Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources

Books Gross, Elly, and Elly Gross. Elly: My True Story of the Holocaust. New York: Scholastic, 2009. Print. This is a primary source written by Elly Gross. This book is about Elly's experience in the concentration camps after she was separated from her brother, her mother, and father when they got there. She never saw them again. Today, Elly celebrates her survival and participates in several interviews, including CBS's "60 Minutes" and Steven Spielbergs "Survival of the Shoah Visual History Foundation." Frank, Otto M. Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl. [S.l.]: Bantam, 1997. Print. This book, written by Anne Frank and recovered by Otto M. Frank is a real diary full of impressions and experiences of the author during the Holocaust. It was an excellent primary source because of its firsthand accounts by a girl in her mid-teens. In her diary, Anne Frank expresses her feelings of living in a "Secret Annex" with her family located in an old office building. She also explains what the Holocaust was like in the eyes of a teenager while at the same time facing hunger and constant cruelty from the outside world. Photos "Adolf Hitler at Rally." Holocaust Survivors. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2012. <http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/data.show.php?di=record>.

This picture is of a Nazi party holding a mass meeting in Buckeberg in 1934. Other Nazi officials walk behind Hitler as Nazi soldiers stand on the sidelines holding up hate symbol flags, otherwise known as swastikas. This photo, like many others, was taken by Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffman. "Atlas Shrugs." 'Atlas Shrugs' N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. This photo shows Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels urging a berlin crowd to boycott Jewish business. It was taken in April 1933. "Burning Corpses, Summer of 1944." Holocaust Survivors. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. <http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/data.show.php? di=record>. In this photo, members of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz burn corpses in open pits during the summer of 1944. The bodies were burned and buried in ditches because sometimes the crematoria ovens were not functioning properly, or were insufficient to dispose of the huge amount of corpses. This photo, among others, was taken secretly by members of the Polish resistance, and several of them were smuggled to England. "Education." Guidelines for Teaching about the Holocaust. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. This photo from the Holocaust is a group portrait of Jewish high school students at the Hebrew gymnasium in Mukachevo, Ukraine in 1939. "Gas Chamber, Crematorium I, Auschwitz I." Holocaust Survivors. N.p., n.d.

Web. 14 Nov. 2012. <http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/data.show.php?di=record>. This picture shows the malevolent room where the prototype for mass murder was tested. It was transformed into a gas chamber in September 1941. The bodies were burned in an adjoining room that could hold 900 people at a time. Three ovens were installed in the next room where the bodies could be rolled, turned, and shoved with efficiency with a kind of turntable with tracks installed to the floor. "Germanwriter.com - Photos." Germanwriter.com - Photos. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.germanwriter.com/pb/wp_800f66fa/wp_800f66fa.html>. This source provided us with a photo gallery of a survivor of the Holocaust named Margot. In the photo gallery there were captions that portrayed her life through a timeline of deaths in her family. Each family member shown was either killed during or impacted through the holocaust. "Holocaust History." Photograph. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. This photo was taken in Riga, Latvia and shows a sign, in both German and Latvian, warning that people attempting to cross the fence or to contact inhabitants of the Riga ghetto will be shot. "Holocaust History." Photograph. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2013. This photo shows members of a mobile killing squad before shooting a Jewish youth. The boy's murdered family lies in front of him and the

men to the left are ethnic Germans aiding the squad. "Holocaust History." Photograph. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. This photo shows SS General Reinhard Heydrich in Germany at the time of the Wannsee conference and the "Final Solution." "HOLOCAUST-KINDER_MACRO | The House of Mel Gibstein." The House of Mel Gibstein. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. This photo is of countless Holocaust children and their parents in an alley in Auschwitz. "Holocaust Photographs: Resistance & Liberation." Holocaust Photographs: Resistance & Liberation. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. <https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/libpictoc.html> . These photos are resistance and liberation taking place during the Holocaust. Such photos include "Ebensee After Liberation", "Liberating Buchenwald", and "Prisoners of Auschwitz Greet Their Liberators." "Lost Jewish Worlds." - Grodno, Section 1. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. In this photo, the entrance to a Jewish ghetto in Grodno is shown. A memorial plaque and menorah stands over the entrance. "RELEVANT CHILDREN'S MINISTRY." Children of the Holocaust ~. N.p., n.d. This photo shows some children of the Holocaust and what they had to endure. It gives a sense of heartbreak and somberness as terrible tragedy unfolds. Sherwood, Harriet. "Holocaust Survivors Struggling to Make Ends Meet in

