 8 sk.ao, 6 sk.ao, 4 sk.ao, Bb ASp Hcp NXpcsnbn 1 sk.ao Bcap F{X tKmf ASpmw?

46

km[yXIfpsS KWnXw
Nne efnXamb {]iv\fneqsS km[yX FXns\ kwJybmpXns bpnbmWv BZyw AhXcnnpXv. BsIbp km[yXIfn A\pIqeamb km[yXIfmWv ChnsS ]dtbXv.

HmtcmsSpm
Hcp sNn 3 Idp appIfpw 7 shfp appIfpw Dv. CXn Idp appI Inm\p km[yX F{XbmWv? shfp appI Inm\p km[yX F{XbmWv? (ChnsS Hscn\nv Hcp apv am{XamWv FSppXv). Hcp s]nbn 4 shfp ]pIfpw 6 Idp ]pIfpw Dv. asmn 3 shfp ]pIfpw 5 Idp ]pIfpw. Idp ]mWv thsXn GXv s]nbn\nsSppXmWv \Xv? (ChnsS Hmtcmnepw km[yX Isn GXmWv sasamWv ImtWXv) kwJyIp]Icw Nn{Xcq]n hcptm.

]cfhpambn _sSpn km[yX

NphsS ImWnncnp cp NXpcfn GsXnepw Hn ISv Hcp IpnSpI. Idpn `mKmWv Ipsn Pbnp.

GXp NXpcn Pbnm\p km[yXbmWv IqSpX?

Cu NXpcw shnsbSpv ISv s]knepsImv sjbvUpsNbvX `mKv Hcp IpnSpp. CSp Ipv sjbvUn\ImIm\p km[yX Fv?
47

Cu Nn{Xn ISv Hcp Ipnm AXv hrn\Iv BIm\p km[yX Fv? (Ccw Nn{Xfn BsI ]cfhpw sjbv U v s Nbv X ]cfhpw Xnep _w kmwJnIambn ]dbpIbmWv thXv)

cssaSpm
cp {]hrnI shtsd sNm At\Iw amKfpsn Ah Hcpan Asn Hnt\ XpSv asmv sNm\p amfpsS Fw Ah shtsd sNmhp amfpsS FfpsS KpW\^eamWv FXmWv Cu XXzw Hcp s]nbn 1 apX 5 hscbp kwJyI cmas s]nbn 1 apX 10 hscbp kwJyI. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Hmas s]nbn\nv Hcp kwJybpw cmas s]nbn\np AtX kwJytbm asmcp kwJytbm FSpm\p km[yXI F{XbmWv? cpw HkwJybmIm\p km[yX F{X? cpw CckwJybmIm\p km[yX F{X? Hcp kwJy Hbpw atXv Ccbpw BIm\p km[yX F{X? Hcp kwJy atXns hw BIm\p km[yX F{X? (BsI km[yXbn\npw Hmtcm C\nepw hcm\p km[yX Fn IsWw) km[yXsb `nkwJybpsS Ghpw eLpcq]nsegpXmw). cp \mWb apIfntesdnbpp. Xmsg hogpXv cnepw Xe, cnepw hm, Hn Xe Hn hm Fns\ aqpXcnemhmw. AXn Hmtcmnsbpw km[yX F{X? Xe h hm t [BsI km[yXI (h, h), (t, t), (h, t), (t, h)] cp ]InSI Hnv Dcpnbm ^e cp ]ISbn\npw Inp kwJyIfpsS tPmSnIfmbn FgpXnbm (a) (b) (c) BsI km[yX F{X? kwJyIfpsS XpI 5 hcm\p km[yX F{X? Hcp kwJy atXns hw BIm\p km[yX F{X?

(\mWbtadn Xebpw, hmepw hogm\p Htc km[yX F [mcWbnemWv IWmpXv. AXpt]mse ]InS Gdnepw As\ XsbmWv). Hcp s]nbn Iptd Idp appIfpw Iptd shfp appIfpw Dv. BsI 24 appI Dv. s]nbn\nv Hcp apsSpm AXv Idp apv BIm\p km[yX 1/3 BsWn (a) Idp appIfpsS Fsa{X?
48

(b)

s]nbn\nv Hcp Idp apsSpv amnbtijw s]nbn\nv Hcp apsSpm AXv Idp apmIm\p km[yX F{X?

