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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF CULTISM IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS OF EDO STATE AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that influences the growth of cultism in tertiary institutions and its implication for educational development. In carrying out the study, a questionnaire was designed and administered to students of the various schools selected . The data collected were analysed and interpreted. It was observed that power, security, wealth, parents, peer groups, amongst others are the major factors influencing the growth of cultism in tertiary institutions. In the light of the findings, recommendations were proffers in the hope that if carefully considered and

implemented by concerned individuals, organization and bodies, they would help in reducing cultism in tertiary institutions.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The most important problem facing tertiary institutions in Nigeria today, is how to handle the menace and aggressiveness of cult members. Never before has the potential for the destruction of lives and property on campuses been so great or escalated so fast and horrible as now. Unfortunately, our understanding of cultic menace and aggression on the various campuses is sparse and the predisposing factors to cult membership especially the influence of heredity and genes on the personality involved even sparser. The only few exceptions to this are the works of Elegbeleye (2000) and Fawole (2002). These two cases are even limited in scope and theory. Cultism is a situation whereby persons are bound together with a common belief or cause usually through some rituals. According to oxford dictionary of current English 5th edition, the word cult can be defined as a system of religious worship that is usually expressed in rituals. Secret cult is defined by
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Ogunbameru (2002) as any form of organization whose activities are not only exclusively kept away from the

knowledge of others but such activities are carried out at odd hours of the day, and they often clash with the accepted norms and values of everyday life. Every culture and subculture has rules and behavioural expectations. The violations of such rules attracts disapproval, anger or indignation. A departure from social norms is known as deviance. It is a kind of behaviour that represents some form of undesirable differences from the point of view of the majority. Ehigie (2007) sees deviance as behaviour that creates stress and strain which threaten the well being of the whole. Cultist is therefore phenomenon which threaten the well being of the whole. Some of the features generally associated with secret cults are exclusivity of membership, the use of signs, password, and similar materials, group objectives and shared experience of rituals and beliefs. From this definition, cults now popularly known as confraternities, have assumed a notorious feature in our society and even in our various campuses which

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were and is a mode of intellectual quest and social uplift have become a citadel of violence and terrorism. The pertinent question that one may ask is that is cultism just gaining entrance into our society and institutions of higher learning? The answer is simply no. this is because international figures have been known to be members of the pirate confraternities in their college days or universities. A typical example of this is the violent clash between the eiye confraternities and the buccaneers at the university of Ibadan in 1989 in which notable professors were found to be patrons and bankers of these cults. Examples of cults popularly found in most higher institutions are the Buccaneers, the pirates, Viking the black axe, the black arrow, the morphine, to mention but a few. In addition, the attention of the government and the society at large in the introduction of violence, savagery and terrorism into the present day cult is a complete contrast of what was obtained in yester-years. It is now a common phenomenon in campuses that factors of naval cults violently clash even in broad day light and bata themselves down with dangerous and harmful

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weapons such as guns and daggers, nocturnal ceremonies for initiations in which initiates (i.e. those being initiated) are animalized and some of them die in the process of making blood covenants and performing other occultic rituals,

organized opposition against any kind of oppression either real or imagined, liberal consumption of alcohol, stealing, murder, sexual abuse and rape, use of drugs, examination malpractices, intimidation and use of violent extortion, armed robbery, maiming and man slaughter. The recent occurrence are the universities of Ile-Ife, Benin, Ekpoma, Ibadan, College of Education Ekiadolor-Benin amongst others. This is what led to the academic debate on the eradication of the monster (cultism).

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS The most important problems of cultism are the uncertain and unsafe atmosphere in our campuses and even to the activities of members of secret cult. Often times their manner

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of operation is both sinister and bizarre leaving behind them a trial of wants and destruction. Most distressing of the problems is the high rate of killings in our campuses in recent times in which many lives have been terminated permanently. A typical example is the recent occurrence at College of Education Benin in Mat, 2011 in which victims were murdered and some raped understanding the fact that various arms of government and school administrators has put measures which aimed at combating the ugly trend of cultism, the phenomenon has refused to be eradicated from campuses. Thus, the researcher intend to make an in-depth study into the factors which create the fearful climate that encourage the growth and spread of cultism in higher institutions with a view to proffer solutions to the problems. 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that encourage the growth of cultism in schools basically tertiary institutions in Edo State with a view to educate the public about the extent of the social problems as well as its implication for

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educational development. In addition, this study is to enable the government and other top authorities to understand the level of social decadence caused by cultism and to give meaningful strategies of eradicating the virus. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Does parental influence contribute to the growth of cultism in schools? 2. Does peer group influence contribute to the growth of cultism in schools? 3. Does it really mean that the society and environment contribute to the growth of cultism? 4. Does power, ego and affection contribute to the growth of cultism in schools? 5. Does academic performance contribute to the growth and spread of cultism in schools? 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study will provide vivid explanation of the factors which encourage the growth and spread of cultism in tertiary institutions. The major importance of this study is to guide

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educational planners, policy makers and implementers of these policy in understanding the causes of cultism in schools. The study is also to enable them provide sanctions that will help in fighting cultism squarely and destroying the problem caused by it in our institutions of higher learning. The study is also to help improve the educational sector by providing useful information about cultism in order to conquer its effects on the academic performance of students and to build a standard system of education. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will involve the total population of students in selected tertiary institutions of College of Education Ekiadolor Benin, University of Benin (UNIBEN), and Ambrose Ali

University, Ekpoma in Ovia North East and Esan Central Local Government Area of Edo State. 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY There are number of problems encountered during this study. The most remarkable is the lack of sufficient funds and limited transport facilities. There are other factors that

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influenced the conduct of this research it is within these limitations that the conclusion of the study must be confined. These are: 1. Time factor: Limited time is allocated for the conduct of this research. 2. Sampling restrictions: the researcher used random sampling with the inherent implication that the

responses might not convey the general or majoritys opinion. 3. Unavailability of enough textbooks or learned journals etc. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS Cult: A religious movement that uses mind control techniques intentionally harming the adherents so that the leader(s) can get fame, companionship, wealth, praise, resources and worldly pleasures. It also refers to a religious group whose beliefs or practices could be considered strange or sinister. It is a system of religious worship.

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Cultism: this is a phenomenon where persons are bound together with a common belief. Quest: The act of seeking or a long search or to find. Deviance: A behaviour that crates stress and strain which threatens the well being of the whole. Scourge: something that causes great suffering. Terrorism: the use of violence and intimidation for political purpose. Phenomenon: A fact, occurrence or change perceived by the senses or the mind. Bureaucracy: government by unelected officials. Culture: the art or customs of a particular country or society. Fraternity: A group of people with a common interest.

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