Israel." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 19 Apr. 2012. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. This photo shows Jewish prisoners in a Nazi concentration camp. Holocaust survivors are increasingly finding it hard to make ends meet in Israel. "The History Place - Holocaust Timeline: Nazis Boycott Jewish Shops." The History Place - Holocaust Timeline: Nazis Boycott Jewish Shops. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. This photo is of Nazis forcing three Jewish businessmen to march down Bruehl Strasse, one of the main commercial streets in central Leipzig, carrying signs that read: "Don't buy from from Jews; shop in German businesses!" "The Holocaust." About.com 20th Century History. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. This picture is of a yellow Star of David badge bearing the German word 'Jude,' which meant Jew. "The Holocaust Photos." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust/photos>. This photo gallery exhibits pictures of the concentration camps, especially of the main camps in Auschwitz. Some of the pictures are of the hardships and harsh living conditions of the victims. One picture that greatly improved our research was one of a Holocaust survivor with her number that she was given at the camp tattooed on her wrist.

These tattoos were given when the victims arrived to keep track of them. "This Month in Holocaust History - April." This Month in Holocaust History April. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/this_month/april/03.as p>. This photo shows the nationwide act of boycotting Jewish shops and businesses in the beginning of the Holocaust. In the photo there is a Jewish business with a sign in front of it stating that the shop is officially closed by the Nazi party. Videos "Esther Burstein Describes the Humiliation and Abuse of Her Grandfather in the Local Synagogue." YouTube. YouTube, 31 Oct. 2010. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. In this video, Esther Burnstein describes how her grandfather was humiliated and abused by Germans at their local community synagogue. This shows how Jews were often sexually abused, physically abused, and humiliated by the Nazis "The Holocaust Video." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust/videos>. In this video, a liberator of the Holocaust, Rockie Blunt, spoke about what he witnessed as he liberated prisoners in 1945. He described what it felt like to walk onto those concentration camps and have the prisoners' faces light up when they saw them. Another feeling he

described was the heartbreaking, devastating moment when he saw the terrible aftermath before his eyes. "You look, but you don't see. You listen, but you don't hear." Blunt explained. This video gave us insight from a witness at the end of the Holocaust giving us a better picture on the impact of this period of time. YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. In this video, Adolf Hitler addresses to his youth about the great German nation at a Hitler youth camp. YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. This video shows a 1933 Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses. The Nazis carried out the first boycott targeting Jewish businesses and professionals on April 1, 1933.

Secondary Sources
Emails Klein, Shira. Re: National History Day- The Holocaust. Message to the professor. 7 Nov. 2012. E-mail. In this email, Dr. Shira Klein provided us with some important primary and secondary sources. She introduced us to the Visual History Archive of the USC Shoah Foundation and a book titled, The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews by David Engel Books Hasday, Judy L. The Holocaust. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House, 2002. Print. This book gives us an in-depth explanation of the Holocaust. It includes

the long lived hatred for Jews and others and a background on Hitler's childhood. In the end of the book it gave us examples of memorials and museums that honor Jews today. Kaufman, Lola Rein., and Lois Metzger. The Hidden Girl: A True Story of the Holocaust. New York: Scholastic, 2008. Print. This secondary source by Lola Rein Kaufman and Lois Metzger is about a Jewish girl named Lola who is sent into hiding after her mother is killed by the Gestapo. Lola has lost her family and her home and she struggles against cold and hunger with a family in a dirt hole beneath a barn. All she has left is a dress embroidered by her mother. But in the end she finds safety and freedom. This book takes place during the Holocaust, from 1939 to the late 1940s. Willoughby, Susan. The Holocaust. Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2001. Print. This book gives a thorough account of the Holocaust, analyzing the rise of Nazism, persecution, the camps, heroes and rescuers, and the beginning of the end of the Holocaust. It also tells us about stories of survivors, and preserving the past, at the the end of the book. Photos "Acts of Hope." : Holocaust Map. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2013. This is a map showing the location of various Jewish ghettos, concentration camps, extermination camps, transit cities, and where major Holocaust massacres took place.