Hcp s]nbn Iptd ]gp HmdpIfpw Iptd ]gpm HmdpIfpw Dv. asmcp s]nbnepw Iptd ]gpXpw ]gpmXpamb HmdpI Dv. Hmtcm s]nbn\npw HmtcmphoXw FSpm cpw ]gpXv BIm\p km[yX 3/8 BsWn (a) (b) Hscsanepw ]gpmXmIm\p km[yX F{X? FpsImv? cp s]nIfnepambn BsI 200 HmdpIfpsS Fsa{X? HmdpIfpsn ]gp

50 hscbp ckwJyIfn (a) (b) ]ns m\s Aw Hns m\s Asm hepXmbn hcm\p km[yX F{XbmWv? m\s Aw Hns m\s Atm sNdpXmbn hcm\p km[yX F{X? E C

A (a) (b) (c) (d)

F 9 cm

Nn{Xn ABCD Hcp kaNXpcamWv. NXpcw AFEDbpsS ]cfhv kaNXpcw ABCDbpsS 1 `mKamWv 3

kaNXpcw ABCD shnsbSpv AXn ISv Hcp Ipnm AXv NXpc FBCE BIm\p km[yX F{X? NXpcw AFED bpsS ]cfhv F{X? AFs \ofw Fv? NXpcw FBCF bpsS ]cfhv F{X?

49

nXnhnhcIWv
hn`mKfpw BhrnIfpambn Npcpn FgpXnb Hcp ]nIbn\nv am[yw Ip]nSnp {]iv\amWv. BZyambn AhXcnntXv Hcp kvIqfnse 10-mw mn ]Tnp 40 IpnIfpsS XqamWv NphsS sImSpncnpXv. Xqw (In.{Kmw) 30 - 35 35 - 40 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 IpnIfpsS Fw 3 8 12 9 6 2

(Xqns hn`mKam[yw Iv IpnIfpsS FwsImv KpWnv, BsI XpIIv thWw BsI IpnIfpsS FwsImv lcnm). Hcp {]tZis tPmenmcpsS Znhk hcpam\amWv ]nIbmbn sImSpncnpXv. ZnhkIqen (cq]) BfpIfpsS Fw 100 - 150 4 150 - 200 3 200 - 250 5 250 - 300 7 300 - 350 9 350 - 400 8 400 - 450 9 450 - 500 5 ZnhkIqenbpsS a[yaw ImWpI. ZnhkIqen (cq]) 150 t\m Ipdhv 200 t\m Ipdhv 250 t\m Ipdhv 300 t\m Ipdhv 350 t\m Ipdhv 400 t\m Ipdhv 450 t\m Ipdhv 500 t\m Ipdhv
50

BfpIfpsS Fw 4 7 12 19 28 36 45 50

x
y

150 4

200 7

250 12

300 19

350 28

400 36

450 45

500 50

ChnsS am[yasaXv

x 300
350 300

y = 50 = 25 BIm FSpt 2 25 19 28 19 6 9 = 2 3

x s hnebmWv

x 300
50 3x = 1000

3x 900 = 100

x=

1000 = 333.33 3 ===== ======

ZnhkIqenbpsS am[yaw = 333 cq] Hcp kvIqfnse 10-mw mnse IpnIv IWn Innb ampIfmWv NphsS sImSpncnpXv. amv 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100 ampIfpsS a[yaw ImWpI.. IpnIfpsS Fw 6 5 4 8 9 12 10 4 2

51

kqNIkwJyI hvjov 1
10 sk.ao. hiap Hcp kaNXpcn 100 kaNXpc InI \nnpI. CXn\Iv \nv CjvSap hepn Hcp kaNXpcw sjbnUvsNbvXv AXns 4 aqeIfpw kwJymtPmSnsmv kqNnnpI. (a) (b) kaNXpcn\p]Icw AtX ]cfhp Hcp NXpcw hcv AXns \mep iojfpw kwJymtPmSnsImv kqNnnpI. kaNXpcn\p]Icw \nv CjvSap GsXnepw Hcp _lp`pPhpw (kamcoIw, ka]`pPw, ka`pP{XntImWw....) hcv AXns ioj kqNnnpI.

