Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Reliance sites have installed all types of Cooling Towers- Cross flow, Counter flow, CTs with wooden structures, concrete structures, mix of concrete and wood/PP and are also provided with various types of fills viz. splash trays, V bars, honey comb or compact PVC fills etc. However a requirement has been felt to standardize the selection criteria to a great extent, if not 100%, for all sites for the forth coming projects and also for any major revamping or augmentations. The counter flow cooling towers made of concrete structures most preferably loaded with splash trays, are best suited for all sites of Reliance and well accepted for large applications. Some of the major points which are required to be considered while freezing the design and selecting a Cooling Tower, are listed below:-
1) Recirculation to Hold Up Ratios:Holding Time Index (HTI) plays an important role in the water conservation at increased cycles of operation with reduced blow downs and overall effectiveness of the chemicals that will be dosed to cooling tower for cooling water treatment. HTI is a function of circulation rates, hold up volumes, cycles of concentration and delta T across the cooling tower. For a CT, say for example, operating at a COC of 10, delta T across the tower at 90 C and a target HTI of 300 hours (Maximum for best operating conditions), the hold up to circulation ratio should be equal to or less than 0.65. The CT hold up capacities (total hold up volume of water that includes sump, basins and pipe network) shall be designed in such a way that the Hold Up volume to Circulation Rate should not be more than 0.65. For example, with 5 pumps of 6000M3/hr each in operation and a circulation rate of 5x6000= 30,000M3/hr, the holdup volume should always be less than 19,500 M3. If the tower is having more than 10 cells in a single line configuration and the consumers are quite away from CT that increases the length of the piping and therefore the holdup volume of the system, it is always advisable to adopt dual cell i.e. back to back cells with a common basin to reduce the length of the
Equipment Selection Utilities Criteria sump and its volume. Or alternatively, instead of running the sump all along parallel to cells, a smaller sump with channels connecting to each cell can also be adopted.
2) CT Axis
As far as possible, the location of CT long axis should be in East West direction to avoid direct sunlight and algae growth.
c) High levels of microbiological fouling, presence of high algae. d) Chances of frequent HX tube leaks and tower contamination. The Honey Comb type fills are highly susceptible for severe fouling in Industrial applications. These are fit for soft water and a make up with almost zero SS. The circulating water should be free of scaling tendency and the surrounding atmosphere should be dust free. The high efficiency of these type of fill system severely deteriorates with any one of the above factor existing. The Splash Trays made of PP are best suited for counter flow CTs. The hanging wire should be of SS 316 of 3 mm dia. 2.5 mm or even lesser dia wires are susceptible for breakage and cannot take the loads of the fills.
Equipment Selection Utilities Criteria 5) Nozzles The nozzles should be of self cleaning type with broad openings and excellent spray pattern with a provision of water distributor cone at the outlet of nozzles opening. Some manufacturers also provide a small fan that rotates with the falling water and further distributes the water.
6) Side Louvers
Side louvers are essential to avoid heavy drift losses. Whenever water is charged and fan is stopped for any reason, either for maintenance or during winter when temperatures are low, heavy drift loss takes place. A side louver collects the falling droplets and diverts them to the basin.
Equipment Selection Utilities Criteria The sheds should have extended mono rails to lift the cylinders directly from trucks and to avoid handling by forklifts.
at suitable intervals for inspection and for the purpose of cleaning and removal of debris from the pipelines.