Civilization.ca - Treasures Gallery - Holocaust Art of Aba Bayefsky." Holocaust Art of Aba Bayefsky. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. This art gallery contains paintings and drawings made by the Jewish artist Aba Bayefsky which reflect on the nature of the Holocaust. They are based on his personal experiences of the liberation of BergenBelson concentration camp. He works of art include "Remembering the Holocaust," "Belson-Typhus," and "Belsen Concentration Camp-the Pit." As a teenager he was encouraged to paint by Arthur Lismer. Websites "Adolf Hitler Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. This website shows a biography on Adolf Hitler, a military leader and dictator. The biography tells of his early years, his rise to power, World War II, and his death and legacy. There are quotes of Hitler, for example, "If you want to shine like the sun, first you have to burn like it." Also, it includes a few videos on his life and what he caused during his lifetime. Fagin, Helen N. "Holocaust Memorial." Holocaust Memorial. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. This website is about the founding, dedication, and opening of the Holocaust Memorial on Miami Beach. A small group of survivors formed a committee dedicated to building a permanent memorial to the memory of the six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust. It took over

four years to build and during the creation of this memorial, many sculptures were formed. For example, there was The Beginning, The Arbor of History, A Garden of Meditation, The Lonely Path, The Sculpture of Love and Anguish, and a few others. "The Holocaust." Holocaust History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. <http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/index.asp>. This article is an overview of the Holocaust and includes a quote from Zvi Kopolovich: within seven months, I lost my father, my brother, and my mother... "Hitler, Adolf." Holocaust Survivors. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. <http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/data.show.php?di=record>. This article is all about Adolf Hitler and how he rose to power. It gives a detailed summary about his gradual and spectacular rise to power as the dictator of one of the world's strongest nations, and his fall from power. "The Holocaust." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust>. In this article, we got an introduction to the basic facts of the Holocaust and of the people who started it all. The article begins with explaining where the word "Holocaust" derives from and how time took an ugly twist on the word. It also explains Adolf Hitler's idea of the "final solution." This included the fate of eleven million Jews, gypsies, politicians, and many more people that did not fit Hitler's image of the

"perfect race." "The History Place - Holocaust Timeline." The History Place - Holocaust Timeline. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/timeline.html>. This timeline of Holocaust was very useful in our research process. It gave us a detailed summary of the time period with specific dates, numbers, locations, and people. This source also gave us other sources as well on Adolf Hitler, his titles, and the concentration camps. A majority of the timeline was the period in which everything was taken from the Jews piece by piece. The devastating period of time began with the boycott of Jewish shops and businesses which soon led up to concentration camps. "Holocaust History." Introduction to the Holocaust. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ushmm.org/wlc//en/article.php? ModuleId=10005143>. This website provides a thorough introduction to the Holocaust. It informs us about the beginning of the Holocaust, the administration of the "final solution", which was about the concentration camps, and the end of the horrendous and ghastly period of time. "Life After the Holocaust." Life After the Holocaust. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. This is an oral history project showing an exhibition of stories of Holocaust survivors after the war. There are many survivors and their

reflections about descriptions of the vital role of remembrance in rebuilding their lives. "Remembrance." Witnesses to the Holocaust: Liberation 1945. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ushmm.org/remembrance/dor/video/? content=witnesses>. In this touching video, we caught a glimpse of the struggles of the victims in the Holocaust. Throughout the duration of the video survivors shared their input of what it was like in the concentration camps. One man named George Salton explained the Liberation of 1945. He had mentioned the reaction of the Jews when the U.S. soldiers arrived at the camp. Salton then added that when they arrived they knew it was the end of their torture. Articles "Anne Frank." About.com 20th Century History. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://history1900s.about.com/od/annefrank/p/AnneFrank.htm>. This article is about Anne Frank writing in her diary about the cramped and stifling time hiding in the "secret" Annex with eight other people. Two years and one month later, an SS officer and several Dutch Security Police members found them, arrested them, and transported them to the concentration camp in Auschwitz. Anne died of typhus one month before Bergen-Belsen was liberated. "Art during the Holocaust | Jewish Women's Archive." Art during the Holocaust | Jewish Women's Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012.