hvjov 2
Fo Ac hcv Xmsg \mep skv kwJymtPmSnI 4 Nn{Xfnembn hcv ASbmfsSppI. Set - 1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (2, 5) (2, 7) (2, 3) (3, 2) (3, 4) (3, 1) (3, 0) Set - 2 (0, 0) (2, 1) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 6) (3, 5) (3, 6) (2, 3) (4, 3) (1, 3) Set - 3 (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 5) (0, 6) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (0, x) (0, 9) (0, 2) Set - 3 (1, 0) (2, 0) (0, 5) (6, 0) (1, 0) (0, 1) (0, 3) (3, 0) (2, 0) (2, 0)

x, y

hvjov 3
Ac hcv A(2, 0), B(6, 0), C(6, 3), D(2, 3) Ch tbmPnnm Inp Nn{Xw ABCD. (a) (b) (c) (d) Hcp NXpcamWv Fv kanpI. Cu NXpcns \ofhpw hoXnbpw F{X bqWnv hoXamWv? Cu NXpcns ]cfhpw, Npfhpw ImWpI. ACbpsS \ofw F{X?

x, y

52

hvjov 4

S (e, 6)

R (d, c)

P (8, a)

Q (15, b)

Nn{Xn PQRS Hcp kaNXpcamWv. (a) (b) (c) (d) P bpsS kqNIamb (8, a) bn a bpsS hne Fmbncnpw? Q hns kqNIamb (15, b) bn b bpsS hne FmWv? R s kqNIkwJy F{X? S s kqNIkwJy FgpXpI.

hvjov 5
5 cm Bcap Hcp hrw (1, 0) F _nptI{ambn hcm Cu hrw xAcs Iqnapp _npfpsS kqNIkwJyI Fv? hrw yAs Iqnapp _npfpsS kqNIkwJyI GXv?

hvjov 6
Xmsg Xnp _npsf XcwXncnv xAnse _np, yAnse _np Amh Fv ImWnpI.

(8, 0), (7, 2), (0, 4), (9, 2), (9, 4),

(0, 8) (7, 3) (0, 9) (9, 0) (0, 9)

xAnse
_np

yAnse
_np

ap _np

53

hvjov 7
Xmsg Xnp _npsf Xnco\tcJbnse _np, ew_tcJbnse _np, NcntcJbnse _np Fns\ XcwXncnpI. (7, 23) (3, 1) (23, 7) (8, 1) (6, 7) (4, 2) (7, 6) (0, 7) (2, 7) (0, 6) (1, 3) (6, 0) Xnco\tcJbnse _np ew_tcJbnse _np NcntcJbnse _p

hvjov 8
ka`pP{XntImWw ABCbn A (4, 0), B (6, 0), Cbn\npw ABbntev hcncnp ew_amWv CP. A hcv ABCbpsS GItZi Nn{Xw hcbvpI. PbpsS kqNIkwJy Fv? CPbpsS \ofw Fv? CbpsS kqNIkwJyI FgpXpI.

hvjov 9 y

P(0, 4)

x1

(8, 0)

y1
Nn{Xn AB hymkamb Ahrw P F _nphnIqSn ISpt]mIpp. OPbpsS \ofw Fv? BbpsS kwJymtPmSnI Gh?

hvjov 10

x An\p kamcamb hcbnse Hcp _nphmWv (1, 3), y An\p

kamcambhcbnse Hcp _nphmWv (6, 3). Cu hkvXpXIsf ASnm\amn Hcp GItZiNn{Xw hcbpI. Cu cphcIfpw Iqnapp _nphns kqNIkwJy GXv? (4, 3), (6, 3) Fo _npfn Fv _nphmWv, hcI Iqnapnb _nphn\npw ASppXv.
54

kqNIkwJyIfpw _oPKWnXhpw
Part - 2
Activity - 1 Hmtcmnepw AB bpsS \ofw Nn{Xw hcmsX IWmpI. (a) A (4, 7), B (9, 7) (b) A (0, 8), B (0, 10) (c) A (9, 0), B (24, 0) (d) A (12, 0), B (16, 0) (e) A (18, 12), B (18, 1) (f) A (2, 9), B (2, 9) Activity - 2 Abpw Bbpw Xnep AIew ImWpI. (a) A (4, 7), B (6, 3) (b) A (10, 12), B (3, 8) (c) A (0, 0) (3, 4) (d) A (1, 7) (5, 8) Activity - 3 A (2, 4), B (2, 6), C (5, 4), D (5, 9), E (8, 4), F (8, 12) AB, CD, EF Ch ImWpI. Activity - 4 Cu {XntImWns Npfhv ImWpI. (8, 12)

(4, 7)

(5, 9)

Activity - 5 (4, 0) (3, 2) Fo _npfnIqSn ISpt]mIp hrns GItZi Nn{Xw hcbvpI. hrtI{ns kqNIkwJyI FgpXpI. Activity - 6 (3, 2) (5, 6) Fo _npsf tbmPnnp\v hcbpsS Ncnhv F{X? (8, 12) F _np Cu hcnbnse _nphmtWm?

