TheUniversityofBabylon

DepartmentofSoftware

LECTURENOTESONClassicalCryptographic
Techniques(SubstitutionCiphersSystem)
By
Dr.SamaherHusseinAli
CollegeofInformationTechnology,UniversityofBabylon,Iraq
Samaher_hussein@yahoo.com

ClassicalCryptographicTechniques
havetwobasiccomponentsofclassicalciphers : Substitution and Transposition

ClassicalCiphers

Transposition

Substitution

Fig1.ClassicalcipherMethods
InSubstitutionCipherslettersarereplacedbyotherletters ,suchasthewordmessageinthefollowing:
KEY=7

PHVVDJH

TLZZHNL

KEY=3

MESSAGE
YQEEMSQ

HZNNVBZ

KEY=21

KEY=12

SubstitutionCiphersSystem
Simplesubstitutionsystem(mono)
Homophonicsubstitutionsystem
Polyalphabeticsubstitutionsystem

Dr.SamaherHusseinAli

NotesofLecture3

SubstitutionCiphersSystem
1.

SimpleSubstitutionSystem\ MonoSubstitutionSystem
AdditiveCipher
MultiplicativeCipher
AffineCipher
ReverseCipher(27P)

AdditiveCipher
CipherText(C)

PlainText(P)
+
Key(K)

Plain
Text(P)

Key(K)
CipherText
Mod26Mod26
(C)

C=(P+K)Modn

P=(CK)Modn

LetC=CipherText
P=PlainText
K=Key;K=2,3,.,25
n=26,ofEnglishalphabetic
Example:Let,Plaintext=help,key=3(orusingCeaserMethod)
Plaintext: HELP
Ciphertext: KHOS

Dr.SamaherHusseinAli

NotesofLecture3

SubstitutionCiphersSystem
AdditiveCipher(TheCaesarcipher)
Key=3

Outer:plaintext
Inner:ciphertext

ForakeyK=3,
plaintextletter:
ABCDEF...UVWXYZ
ciphter textletter:
DEFGHI... XYZABC
Example:
TREATY IMPOSSIBLE
istranslatedinto
WUHDWB LPSRVVLEOH

Dr.SamaherHusseinAli

NotesofLecture3

SubstitutionCiphersSystem
MultiplicativeCipher
CipherText(C)

PlainText(P)

*
Key(K)

Mod26

CipherText
(C)

*
Inv.
Key(K)

C=(P*K)Modn

Mod26

Plain
Text(P)

P=(C*inv (K))Modn

LetC=CipherText
P=PlainText
K=Key;K=2,3,.,25
n=26,ofEnglishalphabetic
Example:Let,Plaintext=help,key=3
Plaintext: HELP
Ciphertext: XOJV
Note:wecanfindtheinv(key)asfollowing
(K*Inv(K))Modn=1
Example:Let,Key=3
(3*X)mod26=1
(3*9)mod26=27mod26=1 inv(3)=9

Dr.SamaherHusseinAli

NotesofLecture3

SubstitutionCiphersSystem
Note: Thenumberofusefulkeyinmultiplicative
Keyinversekey
39
5
21
9 3
11 19
15 7
17 23
19 11
21 5
23 17
25 25
Example:Let,Key=5
(5*X)mod26=1
(3*21)mod26=105mod26=1 inv(5)=21
Example:Let,Plaintext=MYDOCUMENT,key=21,FindtheciphertextusingMultiplicativeCipher
Sol:Key=21;inv(21)=5
C=(P*K)Mod26
Plaintext: MYDocument
Ciphertext:.
Then,P=(C*Inv(K))Mod26
Ciphertext:.
Plaintext: MYDocument

Dr.SamaherHusseinAli

NotesofLecture3

SubstitutionCiphersSystem
AffineCipher
Affinecipher:Itisahybridbetweenanadditiveandmultiplicativemethods

PlainText(P)

PlainText(P)

* +
+Mod26*Mod26
Or
Key(K2)
CipherText(C)
Key(K1)
Key(K1)
Key(K2)

CipherText(C)

C=((P*K1)+K2)ModnC=((P+K2)*K1)Modn

CipherText(C)

CipherText(C)

Key(K2)

Inv(K1)

PlainText(P)

Inv(K1)

PlainText(P)

Key(K2)

P=((CK2)*Inv (K1))ModnP=((P*INV(K1)K2)Modn
K1=Multiplicativecipherkey
K2=Additivecipherkey

Dr.SamaherHusseinAli

NotesofLecture3

ClassicalCryptographicTechniques
Asaresultclassicalciphers : substitution and transposition

Classical
Cipher
Methods

Message
Reversal

Horizontal

Geometric
Patterns

Transposition

Substitution

Methods

Methods

Route
variations

Vertical

Zig Zag
Transposit
ion

Diagonal

Route
transposit
ion

Clockwise

Simple
substitution
system

Homophonic
substitution
system

Polyalphabetic
substitution
system

Counter
Clockwise

Fig.ExpendingofClassicalcipherMethods

Dr.SamaherHusseinAli

NotesofLecture2