<http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/art-during-holocaust>. This article explained what being a woman during the Holocaust was like and how artists capture their essence through their artwork. Most of the article described the terrible concentration camp conditions and how women had no privacy. After the Holocaust, those women who survived then capture their essence during the Holocaust in their artwork to show people what it was like for them. "Beyond Secret Tears By Lili Silberman - Children of the Holocaust Discussion Guide." Beyond Secret Tears By Lili Silberman - Children of the Holocaust Discussion Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.adl.org/children_holocaust/story_beyond_tears2.asp>. This webpage contained the story of girl that was in hiding throughout the Holocaust and survived. This provided a firsthand witness account of what people had to go through while in hiding. "Holocaust History." Death Marches. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. This article gives a long explanation on the purposes of evacuating the concentration camps. This also talks about the death marches and how the SS guards brutally mistreated the prisoners. They would shoot hundreds of people who couldn't keep pace on the marches. Thousands of prisoners died from exposure, starvation, and exhaustion during this miserable period. "Holocaust History." Ghettos. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. This article is about the ghettos of the Holocaust. Ghettos were city

districts in which Jews were forced into by the Germans. These ghettos contained miserable conditions and they isolated the Jewish community from the rest of the non-Jewish population. This was one of the first provincial measures made by the Nazis' to segregate the Jews. "Holocaust History." Julien Bryan. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. This article is about a an important US documentary filmmaker Julien Hequembourg Bryan. He filmed and photographed the everyday life, work, and culture of individuals and communities in many countries around the globe. Once he took film and hundreds of photos of Germans, Hitler Youth groups, and Nazi leaders on an extended trip to Nazi Germany. Martel, Ned. "Holocaust Documents Reveal Story behind Obamas Tailor." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 05 Nov. 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/artspost/post/holocaust-documents-reveal-story-behind-obamastailor/2012/11/05/0cc40e68-2523-11e2-ac85e669876c6a24_blog.html>. In this article by the Washington Post they tell the story of Barack Obama's tailor, Martin Greenfield, who was heavily impacted by the Holocaust. They explain his story along with a photo of his arm which is permanently tattooed with his prisoner number. "Patterns of Genocide." Preventing Genocide. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. This article, or timeline, gives an explanation of genocide. It was

created during the Holocaust and was declared an international crime. The article gives a detailed definition and examples of how it's used. It's also a timeline that traces the development of the word and law of genocide. "Schindler's List (1993)." Schindler's List (1993). N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.filmsite.org/schi.html>. In this secondary source movie review, the reviewer explains the plot and their personal opinion of the movie, "Schindler's List." This movie was a secondary account of Oskar Schindler's good deeds for Jews during the Holocaust. During this time period, Schindler took in Jews and had they perform labor for free in exchange for safety. Schindler was regarded a charitable person for the victims of the Holocaust. "Scrapbookpages Blog." Scrapbookpages Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://furtherglory.wordpress.com/2011/08/19/holocaust-gaschambers-were-designed-by-topf-und-sohne-company-who-knew/>. This source provided us with an inside look at the gas chambers, their builders, and what they looked like. This gave us some insight on what it was like to walk in and see the gas chambers before mass death. "The Holocaust Chronicle PROLOGUE: Roots of the Holocaust, Page 53." The Holocaust Chronicle PROLOGUE: Roots of the Holocaust, Page 53. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/53.html>. This website was extremely helpful in the research process because of

its deep descriptions of the beginning of the Holocaust. The article begins with a discussion about the birth of anti-Semitism in the Nazi party in 1933. It also provided us with great details on the start of the Nazi party. This source described Hitler's inauguration to the Nazi party and how he came into power. In addition, the article explained the terror tactics of the Nazi's and their first acts of anti-Jewish violence. "Holocaust Survivor Stories." Holocaust Survivor Stories. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.holocaust-history-facts.com/holocaustsurvivor-stories.html>. This article describes the mental hardships of the prisoners of the Holocaust. The hardships were described in this heartbreaking, thorough quote, "I will never forget the first time I was beaten up and that really got to menot the pain from the beating, but the mental anguish