55

Activity - 7 Ncnhv 2 Bb Hcphc (4, 5) Fo _nphneqsS ISpt]mIpp. 3 Cu hc (8, 9) F _nphneqsS ISpt]mIptam? Cu hc xAchpambn Iqnapp _nphns kwJymtPmSn FgpXpI. Activity - 8 (2, 5) (3, 5) Fo _npfneqsS ISpt]mIp hcbpsS Ncnhv F{X? Cu hcbvv kamcambXpw, (4, 1) F _nphneqsS ISpt]mIpXpamb Hcphcbnse asmcp _nphns kqNI FgpXpI. Activity - 9 A(2, 6) F _nphnIqSn ISpt]mIpXpw Ncnhv 2
B (6, 2) F _nphnIqSn ISpt]mIpXpw Ncnhv 1 Dw Bb hcbpw Iqnapp

1 Dw Bb hcbpw, 2

_np GXv? Activity - 10

x + y 2 = 0 F hcbnse GsXnepw cp _np FgpXpI. Cu hcbpsS

Ncnhv F{X? Activity - 11

x = 2, x = 3, x + y Cu aqv kahmIyfpw aqp {]tXyI tcJIsf kqNnnp

Cu hcIfpsS t]cv FgpXpI. Activity - 12

y = x + 5 Fo tcJbvv ew_amb Hcp tcJbpsS kahmIyw GXv?

Hmncnt Nne Imcy

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. kqNIkwJyIfn BZys kwJy

x hnebmWv.

x An y hneI ]qPyamWv. y An x hneI ]qPyamWv. x Ans kahmIyw y = 0. y Ans kahmIyw x = 0.

y An\v kamcamb hcIsf Xnco\ hcI Fv hnfnpp. y An\v kamcamb hcIsf ew_hcI Fv hnfnpp. Xnco\hcIfpsS kahmIyw y = k BWv.
ew_hcIfpsS kahmIyw

x = k BWv.
56

10. cp _np Xnco\tcJbn BsWn kqNIkwJybnse y hneI Xpeyambncnpw. 11. cp _np ew_hcbnemsWn kqNIkwJybnse Hmw AwKw (xhne) XpeyamWv. 12. Ncnhn\v Hcp tImWmbpw Awi_ambpw kqNnnmw. 13. Xnco\hcIfnse cp kqNIkwJyI Xnep AIew AXnse hneIfpsS hyXymkamWv.

14. ew_tcJbnse cp kqNIkwJyI Xnep AIew AXnse y hneIfpsS hyXymkamWv. 15. Ncnhcbnse cp _np Xnep AIew
2 2 (x2 x1) + (y2 y1) F Bibw. y2 y1

16. Ncnhv ImWm

x2 x1

17. cp kamctcJIfpsS Ncnhv Xpeyw. 18. cp hcI ]ckv]cw ew_amsWn AhbpsS NcnhpIfpsS KpW\^ew 1 F Bibw.

57

_lp]Z hvjov 1
5, 15s LSIamtWm? 5, 16s LSIamtWm? ImcWsav? 7, 315s LSIamtWm? 315s\ 7 sImp lcnm lcW^ehpw injvShpw ImWpI. lmcyw, lmcIw, lcW^ew, injvSw Ch Xnep _w ]cntim[npI. ]nI ]qcnnpI. lmcyw 235 247 512 lmcIw 5 8 9 lcW^ew injvSw -

lmcyw = lmcIw lcW^ew + injvSw F cq]n Hmtcmpw FgpXpI. hvjov 2 (x + 3) (x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 5) (x + 4) (x 3) (x 5) (x 2) = = = = ________ ________ ________ ________

x2 + 5x + 6s\ x + 3 sImv lcnm lcW^ew Fv? x2 + 6x + 5s\ x + 5

sImv lcnm lcW^ew Fv?

x2 + 5x + 8

= =

x2 + 5x + 6 + ___ (x + 3) ___ + ___

x2 + 5x + 8s\ x + 3 sImv lcnmep lcW^ehpw injvShpw FgpXpI. x2 + 6x + 5s\ LSIfmpI. x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 1) ___ x2 + 6x + 6 = x2 + 6x + 5 + ___ = (x + 1) (___) + ___ x2 + 6x + 6s\ x + 1 sImp lcnm lcW^ew = ___
injvSw = ___

x2 + 6x + 3

= =

x2 + 6x + 5 + ___ (x + 1) ____ + ___

58

lcW^ew (x + 1) (x 1)

= = ______

injvSw = _____

x2 1s LSItfsXmw? x + 1, x2 + 1s LSIamtWm? x2 + 1 = x2 1 + _____ = (x + 1) _____ + _____ x2 + 1s\ x + 1 sImp lcnm lcW^ew = ______
injvSw = ______

hvjov 3
2x + 3 s\ injvSw injvSw 2x2 + 7x + 8s\ injvSw injvSw 2x2 + 7x + 5s\ injvSw

x + 2 sImp KpWnpI. 2x2 + 7x + 6s\ x + 2 sImv lcnm lcW^ew = ______

= = = = = ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 2x2 + 7x + 6s\ 2x + 3 sImv lcnm lcW^ew = ______

x + 2 sImv lcnm lcW^ew = ______

2x2 + 8x + 8s\ 2x + 3 sImv lcnm lcW^ew = ______

x + 2 sImv lcnm lcW^ew = ______

Xmsg Xncnp Hmtcm tNmZynepw cmwIrXn _lp]Zs HmwIrXn _lp]ZwsImv lcnmep lcW^ehpw injvShpw FgpXpI. 2x2 + 8x + 6 2x2 + 7x + 9 2x2 + 9x + 9 2x2 + 7x + 5 2x2 + 9x + 10

x +2 2x + 3 2x + 3 2x + 3 2x + 3

p(x) F _lp]Zs d(x) F HmwIrXn _lp]ZwsImv lcnm Inp lcW^ew q(x), injvSw r Bbm p(x), d(x), q(x), r Ch Xnep _w FgpXpI.

hvjov 4
1. Hcp aqmwIrXn _lp]Zs HmwIrXn _lp]ZwsImp lcnptmgp lcW^ens IrXyw F{X? injvSw Fmbncnpw?
59

2.

3. 4.

Hcp aqmwIrXn _lp]Zs cmwIrXn _lp]ZwsImv lcnm Inp lcW^ensbpw injvSnsbpw {]tXyIX IrXyns ASnm\n Fv? aqmwIrXn _lp]Zs cmwIrXn _lp]ZwsImmWv lcnpsXntem? ]nI ]qcnnpI. lmcyns lmcIns lcW^ens injvSw IrXyw IrXyw IrXyw 4 2 4 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 HmwIrXn _lp]Zns s]mXpcq]w FgpXpI. cmwIrXn _lp]Zns s]mXpcq]w FgpXpI. x3 1s\ x 1 sImv lcnmep lcW^ens IrXyw Fmbncnpw? injvSspdnv Fp ]dbmw?

5.

x3 1
hvjov 5

(x 1) (

) + ________

lcW^ehpw injvShpw ImWpI. P(x) = 2x3 x2 7x + 1 2x3 x2 7x + 1 = (x + 2) (ax2 + bx + c) + d F kahmIyn ax2 + bx + c Ip]nSnmsX d Fs\ ImWmw? (x + 2) (ax2 + bx + c) ]qPyamIWsan x \v GXp hne sImSpmw? d Ip]nSnpI. P(x) = (x a) q(x) + r F kahmIyn r Ip]nSnm x\v GXp hne sImSpmw? P(a) = 0 Bbmtem? Cu {]h\fn\npw Fv \nKa\nsemw? (x a), P(x)s LSIamIWsan P(a) FmbncnWw? x2 + 5x + 6 s LSI ImWm Hcp amKw \ntinmtam? x2 + 5x + 6 s hne 0 BIp x Fs\ Ip]nSnmw? x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 F kahmIyw ]cnlcnpsXs\? x = 2, 3 Fp Innbtm. x2 + 5x + 6 s LSI GsXmsbmWv? (x + 2), (x + 3) x2 7x + 12 s LSI Ip]nSnpI. x2 + 8x + 12 s LSI Ip]nSnpI. x 2 + 1 F _lp]Zns\ HmwIrXn LSIfmm Ignbptam? FpsImv?

60